Antidiabetic Potential of Mangifera indica L. cv. Anwar Ratol Leaves: Medicinal Application of Food Wastes

Unveiling Pharmacological Promise of Mangifera indica (Haribhanga) Peel Extract: Exploring an Untapped Cultivar Through Biochemical and Computational Approaches

The Haribhanga is one of the most renowned varieties of mango native to the Rangpur region of Bangladesh. The study aimed to explore the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological potentialities of the methanolic extract of Mangifera indica (Haribhanga) (MEMI) peel. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiarthritic activities of MEMI peel were conducted by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, disc diffusion, and protein denaturation assays, respectively. The extract was administered to STZ-induced diabetic mice for 7 days for the observation of blood glucose, body weight, lipid profile, and liver enzyme levels. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify phytochemicals in the extract. Subsequently, molecular docking was conducted to predict the binding affinity of the identified compounds. The MEMI peel exhibited notable antioxidant potentiality with an IC50 value of 4.43 ± 0.68 μg/mL and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus with a zone of inhibition of 20.67 ± 1.52 mm. Furthermore, MEMI peel demonstrated substantial antiarthritic activity, with the highest inhibition of denaturation of protein (88%) observed at the highest dose (500 μg/mL). In the in vivo experiments, MEMI peel led to a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (p < 0.001, p < 0.05), with a significant decrease in blood glucose (p < 0.001), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.0001) in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Comparing the diabetic control mice, the MEMI peel substantially decreased (p < 0.001) the high serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Moreover, the extract significantly improved the body weight (p < 0.001) of diabetic mice after 7 days of treatment. GC-MS analysis identified 28 bioactive compounds, primarily fatty acid esters in the MEMI peel. Di-n-octyl phthalate, terpinen-4-ol, 8,11,14-docosatrienoic acid methyl ester, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-acetate exhibited the most favorable binding potential in molecular docking studies. The results suggest that MEMI peel possesses antimicrobial, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and liver enzyme protective activities as a promising antioxidant.

A review on the role of deep eutectic solvents in mango (Mangifera indica) extraction

The present review attempts to evaluate the applicability of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a green technique for the extraction of phytochemicals from Mangifera indica L. and their therapeutic potential. Mango has been reported to show numerous therapeutic activities, which are attributed to its abundant source of bioactive compounds. Thus, the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in mangoes is reviewed based on different reported bioactivity tests. The use of DESs is considered a green approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources utilizing two or more components and a safe alternative for application in the nutritional, pharmaceutical and other sectors. The trends in the extraction of phytochemicals from mango using different DES components and different extraction parameters of the optimum protocol are reviewed. Hence, DESs are considered potential solvents with selective and efficient properties for extracting bioactive ingredients from mango. However, there are several knowledge gaps that need to be assessed for DES-based bioactive compound extraction from mango such as information on the local and specific varieties of mangoes, standardization of the extraction protocols and use of other parts of the mango plant as alternatives to its peel as bioactive sources. Accordingly, the extraction of bioactive compounds from mango using DESs will provide useful information for subsequent agricultural, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications in the future.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) By-products in Food Processing and Health Promotion

The edible and nonedible parts of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) contain vitamins, phytocompounds, fiber, and fatty acids. This review highlights the uses of mango by-products in the food industry and their effects on human health. The literature offers many new possibilities for the usage of mango secondary products in the food industry, such as the production of functional foods and bakery products, in addition to the potential for extraction of antioxidants and enzymes. Furthermore, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the consumption of various mango by-products, in the form of peel and leaf (powder or extract), can improve glycemia, plasma lipid levels, satiety, and endothelial function, suggesting that these compounds can prevent or improve various risk factors for cardiovascular complications and metabolic syndrome. Clinical trials show that the discarded parts of mango fruits and leaves can be used to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, mango by-products can be utilized to improve the functional characteristics of foods, may be incorporated as fat replacers, and have the potential to leverage agribusiness and reduce environmental damage resulting from the disposal of discarded materials, in addition to reducing waste and the complex chain of environmental damage. Mango by-products also have the potential to produce nutraceutical food items. The use of new technologies can bring to light the production of numerous products made from by-products, contributing to the development of industrial functional foods. In addition, products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries may also be developed. Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products could have lower prices and could, therefore, be used by low-income populations. The utilization of mango by-products meets the current trend and growing market for better and healthier products. However, more clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of mango by-products on human health, and new technologies can improve industrial applications.

In-silico study and in-vitro validations for an affinity of mangiferin with aldose reductase: Investigating potential in tackling diabetic retinopathy

Type II Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications primarily diabetic retinopathy cases are rising with an alarming rate. Prolong hyperglycemia along with the aldose reductase (AR) activity play a pivotal role in the development of oxidative stress in the aqueous humor and diabetic retinopathy. AR catalyzes conversion of glucose into sorbitol and or fructose get diffuse into lens leading to impaired electrolyte balance and cataract formation. Here in the study, affinity of mangiferin was evaluated first using in silico approaches (Docking studies) and then validated via isothermal titration calorimetry. Here in the present study aim was to check the does mangiferin do have affinity with AR, does mangiferin inhibit the AR and polyol pathway as key pathway involve in the diabetic retinopathy. Both in silico and laboratory investigations were carried out to explore the affinity of mangiferin with the aldose reductase. Swiss target prediction study showed that the AR is prime target of mangiferin in the human proteome. The molecular docking study and affinity searches were performed to seek the bonding pattern and forces involved. Docking (affinity 34.37 kcal/mol) for AR pose 1 was reported superior over the AR pose 2 (affinity -35.46 kcal/mol) against mangiferin. Mangiferin showed significant AR inhibition where IC50 reported 67.711 µg/ml and highest inhibition was reported at 300 µg/ml i.e. 86.44 %. On the contrary, Quercetin showed much higher inhibition of aldose reductase at similar concentration i.e. 94.47 % at 300 µg/ml with IC50 59.6014 µg/ml. Here, AR pose 1 showed higher affinity with the mangiferin and confirmed via Isothermal Titration Calorimetry clearly showed higher binding affinity parameters. Binding affinity of AR pose 1 with the mangiferin was higher as showed with affinity parameter determined via ITC i.e. floating association constant (Ka) reported 6.47×106, binding enthalpy (ΔH) -46.11 kJ/mol and higher binding sites (n) i.e. 1.84. Findings demonstrates that the mangiferin is promising AR inhibitor with the ADME prediction (CLR 1.119 ml/min and t1/2 1.162 h).

A Comprehensive Drug Review on <i>Cuntai Varral Cūranam</i> for its Anti-diabetic Potential on <i>Matumēkam</i> (Type II Diabetes Mellitus)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by inadequate insulin production by the pancreas or insufficient insulin utilisation by the body. WHO (World Health Organisation) estimates that Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) account for 75% of all worldwide fatalities and 2 million death per year account due to diabetes including kidney disease. The prevalence of DM is comparatively higher in lower and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. The IDF states that approximately 10.5% of adults aged 20 to 79 have diabetes, and half of them are unaware of their condition It is estimated that by 2045, the number of adults living with diabetes will rise to 46%. Diabetes Mellitus can be clinically correlated with signs and symptoms of Inippu nīr (NSMC-XGB 1.4) and Matumēkam and its complications stated as in Avattaikal in Siddha text. Traditional plant remedies for diabetes have been considered excellent oral therapeutic options due to their effectiveness, safety and less adverse effects. Cuntai Varral Cūranam (CVC) is the polyherbal formulation prescribed as a single or supplemental drug for gastrointestinal disorders and used in the management of DM and its ailments in practice. This study aims to review the Anti-diabetic efficacy of CVC through its phytochemical, pharmacological aspects, and basic Siddha principle (Mukkurram, cuvai, vīriyam and vipākam) for the ingredients of CVC. The pharmacological actions like anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and anti-microbial activities and the enzyme inhibition pathways of the ingredients were analysed. The result suggested that CVC might be an effective anti-diabetic drug in the management of DM and its complications due to its synergistic effect.

Mango peel extracts and mangiferin chromatographic Fourier-transform infrared correlation with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and advanced glycation end product inhibitory potentials using in silico modeling and in vitro assays

Mangifera indica peels are a rich source of diverse flavonoids and xanthonoids; however, generally these are discarded. Computational studies revealed that mangiferin significantly interacts with amino acid residues of transcriptional regulators 1IK3, 3TOP, and 4f5S. The methanolic extract of Langra variety of mangoes contained the least phenol concentrations (22.6 ± 0.32 mg/gGAE [gallic acid equivalent]) compared to the chloroform (214.8 ± 0.12 mg/gGAE) and ethyl acetate fractions (195.6 ± 0.14 mg/gGAE). Similarly, the methanolic extract of Sindhri variety contained lower phenol concentrations (42.3 ± 0.13 mg/gRUE [relative utilization efficiency]) compared with the chloroform (85.6 ± 0.15 mg/gGAE) and ethyl acetate (76.1 ± 0.32 mg/gGAE) fractions. Langra extract exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 0.06 mg/mL), whereas the ethyl acetate fraction was highly active (IC50 0.12 mg/mL) in Sindhri variety. Mangiferin exhibited significant inhibition (IC50 0.026 mg/mL). A moderate inhibition of 15-LOX was observed in all samples, whereas mangiferin was least active. In advanced glycation end product inhibition assay, the chloroform fraction of Langra variety exhibited significant inhibition in nonoxidative (IC50 64.4 μg/mL) and oxidative modes (IC50 54.7 μg/mL). It was concluded that both Langra and Sindhri peel extracts and fractions possess significant antidiabetic activities. The results suggest the potential use of peel waste in the management and complications of diabetes.

Biological activities, identification, method development, and validation for analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Nymphaea rubra flowers and leaves by UHPLC-Q-cIM-TOF-MS and UHPLC-TQ-MS

INTRODUCTION

Nymphaea rubra belongs to the Nymphaea family and is regarded as a vegetable used in traditional medicine to cure several ailments. These species are rich in phenolic acid, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannin.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the biological activities of Nymphaea rubra flowers (NRF) and leaves (NRL) by identifying and quantifying their polyphenolic compounds using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole cyclic ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-cIM-TOF-MS) and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TQ-MS).

METHODOLOGY

NRF and NRL powder was extracted with methanol and fractionated using hexane, ethylacetate, and water. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated. The polyphenolic components of NRF and NRL were identified and quantified using UHPLC-Q-cIM-TOF-MS and UHPLC-TQ-MS. The method was validated using linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ).

RESULTS

Bioactive substances and antioxidants were highest in the ethylacetate fraction of flowers and leaves. Principal component analysis showed how solvent and plant components affect N. rubra's bioactivity and bioactive compound extraction. A total of 67 compounds were identified, and among them 21 significant polyphenols were quantified. Each calibration curve had R2 > 0.998. The LOD and LLOQ varied from 0.007 to 0.09 μg/mL and from 0.01 to 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. NRF contained a significant amount of gallic acid (10.1 mg/g), while NRL contained abundant pentagalloylglucose (2.8 mg/g).

CONCLUSION

The developed method is simple, rapid, and selective for the identification and quantification of bioactive molecules. These findings provide a scientific basis for N. rubra's well-documented biological effects.

Structure-based virtual screening of mangiferin derivatives with antidiabetic action: a molecular docking and dynamics study and MPO-based drug-likeness approach

Extracts from Mangifera indica leaves and its main component, mangiferin, have proven antidiabetic activity. In this study, mangiferin and its natural derivatives Homomangiferin (HMF), Isomangiferin (IMF), Neomangiferin (NMF), Glucomangiferin (GMF), Mangiferin 6'-gallate (MFG), and Norathyriol (NRT) were compared regarding their action on Diabetes mellitus (DM), employing docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze interactions with the aldose reductase enzyme, the precursor to the conversion of glucose into sorbitol. Notably, HMF showed significant affinity to residues in the active site of the enzyme, including Trp 79, His 110, Trp 111, Phe 122, and Phe 300, with an energy of - 7.2 kcal/mol, observed in the molecular docking simulations. MD reinforced the formation of stable complexes for HMF and MFG with the aldose reductase, with interaction potential energies (IPE) in the order of - 300.812 ± 52 kJ/mol and - 304.812 ± 52 kJ/mol, respectively. The drug-likeness assessment, by multiparameter optimization (MPO), highlighted that HMF and IMF have similarities with polyphenols and glycosidic flavonoids recently patented as antidiabetics, revealing that high polarity (TPSA > 180 Å2) is a favorable property for subcutaneous administration, especially because of the gradual passive cell permeability values in biological tissues, with Papp values estimated at < 10 × 10-6 cm/s. These compounds are metabolically stable against metabolic enzymes, resulting in a low toxic incidence by metabolic activation, corroborating with a lethal dose (LD50) greater than 2000 mg/kg. In this way, HMF showed a systematic alignment between predicted pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, characterizing it as the most favorable substance for inhibiting aldose reductase.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03978-9.

Effects of Maturation on Antibacterial Properties of Vietnamese Mango (Mangifera indica) Leaves

This study, for the first time, has investigated the relationships between alterations of mangiferin contents in mango leaves at different maturity stages and their antibacterial properties. Leaves were classified into six different maturity stages based on their color: (1) young dark reddish brown, (2) young yellow, (3) young light green, (4) mature green, (5) old dark green, and (6) old yellow leaves. Ethanol extracts were then examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, applying broth dilution and agar well diffusion methods. In addition, we also measured the mangiferin contents in leaves at different stages for the purpose of evaluating how the changes in this phytochemistry value affects their activities against bacteria. The results showed that extracts from leaves at young ages had better antibacterial properties than those from old leaves, as evidenced by the lower minimum inhibitory concentrations and larger inhibitory zones. In addition, we also found that the contents of mangiferin were significantly decreased followed the maturation process. These results suggest that mango leaves at young stages, especially dark reddish brown and young yellow leaves, are preferable for application in bacterial infections and other therapies related to mangiferin's constituents.

Chemical characterisation and appraisal of antidiabetic potential of Terminalia citrina extract in streptozotocin induced hyperglycaemia in Wistar rats

The current research was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Terminalia citrina methanolic extract (TCME) by streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. TCME exhibited better in-vitro antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity as compared to other tested extracts. TCME at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg showed notable (p < .05) antidiabetic potential by lowering fasting blood glucose level, restoring lipid level, serum amylase, HbA1c, kidney, and liver function tests as coevidenced from histological findings of the liver, pancreas, and kidney. TCME remarkably reinstated the antioxidant enzymatic activities (CAT: 0.181 ± 0.011 IU/mg protein, SOD: 21.45 ± 1.53 IU/mg protein) and reduced lipid peroxidation level (40.60 ± 2.41 µM/mg protein) in the liver and kidney tissue of diabetic rats at 750 mg/kg dose. The acute and subacute oral toxicity study of TCME exhibited no clinical toxicity signs and mortality. Its GC-MS spectrum unveiled the existence of 10-octadecenoic acid and other compounds which might have contributed to antidiabetic potential.

Mangifera indica L., By-Products, and Mangiferin on Cardio-Metabolic and Other Health Conditions: A Systematic Review

Mango and its by-products have traditional medicinal uses. They contain diverse bioactive compounds offering numerous health benefits, including cardioprotective and metabolic properties. This study aimed to explore the impact of mango fruit and its by-products on human health, emphasizing its metabolic syndrome components. PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched following PRISMA guidelines, and the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown several benefits of mango and its by-products. For this systematic review, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The collective findings indicated that the utilization of mango in various forms-ranging from fresh mango slices and mango puree to mango by-products, mango leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin-yielded many favorable effects. These encompassed enhancements in glycemic control and improvements in plasma lipid profiles. Additionally, mango reduces food intake, elevates mood scores, augments physical performance during exercise, improves endothelial function, and decreases the incidence of respiratory tract infections. Utilizing mango by-products supports the demand for healthier products. This approach also aids in environmental conservation. Furthermore, the development of mango-derived nanomedicines aligns with sustainable goals and offers innovative solutions for healthcare challenges whilst being environmentally conscious.

Antidiabetic activity of mango peel extract and mangiferin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background

In diabetic animals, there is a significant increase in plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and decreased body weight, liver and muscle glycogen, and high-density lipoprotein. Effective treatment of diabetes mellitus is not yet known, even though the management of diabetes mellitus is considered a global concern. Plants and herbs have played an important role in the healthcare of many societies throughout history. Today’s researchers are investigating the potential for using these nonpharmaceutical approaches to treat and control diabetes, either in conjunction with standard treatments or as an alternative to them. Herbal formulations are favored because to lower cost and fewer side effects compared to other methods for alleviating diabetes and its consequences. In ethnomedicinal practices, different parts of Mangifera indica are used to treatment of diabetes. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of an ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica and mangiferin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This experiment was conducted in a set of two with four groups of animals namely control (Tc), treatment alloxan (Ta), treatment extract (Tae), and treatment mangiferin (Tam). To develop diabetes, Wistar rats treated with 150 mg/kg b.w. of alloxan monohydrate were injected intraperitoneally. Tae and Tam’s groups received a freshly prepared single dose of extract and mangiferin in distilled water via the oral route. All experimental groups received laboratory pallet feed diet and drinking water ad libitum. Diabetic rats were treated for 21 days with an ethanolic extract of mango peel and pure mangiferin orally daily at rates of 200 mg/kg b.w. and 20 mg/kg b.w.

Results

An alloxan-induced diabetic rat treated with mango peel extract and mangiferin significantly improved the overhead impact due to diabetes. There was a significant (p < 0.05) body weight loss in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Ta), whereas animals given mango peel extract and mangiferin showed a significant increase in body weight from 2 weeks onwards in comparison with control. Alloxan-induced rats (Ta) group have higher blood glucose levels and are significantly different (p < 0.01) from the control group. Mango peel extract and mangiferin significantly reduced the levels of fasting glucose after 21 days of treatment in comparison with diabetic animals. Mango peel extract and mangiferin influence the glycogen synthesis pathway in diabetes groups by increasing glycogen levels in muscle and liver. mango peel extract and mangiferin were found to have a nonsignificant impact on plasma cholesterol and HDL levels compared with the control group. Mango peel extract was found to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) in LDL levels compared with the control group. Mangiferin was found to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) in triglyceride and VLDL levels when compared with the control group. Histopathological examination of the pancreas in rats with type I diabetes caused by alloxan found that therapy with an ethanolic extract of mango peel and mangiferin restored beta cell function as well as rejuvenation of Islets of Langerhans.

Conclusions

Mango peel extract and mangiferin have antidiabetic, glycogenesis, and hypolipidemic properties when administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Graphical abstract

Antidiabetic properties of mango in animal models and humans: A systematic review

Mango has long been an attractive source of nutrition and pharmacological therapeutics. The mango plant (Mangifera indica L.) contains bioactive compounds that may have antidiabetic properties. This systematic review investigated the evidence for antidiabetic properties of the different parts of the mango plant in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus in animal models and humans. The electronic databases PubMed, FSTA, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify articles with clear objectives and methodologies available in the English language with publication date limits up to December 2020. Twenty-eight of 1001 animal and human studies met the inclusion criteria that investigated antidiabetic properties of mango from leaf (31%), flesh (38%), seed-kernel (7%), peel (14%), stem-bark (7%), and by-product (3%). Results support the glucose-lowering properties of mango in both animals and human. Proposed antidiabetic mechanisms of action include inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, improved antioxidant status, improved insulin sensitivity, facilitated glucose uptake, and gene regulation of glucose transporter type 4, insulin receptor substrate 1, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The animal and randomized control trial findings suggest that mango may be beneficial as an antidiabetic agent. Although these studies hold promise, additional observational studies and randomized control trials are required because human studies are significantly fewer in number, use mango flesh almost exclusively, and had modest blood glucose effects. Additional research gaps include identifying the mechanisms of action for the different components of the mango plant.

Recent Advances in Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from Food Wastes and By-Products: Biochemical Aspects

Bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing constituents, exert various beneficial effects arising from their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds can be found in vegetables, fruits, grains, spices and their derived foods and beverages such as tea, olive oil, fruit juices, wine, chocolate and beer. Agricultural production and the food supply chain are major sources of food wastes, which can become resources, as they are rich in bioactive compounds. The aim of this review is to highlight recent articles demonstrating the numerous potential uses of products and by-products of the agro-food supply chain, which can have various applications.

Ginsenoside Rg1 Improves Inflammation and Autophagy of the Pancreas and Spleen in Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Mice

BACKGROUND

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is one of the key bioactive components of the precious Traditional Chinese Medicine that has been used to treat diabetes in China. Ginsenosides have been reported to protect diabetics from tissue damage, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that occurred frequently among adolescents over the world, its development was related to inflammation and β-cells immunodeficiency. The aim of this study is to explore the biological mechanism of Rg1 on inflammation and autophagy of β-cells in T1D and its therapeutic potential.

METHODS

The model of T1D mice was established by injecting Streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/kg) or citric acids once a day for 5 days and from the fourth day of injection, mice were administered with Rg1 (20 mg/kg) or saline by gavage once a day for 12 days. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunofluorescence, ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot were used to observe the histopathological changes, inflammatory factor levels, and autophagy markers after administration of ginsenoside Rg1.

RESULTS

Compared to the T1D mice, Rg1 improved the weight (p < 0.05) and blood glucose (p < 0.01) of mice, advanced the injury and apoptosis of β-cells in islets (p < 0.01), and markedly inhibited the protein expression degrees of CD45, CXCL16, ox-LDL, and TF in the pancreas and spleens (p < 0.01), also activated the degrees of insulin in serum (p < 0.01). Besides, in T1D mice' pancreas and spleen, Rg1 markedly repressed the IL-1β, TNF-α, and NOS2 mRNA levels (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), inhibited the CXCL16, NF-κB, and TF proteins (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), while elevating the ratio of LC3 II/I (p < 0.01) and P62 (p < 0.05) protein level.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proved that Rg1 protected mice against T1D possibly by improving islet injury and tissue inflammation, raising serum insulin, and tissue autophagy marker.

Plant bioactive compounds and their mechanistic approaches in the treatment of diabetes: a review

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing disease across the world; diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder in which blood glucose concentration level increases and continue for a prolonged period due to a decrease secretion of insulin or action, resulting in the disorder of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The plant-related bioactive compounds have proven their efficacy with least toxicities and can be utilized for the disease treatment. Our objective is to elucidate the mechanism of action of plant bioactive compounds which can give future direction in diabetes treatment.

Main body

In this review paper, we briefly study more than 200 research papers related to disease and bioactive compounds that have therapeutic applicability in treatment. The plant contains many bio-active compounds which possess in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic effect which may be responsible for the hypoglycaemic property by inhibiting the digestive enzyme i.e. alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, by producing mimetic action of insulin, by reducing the oxidative stress, by showing antihyperglycemic activity and hypolipidemic activity, by inhibition of aldose reductase, and by increasing or enhancing glucose uptake and insulin secretion.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that terpenes, tannin, flavonoids, saponin, and alkaloids are important bioactive constituents for anti-diabetic activity. The mechanistic approach on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase, hypolipidemic activity, and AR inhibitory action clear-cut explain the therapeutic applicability of these bioactive compounds in disease. Plants that contain these bioactive compounds can be good drug candidates for future research on diabetes treatment.

Antidiabetic Potential and Antioxidant Activity of Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (Indian Olive) Seed Extracts

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Indian olive seed extracts. Plant seeds were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of extracts were carried out. Olea europaea methanolic extract (MEOE) and aqueous extract (AEOE) were orally administered to normoglycemic and alloxan-treated diabetic rats so as to determine their hypoglycemic effect. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and vanillic acid in MEOE. It was found that the methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited the maximum DPPH and alpha-amylase inhibition activities, respectively. MEOE and AEOE exerted a significant decline in the fasting blood sugar in diabetic animals (p < 0.05); however, they did not cause hypoglycemia in nondiabetic animals. Treatment with MEOE and AEOE reduced the aggravated liver and kidney function biomarkers. Aggravated levels of oxidative stress biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were restored by treatment with MEOE. Moreover, MEOE improved the count of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, fatty changes, and enlarged sinusoidal spaces in the liver and necrosis of the glomerulus and tubular cells of the kidney in diabetic rats. This study showed that the African olive seed extract effectively managed experimental diabetes and restored the normal functions and histology of the liver and kidney in diabetic rats through the reduction of oxidative stress.

Natural products for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe-a review

Use of medicinal plants and herbs in the treatment and management of diseases, including diabetes mellitus and its complications remains an integral part of African tradition. In Zimbabwe, nearly one million people are living with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe is increasing every year due to lifestyle changes, and has accelerated the use of traditional medicines for its treatment and management in urban areas. In addition, the high cost of modern medicine has led many people in rural parts of Zimbabwe to rely on herbal plant medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This review highlights a number of studies carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of indigenous plants found in Zimbabwe with the goal of treating diabetes mellitus. Further, we discuss the mechanism of action of various plant extracts in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. Together, this review article can open pathways leading to discovery of new plant derived medicines and regularization of use of crude plant remedies to treat diabetes mellitus by the Zimbabwean government and others across Africa.

Pharmacologically Active Phytomolecules Isolated from Traditional Antidiabetic Plants and Their Therapeutic Role for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic complication that affects people of all ages. The increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide has led to the development of several synthetic drugs to tackle this health problem. Such drugs, although effective as antihyperglycemic agents, are accompanied by various side effects, costly, and inaccessible to the majority of people living in underdeveloped countries. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally throughout the ages to treat various ailments due to their availability and safe nature. Medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemicals that possess several health benefits. As diabetes continues to become prevalent, health care practitioners are considering plant-based medicines as a potential source of antidiabetic drugs due to their high potency and fewer side effects. To better understand the mechanism of action of medicinal plants, their active phytoconstituents are being isolated and investigated thoroughly. In this review article, we have focused on pharmacologically active phytomolecules isolated from medicinal plants presenting antidiabetic activity and the role they play in the treatment and management of diabetes. These natural compounds may represent as good candidates for a novel therapeutic approach and/or effective and alternative therapies for diabetes.

Utility of Indian fruits in cancer prevention and treatment: Time to undertake translational and bedside studies

The World Health Organization predicts a 70% increase in cancer incidents in developing nations over the next decade, and it will be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional plant-based medicine systems play an important role against various diseases and provide health care to a large section of the population in developing countries. Indigenous fruits and their bioactive compounds with beneficial effects like antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are shown to be useful in preventing the incidence of cancer. India is one of the biodiversity regions and is native to numerous flora and fauna in the world. Of the many fruiting trees indigenous to India, Mango (Mangifera indica), Black plum (Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica), kokum (Garcinia indica or Brindonia indica), stone apple or bael (Aegle marmelos), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Karaunda (Carissa carandas) and Phalsa (Grewia asiatica), Monkey Jackfruit (Artocarpus lakoocha) and Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) have been shown to be beneficial in preventing cancer and in the treatment of cancer in validated preclinical models of study. In this review, efforts are also made to collate the fruits' anticancer effects and the important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made at emphasizing the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment. These fruits have been a part of the diet, are non-toxic, and easily acceptable for human application. The plants and some of their phytochemicals possess diverse medicinal properties. The authors propose that future studies should be directed at detailed studies with various preclinical models of study with both composite fruit extract/juice and the individual phytochemicals. Additionally, translational studies should be planned with the highly beneficial, well-investigated and pharmacologically multifactorial amla to understand its usefulness as a cancer preventive in the high-risk population and as a supportive agent in cancer survivors. The outcome of both preclinical and clinical studies will be useful for patients, the healthcare fraternity, pharmaceutical, and agro-based sectors.

Sarcococca saligna extract attenuates formaldehyde-induced arthritis in Wistar rats via modulation of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory biomarkers

Sarcococca saligna plant is commonly used as traditional therapy for arthritis especially in Asian countries. The current study is designed to explore the anti-arthritic potential of S. saligna aqueous methanolic extract (SSME). Preliminary proximate study and HPLC analysis were performed to investigate the phytochemical characterization and quality control. The safety of the SSME was evaluated by performing an acute oral toxicity study (OECD guidelines 425). The anti-arthritic potential of SSME was explored by in vivo formaldehyde-induced arthritis model. The antiarthritic effect of the SSME was determined through paw diameter, arthritic index, body weight, biochemical and haematological parameters. Radiographic and histopathological studies were also carried out to evaluate the results. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the upregulation and downregulation of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats while ELISA was done to determine the concentration of HSP-70, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum. Results of acute oral toxicity showed no abnormality and mortality. There was no noticeable change in haematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination exhibited the normal structure of vital organs. So, SSME might be safe at a 2000 mg/kg dose, proposing that LD₅₀ was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Gallic acid, catechin, hydroxyl benzoic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-cumaric acid were identified by HPLC. The outcomes of in vivo formaldehyde-induced arthritic model showed that SSME significantly reduced paw inflammation and arthritic index and improved haematological and biochemical parameters. Moreover, the SSME influentially down-regulated the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, PGE2, TNF-α and NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of IL-4, and IL-10. The results of the undertaken study suggest that S. saligna have strong anti-arthritic activity supporting its conventional application as the remedy of rheumatoid arthritis.

The management of diabetes mellitus by mangiferin: advances and prospects

Diabetes mellitus has become one of the most challenging public health problems today. There are still various deficiencies that remain in existing therapeutic drugs. With increasing prevalence and mortality rates, more effective therapeutic agents are required for treatment clinically. As a kind of polyphenol and as a natural product, mangiferin has numerous pharmacological and excellent effects. In this review, the underlying mechanisms of mangiferin on diabetes mellitus and complications will be summarized. Moreover, mangiferin belongs to the BSC IV class and the clinical application and development of mangiferin are limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and fat solubility as well as low bioavailability. Our review also elaborated on improving the solubility of mangiferin by changing the dosage form and introduced the existing results, which hope to provide useful reference for mangiferin for further treating diabetes. In conclusion, mangiferin might be a potential adjuvant therapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and complications in the future.

Tylophora hirsuta L. leaf extract attenuates alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by suppressing oxidative stress and α-amylase

Objective:

To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of leaf extracts of Tylophora hirsuta (T. hirsuta).

Methods:

The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of T. hirsuta leaves were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by ferric ion reduction, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods. In vitro alpha amylase (α-amylase) inhibitory activity of the plant extracts was assessed. In vivo antidiabetic potential was determined in alloxan-induced diabetic mice to assess glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), oral glucose tolerance, serum amylase, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and body weight. Histopathological lesions of the pancreas, liver and kidney were observed. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were also determined.

Results:

Quercetin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and m-coumaric acid were found in the plant extracts. The methanolic plant extract exhibited higher in vitro antioxidant activities than the ethyl acetate extract. Moreover, methanolic plant extract exhibited (83.90±1.56)% α-amylase inhibitory activity at 3.2 mg/ mL concentration. Animal study showed that the methanolic extract of T. hirsuta improved the levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, serum α-amylase, lipid profile, liver function biomarkers, and kidney functions of diabetic mice. Moreover, the methanolic extract ameliorated diabetes-related oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and decreasing peroxidase and malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological examination showed that the plant extract had improved the integrity of pancreatic islets of Langerhans and reduced the pathological lesions in the liver and kidney of diabetic mice.

Conclusions:

The methanolic extract of T. hirsuta exhibits pronounced antidiabetic activity in mice through reduction of oxidative stress. The plant extract has several natural antioxidants such as phenolic acids. T. hirsuta extract could serve as a nutraceutical for managing diabetes mellitus.

Recovery of Chlorogenic Acids from Agri-Food Wastes: Updates on Green Extraction Techniques

The agri-food sector produces a huge amount of agri-food wastes and by-products, with a consequent great impact on environmental, economic, social, and health aspects. The reuse and recycling of by-products represents a very important issue: for this reason, the development of innovative recovery and extraction methodologies must be mandatory. In this context of a circular economy, the study of green extraction techniques also becomes a priority in substitution of traditional extraction approaches. This review is focused on the recovery of chlorogenic acids from agri-food wastes, as these compounds have an important impact on human health, exhibiting several different and important healthy properties. Novel extraction methodologies, namely microwave and ultrasound-assisted extractions, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized-liquid extraction, are discussed here, in comparison with conventional techniques. The great potentialities of these new innovative green and sustainable approaches are pointed out. Further investigations and optimization are mandatory before their application in industrial processes.

Herbal Medicines Targeting the Improved β-Cell Functions and β-Cell Regeneration for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

There is an increasing trend of investigating natural bioactive compounds targeting pancreatic β-cells for the prevention/treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). With the exploration of multiple mechanisms by which β-cells involve in the pathogenesis of DM, herbal medicines are gaining attention due to their multitasking ability as evidenced by traditional medicine practices. This review attempts to summarize herbal medicines with the potential for improvement of β-cell functions and regeneration as scientifically proven by in vivo/in vitro investigations. Furthermore, attempts have been made to identify the mechanisms of improving the function and regeneration of β-cells by herbal medicines. Relevant data published from January 2009 to March 2020 were collected by searching electronic databases "PubMed," "ScienceDirect," and "Google Scholar" and studied for this review. Single herbal extracts, polyherbal mixtures, and isolated compounds derived from approximately 110 medicinal plants belonging to 51 different plant families had been investigated in recent years and found to be targeting β-cells. Many herbal medicines showed improvement of β-cell function as observed through homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function (HOMA-β). Pancreatic β-cell regeneration as observed in histopathological and immunohistochemical studies in terms of increase of size and number of functional β-cells was also prominent. Increasing β-cell mass via expression of genes/proteins related to antiapoptotic actions and β-cell neogenesis/proliferation, increasing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via activating glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) receptors, and/or increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels were observed upon treatment of some herbal medicines. Some herbal medicines acted on various insulin signaling pathways. Furthermore, many herbal medicines showed protective effects on β-cells via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. However, there are many unexplored avenues. Thus, further investigations are warranted in elucidating mechanisms of improving β-cell function and mass by herbal medicines, their structure-activity relationship (SAR), and toxicities of these herbal medicines.

Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds for Diabetes Management: Important Advances in Drug Discovery

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a major public health problem in the world. It affects each and every part of the human body and also leads to organ failure. Hence, great progress is made in the field of herbal medicine and diabetic research.

OBJECTIVES

Our review will focus on the effect of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants which are used to treat diabetes in India and other countries.

METHODS

Information regarding diabetes, oxidative stress, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds was collected from different search engines like Science direct, Springer, Wiley online library, Taylor and francis, Bentham Science, Pubmed and Google scholar. Data was analyzed and summarized in the review.

RESULTS

Anti-diabetic drugs that are in use have many side effects on vital organs like heart, liver, kidney and brain. There is an urgent need for alternative medicine to treat diabetes and their disorders. In India and other countries, herbal medicine was used to treat diabetes. Many herbal plants have antidiabetic effects. The plants like ginger, phyllanthus, gymnea, aswagandha, aloe, hibiscus and curcuma showed significant anti-hyperglycemic activities in experimental models and humans. The bioactive compounds like Allicin, azadirachtin, cajanin, curcumin, querceitin, gingerol possess anti-diabetic, antioxidant and other pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the role of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants in the prevention and management of diabetes.

CONCLUSION

Moreover, our review suggests that bioactive compounds have the therapeutic potential against diabetes. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.

Ethnomedicinal Value of Antidiabetic Plants in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review

The use of conventional drugs to treat metabolic disorders and the pathological consequences of diabetes further increases the complications because of the side effects, and is sometimes burdensome due to relatively higher costs and occasionally painful route of administration of these drugs. Therefore, shifting to herbal medicine may be more effective, economical, have fewer side effects and might have minimal toxicity. The present review amasses a list of ethnomedicinal plants of 143 species belonging to 61 families, from distinctive domestic survey literature, reported to have been used to treat diabetes by the ethnic and local people of Bangladesh. Leaves of the medicinal plants were found leading in terms of their use, followed by fruits, whole plants, roots, seeds, bark, stems, flowers, and rhizomes. This review provides starting information leading to the search for and use of indigenous botanical resources to discover bioactive compounds for novel hypoglycemic drug development.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Bioactivities

Mangifera indica L. belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae and is an important fruit from South and Southeast Asia. India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and the Philippines are among the top mango producer countries. Leaves of the mango plant have been studied for their health benefits, which are attributed to a plethora of phytochemicals such as mangiferin, followed by phenolic acids, benzophenones, and other antioxidants such as flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The extracts from mango leaves (MLs) have been studied for their biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, hepato-protection, and anti-diarrheal. In the present review, we have elaborated on the nutritional and phytochemical profile of the MLs. Further, various bioactivities of the ML extracts are also critically discussed. Considering the phytochemical profile and beneficial effects of the MLs, they can be used as a potential ingredient for the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs. However, more detailed clinical trials still needed to be conducted for establishing the actual efficacy of the ML extracts.

Polystichum braunii extracts inhibit Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis via upregulation of I-κB, IL-4, and IL-10, downregulation of COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, and TNF-α, and subsiding oxidative stress

Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée is a traditional remedy for rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of polygenetic origin. The current project was intended to demonstrate the role of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in the anti-arthritic activity of the P. braunii extracts. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant roots were prepared by triple maceration. The phytochemical evaluation of the plant extracts was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plant extracts at 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/day and piroxicam (10 mg/kg/day) were orally administered to Wistar rats for 21 days that were previously immunized with Complete Freund's adjuvant (150 µl on right hind paw) except normal and arthritic control rats. Both plant extracts mitigated the paw oedema, restored the immune organ and body weights, and ameliorated the level of blood parameters such as haemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive proteins, and rheumatoid factor. The evaluation of gene expression using quantitative-real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed the substantial downregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and upregulation of IL-4, IL-10 and I-κB in polyarthritic rats treated with the plant extracts. Methanolic plant extract exhibited the maximum effect on upregulation of IL-4 (79 ± 3%), IL-10 (62.66 ± 4.93%), and I-κB (73.66 ± 3.05%) at 600 mg/kg/day. Treatment with the plant extracts also reduced the level of prostaglandin E2 and TNF-α in the serum of arthritic rats' dose dependently. It was also found that the plant extracts and piroxicam increased (p < 0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver tissue while reduced the level of malondialdehyde in arthritic rats. Histological examination of ankle joints revealed that the plant extracts decreased the pannus formation, inflammation, and synovial hyperplasia in arthritic animals. HPLC analysis depicted that the plant extracts had contained kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, and other phenolic acids. It can be elucidated from the results that the extracts of P. braunii roots exhibited anti-arthritic activity in Wistar rats through modulation of inflammatory cytokines and boosting the antioxidant defense mechanism.

Aqueous extract from Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) leaves exerts long-term hypoglycemic effect, increases insulin sensitivity and plasma insulin levels on diabetic Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common todays public health problems. According to a survey by the World Health Organization, this metabolic disorder has reached global epidemic proportions, with a worldwide prevalence of 8.5% in the adult population.

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica (EAMI) leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

METHODS

Sixty male rats were divided into 2 groups: Normoglycemic and Diabetic. Each group was subdivided into negative control, glibenclamide 3 or 10 mg/kg, EAMI 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 100 mg/kg was used to DM induction. The hypoglycemic response was assessed acutely after two and four weeks of treatment. After a 6-hour fasting period, the fasting blood glucose of animals was verified, and 2.5 g/kg glucose solution was orally administered. The insulin tolerance test and plasma insulin levels assessment were performed in the morning after fasting of 12 to 14 hours.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The chemical analysis of EAMI showed high levels of phenolic compounds. There was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose between normoglycemic and diabetic groups, and that EAMI did not have an acute effect on diabetes. After two and four weeks of treatment, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, exceeding glibenclamide effects. EAMI was effective in maintaining the long-term hypoglycemic effect, as well as, significantly increased the sensitivity of diabetic animals to insulin and the plasma insulin level.