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Tapela K, Opurum PC, Nuokpem FY, Tetteh B, Siaw GK, Humbert MV, Tawiah-Eshun S, Barakisu AI, Asiedu K, Arhin SK, Manu AA, Appiedu-Addo SNA, Obbeng L, Quansah D, Languon S, Anyigba C, Dosoo D, Edu NKO, Oduro-Mensah D, Ampofo W, Tagoe E, Quaye O, Donkor IO, Akorli J, Aniweh Y, Christodoulides M, Mutungi J, Bediako Y, Rayner JC, Awandare GA, McCormick CJ, Quashie PK. Development of an Affordable ELISA Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Its Application to Samples from the Ongoing COVID-19 Epidemic in Ghana. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:583-592. [PMID: 37462793 PMCID: PMC10435612 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The true nature of the population spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in populations is often not fully known as most cases, particularly in Africa, are asymptomatic. Finding the true magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 spread is crucial to provide actionable data about the epidemiological progress of the disease for researchers and policymakers. This study developed and optimized an antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant nucleocapsid antigen expressed in-house using a simple bacterial expression system. METHODS Nucleocapsid protein from SARS-CoV-2 was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. Plasma samples used for the assay development were obtained from Ghanaian SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals during the pandemic, while seronegative controls were plasma samples collected from blood donors before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Another set of seronegative controls was collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibody detection and levels within the samples were validated using commercial kits and Luminex. Analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, and the sensitivity, specificity and background cut-off were calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This low-cost ELISA (£0.96/test) assay has a high prediction of 98.9%, and sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 99%, respectively. The assay was subsequently used to screen plasma from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive Ghanaians. The assay showed no significant difference in nucleocapsid antibody levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic, with an increase of the levels over time. This is in line with our previous publication. CONCLUSION This study developed a low-cost and transferable assay that enables highly sensitive and specific detection of human anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. This assay can be modified to include additional antigens and used for continuous monitoring of sero-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesego Tapela
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Precious C Opurum
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Franklin Y Nuokpem
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Becky Tetteh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfred K Siaw
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maria V Humbert
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sylvia Tawiah-Eshun
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anna Ibrahim Barakisu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwame Asiedu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kojo Arhin
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aaron A Manu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sekyibea N A Appiedu-Addo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Louisa Obbeng
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Darius Quansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sylvester Languon
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claudia Anyigba
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Dosoo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nelson K O Edu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Oduro-Mensah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Tagoe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene Owusu Donkor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Joe Mutungi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Bediako
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Yemaachi Biotech Inc., 222 Swaniker St, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher J McCormick
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Kojo Quashie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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2
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AL-Saeedi AS, Abdulamir AS, Alubaidi GT. Development of a cost-effective quantitative in-house ELISA assay for screening anti-S1 IgG antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Life 2023; 16:883-889. [PMID: 37675173 PMCID: PMC10478653 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The RBD, S, and N proteins, the three main antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, activate the host immune system and cause the formation of IgM and IgG antibodies. While IgM indicates an early, acute infection stage, IgG shows a past infection or persistent sickness. This study used an indirect ELISA assay that targets the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to create an in-house, qualitative serological test specific to COVID-19. A total of 60 serum samples were examined using ELISA for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and 50 of those results were positive. An additional 20 samples were taken from cases that occurred before the pandemic. For the in-house ELISA assay, a plasmid containing the gene coding for the S1 subunit was transformed into E. coli DH5ɑ bacterial cells and the protein was synthesized and purified. The purified protein was utilized to coat the ELISA plate, which was subsequently used to assess the levels of IgG among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study found a significant association (p-value=0.01) between the in-house and the commercial anti-S1 subunit IgG antibodies kits. The in-house ELISA responded well, with a sensitivity and specificity of 75.0% and 88.89%, respectively. Furthermore, a library of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 subunits was created by competent bacteria and may be employed for various tasks, such as creating diagnostic tools and scientific investigation. Overall, the in-house anti-SARS-CoV-2 human IgG-ELISA proved to be sensitive and specific for identifying IgG antibodies in patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Sattar AL-Saeedi
- Medical Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
- Basic and Medical Sciences Branch, College of Nursing, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Sahib Abdulamir
- Medical Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Owusu-Boaitey N, Russell TW, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Levin AT, Herrera-Esposito D. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200809. [PMID: 37227301 PMCID: PMC10283460 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSerological surveys have been the gold standard to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dynamics of the epidemic, and disease severity. Serological assays have decaying sensitivity with time that can bias their results, but there is a lack of guidelines to account for this phenomenon for SARS-CoV-2.AimOur goal was to assess the sensitivity decay of seroassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dependence of this decay on assay characteristics, and to provide a simple method to correct for this phenomenon.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology studies. We included studies testing previously diagnosed, unvaccinated individuals, and excluded studies of cohorts highly unrepresentative of the general population (e.g. hospitalised patients).ResultsOf the 488 screened studies, 76 studies reporting on 50 different seroassays were included in the analysis. Sensitivity decay depended strongly on the antigen and the analytic technique used by the assay, with average sensitivities ranging between 26% and 98% at 6 months after infection, depending on assay characteristics. We found that a third of the included assays departed considerably from manufacturer specifications after 6 months.ConclusionsSeroassay sensitivity decay depends on assay characteristics, and for some types of assays, it can make manufacturer specifications highly unreliable. We provide a tool to correct for this phenomenon and to assess the risk of decay for a given assay. Our analysis can guide the design and interpretation of serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and quantify systematic biases in the existing serology literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, United States
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Herrera-Esposito
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Ciencia de Datos y Aprendizaje Automático, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Ben Mariem I, Kaziz S, Belkhiria M, Echouchene F, Belmabrouk H. Numerical optimization of microfluidic biosensor detection time for the SARS-CoV-2 using the Taguchi method. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE (2004) 2023; 97:1-8. [PMID: 37361718 PMCID: PMC10008012 DOI: 10.1007/s12648-023-02632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The performance of microfluidic biosensor of the SARS-Cov-2 was numerically analyzed through finite element method. The calculation results have been validated with comparison with experimental data reported in the literature. The novelty of this study is the use of the Taguchi method in the optimization analysis, and an L8(25) orthogonal table of five critical parameters-Reynolds number (Re), Damköhler number (Da), relative adsorption capacity (σ), equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), and Schmidt number (Sc), with two levels was designed. ANOVA methods are used to obtain the significance of key parameters. The optimal combination of the key parameters is Re = 10-2, Da = 1000, σ = 0.2, KD = 5, and Sc 104 to achieve the minimum response time (0.15). Among the selected key parameters, the relative adsorption capacity (σ) has the highest contribution (42.17%) to the reduction of the response time, while the Schmidt number (Sc) has the lowest contribution (5.19%). The presented simulation results are useful in designing microfluidic biosensors in order to reduce their response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ben Mariem
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Kaziz
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher National Engineering School of Tunis, Taha Hussein Montfleury Boulevard, University of Tunis, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maissa Belkhiria
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fraj Echouchene
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Soussse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Belmabrouk
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Physics, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, 11952 Saudi Arabia
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5
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Malin JJ, Suárez I, Biehl LM, Schommers P, Knops E, Di Cristanziano V, Heger E, Pflieger E, Wyen C, Bettin D, Rybniker J, Fätkenheuer G, Lehmann C. Immune response to mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination in people living with HIV. HIV Med 2023. [PMID: 36883641 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess immune responses and their influencing factors in people living with HIV after messenger RNA (mRNA)-based COVID-19 booster vaccination (third dose). METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of people living with HIV who received booster vaccination with BNT-162b2 or mRNA-1273 between October 2021 and January 2022. We assessed anti-spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG), virus neutralizing activity (VNA) titres reported as 100% inhibitory dilution (ID100 ), and T-cell response (using interferon-gamma-release-assay [IGRA]) at baseline and quarterly follow-up visits. Patients with reported COVID-19 during follow-up were excluded. Predictors of serological immune response were analyzed using multivariate regression models. RESULTS Of 84 people living with HIV who received an mRNA-based booster vaccination, 76 were eligible for analysis. Participants were on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) and had a median of 670 CD4+ cells/μL (interquartile range [IQR] 540-850). Following booster vaccination, median anti-spike RBD IgG increased by 705.2 binding antibody units per millilitre (BAU/mL) and median VNA titres increased by 1000 ID100 at the follow-up assessment (median 13 weeks later). Multivariate regression revealed that time since second vaccination was a predictor of stronger serological responses (p < 0.0001). No association was found for other factors, including CD4+ status, choice of mRNA vaccine, or concomitant influenza vaccination. In total, 45 patients (59%) had a reactive baseline IGRA, of whom two lost reactivity during follow-up. Of 31 patients (41%) with non-reactive baseline IGRA, 17 (55%) converted to reactive and seven (23%) remained unchanged following booster vaccination. CONCLUSIONS People living with HIV with ≥500 CD4+ cells/μL showed favourable immune responses to mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination. A longer time (up to 29 weeks) since second vaccination was associated with higher serological responses, whereas choice of mRNA vaccine or concomitant influenza vaccination had no impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Malin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Suárez
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena M Biehl
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Pflieger
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Wyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Bettin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Stich M, Di Cristanziano V, Tönshoff B, Weber LT, Dötsch J, Rammer MT, Rieger S, Heger E, Garbade SF, Burgmaier K, Benning L, Speer C, Habbig S, Haumann S. Humoral immune response and live-virus neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (BA.1) variant after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in children and young adults with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 38:1935-1948. [PMID: 36409368 PMCID: PMC9684918 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on humoral immune response to standard COVID-19 vaccination are scarce in adolescent patients and lacking for children below 12 years of age with chronic kidney disease including kidney transplant recipients. METHODS We therefore investigated in this retrospective two-center study (DRKS00024668; registered 23.03.2021) the humoral immune response to a standard two-dose mRNA vaccine regimen in 123 CKD patients aged 5-30 years. A live-virus assay was used to assess the serum neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (BA.1) variant. RESULTS Children aged 5-11 years had a comparable rate and degree of immune response to adolescents despite lower vaccine doses (10 µg vs. 30 µg BNT162b2). Treatment with two (odds ratio 9.24) or three or more (odds ratio 17.07) immunosuppressants was an independent risk factor for nonresponse. The immune response differed significantly among three patient cohorts: 48 of 77 (62.3%) kidney transplant recipients, 21 of 26 (80.8%) patients on immunosuppressive therapy, and 19 of 20 (95.0%) patients with chronic kidney disease without immunosuppressive therapy responded. In the kidney transplant recipients, immunosuppressive regimens comprising mycophenolate mofetil, an eGFR of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and female sex were independent risk factors for nonresponse. Two of 18 (11.1%) and 8 of 16 (50.0%) patients with an anti-S1-RBD IgG of 100-1411 and > 1411 BAU/mL, respectively, showed a neutralization activity against the omicron variant. CONCLUSION A standard mRNA vaccine regimen in immunosuppressed children and adolescents with kidney disease elicits an attenuated humoral immune response with effective live virus neutralization against the omicron variant in approximately 10% of the patients, underlying the need for omicron-adapted vaccination. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stich
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Thorsten Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marian Theodor Rammer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Rieger
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven F Garbade
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Burgmaier
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Healthcare Science, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Louise Benning
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudius Speer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Habbig
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sophie Haumann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Svačina MKR, Meißner A, Schweitzer F, Ladwig A, Sprenger‐Svačina A, Klein I, Wüstenberg H, Kohle F, Schneider C, Grether NB, Wunderlich G, Fink GR, Klein F, Di Cristanziano V, Lehmann HC. Antibody response after COVID-19 vaccination in intravenous immunoglobulin-treated immune neuropathies. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3380-3388. [PMID: 35842740 PMCID: PMC9349681 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study assessed the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in therapeutic immunoglobulin and their impact on serological response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in patients with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)-treated chronic immune neuropathies. METHODS Forty-six samples of different brands or lots of IVIg or subcutaneous IgG were analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Blood sera from 16 patients with immune neuropathies were prospectively analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA, IgG, and IgM before and 1 week after IVIg infusion subsequent to consecutive COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses and after 12 weeks. These were compared to 42 healthy subjects. RESULTS Twenty-four (52%) therapeutic immunoglobulin samples contained anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. All patients with immune neuropathies (mean age = 65 ± 16 years, 25% female) were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG after COVID-19 vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA titers significantly decreased 12-14 weeks after vaccination (p = 0.02), whereas IgG titers remained stable (p = 0.2). IVIg did not significantly reduce intraindividual anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA/IgG serum titers in immune neuropathies (p = 0.69). IVIg-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG did not alter serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG decrease after IVIg administration (p = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that IVIg does not impair the antibody response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in a short-term observation, when administered a minimum of 2 weeks after each vaccine dose. The infusion of current IVIg preparations that contain anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG does not significantly alter serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K. R. Svačina
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Anika Meißner
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Finja Schweitzer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Anne Ladwig
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Alina Sprenger‐Svačina
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Ines Klein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Hauke Wüstenberg
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Felix Kohle
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Nicolai B. Grether
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Gilbert Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Center JuelichInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐3)JuelichGermany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn‐CologneCologneGermany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helmar C. Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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8
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A Quantitative ELISA to Detect Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG Antibodies in Infected Patients and Vaccinated Individuals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091812. [PMID: 36144414 PMCID: PMC9502828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for high-precision serological assays for the quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Here, a trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was used to develop an ELISA to quantify specific IgG antibodies present in serum, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS) collected from infected patients or vaccine recipients. The quantitative S-ELISA was calibrated with international anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin standards to provide test results in binding antibody units per mL (BAU/mL). The assay showed excellent linearity, precision, and accuracy. A sensitivity of 100% was shown for samples collected from 54 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection more than 14 days after symptom onset or disease confirmation by RT-PCR and 58 vaccine recipients more than 14 days after vaccination. The assay specificity was 98.3%. Furthermore, antibody responses were measured in follow-up samples from vaccine recipients and infected patients. Most mRNA vaccine recipients had a similar response, with antibody generation starting 2-3 weeks after the first vaccination and maintaining positive for at least six months after a second vaccination. For most infected patients, the antibody titers increased during the second week after PCR confirmation. This S-ELISA can be used to quantify the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the population exposed to the virus or vaccinated.
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9
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Diagnostic Performance of Three ELISAs for Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Samples. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:7754329. [PMID: 36017468 PMCID: PMC9398874 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7754329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with a high rate of transmission. Serological tests are important to perform surveys and to determine the immunological status of the population. Based on this, we evaluated three enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) using different antigens from SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 161 patients. The performance of the ELISA developed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) measurement against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated based on sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. We found specificities of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.99 and sensitivities of 0.99, 0.91, and 0.87 for the nucleocapsid (N) protein, spike protein, and receptor binding domain (RBD) fraction, respectively. The accuracy assessment indicated the N protein (accuracy = 0.98) as the antigen most likely to give a correct diagnosis. Overall, the antibody responses were present for all three proteins in subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, showing a similar pattern of antibody production for different antigens. In summary, these highly sensitive and specific ELISAs, with a more competitive price, appear to be a valid approach for the serodiagnosis of COVID-19.
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10
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Janzic U, Bidovec-Stojkovic U, Mohorcic K, Mrak L, Dovnik NF, Ivanovic M, Ravnik M, Caks M, Skof E, Debeljak J, Korosec P, Rijavec M. Solid cancer patients achieve adequate immunogenicity and low rate of severe adverse events after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2537-2550. [PMID: 35678621 PMCID: PMC9245563 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients is crucial to prevent severe COVID-19 disease course. Methods: This study assessed immunogenicity of cancer patients on active treatment receiving mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibodies in serum, before, after the first and second doses and 3 months after a complete primary course of vaccination. Results were compared with healthy controls. Results: Of 112 patients, the seroconversion rate was 96%. A significant reduction in antibody levels was observed 3 months after vaccination in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors versus control participants (p < 0.001). Adverse events were mostly mild. Conclusion: Immunogenicity after mRNA-based vaccine in cancer patients is adequate but influenced by the type of anticancer therapy. Antibody levels decline after 3 months, and thus a third vaccination is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Janzic
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Urska Bidovec-Stojkovic
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia
| | - Katja Mohorcic
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia
| | - Loredana Mrak
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia
| | - Nina Fokter Dovnik
- Department of Oncology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia
| | - Marija Ivanovic
- Department of Oncology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnik
- Department of Oncology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia
| | - Marina Caks
- Department of Oncology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia
| | - Erik Skof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Medical Faculty Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Debeljak
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia
| | - Peter Korosec
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matija Rijavec
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory & Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, 4204, Slovenia.,Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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11
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Luo J, Brakel A, Krizsan A, Ludwig T, Mötzing M, Volke D, Lakowa N, Grünewald T, Lehmann C, Wolf J, Borte S, Milkovska-Stamenova S, Gabert J, Fingas F, Scholz M, Hoffmann R. Sensitive and specific serological ELISA for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Virol J 2022; 19:50. [PMID: 35305688 PMCID: PMC8934124 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections are important to understand the immune response in patients and to obtain epidemiological data about the number of infected people, especially to identify asymptomatic persons not aware of a past infection. Methods We recombinantly produced SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein in Escherichia coli. We used the purified protein to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. This ELISA method was optimized and validated with serum samples collected from 113 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections including hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 1500 control sera mostly collected before 2015 with different clinical background. Results The optimized N-protein-ELISA provided a sensitivity of 89.7% (n = 68) for samples collected from patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and mild to severe symptoms more than 14 days after symptom onset or a positive PCR test. The antibody levels remained low for serum samples collected in the first six days (n = 23) and increased in the second week (n = 22) post symptom onset or PCR confirmation. At this early phase, the ELISA provided a sensitivity of 39.1% and 86.4%, respectively, reflecting the time of an IgG immune response against pathogens. The assay specificity was 99.3% (n = 1500; 95% CI 0.995–0.999). Serum samples from persons with confirmed antibody titers against human immunodeficiency viruses 1/2, parvovirus B19, hepatitis A/B virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and herpes simplex virus were tested negative. Conclusions We conclude that the N-protein-based ELISA developed here is well suited for the sensitive and specific serological detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in human serum for symptomatic infections. It may also prove useful to identify previous SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinated people, as all currently approved vaccines rely on the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-) protein. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01768-4.
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12
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Seroprevalence and infection attack rate of COVID-19 in Indian cities. Infect Dis Model 2022; 7:25-32. [PMID: 35287277 PMCID: PMC8908568 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Serological surveys were used to infer the infection attack rate in different populations. The sensitivity of the testing assay, Abbott, drops fast over time since infection which makes the serological data difficult to interpret. In this work, we aim to solve this issue. Methods We collect longitudinal serological data of Abbott to construct a sensitive decay function. We use the reported COVID-19 deaths to infer the infections, and use the decay function to simulate the seroprevalence and match to the reported seroprevalence in 12 Indian cities. Results Our model simulated seroprevalence matchs the reported seroprevalence in most of the 12 Indian cities. We obtain reasonable infection attack rate and infection fatality rate for most of the 12 Indian cities. Conclusions Using both reported COVID-19 deaths data and serological survey data, we infer the infection attack rate and infection fatality rate with increased confidence.
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13
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Wendel S, Fachini R, Fontão-Wendel RCL, Mello R, Velasquez CV, Machado RRG, Brito MA, Amaral M, Soares CP, Achkar R, Scuracchio P, Miyaji SC, Erdens MS, Durigon EL. Surrogate test performance for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) for convalescent plasma (CCP): How useful could they be? Transfusion 2021; 61:3455-3467. [PMID: 34674284 PMCID: PMC8661940 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID‐19 high‐titer CCP selection is a concern, because neutralizing antibody (nAb) testing requires sophisticated labs and methods. Surrogate tests are an alternative for measuring nAb levels in plasma bags, including those that are pathogen‐reduced. Study design/methods We studied a panel consisting of 191 samples from convalescent donors tested by nAb (CPE‐VNT), obtained from 180 CCP donations (collection: March 20–January 21) and 11 negative controls, with a total of 80 and 111 serum and plasma samples (71 amotosalen/UV treated), with nAb titers ranging from negative to 10,240. Samples were blindly tested for several surrogates: one anti‐RBD, two anti‐spike, and four anti‐nucleocapsid tests, either isolated or combined to improve their positive predictive values as predictors of the presence of high‐titer nAbs, defined as those with titers ≥160. Results Except for combined and anti‐IgA/M tests, all isolated surrogate tests showed excellent performance for nAb detection: sensitivity (98.3%–100%), specificity (85.7%–100%), PPV (98.9%–100%), NPV (81.3%–100%), and AUC (0.93–0.96), with a variable decrease in sensitivity and considerably lower specificity when using FDA authorization and concomitant nAb titers ≥160. All surrogates had AUCs that were statistically different from CPE‐VNT if nAb≥160, including when using combined, orthogonal approaches. Conclusions Surrogate tests (isolated or in combination) have an indirect good performance in detecting the presence of nAb, with lower sensitivity and specificity when high nAb titer samples are used, possibly accepting a considerable number of donors whose nAb titers are actually low, which should be evaluated by each laboratory responsible for CCP collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ralyria Mello
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Camila Pereira Soares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth Achkar
- Blood Bank, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Pighi L, De Nitto S, Gianfilippi GL, Lippi G. Three-month analysis of total humoral response to Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers. J Infect 2021; 83:e4-e5. [PMID: 34214516 PMCID: PMC8241575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy; Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy; Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy; Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy.
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15
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Lorent D, Nowak R, Roxo C, Lenartowicz E, Makarewicz A, Zaremba B, Nowak S, Kuszel L, Stefaniak J, Kierzek R, Zmora P. Prevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Poznań, Poland, after the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060541. [PMID: 34064028 PMCID: PMC8223993 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to other European countries, during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, Poland reported a relatively low number of confirmed cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. To estimate the scale of the pandemic in Poland, a serosurvey of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was performed after the first wave of COVID-19 in Europe (March–May 2020). Within this study, we collected samples from 28 July to 24 September 2020 and, based on the ELISA results, we found that 1.67% (25/1500, 95% CI 1.13–2.45) of the Poznan (Poland) metropolitan area’s population had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 after the first wave of COVID-19. However, the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was confirmed with immunoblotting in 56% (14/25) samples, which finally resulted in a decrease in seroprevalence, i.e., 0.93% (14/1500, 95% CI 0.56–1.56). The positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG results were associated with age, occupation involving constant contact with people, travelling abroad, non-compliance with epidemiological recommendations and direct contact with the novel coronavirus. Our findings confirm the low SARS-CoV-2 incidence in Poland and imply that the population had little herd immunity heading into the second and third wave of the pandemic, and therefore, that herd immunity contributed little to preventing the high numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related deaths in Poland during these subsequent waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagny Lorent
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Rafal Nowak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Carolina Roxo
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Elzbieta Lenartowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Makarewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Bartosz Zaremba
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Szymon Nowak
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (S.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Lukasz Kuszel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Stefaniak
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (S.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Ryszard Kierzek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Pawel Zmora
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.L.); (R.N.); (C.R.); (E.L.); (A.M.); (B.Z.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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