Skin Wound-Healing Potential of Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.)

Goat's Skim Milk Enriched with Agrocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini Mushroom Extract: Optimization, Physico-Chemical Characterization, and Evaluation of Techno-Functional, Biological and Antimicrobial Properties

The aim of this study was to develop a novel functional ingredient-goat's skim milk enriched with Agrocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini mushroom extract (ME/M)-using Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimized ME/M ingredient was evaluated for its physico-chemical, techno-functional, biological, and antimicrobial properties. Physico-chemical properties were analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The ingredient exhibited a polymodal particle size distribution and contained glucans, along with a newly formed polypeptide resulting from the selective cleavage of goat milk proteins. A 0.1% ME/M solution demonstrated good emulsifying and foaming properties. Additionally, ME/M showed strong antiproliferative effects on human cancer cell lines, particularly Caco-2 (colorectal) and MCF7 (breast) cancer cells. The ingredient also promoted HaCaT cell growth without cytotoxic effects, suggesting its safety and potential wound-healing properties. Furthermore, the addition of ME/M to HaCaT cells inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus resulted in reduced IL-6 levels compared to the control (without ME/M), indicating a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect. The optimized ME/M ingredient also exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, anticandidal, and antibiofilm activity in one-fourth of MIC. These findings suggest that the formulated ME/M ingredient has strong potential for use in the development of functional foods offering both desirable techno-functional properties and bioactive benefits.

Mixture Containing 5% Polysaccharide Extract of Cerioporus squamosus (Huds.) Quélet, 5% Dexpanthenol, and 0.2% Hyaluronic Acid Shows In Vitro and In Vivo Wound Healing Properties

Background: This study explores wound healing and the antimicrobial potential of a natural formulation containing a polysaccharide extract from Cerioporus squamosus, hyaluronic acid, and dexpanthenol. Methods: Wound healing effects were assessed using HaCaT keratinocytes, while antimicrobial activity was evaluated against human skin pathogens using a microdilution assay. In vitro cytotoxicity tests ensured formulation safety, whereas in vivo wound healing was further investigated using an animal model. Gene expression analysis was performed to assess the molecular mechanisms involved. Results: The unique glucan composition of C. squamosus (15.38% α-glucans and 7.91% β-glucans) deviated from typical mushroom polysaccharide profiles, warranting further exploration of its bioactivity. In vitro mushroom polysaccharides promoted 25.35% wound closure after 24 hours, while the three-component formulation achieved 35.81% closure. Antibacterial activity showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.44-1.75 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) of 0.88-3.50 mg/mL, while antifungal activity ranged from 0.22 to 0.44 mg/mL (MICs) and 0.44 to 0.88 mg/mL (minimum fungicidal concentration-MFC). In vivo data showed that 60% of treated wounds fully closed by day 11, despite no statistically significant difference from the control. However, gene expression analysis highlighted VEGF and collagen upregulation, indicating an enhancement of wound healing on a molecular level. Conclusions: The novel three-component formulation demonstrated consistent wound healing and antimicrobial properties, supporting its potential as a safe and effective treatment for chronic and acute wounds.

A sulfated exopolysaccharide from Bacillus altitudinis MTCC13046 accelerates cutaneous wound healing via dermal fibroblast migration: Insights into an in vivo wound re-epithelialization

Bacterial exopolysaccharides with (1 → 3) linked β-glucans and β-galactans have been identified as potent candidates for wound healing. In this study, a sulfated exopolysaccharide (BAP-2), characterized by its major repeating units as [→3)-β-GlcAp-(1 → 3)-(2,6-di-O-SO3)-β-Galp-(1→], was isolated from seaweed-associated Bacillus altitudinis MTCC13046. Whole-genome analysis of B. altitudinis MTCC13046 revealed the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters coding for saccharin. BAP-2 demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ (1.77-fold), interleukins (IL-2/1β/6/12), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (~87 %) along with nitric oxide (~45 %), while upregulating transforming growth factor-β (3.88-fold) in comparison with lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage and human monocytic THP-1 cells. BAP-2 exhibited biocompatibility with dermal fibroblasts, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation by upregulating Ki-67 (fibroblast proliferation marker) (12.66-fold), epidermal growth factor (5.6-fold), and epithelial-cadherin expressions level (~6-fold), after 48 h. Cell cycle progression and cellular interaction studies showed that administration of BAP-2 promotes conversion of human dermal fibroblast cells into the S phase, highlighting its effect on cell proliferation. In vivo experiments demonstrated approximately 98 % wound closure in BAP-2 administered experimental rats along with re-epithelialization of injured tissue. The pharmaceutical characteristics of the (1 → 3)-linked sulfated exopolysaccharide (BAP-2) suggests it could be an effective candidate for the treatment of cutaneous wound.

Potential Medicinal Fungi from Freshwater Environments as Resources of Bioactive Compounds

Owing to their nutritional, culinary, and nutraceutical, mushrooms are worldwide consumed and appreciated. Moreover, many of these mushrooms are also known as medicinal mushrooms since they possess several pharmacological properties attributable to a huge number of bioactive compounds derived from their sporophores. Several studies are available in the literature about in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of actions of such bioactive compounds. Most of these surveys are focused on macrofungi belonging to the genera Pleurotus, Ganoderma, or specific taxa such as Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus blazei, Boletus eduliInonotus obliquus, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondose. On the other hand, there is a lack of information on the under investigated ecological group of freshwater fungi. These fungi play a very important role in freshwater environments and some of them, belonging to Basidiomycota, are also edible and largely consumed. In this review we collected information about the medicinal properties of freshwater macro- and micromycetes. Among them, macrofungi, such as Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria tabescens, Astraeus hygrometricus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Bjerkandera adusta, Bovista nigrescens, Calocybe gambosa, Candolleomyces candolleanus, Collybia dryophila, Coprinus comatus, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Hypsizygus ulmarius, Inonotus hispidus, Lactarius controversus, Lentinus tigrinus, and Schizophyllum commune, observed in riparian habitat, and microfungi, such as Penicillium aculeatum, P. chrysogenum, and Fusarium incarnatum, isolated from aquatic plants, have been reported to have antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomoludatory, hypoglycaemic, and other pharmaceutical activities. Such fungal species are noteworthy since they represent an important quote of biodiversity to preserve their fundamental ecological role and a possible solution for different health problems for humans and animal farms.

The Biphasic Activity of Auricularia Auricula-Judae Extract on Bone Homeostasis through Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis and Modulation of Osteogenic Activity

Osteoporosis arises from the disturbance of bone homeostasis, a process regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The treatment and prevention of bone metabolic disorders resulting from an imbalance in bone homeostasis require the use of agents that effectively promote both bone formation and anti-resorptive effects. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to determine the potential of the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae in modulating bone remodeling by inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and enhancing BMP-2-stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, this study assessed the mode of action of the Auricularia auricula-judae extracts. The staining of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a marker for osteoclast activity, demonstrated that Auricularia auricula-judae water extract (AAJWE) inhibited the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts while exhibiting no cytotoxic effects. The study demonstrated that AAJWE reduced RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting c-Fos/NFATc1 through the inhibition of ERK and JNK phosphorylation during the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, AAJWE exhibited a dose-dependent induction of ALP expression in the presence of BMP-2 during osteoblast differentiation. The AAJWE strengthened BMP-2-induced osteogenesis through the activation of Runx2 and Smad phosphorylation. Therefore, AAJWE emerges as a promising candidate for both prevention and therapy owing to its biphasic effect, which aids in the preservation of bone homeostasis.

Troxerutin associated with Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharides in films improves full-thickness wound healing

The present study aimed to associate troxerutin (TRX) with polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom (PolyAb) in alginate/PVA films and evaluate their effect on wound healing. The physicochemical, mechanical, morphological, and water vapor barrier properties of the films were studied, and their biological potential was analyzed in vivo using the full-thickness wound healing model. The association between TRX and PolyAb present in the polymeric film contributed to increased thermal stability, mechanical resistance, and elasticity when compared to films without TRX, which indicated good miscibility of the excipients. In the in vivo tests, the TRX films promoted greater collagen deposition and repair of epidermis and dermis layers. The 0.25 % TRX film showed an increase in reduced glutathione levels, while the 1.0 % TRX film reduced lipid peroxidation and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of TRX films. Therefore, it is estimated that the film containing 1 % TRX can be used as biocurative for wound dressing applications.

Experimental Models in Unraveling the Biological Mechanisms of Mushroom-Derived Bioactives against Aging- and Lifestyle-Related Diseases: A Review

Mushrooms have garnered considerable interest among researchers due to their immense nutritional and therapeutic properties. The presence of biologically active primary and secondary metabolites, which includes several micronutrients, including vitamins, essential minerals, and other dietary fibers, makes them an excellent functional food. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of mushrooms has been reported to reduce the incidence of aging- and lifestyle-related diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and stroke, as well as to provide overall health benefits by promoting immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, and enhancement of gut microbial flora. The multifunctional activities of several mushroom extracts have been evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo studies using cell lines along with invertebrate and vertebrate model systems to address human diseases and disorders at functional and molecular levels. Although each model has its own strengths as well as lacunas, various studies have generated a plethora of data regarding the regulating players that are modulated in order to provide various protective activities; hence, this review intends to compile and provide an overview of the plausible mechanism of action of mushroom-derived bioactives, which will be helpful in future medicinal explorations.

Unearthing the therapeutic benefits of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for humans: Emerging sustainable bioresources of 21st century

Global interest in mushroom farming techniques has grown in the last few years. Despite not making up a large amount of the human diet at the moment, the nutritional worth of mushrooms has prompted their usage. The three main segments of the global mushroom industry are wild, culinary (edible), and medicinal mushrooms. The quality food that mushrooms provide can be utilized to build agricultural ecosystems that are more sustainable for increasing productivity and enhancing the effectiveness of resource usage. This is mostly because mushrooms can be utilized for the recycling of biomass and remains from crop production. Culinary-medicinal mushrooms are becoming more and more important because of their nutrient density, dietary value, and health advantages. Given its many bioactive components, which include polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and secondary metabolites, mushrooms have been utilized extensively as health foods. These mushrooms exhibit pharmacological activities and possess prebiotic and antibacterial capabilities. This review provides information on the latest advancements in the sustainable cultivation of mushrooms, particularly with nontraditional substrates, and their potential therapeutic uses. Furthermore, some of the newest developments and difficulties in the production of mushrooms are explored.

Evaluation of Ointments with Daldinia eschscholtzii in Wound Healing in an In Vivo Model

Fungi are a source of a variety of secondary metabolites of importance in different areas of biotechnology. Several compounds have been characterized with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity from fungi of the division of the Ascomycota, among which is the species Daldinia eschscholtzii, an endophyte fungus of pantropical distribution. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an ointment made with D. eschscholtzii on the wound healing of BALB/c mice. The species was corroborated using a molecular marker Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1 and ITS4). The extracts and dust of the fungus were considered nontoxic as they caused a mortality of <15% in the nematode Panagrellus redivivus, and experimental ointments had no adverse effects on the skin of BALB/c mice. Wounds treated with the D. eschscholtzii ointments had 99.9-100% wound contraction after 17 days, which was similar to commercial healing (positive control). As such, the ointment of D. eschscholtzii is a natural alternative to improve wound healing.

In-vivo and in-vitro wound healing and tissue repair effect of Trametes versicolor polysaccharide extract

Regarding different medical benefits of fungi, using the medical mushroom extracts as wound-healing agents is gaining popularity. This study, evaluated the wound healing characteristics of Trametes versicolor. Anti-oxidant activity addressed by employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay resulting 53.7% inhibitory effect. Besides, for anti-microbial ability determination, the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of extract measured which Escherichia coli growth was inhibited at 1.1 mg/ml, and Staphylococcus aureus did not grow at 4.38 mg/ml of extract. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method indicated dose dependence of the extract with 63 ± 3% and 28 ± 3% viability at 1250 μg/ml and 156.25 μg/ml of extract, which higher concentration caused higher cell viability. The outcome of gene expression analysis determined that overall expression of FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), IL-1β (Interleukin-1β), and TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor-β1) was 4 times higher at 48 h than at 24 h in treated cells, suggesting a stimulating effect on cell growth. An in-vivo animal model suggested enhanced wound healing process after treatment with 0.01 g of extract. Furthermore, the number of fibroblasts, epidermal thickness, and collagen fiber was respectively 2, 3, and threefold higher in treated mice when compared to untreated mice. The treated wounds of mice showed 100% and 60% of untreated mice of healing within 14 days. The results of this research show promise for the fungus-based wound healing treatments, which may help with tissue regeneration and the healing of cutaneous wounds.

Current Biological Knowledge, Applications, and Potential Use of the Desert Shaggy Mane Mushroom Podaxis pistillaris (Agaricomycetes): A Review

Podaxis pistillaris, an abundant gasteroid mushroom, has become an important biological element in arid and semiarid communities worldwide. This mushroom possesses cosmetic, edible, and medicinal attributes, playing a crucial role in communities in countries such as Australia, India, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Mexico. Proximate studies highlight the nutritional richness of P. pistillaris, characterized by high protein content and essential bioelements such as K, P, and Mg. Furthermore, P. pistillaris is integral to the traditional medicine of indigenous communities in America, Asia, and Africa, where it is revered for its purported wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and coagulant properties. In the case of Mexico, the Seri community uses and markets P. pistillaris in various forms, including ointments and, within the region, its spores. Chemical analysis of this species reveals notable compounds, including epicorazines A-C exhibiting antimicrobial properties, along with polysaccharides such as β-glucans, and a recently identified ergosterol derivative named podaxisterol. Despite its importance, the chemical characterization and assessment of the biological activity of its compounds have been largely understudied. Consequently, there are currently no wound-healing products on the market derived from fungi, as the majority originate from plant sources. This work aims to present the essential aspects of P. pistillaris's ethnobiological use, medicinal properties, bioactive compounds, and biotechnological applications. In addition, it underscores the overlooked status of P. pistillaris among fungi inhabiting arid areas, emphasizing its potential as a valuable subject for further research.

Potential of Mushrooms Bioactive for the Treatment of Skin Diseases and Disorders

Mushrooms have long been revered not only as a staple food source but also for their potential medicinal properties. Their role as a natural repository of bioactive compounds positions them uniquely in the pharmaceutical domain, with particular relevance to cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics. The global ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological chronicles highlight the traditional application of mushrooms against many diseases, with many even finding their way into cosmetic formulations. This review aims to consolidate the existing knowledge regarding the efficaciousness of mushroom-derived bioactives in the realm of skin disorders and diseases. In addition, it sheds light on the instances where certain mushroom species have been implicated in causing dermatological reactions, underscoring the dual nature of these fungal entities. A comprehensive assessment was undertaken involving ethnobotanical databases and relevant scientific literature to identify mushrooms used traditionally for treating skin conditions. In addition, contemporary research elucidating the biological activities of these mushrooms, specifically their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing capabilities, was scrutinized. Special attention was accorded to instances of contact dermatitis induced by mushrooms, notably the shiitake fungus. Preliminary findings reinforce the therapeutic potential of certain mushrooms in managing skin ailments, attributed primarily to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Conversely, some species, prominently shiitake, emerged as potent dermatitis triggers. Mushrooms undeniably harbor an array of compounds that can be instrumental in treating various skin conditions, thereby underscoring their potential in dermatological applications. However, an understanding of their dual nature, acting both as a remedy and a trigger for certain skin reactions, is essential for their judicious application in skin care. Further research is mandated to unravel the comprehensive pharmacological spectrum of these fungal treasures.

Hydrocolloids from the Mushroom Auricularia heimuer: Composition and Properties

The ear- to shell-shaped fruiting bodies of the genus Auricularia are widely used as food and in traditional medicinal remedies. This study was primarily focused on the composition, properties and potential use of the gel-forming extract from Auricularia heimuer. The dried extract contained 50% soluble homo- and heteropolysaccharides, which were mainly composed of mannose and glucose, acetyl residues, glucuronic acid and a small amount of xylose, galactose, glucosamine, fucose, arabinose and rhamnose. The minerals observed in the extract included approximately 70% potassium followed by calcium. Among the fatty and amino acids, 60% unsaturated fatty acids and 35% essential amino acids could be calculated. At both acidic (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 10) conditions, the thickness of the 5 mg/mL extract did not change in a temperature range from -24 °C to room temperature, but decreased statistically significantly after storage at elevated temperature. At neutral pH, the studied extract demonstrated good thermal and storage stability, as well as a moisture retention capacity comparable to the high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate, a well-known moisturizer. Hydrocolloids that can be sustainably produced from Auricularia fruiting bodies offer great application potential in the food and cosmetic industries.

Functional Clustering of Metabolically Related Genes Is Conserved across Dikarya

Transcriptional regulation is vital for organismal survival, with many layers and mechanisms collaborating to balance gene expression. One layer of this regulation is genome organization, specifically the clustering of functionally related, co-expressed genes along the chromosomes. Spatial organization allows for position effects to stabilize RNA expression and balance transcription, which can be advantageous for a number of reasons, including reductions in stochastic influences between the gene products. The organization of co-regulated gene families into functional clusters occurs extensively in Ascomycota fungi. However, this is less characterized within the related Basidiomycota fungi despite the many uses and applications for the species within this clade. This review will provide insight into the prevalence, purpose, and significance of the clustering of functionally related genes across Dikarya, including foundational studies from Ascomycetes and the current state of our understanding throughout representative Basidiomycete species.

Jellyfishes—Significant Marine Resources with Potential in the Wound-Healing Process: A Review

The wound-healing process is a significant area of interest in the medical field, and it is influenced by both external and patient-specific factors. The aim of this review paper is to highlight the proven wound-healing potential of the biocompounds found in jellyfish (such as polysaccharide compounds, collagen, collagen peptides and amino acids). There are aspects of the wound-healing process that can benefit from polysaccharides (JSPs) and collagen-based materials, as these materials have been shown to limit exposure to bacteria and promote tissue regeneration. A second demonstrated benefit of jellyfish-derived biocompounds is their immunostimulatory effects on growth factors such as (TNF-α), (IFN-γ) and (TGF), which are involved in wound healing. A third benefit of collagens and polysaccharides (JSP) is their antioxidant action. Aspects related to chronic wound care are specifically addressed, and within this general theme, molecular pathways related to tissue regeneration are explored in depth. Only distinct varieties of jellyfish that are specifically enriched in the biocompounds involved in these pathways and live in European marine habitats are presented. The advantages of jellyfish collagens over mammalian collagens are highlighted by the fact that jellyfish collagens are not considered transmitters of diseases (spongiform encephalopathy) or various allergic reactions. Jellyfish collagen extracts stimulate an immune response in vivo without inducing allergic complications. More studies are needed to explore more varieties of jellyfish that can be exploited for their biocomponents, which may be useful in wound healing.

Polysaccharides from South Tunisian Moringa alterniflora Leaves: Characterization, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Activity, and Laser Burn Wound Healing in Rats

Phytochemical properties have recently increased the popularity of plant polysaccharides as wound dressing materials. This work aims at studying the structural characteristics of polysaccharides extracted from Moringa leaves (Moringa Leaves Water Soluble Polysaccharide: MLWSP), and its antioxidant activities, cytotoxic effects, and laser burn wound healing effects in rats. This MLWSP was structurally characterized. Results showed 175.21 KDa and 18.6%, respectively, for the molecular weight and the yield of the novel extracted polysaccharide. It is a hetero-polysaccharide containing arabinose, rhamnose, and galactose. XRD suggested a semi-crystalline structure of the studied polymer and FT-IR results revealed a typical polysaccharide structure. It is composed of 50 to 500 µm rocky-shaped units with rough surfaces and it was found to inhibit the proliferation of the human colon (HCT-116) (IC50 = 36 ± 2.5 µg/mL), breast (MCF-7) (IC50 = 48 ± 3.2), and ovary cancers (IC50 = 24 ± 8.1). The MLWSP showed significant antioxidant effects compared to Trolox (CI50 = 0.001 mg/g). Moreover, promising wound healing results were displayed. The effect of MLWSP hydrogel application on laser burn injuries stimulated wound contraction, re-epithelization, and remodeling phases 8 days after treatment. The wound healing potential of MLWSP may be due to its significant antioxidant activity and/or the huge amount of monosaccharide molecules.

In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Wound Healing Activity of Astragalus microcephalus Willd

Methods

The methanolic root extract was prepared by maceration, and flavonoids were evaluated by LC/MS. In silico examination was performed based on the LC/MS results, and the binding affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β was evaluated. Wound healing evaluation in both in vitro (NHDF cell line, by 500 μg/ml concentration of the extract, 24 h) and in vivo (Wistar rat, topical daily treated with 1.5% of the extract ointment, 21 days) conditions in comparison to control groups was conducted. Rats' control groups included silver sulfadiazine, Vaseline, and the nontreated groups.

Results

Eleven flavonoids were detected using LC/MS. The in silico study showed that formononetin, kaempferol-based structures, quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside, and calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside had a high affinity (<-6.3) to ERs α and β. Wound closing measurement showed significant improvement in the group treated with the extract in both in vitro and in vivo assays compared to the control groups. Histopathological results confirmed these findings; inflammation factors decreased, and fibroblast proliferation, fibrosis, and epithelization increased, especially in the extract group.

Conclusion

This study shows that Astragalus microcephalus has wound healing activity in vitro and in vivo with low toxicity due to the presence of flavonoids, especially isoflavonoids, which show a high affinity to bind to ERs α and β in the skin tissue.

Jellyfish Polysaccharides for Wound Healing Applications

Jellyfishes are considered a new potential resource in food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. In these latter cases, they are studied as source of active principles but are also exploited to produce marine collagen. In the present work, jellyfish skin polysaccharides (JSP) with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) features were extracted from Rhizostoma pulmo, a main blooming species of Mediterranean Sea, massively augmented by climate leaded “jellyfishication” of the sea. Two main fractions of R. pulmo JSP (RP-JSPs) were isolated and characterized, namely a neutral fraction (RP-JSP1) and a sulphate rich, negatively charged fraction (RP-JSP2). The two fractions have average molecular weights of 121 kDa and 590 kDa, respectively. Their sugar composition was evaluated through LC-MS analysis and the result confirmed the presence of typical GAG saccharides, such as glucose, galactose, glucosamine and galactosamine. Their use as promoters of wound healing was evaluated through in vitro scratch assay on murine fibroblast cell line (BALB/3T3 clone A31) and human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both RP-JSPs demonstrated an effective confluency rate activity leading to 80% of scratch repair in two days, promoting both cell migration and proliferation. Additionally, RP-JSPs exerted a substantial protection from oxidative stress, resulting in improved viability of treated fibroblasts exposed to H₂O₂. The isolated GAG-like polysaccharides appear promising as functional component for biomedical skin treatments, as well as for future exploitation as pharmaceutical excipients.

Grifola frondosa Extract Containing Bioactive Components Blocks Skin Fibroblastic Inflammation and Cytotoxicity Caused by Endocrine Disrupting Chemical, Bisphenol A

Grifola frondosa (GF), a species of Basidiomycotina, is widely distributed across Asia and has been used as an immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer agent. In the present study, the pharmacological activity of the GF extract against an ecotoxicological industrial chemical, bisphenol A (BPA) in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), was investigated. GF extract containing naringin, hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol showed an inhibitory effect on cell death and inflammation induced by BPA in the NHDFs. For the cell death caused by BPA, GF extract inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species responsible for the unique activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In addition, GF extract attenuated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β by the suppression of the redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in BPA-treated NHDFs. For the inflammation triggered by BPA, GF extract blocked the inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation that leads to the secretion of IL-1β protein. These results indicate that the GF extract is a functional antioxidant that prevents skin fibroblastic pyroptosis induced by BPA.

Extraction, Characterization, and Structure of a Novel Heteropolysaccharide from Lepidium sativum and Its Effects on Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

The present study undertakes the extraction of a novel polysaccharide from Lepidium sativum (PLS) and the determination of its physicochemical composition and antioxidant properties, as well as its potential wound healing activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This polysaccharide presented a lighter natural color, whose luminosity (L∗), red-green intensity (a∗), and blue-yellow intensity (b∗) were recorded at 63.26, 5.87, and 27.28, respectively. The PLS was structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV spectrum, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), nuclear resonance magnetic (NMR), and high-pressure gel filtration chromatography. The FT-IR and UV spectra showed the characteristic band of polysaccharides. According to HPLC, the crude PLS is a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose, xylose, and galactose. Results obtained by ¹H NMR indicated that PLS consisted of three monosaccharide residues with α and β anomers. This novel polysaccharide had an average molecular weight of 98.51 kDa and displayed potential antioxidant activities determined through three different assays: scavenging activity against 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, and reducing power. These results strongly support the beneficial effects of the PLS to accelerate wound healing in diabetic rats. Indeed, its application significantly increased wound contraction percentage (98 ± 1.11%) after 14 days of experiment. Furthermore, the histological assessment of the PLS-treated group demonstrated complete reepithelialized wounds by accelerating collagen synthesis. In general, the findings affirmed that PLS is efficient on wound closure in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

MACROFUNGI INVENTARITATION AT THE PINE FOREST OF KRAGILAN, MAGELANG

The pine forest of Kragilan village, Magelang, is a forested area on the west slopes of Mount Merbabu with a humid environmental condition. The conditions make this region suitable for the growth of a macrofungal community. The macrofungal inventory in Merbabu Mountain is very limited and this is inversely proportional to the increasing deforestation. Thus, the macrofungal inventory is a fundamental way of managing natural conservation in this area. The study aimed to provide information and the potency of macrofungi found in the pine forest area of Kragilan, Magelang. The method used is purposive sampling in the research area, and the fungi obtained were identified based on characteristics with some related references. This research described eight species of eight different genera, including one from the Ascomycota (Xylaria sp.), and seven others from the Basidiomycota (Auricularia auriculajudae, Lentinellus sp., Mycena sp., Skeletocutis sp., Gymnopilus sp., Coprinopsis sp., and Coprinellus disseminatus). The current study is the first report on macrofungi diversity in the research area. Further exploration is still needed to record the macrofungal diversity on the western slopes of the Kragilan pine forest.

Production and Characterization of Exopolysaccharide From Newly Isolated Marine Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EI6 With in vitro Wound Healing Activity

Because of its safety, biological activities, and unique properties, exopolysaccharide (EPS) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been developed as a potential biopolymer. A few studies have investigated the EPS produced by marine LAB. This study reports the wound healing activity of an EPS produced by a marine isolate identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EI6, in addition to assessing L. plantarum EI6's probiotic properties. EI6 demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria, as well as the ability to withstand stomach pH 3, tolerate 0.3% bile salt concentration, and exhibit no signs of hemolysis. Furthermore, EI6 was able to produce 270 mg/L of EPS upon growth for 48 h at 37°C in an MRS medium enriched with 1.0% of sucrose. The chemical features of the novel EI6-EPS were investigated: the UV-vis estimated a high carbohydrate content of ~91.5%, and the FTIR emphasized its polysaccharide nature by the characteristic hydroxyl, amide I, II, & III, and glycosidic linkage regions. The GC-MS and NMR analyses revealed the existence of five monosaccharides, namely, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, glucose, and arabinose, existing mainly in the pyranose form and linked together by α- and β-glycosidic linkages. EI6-EPS was found to be safe (IC50 > 100 μg/ml) and induced human skin fibroblasts (HSF) proliferation and migration. These findings imply that EI6 can be used as a safe source of bioactive polymer in wound care.

Photoprotective Effects of a Hyperoside-Enriched Fraction Prepared from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. on Ultraviolet B-Induced Skin Aging in Human Fibroblasts through the MAPK Signaling Pathway

Ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation causes skin damage via deleterious effects including oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation. The photoprotective effects of a hyperoside-enriched fraction obtained from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (H. cordata) on the attenuation of UVB-induced skin aging in human fibroblasts were investigated. The solvent-partition technique was used to establish the hyperoside-enriched fraction of H. cordata (HcEA). The active compounds identified in the H. cordata extracts were hyperoside, quercitrin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin. With regard to the photoprotective effects of H. cordata on UVB-irradiated dermal fibroblasts, HcEA and hyperoside inhibited intracellular ROS production and inflammatory cytokine secretions (IL-6 and IL-8), while increasing collagen type I synthesis along with downregulating MMP-1 gene and protein expressions. Mechanistically, the hyperoside-enriched fraction obtained from H. cordata inhibited UVB-irradiated skin aging through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway by attenuating the activation of JNK/ERK/c-Jun in human dermal fibroblasts. The hyperoside-enriched fraction of H. cordata exerted potent anti-skin aging properties against UVB exposure. The findings of this study can be applied in the cosmetics industry, as H. cordata extract can potentially be used in pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations as a photoprotective or anti-skin aging agent.

Ceriporia lacerata Mycelium Culture Medium as a Novel Anti-Aging Microbial Material for Cosmeceutical Application

Skincare is very critical in preventing aging and skin trouble, which is difficult to recover if progressed. However, the development of effective anti-aging solutions is still on the horizon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional efficacy of Ceriporia lacerata exo-pharmaceutical substance (CLEPS) in view of its use in innovative skin care cosmetics. CLEPS was found to have no cytotoxicity against normal human dermal fibroblasts and B16 melanoma cells in a wide concentration range of 0.05–7 mg/mL. It exhibited a whitening effect by inhibiting melanin synthesis comparable to that of the respective reference compound (arbutin). Notably, CLEPS not only substantially increased collagen (65.4%) and filaggrin synthesis (36%), but also significantly inhibited the activity of collagenase (93.4%), suggesting that CLEPS could prevent skin barrier damage or skin wrinkles. In addition, it showed an excellent anti-inflammatory effect and wound-healing effect. Overall, CLEPS exhibited exceptional anti-aging effects in human skin cells, designating as a potential natural cosmeceutical ingredient.

Sulphation and Hydrolysis Improvements of Bioactivities, and Immuno-Modulatory Properties of Edible Amanita hemibapha Subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential in Personalized Functional Foods

In this study, the mucilage polysaccharide (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica was prepared by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation and then fractionated using anion-exchange chromatography equipped with a DEAE Sepharose fast flow column. The most immune-enhancing polysaccharide fraction 2 (MPF2) was subjected to a structural modification such as hydrolysis or over-sulphation. The sulphate and molecular weight (Mw) of over-sulphated (OS1-3) and hydrolysed (HS1-3) derivatives of MPF2 differed between 9.85% and 14.2% and 32.8 and 88.1 × 103 g/mol, respectively. Further, the immune-enhancing properties of MPF2 and its derivatives were tested on RAW264.7 and NK cells through various in vitro assays. Interestingly, a low molecular weight of HS1-3 significantly increased the nitric oxide (NO) production (p < 0.05) more than MPF2, indicating that Mw is a major factor in RAW264.7 cell stimulation. In addition, RAW264.7 cells produced various cytokines by up-regulating mRNA expression levels and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. On the other hand, OS1-3-treated natural killer (NK) cells induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells through the expression of IFN-γ, Grandzyme-B, perforin, NKp30, and FasL. These results demonstrated that sulphate derivatives play an important role in NK cell activation. Further, this study also explores how polysaccharide binds to RAW264.7 and NK cells. MPF2 and HS3 may activate RAW264.7 cells via binding to TLR4 receptors, and OS2 could be activated through the CR3 signalling pathways.

Narrative Review: Bioactive Potential of Various Mushrooms as the Treasure of Versatile Therapeutic Natural Product

Mushrooms have remained an eternal part of traditional cuisines due to their beneficial health potential and have long been recognized as a folk medicine for their broad spectrum of nutraceuticals, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic uses. Nowadays, they have been extensively investigated to explain the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of their biomedicine and nutraceuticals capacity. Mushrooms belong to the astounding dominion of Fungi and are known as a macrofungus. Significant health benefits of mushrooms, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, wound healing, anticancer, immunomodulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, detoxification, hepatoprotective cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and anti-diabetic effects, etc., have been reported around the globe and have attracted significant interests of its further exploration in commercial sectors. They can function as functional foods, help in the treatment and therapeutic interventions of sub-optimal health states, and prevent some consequences of life-threatening diseases. Mushrooms mainly contained low and high molecular weight polysaccharides, fatty acids, lectins, and glucans responsible for their therapeutic action. Due to the large varieties of mushrooms present, it becomes challenging to identify chemical components present in them and their beneficial action. This article highlights such therapeutic activities with their active ingredients for mushrooms.

Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food

This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products.

Histology Scoring System for Murine Cutaneous Wounds

Monitoring wound progression over time is a critical aspect for studies focused on in-depth molecular analysis or on evaluating the efficacy of potential novel therapies. Histopathological analysis of wound biopsies can provide significant insight into healing dynamics, yet there is no standardized and reproducible scoring system currently available. The purpose of this study was to develop and statistically validate a scoring system based on parameters in each phase of healing that can be easily and accurately assessed using either Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) or Masson's Trichrome (MT) staining. These parameters included re-epithelization, epithelial thickness index, keratinization, granulation tissue thickness, remodeling, and the scar elevation index. The initial phase of the study was to (1) optimize and clarify healing parameters to limit investigator bias and variability; (2) compare the consistency of parameters assessed using H&E versus MT staining. During the validation phase of this study, the accuracy and reproducibility of this scoring system was independently iterated upon and validated in four different types of murine skin wound models (Excisional; punch biopsy; pressure ulcers; burn wounds). A total of n = 54 histology sections were randomized, blinded, and assigned to two groups of independent investigators (n = 5 per group) for analysis. The sensitivity of each parameter (ranging between 80% and 95%) is reported with illustrations on the appropriate assessment method using ImageJ software. In the validated scoring system, the lowest score (score:0) is associated with an open/unhealed wound as is evident immediately and within the first day postinjury, whereas the highest score (score:12) is associated with a completely closed and healed wound without excessive scarring. This study defines and describes the minimum recommended criteria for assessing wound healing dynamics using the SPOT skin wound score. The acronym SPOT refers to the academic and scientific institutions that were involved in the development of the scoring system, namely, Stellenbosch University, Polish Academy of Sciences, Obatala Sciences, and the University of Texas Southwestern.