Genus Stachys: A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Bioactivity

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Stachys chasmosericea: phytochemical profile, antioxidant potentials via RACI analysis, and enzyme inhibitory activities

Understanding the bioactive potential of plant extracts requires detailed evaluations of their chemical composition and bioactivities. This study investigated the chemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and enzyme inhibitory activities of water and methanol extracts of Stachys chasmosericea Ayasligil & P.H.Davis obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction. The methanol extract displayed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the water extract. Chromatographic analysis revealed verbascoside and chlorogenic acid as the dominant compounds in the methanol extract, whereas the water extract contained higher levels of polar compounds like p-coumaric acid. Antioxidant assays demonstrated the methanol extract's superior activity. Conversely, the water extract excelled in metal chelation. RACI values confirmed the methanol extract's overall antioxidant superiority (RACI = 0.65) over the water extract (RACI = -0.65). Enzyme inhibition assays revealed the methanol extract's stronger activity against AChE, BChE, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase whereas the water extract showed weaker inhibition. Both extracts demonstrated potential for managing oxidative stress and enzyme-related disorders but require further in vivo validation. This study highlights S. chasmosericea, particularly its methanol extract, as a promising source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors. Future research should focus on isolating individual bioactives and exploring their mechanisms of action in biological systems.

Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds

The Lamiaceae family is one of the widest plant families among Greek flora, consisting of a great variety of species, with the genus Stachys being one of its largest representatives, spread to most continents. The genus Stachys is also known for its beneficial properties and has been used for years as a traditional remedy for healing various health conditions. Stachys iva, an endemic plant in the Kozani Regional unit, has also been consumed as an infusion by locals and is reported to relieve common cold symptoms, have antimicrobial properties, and contribute to normalizing blood glucose levels. The present study aimed to identify the chemical compounds (such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenylethanoid glycosides) responsible for the herb's pharmacological properties and determine the optimal extraction conditions to gather an extract with high therapeutic value without solvent and energy waste. Experiments conducted proved that extracting by simple stirring with deionized water for 75 min at 80°C is the best option. In contrast, the extract's total polyphenol content was determined, and the compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In addition, other methods were utilized (e.g., ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antiradical activity assay) to reveal potent antioxidant, anti-hydrogen peroxide, and anti-inflammatory activity, while the correlation between these properties and extraction conditions was also examined.

The chemical composition of the aerial parts essential oil of Stachys ocymastrum L. Briq. (Lamiaceae) growing in Sicily (Italy)

The genus Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) comprises more than 300 species as annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, spread in temperate regions of Mediterranean, Asia, America, and Southern Africa. Several species have been used in the traditional medicine to treat stress, skin inflammations, gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, and genital tumours. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Stachys ocymastrum L. Briq., belonging to section Olisia, endemic of the Western Mediterranean and Greece and collected in Sicily, was analysed by GC-MS. No one report has been previously published on any European accession of this species. The result showed the presence of large quantity of the diterpenoid phytol (23.80%). Other metabolites present in high quantity were β-caryophyllene (17.95%), geranyl-α-terpinene (13.26%) and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.85%). Chemical considerations with respect all the other oils of Stachys taxa, belonging to section Olisia studied so far, were carried out.

Stachys byzantina K. Koch in the Treatment of Skin Inflammation: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Properties

Stachys byzantina is a plant widely cultivated for food and medicinal purposes. Stachys species have been reported as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anxiolytic, and antinephritic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic extract (EE) from the aerial parts of S. byzantina and its most promising fraction in models of acute and chronic inflammation, including a psoriasis-like mouse model. The EE was fractionated into hexane (HF), dichloromethane (DF), ethyl acetate (AF), and hydroalcoholic (HD) fractions. Screening for anti-inflammatory activity based on nitric oxide inhibition (IC50 μg/mL: HF 24.29 ± 5.87, EE 176.45 ± 18.65), hydroxyl radical scavenging (HF 3.89 ± 0.61, EE 6.38 ± 2.25), β-carotene/linoleic acid assay (HF 10.13 ± 3.81, EE 25.64 ± 2.12), and ORAC identified HF as the most active fraction. Topical application of HF effectively reduced croton oil- and phenol-induced ear edema in mice, with no statistical difference to the reference drugs. A formulation containing HF showed significant activity in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production in macrophages, with no cytotoxicity to skin cells. Phytochemical analysis of HF revealed the presence of terpenes, steroids (491.68 ± 4.75 mg/g), phenols (34.30 ± 4.96 mg/g), flavonoids (151.77 ± 6.66 mg/g), and α-tocopherol, which was identified and quantified by HPLC-UV analysis (10.56 ± 0.97 mg/g of HF). These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of S. byzantina for skin inflammation, particularly contact dermatitis and psoriasis, encouraging further studies, including in human volunteers.

Canopy openness, proportion of deciduous trees and topsoil C/N ratio drive the yield, but their effect on the polyphenol content of medicinal plants is species-specific

Forests and woodlands are the major source of wild medicinal plants worldwide. In our study, we aimed to identify the factors influencing the yield and polyphenol content of Aegopodium podagraria L., Galium aparine L., Rubus fruticosus L., Rubus idaeus L., Stachys sylvatica L. and Urtica dioica L., the common and abundant medicinal plant species in the study areas. We showed that European temperate forests are potentially an important source of the medicinal resources. Light availability, controlled by canopy cover, proportion of deciduous trees and stand basal area were the most important factors positively influencing both abundance and quality of medicinal plants. The C/N ratio and pH of the topsoil were the most important factors positively influencing the content of phenolic compounds. The phenolic content was highly species-specific and varied according to local environmental conditions. A high proportion of deciduous species and a high canopy openness increased the yield and quality of medicinal plants by ensuring high light availability. Plants with high total polyphenol content should also be sought on biologically active (non-acidic) soils with a high C/N ratio. Our results can be used to guide forest management in areas where harvesting of understory medicinal plants is an important provisioning ecosystem service. In many cases a forest management scenario friendly to medicinal plants may require only a minor changes in forest management intensity, as cultivation or enhanced growth of MD plants can take place in intensively thinned forests and cleared forest patches, without competing with timber production.

Stachys italica Mill.: synecology, functional compounds and potential use of an Italian endemic taxon

MAIN CONCLUSION

The metabolomic of the Italian endemic species Stachys italica was investigated and potential positive metabolites for human's health were detected, quantified and discussed in relation to its synecology. Stachys italica is a species endemic to central-southern Italy, traditionally used for human consumption. The present research reports the results of a phytosociological study of this species in two southern regions of Italy (Apulia and Calabria). The collected plant material was used to make two types of extracts: hot water infusion to evaluate the use of this plant as tea and hydroalcoholic extraction to evaluate the use of it in herbal liqueur preparation. The extracts obtained by the hot water infusion had a values of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity similar to values found in black tea. The analysis of non-volatiles compounds revealed the presence of biologically active substances like lavandulifolioside, verbascoside, and methoxyflavones. The analysis of volatiles fraction of metabolites demonstrated fifty-three volatiles compounds in the plant aerial part, 19 of which belonging to monoterpenoids, and 17 to the class of sesquiterpenoids. Among them, α-pinene, β-pinene, cis-ocimene, limonene and t-caryophyllene, were the most abundant compounds. The results were compared with already published results and referred to other similar species (such as Sideritis syriaca) which represent herbal mixtures usually collected and used as "mountain tea" in the Balkans and Eastern European countries.

Genus Stachys-Phytochemistry, Traditional Medicinal Uses, and Future Perspectives

The genus Stachys represents one of the most extensive genera within the subfamily Lamioideae and ranks as one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family. Many Stachys species are associated with a rich history in traditional medicine across various cultures, and their extracts and essential oils are rich in non-volatile and volatile compounds. Because of their complex profile of bioactive substances, Stachys members are considered to possess an extensive spectrum of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and wound-healing effects, as well as benefits for memory enhancement, lipid profile regulation, blood glucose control, and weight management. Despite the wide distribution and chemical diversity of the genus, studies on its biological activities remain limited. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant data from studies on the bioactive compounds, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of Stachys species found in databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus. Specific keywords were used in the search strategy, including "bioactive compounds", "Stachys", "Lamiaceae", "Stachys extract", "Stachys essential oil", "traditional uses", "chemical composition", "therapeutic potential", "clinical trials", "in vivo studies", "in vitro studies". The search strategy was performed according to the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data from 171 studies were included. The manuscript highlights the drug-discovery potential of Stachys species, emphasizing their potential applications in medicine, cosmetics, dietary supplements, and the food industry. Moreover, it provides important data that could assist Stachys research programs.

Phytochemical Study of Stachys iva Griseb. and In Vitro Evaluation of AhR Transcriptional Activity

Genus Stachys L. consists of approximately 365 species, distributed mainly in temperate regions. Several members of this genus are widely used in the traditional medicine of different countries worldwide. In Greece, 54 Stachys taxa are found in parts of the mainland and/or insular country. The present study focused on the phytochemical investigation of Stachys iva Griseb. and the in vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation of the isolated compounds. In total, eighteen compounds were isolated and identified from the dichloromethane-methanol extract, belonging to iridoids, flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and phenolic acids. An in vitro approach assessed the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modulatory effects of these compounds, revealing an AhR agonistic activity of the flavonoid aglycones apigenin and cirsimaritin in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. The present study contributes to the evidence of the traditional uses of Stachys spp. and its bioactive constituents, justifying the ethnopharmacological use as an anti-inflammatory plant genus.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Stachys maritima via Quantum Dots and Molecular Docking

Stachys maritima is a species of plant belonging to the Lamiaceae, commonly known as common sea lavender. The extraction of S. maritima involves drying the aerial parts, grinding them into powder, followed by extraction with methanol. ST-CQDs (S. maritima carbon quantum dots) were synthesized from S. maritima extract via pyrolysis. An optimal synthesis condition of 7 hours of pyrolysis was determined to yield ST-CQDs with high absorption in the visible-UV range. Characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) confirmed the spherical and homogeneous nature of the carbon quantum dots. S. maritima methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) IC50 value of 0.114±0.001 mg/mL. Similarly, ST-CQDs showed strong antioxidant properties with a DPPH IC50 value of 0.69±0.03 mg/mL. Moreover, the methanol extract of S. maritima demonstrated antimicrobial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with effective MIC values of 25 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. However, ST-CQDs did not show antimicrobial effects against the tested microorganisms (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and C. albicans ATCC 10231). Molecular docking simulations suggested that compounds derived from S. maritima (such as 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and palmitic acid) could interact effectively with TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha), indicating potential anti-inflammatory properties. This study highlights that the methanol extract of S. maritima possesses potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and ST-CQDs exhibit similar antioxidant properties. However, ST-CQDs did not demonstrate antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. Molecular docking simulations also suggest potential anti-inflammatory properties of compounds derived from the plant.

Chinese Artichoke (Stachys affinis Bunge): The Nutritional Profile, Bioactive Profile and Food Applications-A Review

Stachys affinis Bunge, known as Chinese artichoke, is a perennial plant originating from China, which has uprising scientific interest due to its complex and beneficial content. Chinese artichoke is rich in bioactive compounds useful for human health, including antioxidants, polyphenols, and prebiotics, and its edible tubers are high in essential nutrients and dietary fiber. Studies show its potential as a functional food ingredient in various products like rice bars, bread, and chocolate, enhancing their nutritional and sensory properties. Additionally, Chinese artichoke exhibits significant anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antibacterial activities, warranting further research and utilization in the food industry. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge of the S. affinis Bunge plant, focusing on its health-promoting aspects.

Stachys durandiana Coss., an endemic plant of Morocco: chemical composition of its aerial parts essential oil

The genus Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) comprises more than 300 species as annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, spread in temperate regions of Mediterranean, Asia, America, and Southern Africa and several species have been used in the traditional medicine of many countries. Section Stachys, one of nineteen sections of genus Stachys, is divided in two subsections: Sylvaticae and Circinatae. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Stachys durandiana Coss., endemic of Morocco, and belonging to subsection Circinatae, was analysed by GC-MS. No report has been previously published on this species. The result showed the presence of large quantity of monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.3%), being α-pinene (38.0%) β-pinene (14.8%), and limonene (11.1%) the principal constituents. Furthermore, a complete review on the chemical composition and biological properties of all the other Stachys taxa, belonging to section Stachys, studied so far, was carried out.

Hypoglycemic Effects of Extracts Obtained from Endemic Betonica bulgarica Degen and Neič

The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, together with the limited access of many patients to conventional antidiabetic drugs and the side effects resulting from their use, are the reason for the ever-increasing need for new agents. One of the most important strategies used in the therapy of this disease is to reduce the postprandial blood glucose level by inhibiting the carbohydrate-degrading enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The purpose of the present study was to provide in vitro evidence for the potential hypoglycemic effect of leaf and inflorescence aqueous extracts of Bulgarian endemic species Betonica bulgarica Degen and Neič. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of principal phenolic acids and flavonoids were performed using HPLC with a dual absorbance detector. The plant extracts were able to retard the enzymatic breakdown of starch to glucose with 50% inhibiting concentrations of 1.86 mg/mL and 1.54 mg/mL respectively for leaf and flower extract. Some of the plant constituents are proven inhibitors of α-amylase and/or α-glucosidase, but their adsorption on starch seems to be one additional mechanism for the inhibition of glucose release. Combination index analysis carried out with binary mixtures of acarbose and plant extracts showed a tendency toward synergism with an increase in concentrations and level of inhibition.

Anthelminthic and antimicrobial effects of hedge woundwort (Stachys sylvatica L.) growing in Southern Kazakhstan

The Stachys L. genus has been widely used in traditional medicine in many countries throughout the world. The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and bioactivity of the hydroethanolic extract (50% v/v) obtained by ultrasonication from the aerial flowering parts of Stachys sylvatica L. (SSE) collected in Almaty region (Southern Kazakhstan). According to RP-HPLC/PDA analysis the leading metabolites of the SSE belonged to polyphenols: chlorogenic acid and its isomers (2.34 mg/g dry extract) and luteolin derivatives (1.49 mg/g dry extract), while HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS-based qualitative fingerprinting revealed the presence of 17 metabolites, mainly chlorogenic acid and its isomers, flavonoid glycosides, and verbascoside with its derivatives. GC-MS analysis of the volatile metabolites showed mainly the presence of diterpenoids and fatty acid esters. A reduction in the viability of nematodes Rhabditis sp. was obtained for the SSE concentration of 3.3 mg/mL, while 11.1 mg/mL showed activity comparable to albendazole. The SSE exhibited higher activity against Gram-positive (MIC = 0.5-2 mg/mL) than Gram-negative bacteria and yeast (MIC = 8 mg/mL), exerting bactericidal and fungicidal effects but with no sporicidal activity. The SSE showed some antiviral activity against HCoV-229E replicating in MRC-5 and good protection against the cytopathic effect induced by HHV-1 in VERO. The SSE was moderately cytotoxic towards human cervical adenocarcinoma (H1HeLa) cells (CC50 of 0.127 mg/mL after 72 h). This study provides novel information on the SSE extract composition and its biological activity, especially in the context of the SSE as a promising candidate for further antiparasitic studies.

The complete Chloroplast genome of Stachys geobombycis and comparative analysis with related Stachys species

Herb genomics, at the forefront of traditional Chinese medicine research, combines genomics with traditional practices, facilitating the scientific validation of ancient remedies. This integration enhances public understanding of traditional Chinese medicine's efficacy and broadens its scope in modern healthcare. Stachys species encompass annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, exhibiting simple petiolate or sessile leaves. Despite their wide-ranging applications across various fields, molecular data have been lacking, hindering the precise identification and taxonomic elucidation of Stachys species. To address this gap, we assembled the complete chloroplast (CP) genome of Stachys geobombycis and conducted reannotation and comparative analysis of seven additional species within the Stachys genus. The findings demonstrate that the CP genomes of these species exhibit quadripartite structures, with lengths ranging from 14,523 to 150,599 bp. Overall, the genome structure remains relatively conserved, hosting 131 annotated genes, including 87 protein coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Additionally, 78 to 98 SSRs and long repeat sequences were detected , and notably, 6 highly variable regions were identified as potential molecular markers in the CP genome through sequence alignment. Phylogenetic analysis based on Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods strongly supported the phylogenetic position of the genus Stachys as a member of Stachydeae tribe. Overall, this comprehensive bioinformatics study of Stachys CP genomes lays the groundwork for phylogenetic classification, plant identification, genetic engineering, evolutionary studies, and breeding research concerning medicinal plants within the Stachys genus.

Constituents of Stachys plants as potential dual inhibitors of AChE and NMDAR for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a molecular docking and dynamic simulation study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. While the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks features of AD, the downstream consequence of these byproducts is the disruption of the cholinergic and glutamatergic neural systems. Growing evidence for the existence of interplay between AChE and NMDARs has opened up new venues for the discovery of novel ligands endowed with anticholinesterase and NMDAR-blocking activity. Plants belonging to the stachys genus have been extensively explored for having a broad range of therapeutic applications and have been used traditionally for millennia, to treat various CNS-related disorders, which makes them the ideal source of novel therapeutics. The present study was designed to identify natural dual-target inhibitors for AChE and NMDAR deriving from stachys genus for their potential use in AD. Using molecular docking, drug-likeness-profiling, MD simulation and MMGBSA calculations, an in-house database of biomolecules pertaining to the stachys genus was shortlisted based on their binding affinity, overall stability and critical ADMET parameters. Pre- and post-MD analysis revealed that Isoorientin effectively binds to AChE and NMDAR with various vital interactions, exhibits a stable behavior with minor fluctuations relative to two clinical drugs used as positive control, and displays strong and consistent interactions that lasted for the majority of the simulation. Findings from this study have elucidated the rationale behind the traditional use of Stachys plants for the treatment of AD and could provide new impetus for the development of novel dual-target therapeutics for AD treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Uncovering chemical profiles, biological potentials, and protection effect against ECM destruction in H2 O2 -treated HDF cells of the extracts of Stachys tundjeliensis

The genus Stachys L., one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, is highly represented in Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the bio-pharmaceutical potential and phenolic contents of six different extracts from aerial parts of Stachys tundjeliensis. The obtained results showed that the ethanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the antioxidant assays. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract displayed strong inhibitory activity against α-tyrosinase, the dichloromethane extract exhibited potent inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase, and the n-hexane extract against α-amylase. Based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, more than 90 secondary metabolites, including hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and their glycosides, acylquinic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and various flavonoids were identified or tentatively annotated in the studied S. tundjeliensis extracts. It was observed that the application of S. tundjeliensis eliminated H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress. It was determined that protein levels of phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and activator protein-1, which are activated in the nucleus, decreased, and the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 also decreased to basal levels. Overall, these findings suggest that S. tundjeliensis contains diverse bioactive compounds for the development of nutraceuticals or functional foods with potent biological properties.

Exploring the Phytochemical Composition and Biological Potential of Balkan Endemic Species Stachys scardica Griseb

Stachys scardica Griseb. is a Balkan endemic species listed in The Red Data Book of Bulgaria with the conservation status "endangered". Successful micropropagation was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L benzyladenine (BA), followed by a subsequent ex vitro adaptation in an experimental field resulting in 92% regenerated plants. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), phenylethanoid glycosides (verbascoside, leucosceptoside A), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid), iridoids (allobetonicoside and 8-OAc-harpagide), and alkaloids (trigonelline) were identified, characteristic of plants belonging to the genus Stachys. High antioxidant and radical scavenging activities were observed in both in situ and ex vitro acclimated S. scardica plants, correlating with the reported high concentrations of total phenols and flavonoids in these variants. Ex vitro adapted plants also exhibited a well-defined anti-inflammatory potential, demonstrating high inhibitory activity against the complement system. Employing a disk diffusion method, a 100% inhibition effect was achieved compared to positive antibiotic controls against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes, with moderate activity against Bacillus cereus. The induced in vitro and ex vitro model systems can enable the conservation of S. scardica in nature and offer future opportunities for the targeted biosynthesis of valuable secondary metabolites, with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Antimicrobial activity of Stachys rupestris Montbret et Aucher ex Benth. and inactivation of the pathogens inoculated on lab-made skin by the essential oil

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Stachys rupestris essential oil and inactivation of the pathogens on lab-made skin the oil in the fight against Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. S. rupestris EO was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its contents were analyzed by GCMS. Logarithmic reduction of the pathogens inoculated on the artificial skin surface by S. rupestris EO was studied for the first time. The highest inhibition zone was 22.1 mm on C. tropicalis, while the lowest IZ was 0.1 mm on E. coli. The other zones were 20.01 mm for Acinetobacter baumannii, 20.02 mm for Enterococcus faecalis, 20.01 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 22.03 for Candida albicans (p < 0.05). As a result, S. rupestris essential oil was effective on most of the microorganisms and might be increased to use in the treatment of skin infections in the future.

Stachys Species: Comparative Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential

This study aimed to investigate the polyphenolic composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of six Romanian Stachys species: S. officinalis, S. germanica, S. byzantina, S. sylvatica, S. palustris, and S. recta. The LC-MS/MS method was used to analyze the polyphenolic profile, while the phenolic contents were spectrophotometrically determined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the following methods: DPPH, FRAP, nitrite-induced autooxidation of hemoglobin, inhibition of cytochrome c-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The in vitro antimicrobial properties were assessed using agar-well diffusion, broth microdilution, and antibiofilm assays. Fifteen polyphenols were identified using LC-MS and chlorogenic acid was the major component in all the samples (1131.8-6761.4 μg/g). S. germanica, S. palustris, and S. byzantina extracts each displayed an intense antiradical action in relation to high contents of TPC (6.40 mg GAE/mL), flavonoids (3.90 mg RE/mL), and caffeic acid derivatives (0.89 mg CAE/mL). In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties were exhibited towards Candida albicans, Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with the most intense efficacy recorded for S. germanica and S. byzantina when tested against S. aureus. These results highlighted Stachys extracts as rich sources of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacies and important perspectives for developing phytopharmaceuticals.

Therapeutics to Treat Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Promising Perspective from Algerian Traditional Medicine

Ancient people sought out drugs in nature to prevent, cure, and treat their diseases, including mental illnesses. Plants were their primary source for meeting their healthcare needs. In Algeria, folk medicine remains a fundamental part of the local intangible knowledge. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive ethnomedicinal investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and the different plant formulations traditionally used in Algeria for the treatment of pain, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. It also intends to improve the current knowledge of Algerian folk medicine. Several scientific databases were used to accomplish this work. Based on this investigation, we identified 82 plant species belonging to 69 genera and spanning 38 distinct botanical families used as remedies to treat various psychological and neurological conditions. Their traditional uses and methods of preparation, along with their phytochemical composition, main bioactive constituents, and toxicity were noted. Therefore, this review provides a new resource of information on Algerian medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of neurological and psychological diseases, which can be useful not only for the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge, but also for conducting future phytochemical and pharmacological studies.

Chemical Composition and Future Perspectives of Essential Oil Obtained from a Wild Population of Stachys germanica L. Distributed in the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria

Stachys germanica L. (Lamiaceae) is a plant associated with a rich history in the traditional medicine of Iran, Turkey, and Serbia. However, researchers have not fully investigated the pharmacological potential of the herb, and scientific data on this plant species are limited. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of S. germanica L. growing wild in Bulgaria and to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of EOs obtained from the same plant species from other geographical regions. For the evaluation of the chemical profile of the isolated EO, gas chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometry was performed. The most abundant terpene class was oxygenated monoterpenes, which accounted for 59.30% of the total EO composition. The bicyclic monoterpene camphor, as a compound of this class, was identified as the major constituent in the EO, accounting for 52.96% of the total oil composition. The chemical profile of Bulgarian EO is quite different compared to that of EOs from other regions. It is the only one to contain more than 50% camphor. In addition, EO contains significant amounts of the diterpene geranyl p-cymene (10.49%). This is the first study describing the chemical composition of EO from Bulgarian Stachys germanica L., and our results reveal some future perspectives for the evaluation of the biological activity of EO from the studied plant species as a new therapeutic agent or natural remedy targeting different medical conditions. The EO has a promising potential to be used as a biopesticide and repellent as well, an environmentally friendly and safer alternative to standard pesticides.

Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Stachys lavandulifolia Methanolic Extract against Toxoplasma gondii Infection

The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro, in vivo, and safety of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. methanolic extract (SLME) against acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in mice.

METHODS

MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate the in vitro effect of the SLME on T. gondii tachyzoites. Totally, 72 male BALB/c mice (40 mice for in vivo evaluation of SLME and 32 mice for its toxicity effects on liver and kidney serum enzymes) were used for the present investigation. At first, 40 mice were orally pre-treated with the SLME at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Mice were checked daily, and the rate of survival and the mean number of tachyzoites were recorded. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, the effects on kidney and liver function, as well as the expression level of the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were studied by the quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the effects of SLME on the detection of apoptotic and necrotic cells in T. gondii tachyzoites.

RESULTS

The SLME at the concentrations 75 and 150 µg/mL completely killed the tachyzoites after 2 hr of incubation. SLME at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day increased the survival rate of infected mice by the sixth, seventh, and eighth days, respectively. SLME also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the LPO and NO levels and upregulated the IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, whereas no considerable change was observed in the serum level of kidney and liver enzymes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the prompted early and late apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii tachyzoites with various concentrations of SLME.

CONCLUSION

We found the relevant in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of SLME against T. gondii. Moreover, the results confirmed the promising in vivo prophylactic effects of SLME. SLME provokes the innate immune system, induces apoptosis, modulates the proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibits hepatic injury in infected mice. With all these descriptions, further surveys are required to support these findings and elucidate this plant's possible mechanisms of action.

A Novel Based Synthesis of Silver/Silver Chloride Nanoparticles from Stachys emodi Efficiently Controls Erwinia carotovora, the Causal Agent of Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato

In recent years, the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles has captured researchers’ attention due to their unique chemical, physical and biological properties. In this study, we report an efficient, nonhazardous, and eco-friendly method for the production of antibacterial silver/silver chloride nanoparticles utilizing the leaf extract of Stachys emodi. The synthesis of se-Ag/AgClNPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). An intense peak absorbance was observed at 437 nm from the UV-visible analysis. The Stachys emodi extract showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (89.4%). FTIR analysis detected various bands that indicated the presence of important functional groups. The SEM morphological study revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles having a size ranging from 20 to 70 nm. The XRD pattern showed the formation of a spherical crystal of NPs. The antibacterial activity performed against Erwinia carotovora showed the maximum inhibition by centrifuged silver nanoparticles alone (se-Ag/AgClNPs) and in combination with leaf extract (se-Ag/AgClNPs + LE) and leaf extract (LE) of 98%, 93%, and 62% respectively. These findings suggested that biosynthesized NPs can be used to control plant pathogens effectively.

The chemical composition of the aerial parts of Stachys spreitzenhoferi (Lamiaceae) growing in Kythira Island (Greece), and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative properties

The Stachys L. genus has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin inflammations, stomach disorders, and stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical profile and biological activity of the methanolic extract of Stachys spreitzenhoferi Heldr. (Lamiaceae) aerial parts, collected on the island of Kythira, South Greece. The analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry [LC-(-)ESI/HRMSⁿ] of the methanol extract revealed the occurrence of thirty-six compounds - flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, quinic acid derivatives, aliphatic alcohol glycosides, and oligosaccharides - highlighting the substantial presence, as main peaks, of the iridoid melittoside (2) along with flavonoid compounds such as 4'-O-methylisoscutellarein mono-acetyl-diglycoside/chrysoeriol mono-acetyl-diglycoside (24), trimethoxy- (35) and tetramethoxyflavones (36). This extract was tested for its antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and negative pathogenic strains. The extract was not active against Gram-negative bacteria tested, but it possessed a good dose-dependent antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus (MIC: 1.0 mg/mL) and L. monocytogenes (MIC: 1.0 mg/mL) Gram-(+) strains. Furthermore, this extract has been tested for its possible antioxidant activity in vitro. In particular, it has been shown that these molecules cause a decrease in DPPH, ABTS, and H₂O₂ radicals. The extract of S. spreitzenhoferi exhibited anti-DPPH activity (IC₅₀: 0.17 mg/mL), anti-H₂O₂ activity (IC₅₀: 0.125 mg/mL), and promising antiradical effect with an IC₅₀ value of 0.18 mg/mL for anti-ABTS activity. S. spreitzenhoferi extract caused a decrease in ROS (at the concentration of 200 μg/mL) and an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPX in OZ-stimulated PMNs. Furthermore, it exhibited antiproliferative activity against acute myeloid leukemia (U937 cell), causing 50% of cell death at the 0.75 mg/mL.

Untargeted metabolomics study and identification of potential biomarkers in the six sections of the genus Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) using HPLC-MQ-API-MS/MS

INTRODUCTION

The genus Stachys L., belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is one of the largest genera with remarkable medicinal properties. Plants of this genus produce a broad range of secondary metabolites.

OBJECTIVES

Due to the incomplete comprehensive assessment of chemical profiles in Stachys species, we conducted an untargeted metabolomics study and identified potential biomarkers in the six sections of Stachys with chemotaxonomic importance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Dried leaves of 17 taxa were utilized for analysis of all the constituents using HPLC-MQ-API-MS. The obtained data were processed and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods, including heatmaps, PLS-DA score plots, functional analysis of metabolic pathways, metabolite set enrichment analysis, and biomarker and network analysis.

RESULTS

Among the 129 metabolites, 111 flavonoids and 18 non-flavonoids were recognized. The most represented flavonoids, including 41 flavones and 20 flavonols, displayed remarkable abundance. In non-flavonoid compounds, a total of six coumarins and six phenolic acids were present at high levels. In terms of approved markers in six sections, 76 chemical compounds, mainly flavonoids, coumarins, quinic acids, and cinnamic acids, were identified as potential biomarkers or chemotaxonomic indicators. Accordingly, the taxonomic complexities of some Stachys species in sections Fragilicaulis, Aucheriana, and Setifolia were properly resolved.

CONCLUSION

An HPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach integrated with multivariate statistical methods was employed to identify (1) valuable markers and analyze metabolic diversity and (2) predict the pharmaceutical properties of Stachys species. The obtained chemical profiles provide a new perspective for investigation of the Stachys genus.

Investigation of amino acids content in the herb and tubers of Stachys sieboldii

The aim of this research was the comparative study of the content of the amino acids in the herb and tubers of Stachys sieboldii. The study of the amino acid composition of the raw materials was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained have shown that the aerial parts of plants investigated have higher amino acid content than the underground organs. Free and bound L-aspartic acid, L-proline, and L-phenylalanine were present in the analyzed samples in the greatest amount. Moreover, L-cysteine was found only in Stachys sieboldii tubers in amounts (8.11 mg/g). This research established that Stachys sieboldii herb and tubers have the most suitable amino acids composition and are prospective for further pharmacological studies.

Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Properties of the Bulgarian Endemic Plant Betonica bulgarica Degen et Neič. (Lamiaceae)

Background: Extracts obtained from different Betonica species have been shown to possess important biological properties. The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity, antitumor and immunomodulatory potential of the endemic plant Betonica bulgarica (Lamiaceae) and thus, reveal new aspects of its biological activity. Methods: Methanolic extract obtained from inflorescences was analyzed for cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines. The antitumor potential of the sample was determined using human cervical and lung adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa and A549). Programmed cell death-inducing effects against HeLa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as immunomodulatory properties of the extract were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Results: The research results demonstrated that the extract has significant inhibitory potential against HeLa cells (mean IC50 value 119.2 μg/mL). The sample selectively induced apoptotic death in tumor cells. Cytotoxic effects towards mouse cell lines were detected following treatment with high concentrations of Betonica bulgarica extract (200 and 250 μg/mL). Twenty-four-hour ex vivo incubation of peripheral blood leucocytes in growth medium containing plant extract induced prominent effects in distinct immune cell populations. They included elevated levels of CD25+ and CD56+ T cells’ lymphocytes, particularly CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD56+ cells. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that Betonica bulgarica inflorescence extract possesses potential beneficial antitumor and immunomodulatory activity and could serve as a source of bioactive compounds with biomedical application.

Stachys pilifera Benth: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, and Toxicology

Background

Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) includes more than 300 annual or perennial species growing in temperate regions of Southern Africa, the Mediterranean, America, and Asia. Stachys pilifera Benth (S. pilifera), also known as Marzeh Kuhi, is an endemic species from Iran. It is found in the mountainous habitats of the Zagros area. It has various traditional uses, and the phytochemical ingredients and some biological activities of this species have been examined in previous studies.

Methods

PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Web databases were used to gather the data. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the scattered knowledge reported in the literature about botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and safety of S. pilifera and suggest its potential medicinal properties. Key Findings. In traditional Iranian medicine, S. pilifera manages various illnesses, such as rheumatoid arthritis, common cold, infections, asthma, and tussive. More than 30 compounds have been identified in S. pilifera essential oil. The compounds found in S. pilifera are phenolic compounds, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which have various properties such as antioxidant, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties.

Conclusions

The literature reveals that S. pilifera is an essential source of bioactive phytochemicals and illustrates the unknown area of this plant for new investigations. Moreover, we recommend that future research focus on toxicology and quality control studies for S. pilifera to fill the knowledge gap and provide theoretical support for the plant's possible functional and clinical uses.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Thymus daenensis Čelak and Stachys pilifera Benth

Herein, the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Thymus daenensis Celak (TDC) and Stachys pilifera Benth (SPB) plants on HepG2 cell line were investigated by using different analyses. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis of extracts were investigated by MTT method, AnnV/PI apoptosis assay, and their antioxidant capacity was evaluated by total thiol and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) assay. The results revealed that the SBP extract was more cytotoxic compared with the TDC extract and increased over time (128.49 µg/mL vs 107.11 µg/mL IC₅₀ values for 24 and 72 h, respectively). Although, AnnV/PI apoptosis assay showed apoptosis induction for both extracts, but the caspase-3 activity assay revealed that TDC extract significantly increased caspase-3 activity compared with the control and SPB extract. Increasing the activity of GPX by SPB extract revealed that it has high antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the TDC and SPB with high antioxidant capacity have high cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells and have high capability as a medicinal plant.

Biological Activity and NMR-Fingerprinting of Balkan Endemic Species Stachys thracica Davidov

Stachys thracica Davidov is a Balkan endemic species distributed in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. In Bulgaria, it is classified as “rare” and is under the protection of the Bulgarian biodiversity law. The aim of our study was to develop an efficient protocol for ex situ conservation of S. thracica and to perform comparative NMR-based metabolite profiling and bioactivity assays of extracts from in situ grown, in vitro cultivated, and ex vitro acclimated plants. Micropropagation of S. thracica was achieved by in vitro cultivation of mono-nodal segments on basal MS medium. Ex vitro adaptation was accomplished in the experimental field with 83% survival while conserved genetic identity between in vitro and ex vitro plants as shown by the overall sequence-related amplified polymorphism marker patterns was established. Verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, and trigonelline appeared the main secondary metabolites in in situ, in vitro cultivated, and ex vitro acclimated S. thracica. High total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant and radical scavenging activity were observed in in situ and ex vitro plants. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of S. thracica was tested by hemolytic assay and a high inhibition of the complement system was observed. Initiated in vitro and ex vitro cultures offer an effective tool for the management and better exploitation of the Stachys secondary metabolism and the selection of lines with high content of bioactive molecules and nutraceuticals.

Stachys schtschegleevii tea, matrix metalloproteinase, and disease severity in female rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Stachys schtschegleevii (SSC) is a herbal medicine used to treat infections. To date, this is the first study aimed to investigate the effects of SSC tea on disease activity score (DAS), serum inflammatory biomarkers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3) among women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

This pilot, triple-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among forty-four women (age: 30-65 years) diagnosed with moderately active RA. Subjects were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) into either SSC group (2.4 g/day SSC + 2.4 g/day black tea, n=22) or placebo (2.4 g/day black tea, n=22) for 8 weeks. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and MMPs were measured using ELISA. According to the American College of Rheumatology guideline considering hs-CRP, DAS28 was assessed.

RESULTS

Both study groups had respondent rates above 94.9%. The SSC intervention caused significant reductions in the number and the percent changes of the tender joints (SSC: -74.39% vs. placebo: -57.15%, mean differences= -0.77; P<0.05) and DAS28 [SSC: -32.44% vs. placebo: -22.32%, mean differences= -0.41, P<0.05). Unlike the intervention within SSC group that showed significant reductions in the mean serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-1β, and MMP-3, SSC caused significant MMP-3 reductions (SSC: -20.59% vs. placebo: 1.29%, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The SSC intervention showed an appropriate clinical efficacy for female RA patients, accompanying remarkable reductions in the number of tender and swollen joints, DAS28, and serum levels of MMP-3. This can provide additional insights to the interventional studies controlling RA-related pathological and inflammatory outcomes. Trial registration Prospectively registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), linked to the WHO Registry Network ( https://en.irct.ir/trial/11602 , IRCT registration number: IRCT2015032011335N5, Registration date:2015-05-12). Key Points • Stachys schtschegleevii improved clinical outcomes and attenuated disease severity in RA patients. • Stachys schtschegleevii ameliorated serum level of MMP-3 in RA patients.

Iridoids from Stachys byzantina K. Koch (Lamb's Ears) and Stachys germanica L. (Downy Woundwort)

Iridoids are a class of secondary metabolites found in a wide variety of plants. Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, most often found to glucose. The genus Stachys L. is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, containing iridoids.

Aim

The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of iridoids from the aerial parts of Stachys byzantina K. Koch and Stachys germanica L.

Methods

For the isolation and identification of the iridoids, different chromatographic methods (NP-TLC, CPC and RP-HPLC) were used. The structures were established by one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectrometry, also.

Results

Iridoids (aucubin, harpagide, ajugoside and harpagoside) were isolated and identified by combination of different chromatographic methods from S. byzantina and S. germanica.

Conclusion

Stachys species may also be used as a potential source of iridoids.