1
|
Kordjazi T, Mariniello L, Giosafatto CVL, Porta R, Restaino OF. Streptomycetes as Microbial Cell Factories for the Biotechnological Production of Melanin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3013. [PMID: 38474259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanins are complex, polymeric pigments with interesting properties like UV-light absorbance ability, metal ion chelation capacity, antimicrobial action, redox behaviors, and scavenging properties. Based on these characteristics, melanins might be applied in different industrial fields like food packaging, environmental bioremediation, and bioelectronic fields. The actual melanin manufacturing process is not environmentally friendly as it is based on extraction and purification from cuttlefish. Synthetic melanin is available on the market, but it is more expensive than animal-sourced pigment and it requires long chemical procedures. The biotechnological production of microbial melanin, instead, might be a valid alternative. Streptomycetes synthesize melanins as pigments and as extracellular products. In this review, the melanin biotechnological production processes by different Streptomyces strains have been revised according to papers in the literature. The different fermentation strategies to increase melanin production such as the optimization of growth conditions and medium composition or the use of raw sources as growth substrates are here described. Diverse downstream purification processes are also reported as well as all the different analytical methods used to characterize the melanin produced by Streptomyces strains before its application in different fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talayeh Kordjazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Mariniello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Restaino OF, Manini P, Kordjazi T, Alfieri ML, Rippa M, Mariniello L, Porta R. Biotechnological Production and Characterization of Extracellular Melanin by Streptomyces nashvillensis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:297. [PMID: 38399701 PMCID: PMC10892051 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanins are pigments employed in food, cosmetic, and textile industries, manufactured by extraction from cuttlefishes. Their biotechnological production by Streptomycetes, instead, has been poorly investigated so far. In this paper, for the first time, the strain Streptomyces nashvillensis DSM 40314 was tested as an extracellular melanin producer by investigating the influence of diverse temperatures (26, 28, and 30 °C) and pH values (6.0 and 7.0) on bacterial growth, melanin production, and on the activity of the secreted tyrosinase, the first enzyme of the pigment biosynthetic pathway. In physiological 96-h shake flask experiments, the optimal growth parameters resulted to be 28 °C and pH 7.0, at which a maximum biomass of 8.4 ± 0.5 gcdw/L, a melanin concentration of 0.74 ± 0.01 g/L (yield on biomass of 0.09 ± 0.01 g/gcdw and productivity of 0.008 ± 0.001 g/L/h), and a final tyrosinase activity of 10.1 ± 0.1 U/mL were reached. The produced pigment was purified from the broth supernatant with a two-step purification process (75.0 ± 2.0% of purity with 65.0 ± 5.0% of recovery) and tested for its chemical, antioxidant, and photoprotective properties. Finally, characterization by UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and mono- and bi-dimensional NMR suggested the eumelanin-like nature of the pigment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (P.M.); (T.K.); (M.L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (P.M.); (T.K.); (M.L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Talayeh Kordjazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (P.M.); (T.K.); (M.L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Maria Laura Alfieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (P.M.); (T.K.); (M.L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Massimo Rippa
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello” of CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Loredana Mariniello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (P.M.); (T.K.); (M.L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (P.M.); (T.K.); (M.L.A.); (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun J, Han Y, Dong J, Lv S, Zhang R. Melanin/melanin-like nanoparticles: As a naturally active platform for imaging-guided disease therapy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100894. [PMID: 38161509 PMCID: PMC10755544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of biocompatible and efficient nanoplatforms that combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions is of great importance for precise disease treatment. Melanin, an endogenous biopolymer present in living organisms, has attracted increasing attention as a versatile bioinspired functional platform owing to its unique physicochemical properties (e.g., high biocompatibility, strong chelation of metal ions, broadband light absorption, high drug binding properties) and inherent antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. In this review, the fundamental physicochemical properties and preparation methods of natural melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles were outlined. A systematical description of the recent progress of melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles in single, dual-, and tri-multimodal imaging-guided the visual administration and treatment of osteoarthritis, acute liver injury, acute kidney injury, acute lung injury, brain injury, periodontitis, iron overload, etc. Was then given. Finally, it concluded with a reasoned discussion of current challenges toward clinical translation and future striving directions. Therefore, this comprehensive review provides insight into the current status of melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles research and is expected to optimize the design of novel melanin-based therapeutic platforms and further clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Sun
- The Molecular Medicine Research Team of First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yahong Han
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shuxin Lv
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The Molecular Medicine Research Team of First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- The Radiology Department of Shanxi Provincial People’ Hospital, Five Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suthar M, Dufossé L, Singh SK. The Enigmatic World of Fungal Melanin: A Comprehensive Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37754999 PMCID: PMC10532784 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are generally not safe for human health or the environment, leading to the continuous search and growing demand for natural pigments that are considered safer, biodegrade more easily, and are environmentally beneficial. Among micro-organisms, fungi represent an emerging source of pigments due to their many benefits; therefore, they are readily viable on an industrial scale. Among all the bioactive pigments produced by fungi, melanin is an enigmatic, multifunctional pigment that has been studied for more than 150 years. This dark pigment, which is produced via the oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, has been investigated for its potential to protect life from all kingdoms, including fungi, from biotic and abiotic stresses. Over time, the research on fungal melanin has attracted a significant amount of scientific interest due to melanin's distinct biological activities and multifarious functionality, which is well-documented in the literature and could possibly be utilized. This review surveys the literature and summarizes the current discourse, presenting an up-to-date account of the research performed on fungal melanin that encompasses its types, the factors influencing its bioactivity, the optimization of fermentation conditions to enhance its sustainable production, its biosynthetic pathways, and its extraction, as well as biochemical characterization techniques and the potential uses of melanin in a wide range of applications in various industries. A massive scope of work remains to circumvent the obstacles to obtaining melanin from fungi and exploring its future prospects in a diverse range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Suthar
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (ChemBioPro), ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, F-97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nuanjohn T, Suphrom N, Nakaew N, Pathom-Aree W, Pensupa N, Siangsuepchart A, Dell B, Jumpathong J. Actinomycins from Soil-Inhabiting Streptomyces as Sources of Antibacterial Pigments for Silk Dyeing. Molecules 2023; 28:5949. [PMID: 37630201 PMCID: PMC10459128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria produce a broad spectrum of bioactive substances that are used in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnology industries. This study investigates the production of bioactive substances in Streptomyces, isolated from soil under five tropical plants, focusing on their potential as natural antibacterial dyes for silk fabrics. Out of 194 isolates, 44 produced pigments on broken rice as a solid substrate culture. Eight antibacterial pigmented isolates from under Magnolia baillonii (TBRC 15924, TBRC 15927, TBRC 15931), Magnolia rajaniana (TBRC 15925, TBRC 15926, TBRC 15928, TBRC 15930), and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (TBRC 15929) were studied in more detail. TBRC 15927 was the only isolate where all the crude extracts inhibited the growth of the test organisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 518 and S. aureus DMST 4745. The bioactive compounds present in TBRC 15927 were identified through LC-MS/MS analysis as belonging to the actinomycin group, actinomycin D (or X1), X2, and X0β. Also, the ethyl acetate crude extract exhibited non-toxicity at an IC50 value of 0.029 ± 0.008 µg/mL on the mouse fibroblast L-929 assay. From the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, TBRC 15927 had 100% identity with Streptomyces gramineus JR-43T. Raw silk dyed with the positive antimicrobial TBRC 15927 extract (8.35 mg/mL) had significant (>99.99%) antibacterial properties. Streptomyces gramineus TBRC 15927 is the first actinomycin-producing strain reported to grow on broken rice and shows promise for antibacterial silk dyeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tananya Nuanjohn
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nungruthai Suphrom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nareeluk Nakaew
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wasu Pathom-Aree
- Research Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattha Pensupa
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Siangsuepchart
- Department of Agro-Industrial Biotechnology, Maejo University Phrae Campus, Phrae 54140, Thailand
| | - Bernard Dell
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Juangjun Jumpathong
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Research for Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Urbaniak MM, Gazińska M, Rudnicka K, Płociński P, Nowak M, Chmiela M. In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Natural and Synthetic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyomelanin for Potential Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097846. [PMID: 37175552 PMCID: PMC10178424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are the source of many bioactive compounds, including polymers with various physiological functions and the potential for medical applications. Pyomelanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacterium, is a black-brown negatively charged extracellular polymer of homogentisic acid produced during L-tyrosine catabolism. Due to its chemical properties and the presence of active functional groups, pyomelanin is a candidate for the development of new antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory formulations. This work aimed to obtain bacterial water-soluble (Pyosol), water-insoluble (Pyoinsol) and synthetic (sPyo) pyomelanin variants and characterize their chemical structure, thermosensitivity and biosafety in vitro and in vivo (Galleria mallonella). FTIR analysis showed that aromatic ring connections in the polymer chains were dominant in Pyosol and sPyo, whereas Pyoinsol had fewer Car-Car links between rings. The differences in chemical structure influence the solubility of various forms of pyomelanins, their thermal stability and biological activity. Pyosol and Pyoinsol showed higher biological safety than sPyo. The obtained results qualify Pyosol and Pyoinsol for evaluation of their antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and proregenerative activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M Urbaniak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gazińska
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Nowak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kraseasintra O, Sensupa S, Mahanil K, Yoosathaporn S, Pekkoh J, Srinuanpan S, Pathom-Aree W, Pumas C. Optimization of Melanin Production by Streptomyces antibioticus NRRL B-1701 Using Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis Residues Hydrolysates as Low-Cost L-tyrosine Supplement. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12010024. [PMID: 36975314 PMCID: PMC10046677 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a functional pigment that is used in various products. It can be produced by Streptomyces antibioticus NRRL B-1701 when supplemented with L-tyrosine. Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is a cyanobacterium with high protein content, including the protein phycocyanin (PC). During PC's extraction, biomass residues are generated, and these residues still contain various amino acids, especially L-tyrosine, which can be used as a low-cost supplement for melanin production. Thus, this study employed a hydrolysate of A. platensis biomass residue for L-tyrosine substitution. The effects of two drying methods, namely, lyophilization and dying via a hot air oven, on the proximate composition and content of L-tyrosine in the biomass residue were evaluated. The highest L-tyrosine (0.268 g L-tyrosine/100 g dried biomass) concentration was obtained from a hot-air-oven-dried biomass residue hydrolysate (HAO-DBRH). The HAO-DBRH was then used as a low-cost L-tyrosine supplement for maximizing melanin production, which was optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) through central composite design (CCD). Using the RSM-CCD, the maximum level of melanin production achieved was 0.24 g/L, which is approximately four times higher than it was before optimization. This result suggests that A. platensis residue hydrolysate could be an economically feasible and low-cost alternative source of L-tyrosine for the production of melanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oranit Kraseasintra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program) in Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sritip Sensupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Mahanil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sada Yoosathaporn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasu Pathom-Aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayakorn Pumas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Restaino OF, Scognamiglio M, Mirpoor SF, Cammarota M, Ventriglia R, Giosafatto CVL, Fiorentino A, Porta R, Schiraldi C. Enhanced Streptomyces roseochromogenes melanin production by using the marine renewable source Posidonia oceanica egagropili. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7265-7283. [PMID: 36198867 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the possibility to biotechnologically produce melanin by Streptomycetes using plant biomass has been so far poorly investigated, Posidonia oceanica egagropili, a marine waste accumulating along the Mediterranean Sea coasts, was explored as a renewable source to enhance extracellular melanin production by Streptomyces roseochromogenes ATCC 13400. Therefore, different amounts of egagropili powder were added to a culture medium containing glucose, malt extract, and yeast extract, and their effect on the melanin biosynthesis was evaluated. A 2.5 g·L-1 supplementation in 120-h shake flask growths at 26 °C, at pH 6.0 and 250 rpm, was found to enhance the melanin production up to 3.94 ± 0.12 g·L-1, a value 7.4-fold higher than the control. Moreover, 2-L batches allowed to reach a concentration of 9.20 ± 0.12 g·L-1 in 96 h with a productivity of 0.098 g·L-1·h-1. Further studies also demonstrated that the melanin production enhancement was due to the synergistic effect of both the lignin carbohydrate complex and the holocellulose components of the egagropili. Finally, the pigment was purified from the broth supernatant by acidic precipitation and reversed-phase chromatography, characterized by UV absorbance and one- and two-dimensional NMR, and also tested for its chemical, antioxidant, and photo-protective properties. KEY POINTS: • S. roseochromogenes ATCC 13400 produces extracellular soluble melanin. • Egagropili added to the growth medium enhances melanin production and productivity. • Both the lignin carbohydrate complex and the holocellulose egagropili components influence the melanin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Chemical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Montesantangelo Campus, via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Scognamiglio
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - S Fatemeh Mirpoor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Montesantangelo Campus, via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ventriglia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - C Valeria L Giosafatto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Montesantangelo Campus, via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Montesantangelo Campus, via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Choi KY. Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765110. [PMID: 34869277 PMCID: PMC8637283 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raman Characterization of Fungal DHN and DOPA Melanin Biosynthesis Pathways. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100841. [PMID: 34682262 PMCID: PMC8540899 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal melanins represent a resource for important breakthroughs in industry and medicine, but the characterization of their composition, synthesis, and structure is not well understood. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the elucidation of molecular composition and structure. In this work, we characterize the Raman spectra of wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans and their melanin biosynthetic mutants and provide a rough “map” of the DHN (A. fumigatus) and DOPA (C. neoformans) melanin biosynthetic pathways. We compare this map to the Raman spectral data of Aspergillus nidulans wild-type and melanin biosynthetic mutants obtained from a previous study. We find that the fully polymerized A. nidulans melanin cannot be classified according to the DOPA pathway; nor can it be solely classified according to the DHN pathway, consistent with mutational analysis and chemical inhibition studies. Our approach points the way forward for an increased understanding of, and methodology for, investigating fungal melanins.
Collapse
|
11
|
Aman Mohammadi M, Ahangari H, Mousazadeh S, Hosseini SM, Dufossé L. Microbial pigments as an alternative to synthetic dyes and food additives: a brief review of recent studies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:1-12. [PMID: 34373951 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic coloring agents have been broadly utilized in several industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and textile. Recent surveys on the potential of teratogenicity and carcinogenicity of synthetic dyes have expressed concerns regarding their use in foods. Worldwide, food industries have need for safe, natural and new colorings to add variety to foods and make them appealing to consumers. Natural colorings not only expand the marketability of the food product, but also add further healthful features such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral properties. Novel microbial strains should be explored to meet the increasing global search of natural pigments and suitable techniques must be developed for the marketable production of new pigments, using microbial cultures, viz., fungi, and bacteria. To address the issue of the natural coloring agents, this review presents the recent trends in several studies of microbial pigments, their biological properties and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aman Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahangari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mousazadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- CHEMBIOPRO Lab, Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Réunion Océan Indien (ESIROI), Université de La Réunion, Département Agroalimentaire, 97744, Saint-Denis, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh S, Nimse SB, Mathew DE, Dhimmar A, Sahastrabudhe H, Gajjar A, Ghadge VA, Kumar P, Shinde PB. Microbial melanin: Recent advances in biosynthesis, extraction, characterization, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107773. [PMID: 34022328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a common name for a group of biopolymers with the dominance of potential applications in medical sciences, cosmeceutical, bioremediation, and bioelectronic applications. The broad distribution of these pigments suggests their role to combat abiotic and biotic stresses in diverse life forms. Biosynthesis of melanin in fungi and bacteria occurs by oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds predominantly by two pathways, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene [DHN] or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine [DOPA], resulting in different kinds of melanin, i.e., eumelanin, pheomelanin, allomelanin, pyomelanin, and neuromelanin. The enzymes responsible for melanin synthesis belong mainly to tyrosinase, laccase, and polyketide synthase families. Studies have shown that manipulating culture parameters, combined with recombinant technology, can increase melanin yield for large-scale production. Despite significant efforts, its low solubility has limited the development of extraction procedures, and heterogeneous structural complexity has impaired structural elucidation, restricting effective exploitation of their biotechnological potential. Innumerable studies have been performed on melanin pigments from different taxa of life in order to advance the knowledge about melanin pigments for their efficient utilization in diverse applications. These studies prompted an urgent need for a comprehensive review on melanin pigments isolated from microorganisms, so that such review encompassing biosynthesis, bioproduction, characterization, and potential applications would help researchers from diverse background to understand the importance of microbial melanins and to utilize the information from the review for planning studies on melanin. With this aim in mind, the present report compares conventional and modern ideas for environment-friendly extraction procedures for melanin. Furthermore, the characteristic parameters to differentiate between eumelanin and pheomelanin are also mentioned, followed by their biotechnological applications forming the basis of industrial utilization. There lies a massive scope of work to circumvent the bottlenecks in their isolation and structural elucidation methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Singh
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Satish B Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, Republic of Korea
| | - Doniya Elze Mathew
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Asmita Dhimmar
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Harshal Sahastrabudhe
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Apexa Gajjar
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishal A Ghadge
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pramod B Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|