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Ali SI, Elkhalifa AME, Nabi SU, Hayyat FS, Nazar M, Taifa S, Rakhshan R, Shah IH, Shaheen M, Wani IA, Muzaffer U, Shah OS, Makhdoomi DM, Ahmed EM, Khalil KAA, Bazie EA, Zawbaee KI, Al Hasan Ali MM, Alanazi RJ, Al Bataj IA, Al Gahtani SM, Salwi AJ, Alrodan LS. Aged garlic extract preserves beta-cell functioning via modulation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and sarco endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA)/Ca 2+ in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:110. [PMID: 38778421 PMCID: PMC11110209 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral insulin resistance and compromised insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells are significant factors and pathogenic hallmarks of diabetes mellitus (DM). NF-κβ/TLR-4 and SERCA/Ca2+ pathways have been identified as potential pathways regulating insulin synthesis by preserving pancreatic β-cell functioning. The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) against DM in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model with particular emphasis on pancreatic β-cell functioning. METHODS AGE was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate its physio-chemical characteristics followed by in-vitro anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential. This was followed by the induction of DM in laboratory animals for investigating the therapeutic action of AGE by evaluating the role of NF-κβ/TLR-4 and the SERCA/Ca2+ pathway. The parameters assessed in the present experimental setup encompassed antioxidant parameters, metabolic indicators, insulin concentration, intracellular calcium levels, apoptotic markers (CCK-8 and Caspase Glo-8), and protein expression (P-62 and APACHE-II). RESULTS AGE characterization by SEM, GC-MS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the presence of phenylalanine, alliin, S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), tryptophan, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid as major bioactive constituents of AGE. Metabolic studies, including intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), revealed significantly lower blood glucose levels in the AGE group compared to the disease control group. In contrast, the intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ITT) exhibited no significant difference in insulin sensitivity between the AGE supplementation group and the DM control group. Interestingly, AGE was found to have no significant effect on fasting glucose and serum insulin levels. In contrast, AGE supplementation was found to cause significant hypoglycaemia in postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels. Importantly, AGE causes restoration of intracellular Ca2+ levels by modulation of SERCA/Ca2 functioning and inhibition NF-κB/TLR-4 pathway. AGE was found to interact with and inhibit the DR-5/ caspase-8/3 apoptotic complex. Furthermore, microscopic studies revealed degeneration and apoptotic changes in pancreatic β-cells of the DM control group, while supplementation of AGE resulted in inhibition of apoptotic pathway and regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. CONCLUSION The current study suggests that AGE enhance glucose homeostasis by exerting their effects on pancreatic β-cells, without ameliorating peripheral sensitivity. Moreover, AGEs promote an increase in β-cell mass by mitigating the apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells. These findings suggest that AGE could aid in developing a viable alternative therapy for diabetes mellitus (DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Ahmed M E Elkhalifa
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, 11673, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan.
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | | | - Mehak Nazar
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Rabia Rakhshan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Iqra Hussain Shah
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Muzaffer Shaheen
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Imtiyaz Ahmad Wani
- Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Research, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190002, India
| | - Umar Muzaffer
- Department of Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ovais Shabir Shah
- Department of Sheep Husbandry, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Dil Mohammad Makhdoomi
- Directorate of Extension, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 61922, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil A A Khalil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 61922, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsharif A Bazie
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Zawbaee
- Department of Blood Bank, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Al-Ghad International College for Applied Sciences, 155166, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moataz Mohamed Al Hasan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
| | - Rakan J Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, 50927, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saeed Musfar Al Gahtani
- Department of Blood Bank, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of King Saud, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Jubran Salwi
- Department of Blood Bank, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of King Saud, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Saeed Alrodan
- Department of Blood Bank, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of King Saud, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chidike Ezeorba TP, Ezugwu AL, Chukwuma IF, Anaduaka EG, Udenigwe CC. Health-promoting properties of bioactive proteins and peptides of garlic (Allium sativum). Food Chem 2024; 435:137632. [PMID: 37801762 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a popular food spice with diverse and well-established medicinal properties. Many research interests have been directed toward the biological activities of the phytochemical constituents of garlic. However, prospects of its bioactive proteins and peptides have been understudied to date. With the advances in food proteomics/peptide research, a review of studies on garlic bioactive proteins and peptides, especially on their nature, extraction, and biological activities, is timely. Garlic has been reported to express several proteins, endogenous and protein-derived peptides with interesting bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-proliferative, antiviral, anti-hypertensive and immunomodulatory activities, suggesting their therapeutic and pharmacological potentials. Compared to legumes, the low protein contents of garlic bulbs and their low stability are possible limitations that would hinder future applications. We suggest adopting heterologous expression systems for peptide overproduction and stability enhancement. Therefore, we recommend increased scientific interest in the bioactive peptides of garlic and other spice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Arinze Linus Ezugwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Felicia Chukwuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Godwin Anaduaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Ohiduzzaman M, Khan MNI, Khan KA, Paul B. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Allium sativum extract and evaluation of their electrical activities in bio-electrochemical cell. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:095707. [PMID: 38029451 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad10e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
An electrical application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by developing a unique bio-electrochemical cell (BEC) has been addressed in the report. Here, garlic extract (GE) has been used as a reducing agent to synthesize Ag NPs, and as a bio-electrolyte solution of BEC. Ag NPs successfully formed into face-centered cubic structures with average crystallite and particle sizes of 8.49 nm and 20.85 nm, respectively, according to characterization techniques such as the UV-vis spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. A broad absorption peak at 410 nm in the UV-visible spectra indicated that GE played a vital role as a reducing agent in the transformation of Ag+ions to Ag NPs. After that four types of BEC were developed by varying the concentration of GE, CuSO4. 5H2O, and Ag NPs electrolyte solution. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current of all cells were examined with the time duration. Moreover, different external loads (1 Ω, 2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 6 Ω) were used to investigate the load voltage and load current of BEC. The results demonstrated that the use of Ag NPs on BEC played a significant role in increasing the electrical performance of BEC. The use of GE-mediated Ag NPs integrated the power, capacity, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency of BEC by decreasing the internal resistance and voltage regulation. These noteworthy results can take a frontier forward to the development of nanotechnology for renewable and low-cost power production applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ohiduzzaman
- Department of Physics, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
- Department of Physics, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - M N I Khan
- Materials Science Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K A Khan
- Department of Physics, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
- Bangamata Sheikh Fojilatunnesa Mujib Science & Technology University, Jamalpur, Bangladesh
| | - Bithi Paul
- Department of Physics, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sunanta P, Kontogiorgos V, Pankasemsuk T, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P, Seesuriyachan P, Sommano SR. The nutritional value, bioactive availability and functional properties of garlic and its related products during processing. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1142784. [PMID: 37560057 PMCID: PMC10409574 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1142784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic, a common culinary spice, is cultivated and used around the globe. Consumption of garlic and its supplements reduces the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease and boosts the immune system with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-aging, and anti-cancer properties. Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, triallyl trisulfide, phenolics, flavonoids, and others are the most commercially recognized active ingredients in garlic and its products. In recent years, global demand for medicinal or functional garlic has surged, introducing several products such as garlic oil, aged garlic, black garlic, and inulin into the market. Garlic processing has been demonstrated to directly impact the availability of bioactive ingredients and the functionality of products. Depending on the anticipated functional qualities, it is also recommended that one or a combination of processing techniques be deemed desirable over the others. This work describes the steps involved in processing fresh garlic into products and their physicochemical alterations during processing. Their nutritional, phytochemical, and functional properties are also reviewed. Considering the high demand for functional food, this review has been compiled to provide guidance for food producers on the industrial utilization and suitability of garlic for new product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyachat Sunanta
- Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Vassilis Kontogiorgos
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanachai Pankasemsuk
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Majood M, Selvam A, Agrawal O, Chaurasia R, Rawat S, Mohanty S, Mukherjee M. Biogenic Carbon Quantum Dots as a Neoteric Inducer in the Game of Directing Chondrogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19997-20011. [PMID: 37042793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The journey into the field of stem cell biology has been an endeavor of paramount advancement in biomedicine, establishing new horizons in the avenue of materiobiology. The creative drive of the scientific community focuses on ameliorating the utilization of stem cells, which is currently untapped on a large scale. With similar motivation, we present a nascent strategy of maneuvering biogenic carbon quantum dots (CQDs) to eclipse the toxic hurdles of chemical synthesis of carbon allotropes to serve as a biocompatible trident in stem cell biology employing a three-prong action of stem cell differentiation, imaging, and migration. The derivation of CQDs from garlic peels as a biogenic precursor abets in realizing the optophysical features of CQDs to image mesenchymal stem cells without hampering the biological systems with cytotoxicity. We report the versatility of biogenic CQDs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to robustly influence stem cell migration and concomitantly chondrocyte differentiation from human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs). This was orchestrated without the use of chondrogenic induction factors, which was confirmed from the expression of chondrogenic markers (Col II, Col X, ACAN). Even the collagen content of cells incubated with CQDs was quite comparable with that of chondrocyte-induced cells. Thus, we empirically propose garlic peel-derived CQDs as a tangible advancement in stem cell biology from a materiobiological frame of reference to hone significant development in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Majood
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Abhyavartin Selvam
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Omnarayan Agrawal
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Radhika Chaurasia
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Sonali Rawat
- Stem Cells Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cells Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
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Compositional analysis and immunomodulatory activity of blue pigment fraction (BPF) from Laba garlic. Food Chem 2023; 406:134976. [PMID: 36455311 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Laba garlic is a kind of garlic (Allium sativum L.) product and blue pigment fraction (BPF) is the characteristic fraction of Laba garlic. The objective of the study was to isolate BPF from Laba garlic and explore its stability, composition, antioxidant activity, and immunomodulatory activity. The results suggested BPF was unstable under alkaline conditions. Twenty-four constituents including 9 peptides and 10 saponins were detected in BPF by Q Exactive HF LC/MS anlaysis. BPF showed antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. It also showed effective immunomodulatory activity at a concentration of 5 μg/mL at the cellular level and the morphology of RAW 264.7 cells changed to a polygonal and dendritic-like structure. BPF could significantly increase NO production (P < 0.05), and up-regulate the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and NF-κB in the RT-QPCR analysis. The present study systematically analyzed the compositions of BPF for the first time, and the results suggested that BPF might be a potential immunomodulator candidate, which is beneficial for the development and application of garlic products and natural pigments.
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Moreno-Ortega A, Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig IA, Motilva MJ, Moreno-Rojas JM. Bioavailability of Organosulfur Compounds after the Ingestion of Black Garlic by Healthy Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040925. [PMID: 37107300 PMCID: PMC10135770 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of black garlic has been related to a decreased risk of many human diseases due to the presence of phytochemicals such as organosulfur compounds (OSCs). However, information on the metabolization of these compounds in humans is limited. By means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), this study aims to determine the OSCs and their metabolites excreted in urine 24 h after an acute intake of 20 g of black garlic by healthy humans. Thirty-three OSCs were identified and quantified, methiin (17,954 ± 6040 nmol), isoalliin (15,001 ± 9241 nmol), S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine (8804 ± 7220 nmol) and S-propyl-L-cysteine (deoxypropiin) (7035 ± 1392 nmol) being the main ones. Also detected were the metabolites N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine (NASAC), N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (NASACS) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine (NACPC), derived from S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), alliin and S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine, respectively. These compounds are potentially N-acetylated in the liver and kidney. The total excretion of OSCs 24 h after the ingestion of black garlic was 64,312 ± 26,584 nmol. A tentative metabolic pathway has been proposed for OSCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Moreno-Ortega
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Agrotecnio Center, XaRTA-TPV, Food Technology Department, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Avda. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-José Motilva
- Agrotecnio Center, XaRTA-TPV, Food Technology Department, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Avda. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Parreño R, Rodríguez-Alcocer E, Martínez-Guardiola C, Carrasco L, Castillo P, Arbona V, Jover-Gil S, Candela H. Turning Garlic into a Modern Crop: State of the Art and Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1212. [PMID: 36986902 PMCID: PMC10057115 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is cultivated worldwide for the value of its bulbs, but its cultivation is challenged by the infertility of commercial cultivars and the accumulation of pathogens over time, which occurs as a consequence of vegetative (clonal) propagation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of garlic genetics and genomics, highlighting recent developments that will lead to its development as a modern crop, including the restoration of sexual reproduction in some garlic strains. The set of tools available to the breeder currently includes a chromosome-scale assembly of the garlic genome and multiple transcriptome assemblies that are furthering our understanding of the molecular processes underlying important traits like the infertility, the induction of flowering and bulbing, the organoleptic properties and resistance to various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parreño
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Rodríguez-Alcocer
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Carrasco
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Purificación Castillo
- Departamento I+D, Coopaman S.C.L., Carretera Peñas De San Pedro, km 1.6, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sara Jover-Gil
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Study of the metabolism of S-allylmercaptocysteine to elucidate its metabolites and metabolic pathway in rats. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-023-04220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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10
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Ng DHJ, Chan LY, Fitzner L, Keppler JK, Ismail SM, Hird S, Hancock P, Karin S, Tobias D. A novel screening method for free non-standard amino acids in human plasma samples using AccQ·Tag reagents and LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:445-454. [PMID: 36602091 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There are at least 500 naturally occurring amino acids, of which only 20 standard proteinogenic amino acids are used universally across all organisms in the synthesis of peptides and proteins. Non-standard amino acids can be incorporated into proteins or are intermediates and products of metabolic pathways. While the analysis of standard amino acids is well-defined, the analysis of non-standard amino acids can be challenging due to the wide range of physicochemical properties, and the lack of both reference standards and information in curated databases to aid compound identification. It has been shown that the use of an AccQ·Tag™ derivatization kit along with LC-MS/MS is an attractive option for the analysis of free standard amino acids in complex samples because it is fast, sensitive, reproducible, and selective. It has been demonstrated that the most abundant quantitative transition for MS/MS analysis of 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) derivatized amino acids corresponds to the fragmentation of the molecule at the 6-aminoquinoline carbonyl group producing a common m/z 171 fragment ion and occurs at similar mass spectrometry collision energy and cone voltages. In this study, the unique properties of AQC derivatized amino acids producing high intensity common fragment ions, along with chromatographic separation of amino acids under generic chromatography conditions, were used to develop a novel screening method for the detection of trace levels of non-standard amino acids in complex matrices. Structural elucidation was carried out by comparing the MS/MS fragment ion mass spectra generated with in silico predicted fragmentation spectra to enable a putative identification, which was confirmed using an appropriate analytical standard. This workflow was applied to screen human plasma samples for bioactive thiol-group modified cysteine amino acids and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (SACS or alliin) and S-propenylcysteine (S1PC) are reported for the first time to be present in human plasma samples after the administration of garlic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H J Ng
- International Food and Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd, 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore.
| | - Li Yan Chan
- International Food and Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd, 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore.
| | - Laura Fitzner
- Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Heinrich-Hecht Platz 10, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Julia Katharina Keppler
- Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Heinrich-Hecht Platz 10, Kiel, 24118, Germany
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, 6708 WG, the Netherlands
| | - Shareef M Ismail
- Global Service Education, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd, 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Simon Hird
- Food and Environment Scientific Operations, Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Peter Hancock
- Food and Environment Scientific Operations, Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Schwarz Karin
- Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Heinrich-Hecht Platz 10, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Demetrowitsch Tobias
- Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Heinrich-Hecht Platz 10, Kiel, 24118, Germany
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11
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Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) as an Ally in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:685-698. [PMID: 36661532 PMCID: PMC9858111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, garlic (Allium sativum) has been used both as a traditional remedy for most health-related ailments and for culinary purposes. Current preclinical investigations have suggested that dietary garlic intake has beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antiallergic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Its therapeutic potential is influenced by the methods of use, preparation, and extraction. Of particular importance is the Aged Garlic Extract (AGE). During the aging process, the odorous, sour, and irritating compounds in fresh raw garlic, such as allicin, are naturally converted into stable and safe compounds that have significantly greater therapeutic effects than fresh garlic. In AGE, S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) are the major water-soluble organosulfurized compounds (OSCs). SAC has been extensively studied, demonstrating remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Recently, AGE has been suggested as a promising candidate for the maintenance of immune system homeostasis through modulation of cytokine secretion, promotion of phagocytosis, and activation of macrophages. Since immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of various diseases, given the therapeutic effects of AGE, it can be thought of exploiting its immunoregulatory capacity to contribute to the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
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12
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Elghobashy SA, Abeer Mohammed AB, Tayel AA, Alshubaily FA, Abdella A. Thyme/garlic essential oils loaded chitosan–alginate nanocomposite: Characterization and antibacterial activities. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For controlling pathogenic bacteria using nanopolymer composites with essential oils, the formulation of chitosan/alginate nanocomposites (CS/ALG NCs) loaded with thyme oil, garlic oil, and thyme/garlic oil was investigated. Oils were encapsulated in CS/ALG NCs through oil-in-water emulsification and ionic gelation. The CS/ALG NCs loaded with oils of garlic, thyme, and garlic–thyme complex had mean diameters of 143.8, 173.9, and 203.4 nm, respectively. They had spherical, smooth surfaces, and zeta potential of +28.4 mV for thyme–garlic-loaded CS/ALG NCs. The bactericidal efficacy of loaded NCs with mixed oils outperformed individual loaded oils and ampicillin, against foodborne pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible (with 28.7 mm inhibition zone and 12.5 µg·mL−1 bactericidal concentration), whereas Escherichia coli was the most resistant (17.5 µg·mL−1 bactericidal concentration). Scanning electron microscopy images of bacteria treated with NCs revealed strong disruptive effects on S. aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila cells; treated cells were totally exploded or lysed within 8 h. These environmentally friendly nanosystems might be a viable alternative to synthetic preservatives and be of interest in terms of health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrifa A. Elghobashy
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University , Kafrelsheikh 33516 , Egypt
| | - A. B. Abeer Mohammed
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City (USC) , El-Sadat City 32897 , Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Tayel
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University , Kafrelsheikh 33516 , Egypt
| | - Fawzia A. Alshubaily
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Abdella
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City (USC) , El-Sadat City 32897 , Egypt
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13
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Characterization of sulfur compounds and antiviral activity against Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) of Italian “Vessalico” garlic compared to other cultivars and landrace. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Abe K, Yamamoto K, Myoda T, Fujii T, Niwa K. Protective effects of volatile components of aged garlic extract against ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in human skin fibroblasts. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14482. [PMID: 36219767 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to protect the skin against UV-induced damage, but effects of its volatile components remain unknown. We investigated the effects of the volatile fraction of AGE on the responses of cultured skin fibroblasts subjected to UV-B irradiation. UV-B irradiation (20 mJ/cm2 ) reduced the cell viability to 55% of control. The nonvolatile and volatile fractions of AGE inhibited the UV-B-induced reduction of cell viability; the cell viabilities were 100% and 73%, respectively. The volatile fraction inhibited the UV-B-induced increase in apoptotic cell death by 28%. The volatile fraction also inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) induced by UV-B irradiation. GC-MS analysis revealed that a large number of volatile compounds were generated during aging of garlic. These results suggest that the volatile fraction of AGE has protective effects against the UV-B-induced death of skin fibroblasts, and that this effect may partly be due to an inhibition of apoptosis via the downregulation of MAPK signaling. The volatile compounds of AGE may have beneficial applications for skin health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this study, we investigated the effects of AGE against cell damage of UV-B-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. The aging process of garlic produced characteristic volatile compounds that have significant protective effects against UV-induced cell damage. Our results demonstrated that the aging process is a suitable method to develop added value in garlic extracts to improve skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Abe
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri City, Japan.,Healthcare Research and Development Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri City, Japan
| | - Takao Myoda
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri City, Japan
| | - Takuto Fujii
- Healthcare Research and Development Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri City, Japan
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15
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Cinar A, Altuntas S, Demircan H, Dundar AN, Taner G, Oral RA. Encapsulated black garlic: Comparison with black garlic extract in terms of physicochemical properties, biological activities, production efficiency and storage stability. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Kang MJ, Kang JR, Woo MS, Kang D, Shin JH. Alterations in the Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity during Aging of Stored Raw Garlic. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101390. [PMID: 35626958 PMCID: PMC9140653 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic, a once-a-year crop, is mass-produced in a single event. Most of the garlic harvested during the year, unless consumed or processed immediately, should be stored. Stored raw garlic (SRG) can be used to make black garlic (BG) via aging, and storage may affect the properties and quality of the BG compared with the use of raw garlic that has not been stored. This study was performed to identify the effect of long-term storage of raw garlic on the quality of BG products. SRG was aged for 21 days at 40–86 °C for BG production. Moisture content and pH gradually decreased with the aging period. Total phenolic, total flavonoid, and fructose contents were significantly increased during the aging period. Compared with non-stored raw garlic (NSRG), alliin and S-allylcysteine (SAC) contents were 1.7-fold and 5.9-fold higher in SRG, respectively, and γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine (γ-GSAC) content was 2.8-fold lower in SRG. The contents of alliin and γ-GSAC reduced as the aging period of SRG and NSRG progressed. However, the SAC content of NSRG increased with aging, but the SAC content of SRG decreased or increased slightly with extended aging. The antioxidant activity was also higher in BG made from NSRG rather than SRG. These results show that the SAC content is relatively low in BG manufactured from SRG compared with NSRG. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to establish an aging method suitable for SRG in BG production with high SAC content, a representative indicator of BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kang
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae 52430, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (J.-R.K.)
| | - Jae-Ran Kang
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae 52430, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (J.-R.K.)
| | - Min Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +82-10-772-8044 (D.K.)
| | - Jung-Hye Shin
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae 52430, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (J.-R.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +82-10-772-8044 (D.K.)
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17
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Hill CR, Shafaei A, Balmer L, Lewis JR, Hodgson JM, Millar AH, Blekkenhorst LC. Sulfur compounds: From plants to humans and their role in chronic disease prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8616-8638. [PMID: 35380479 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2057915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is essential for the health of plants and is an indispensable dietary component for human health and disease prevention. Its incorporation into our food supply is heavily reliant upon the uptake of sulfur into plant tissue and our subsequent intake. Dietary requirements for sulfur are largely calculated based upon requirements for the sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), cysteine and methionine, to meet the demands for synthesis of proteins, enzymes, co-enzymes, vitamins, and hormones. SAA are found in abundance in animal sources and are relatively low in plants. However, some plants, particularly cruciferous and allium vegetables, produce many protective sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates and cysteine sulfoxides. The variety and quantity of these sulfur-containing metabolites are extensive and their effects on human health are wide-reaching. Many benefits appear to be related to sulfur's role in redox biochemistry, protecting against uncontrolled oxidative stress and inflammation; features consistent within cardiometabolic dysfunction and many chronic metabolic diseases of aging. This narrative explores the origins and importance of sulfur, its incorporation into our food supply and dietary sources. It also explores the overarching potential of sulfur for human health, particularly around the amelioration of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and subsequent chronic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Hill
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Australia
| | - Armaghan Shafaei
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics and Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Lois Balmer
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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18
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Yudhistira B, Punthi F, Lin JA, Sulaimana AS, Chang CK, Hsieh CW. S-Allyl cysteine in garlic (Allium sativum): Formation, biofunction, and resistance to food processing for value-added product development. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2665-2687. [PMID: 35355410 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
S-allyl cysteine (SAC), which is the most abundant bioactive compound in black garlic (BG; Allium sativum), has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Sulfur compounds are the most distinctive bioactive elements in garlic. Previous studies have provided evidence that the concentration of SAC in fresh garlic is in the range of 19.0-1736.3 μg/g. Meanwhile, for processed garlic, such as frozen and thawed garlic, pickled garlic, fermented garlic extract, and BG, the SAC content increased to up to 8021.2 μg/g. BG is an SAC-containing product, with heat treatment being used in nearly all methods of BG production. Therefore, strategies to increase the SAC level in garlic are of great interest; however, further knowledge is required about the effect of processing factors and mechanistic changes. This review explains the formation of SAC in garlic, introduces its biological effects, and summarizes the recent advances in processing methods that can affect SAC levels in garlic, including heat treatment, enzymatic treatment, freezing, fermentation, ultrasonic treatment, and high hydrostatic pressure. Thus, the aim of this review was to summarize the outcomes of treatment aimed at maintaining or increasing SAC levels in BG. Therefore, publications from scientific databases in this field of study were examined. The effects of processing methods on SAC compounds were evaluated on the basis of the SAC content. This review provides information on the processing approaches that can assist food manufacturers in the development of value-added garlic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara Yudhistira
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Sebelas Maret Univeristy, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Fuangfah Punthi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jer-An Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Woo HJ, Cha GS, Kang MJ, Kyung KH. Assessment of standardization of domestic commercial black garlic extract for S-allyl-l-cysteine and S-1-propenyl-l-cysteine. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:253-260. [PMID: 35186355 PMCID: PMC8818082 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) contains a significant amount of bioactive compounds, including S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC), which is associated with various health benefits. Among different AGE products, black garlic extract (BGE) is widely consumed and a common product in the Korean market. BGE products do however contain different levels of SAC and S1PC. Here, the SAC contents in commercial BGE products were found to be in the range of 0.31-27.22 mg/100 mL, while the SAC contents of commercial black garlic (BG) cloves were in the range of 22.28-63.71 mg/100 g. Recently, S-1-propenyl-l-cysteine (S1PC) has emerged as a new bioactive compound of interest in AGE products. Analysis of BG and BGE indicated that their S1PC contents were 2.24-16.58 mg/100 g and ND-3.68 mg/100 mL, respectively. Based on the significance of these compounds, standardization of the SAC and S1PC content in commercial BGE products is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Je Woo
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae, 52430 Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Su Cha
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae, 52430 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kang
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae, 52430 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hang Kyung
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, Namhae, 52430 Republic of Korea
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20
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Miki S, Suzuki JI, Takashima M, Ishida M, Kokubo H, Yoshizumi M. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization through prolonged activation of IL-10R/STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22469. [PMID: 34789834 PMCID: PMC8599840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may lead to the development of serious cardiovascular diseases. Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been reported to ameliorate atherosclerosis, although its mode of action remains unclear. We found that AGE increased the mRNA or protein levels of arginase1 (Arg1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), CD206 and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) and decreased that of CD68, HIF1α and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the aorta and spleen of apolipoprotein E knockout mice. We also found that S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), a characteristic sulfur compound in AGE, increased the level of IL-10-induced Arg1 mRNA and the extent of M2c-like macrophage polarization in vitro. In addition, S1PC increased the population of M2c-like macrophages, resulting in suppressed the population of M1-like macrophages and decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These effects were accompanied by prolonged phosphorylation of the IL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that inhibited the interaction between IL-10Rα and Src homology-2-containing inositol 5’-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1). In addition, administration of S1PC elevated the M2c/M1 macrophage ratio in senescence-accelerated mice. These findings suggest that S1PC may help improve atherosclerosis due to its anti-inflammatory effect to promote IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Miki
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan. .,Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takashima
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kokubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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21
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Kasali FM, Kadima JN, Peter EL, Mtewa AG, Ajayi CO, Tusiimire J, Tolo CU, Ogwang PE, Weisheit A, Agaba AG. Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Critical Review of Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity Data. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:757090. [PMID: 34776975 PMCID: PMC8579071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted and published on medicinal plants used to manage Diabetes Mellitus worldwide. It is of great interest to review available studies from a country or a region to resort to similarities/discrepancies and data quality. Here, we examined data related to ethnopharmacology and bioactivity of antidiabetic plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were extracted from Google Scholar, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, the Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, and other documents focusing on ethnopharmacology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry antidiabetic plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2005 to September 2021. The Kew Botanic Royal Garden and Plants of the World Online web databases were consulted to verify the taxonomic information. CAMARADES checklist was used to assess the quality of animal studies and Jadad scores for clinical trials. In total, 213 plant species belonging to 72 botanical families were reported. Only one plant, Droogmansia munamensis, is typically native to the DRC flora; 117 species are growing in the DRC and neighboring countries; 31 species are either introduced from other regions, and 64 are not specified. Alongside the treatment of Diabetes, about 78.13% of plants have multiple therapeutic uses, depending on the study sites. Experimental studies explored the antidiabetic activity of 133 plants, mainly in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Several chemical classes of antidiabetic compounds isolated from 67 plant species have been documented. Rare phase II clinical trials have been conducted. Critical issues included poor quality methodological protocols, author name incorrectly written (16.16%) or absent (14.25%) or confused with a synonym (4.69%), family name revised (17.26%) or missing (1.10%), voucher number not available 336(92.05%), ecological information not reported (49.59%). Most plant species have been identified and authenticated (89.32%). Hundreds of plants are used to treat Diabetes by traditional healers in DRC. However, most plants are not exclusively native to the local flora and have multiple therapeutic uses. The analysis showed the scarcity or absence of high-quality, in-depth pharmacological studies. There is a need to conduct further studies of locally specific species to fill the gap before their introduction into the national pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Public Health, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Justin Ntokamunda Kadima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Public Health, Official University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Emanuel L. Peter
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Innovation, Technology Transfer and Commercialization, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Andrew G. Mtewa
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Chemistry Section, Department of Applied Studies, Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
| | - Clement Olusoji Ajayi
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jonans Tusiimire
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Casim Umba Tolo
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Anke Weisheit
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Amon Ganafa Agaba
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Ethnopharmacological Survey on Treatment of Hypertension by Traditional Healers in Bukavu City, DR Congo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6684855. [PMID: 34335835 PMCID: PMC8289594 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6684855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethnopharmacological studies are relevant for sustaining and improving knowledge of traditional medicine within the framework of complementary/alternative therapeutic practices based solely on experience and observation across generations. Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disorder affecting more than 50% of older people in Africa (PLoS One. 2019; 14 (4): e0214934; published online on April 5, 2019, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214934). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey from October 2014 to August 2015 with 18 renowned traditional healers from the city of Bukavu to capture botanical plant species and remedies used by herbalists to manage hypertension in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Results Respondents cited 41 plant species belonging to 25 botanical families. The ten most common plants are Allium sativum, Galinsoga ciliata, Moringa oleifera, Bidens pilosa, Persea americana, Piper capense, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Sida rhombifolia, and Vernonia amygdalina. The parts used are primary leaves (48.8%) formulated as oral decoctions (65.9%). Conclusion The literature review validated the use of 73.2% of the plants listed. Plants of high local use-value not supported by other studies deserve in-depth chemical and pharmacological studies.
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Kunimura K, Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki JI. S-1-propenylcysteine improves TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:17. [PMID: 33588881 PMCID: PMC7883441 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial barrier function is maintained by cell-to-cell junctional proteins and contributes to vascular homeostasis. Various risk factors such as inflammation disrupt barrier function through down-regulation of these proteins and promote vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that aged garlic extract (AGE) and its sulfur-containing constituents exert the protective effects against several vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined whether AGE and its sulfur-containing constituents improve the endothelial barrier dysfunction elicited by a pro-inflammatory cytokine, Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and explored their mode of action on TNF-α signaling pathway. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with test substances in the presence of TNF-α for various time periods. The endothelial permeability was measured by using a transwell permeability assay. The localization of cell-to-cell junctional proteins and actin cytoskeletons were visualized by immunostaining. RhoA and Rac activities were assessed by using GTP-binding protein pulldown assay. Gene and protein expression levels of signaling molecules were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results We found that AGE and its major sulfur-containing constituent, S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), reduced hyperpermeability elicited by TNF-α in HUVECs. In addition, S1PC inhibited TNF-α-induced production of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and inactivation of MLC phosphatase through the suppression of the Rac and RhoA signaling pathways, respectively, which resulted in the dephosphorylation of MLC2, a key factor of actin remodeling. Moreover, S1PC inhibited the phosphorylation and activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1), a common upstream key molecule and activator of Rac and RhoA. These effects of S1PC were accompanied by its ability to prevent the disruption of junctional proteins on the cell–cell contact regions and the increase of actin stress fibers induced by TNF-α. Conclusions The present study suggested that AGE and its major constituent, S1PC, improve endothelial barrier disruption through the protection of junctional proteins on plasma membrane.![]() Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Kunimura
- Central Research Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Satomi Miki
- Central Research Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takashima
- Central Research Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan.
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Abe K, Myoda T, Nojima S. Identification and Characterization of Sulfur Heterocyclic Compounds That Contribute to the Acidic Odor of Aged Garlic Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1020-1026. [PMID: 33448852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aroma of aged garlic extract (AGE) has been recently characterized as a complexity of seasoning-like, metallic, fatty, and acidic notes; most of the important aroma compounds were identified in a previous study. Besides the 25 previously identified aromas of AGE, several of the odor compounds that contribute to the acidic notes were isolated and identified using various analytical techniques, including gas chromatography coupled with an olfactometry monitoring system (GC-O), accurate and high-performance preparative GC system, GC-MS analysis, and sensory evaluation. The identified aromas include: 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-dithiolane, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dithiane, and 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiane. Interestingly, AGE contains all stereoscopic isomers of each of these components. An aroma recombinant composed of the newly identified acidic odors with other key odorants showed good agreement with the aroma of AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Abe
- Laboratory of Aroma Chemistry, Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri City, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
- Healthcare Research and Development Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Takao Myoda
- Laboratory of Aroma Chemistry, Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri City, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nojima
- Laboratory of Aroma Chemistry, Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri City, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
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Chang WCW, Chen YT, Chen HJ, Hsieh CW, Liao PC. Comparative UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-Based Metabolomics Unveils Biochemical Changes of Black Garlic during Aging Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14049-14058. [PMID: 33166446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aged black garlic (BG) is a functional food in global markets; however, very few studies have ventured into comprehensive profiling of BG metabolomes during the aging process. Herein, we exploited UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS for a comparative metabolomics analysis. During the heat treatment, organosulfur compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulfide, ajoene, S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC), and γ-glutamyl-SAC were downregulated. Plenty of glycerophospholipids together with shikimate, aromatic amino acids, and vitamin B6 vitamers were significantly augmented; tryptophan was however consumed to generate downstream products manifested in nicotinate metabolism and aminobenzoate degradation. These secondary metabolites serve as signaling mediators or protectants against extreme thermal exposure. Besides, Heyns compounds and Amadori-rearrangement byproducts with potential mutagenic effects were concentrated. Together, our findings expand the known metabolome space of BG processing and better elucidate the reactivities of the key metabolites. We provide in-depth insights into the biochemical changes of BG that enable further functional or toxicological investigations of this popular food.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jhang Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Chen YT, Chen YA, Lee CH, Wu JT, Cheng KC, Hsieh CW. A strategy for promoting γ-glutamyltransferase activity and enzymatic synthesis of S-allyl-(L)-cysteine in aged garlic via high hydrostatic pressure pretreatments. Food Chem 2020; 316:126347. [PMID: 32045818 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
S-allyl-(L)-cysteine (SAC) is a bioactive compound within garlic. Its level is low since SAC formation is impeded by the cellular structure of garlic. This study investigates the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) pretreatment on SAC formation in garlic aged at 40 °C for 10 days. Results showed that HHP could enhance γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GTP) activity, damage the cellular structure of garlic and increase SAC content in aged garlic by about 7-10 times, depending on the processing parameters. HHP processing at 300 MPa for 15 min provided the optimal conditions for enhancing γ-GTP activity (45%) and promoting SAC formation (from 0.51 ± 0.01 to 5.60 ± 0.22 mg/g dry weight). It was also found that HHP could induce the greening and browning of aged garlic. As such, we consider that HHP technology is a promising technique to produce aged black garlic products with higher amounts of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung Taiwan.
| | - Yi-An Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Hsiu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Tsung Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Characterization of key aroma compounds in aged garlic extract. Food Chem 2020; 312:126081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen YT, Lee CH, Chen YA, Wu JT, Tsai MS, Cheng KC, Hsieh CW. Preparation of S-allyl cysteine-enriched garlic by two-step processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Choo S, Chin VK, Wong EH, Madhavan P, Tay ST, Yong PVC, Chong PP. Review: antimicrobial properties of allicin used alone or in combination with other medications. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:451-465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gruenwald J, Bongartz U, Bothe G, Uebelhack R. Effects of aged garlic extract on arterial elasticity in a placebo-controlled clinical trial using EndoPAT™ technology. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1490-1499. [PMID: 32010328 PMCID: PMC6966200 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the industrialized world, with the main risk factors being elevated blood pressure and blood lipid levels, leading to arterial stiffness and arteriosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on arterial elasticity, using the EndoPAT™ technology in subjects with slightly elevated blood pressure. This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial examined 57 subjects over a period of 12 weeks, with EndoPAT™ measurements taken at 0 and 12 weeks; in addition, changes in blood pressure were analyzed. The positive effect of AGE on blood pressure values previously reported was confirmed. The results revealed a significant decrease in blood pressure in the AGE group, and in particular diastolic blood pressure. Using the EndoPAT™ technology, the augmentation index (AI) was analyzed, which measures arterial stiffness calculated via pulse waveform analysis of the PAT signal; lower AI values reflect better arterial elasticity. The AGE group exhibited a significant improvement in arterial elasticity, measured as AI75, by 21.6%. The result of this well-controlled clinical trial confirmed the positive effect of AGE on blood pressure. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the effect of AGE on arterial elasticity could be proven using the EndoPAT™ methodology. These results not only demonstrate the positive effects of AGE on the relevant risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, but also the direct effect on arterial elasticity. These data clearly indicate that AGE may exert several positive direct effects on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Kodera Y, Kurita M, Nakamoto M, Matsutomo T. Chemistry of aged garlic: Diversity of constituents in aged garlic extract and their production mechanisms via the combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1574-1584. [PMID: 32010342 PMCID: PMC6966121 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Raw garlic contains characteristic compounds, such as S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides, γ-glutamyl-S-alk(en)-ylcysteines and polysaccharides. These compounds undergo various transformation processes during the aging process. Among these compounds, the change of sulfur-containing molecules is diverse and time-dependent. Previously, by means of the liquid chromatography (LC)/LC-mass spectrometry (MS) method, a number of unidentified peaks corresponding to candidates of sulfur-containing molecules were detected in the chromatogram of aged garlic extract (AGE), and identified using MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The production mechanisms of these compounds were then examined by model reactions and laboratory experiments mimicking the aging process. Three γ-glutamyl tripeptides [γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine, γ-glutamyl-γ-gluta-myl-S-allylcysteine (GGSAC), γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl-S-1-propenylcysteine], γ-glutamyl-S-allylmercaptocysteine (GSAMC) and cis-S-1-propenylcysteine (cis-S1PC) were isolated and identified. GGSAC was produced from GSAC through the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and two other tripeptides could be produced in similar reactions. GSAMC was produced by the reaction between γ-glutamyl dipeptides and allicin. Furthermore, GSAMC was a precursor compound of S-allyl-mercaptocysteine (SAMC), and thus it was produced from GSAMC by GGT. cis-S1PC was produced from trans-S1PC by the isomerization reaction. A number of other compounds were also identified, including Maillard reaction products; however, their production mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this review, we present the changes in characteristic constituents in raw garlic and garlic extract during the aging process and discuss their production mechanisms involving the various chemical and enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kodera
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurita
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamoto
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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Aydogan I, Yildirim E, Kurum A, Bolat D, Cinar M, Basalan M, Yigit A. The Effect of Dietary Garlic (Allium Sativum), Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) and Their Combination on Performance, Intestine Morphometry, Serum Biochemistry and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Kurum
- Kırıkkale University, Turkey
| | - D Bolat
- Kırıkkale University, Turkey
| | - M Cinar
- Kırıkkale University, Turkey
| | | | - A Yigit
- Kırıkkale University, Turkey
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Ohtani M, Nishimura T. Sulfur-containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and IL-6 secretion. Biomed Rep 2019; 12:99-108. [PMID: 32042418 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) contains various biologically active sulfur-containing amino acids, such as S-allylcysteine (SAC), S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). These amino acids have been demonstrated to lower hypertension, improve atherosclerosis and enhance immunity through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It was recently reported that the administration of AGE alleviated gingivitis in a clinical trial. In this study, to gain insight into this effect of AGE, the authors examined whether AGE and the three above-mentioned sulfur compounds influence the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in inducing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in Ca9-22 human gingival epithelial cells. It was found that S1PC reduced the level of ICAM-1 protein induced by TNF-α possibly through post-translational levels without affecting the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression. However, SAC and SAMC had no effect. It was also confirmed the inhibitory effect of an antimicrobial peptide [human-β defensin-3 (hβD3)] and found that the inhibitory effects of hbD3 and S1PC were synergistic. On the other hand, the TNF-α-induced IL-6 secretion was attenuated by SAC and SAMC in a dose-dependent manner, whereas S1PC was ineffective. In addition, SAC and SAMC, but not S1PC inhibited the phosphorylation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is involved in the expression of inflammatory molecules, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects of SAC and SAMC are mediated, at least partly, by NF-κB. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that the three sulfur amino acids in AGE function synergistically in alleviating inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohtani
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Nishimura
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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Tsuneyoshi T. BACH1 mediates the antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1500-1503. [PMID: 32010329 PMCID: PMC6966178 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical studies, aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction. The activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent gene expression is a proposed mechanism for maintaining vascular homeostasis. S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) and S-allylcysteine (SAC) are two predominant sulfur-containing amino acids present in AGE. However, it remains unclear as to whether the two sulfur amino acids activate Nrf2 in cells. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule and one of the activators of the Nrf2 pathway. In a previous study, we examined the effects of the two sulfur amino acids on NO signaling for modulating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. Neither S1PC nor SAC were found to affect the expression of Nrf2-regulated genes, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. However, S1PC was found to augment HMOX1 expression, induced by NO donors, such as NOR3. NOR3 was found to induce the nuclear accumulation of NRF2 protein and concomitantly enhance the degradation of BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1), a transcriptional repressor that competes with NRF2. Notably, on our previous study, S1PC enhanced the NOR3-induced downregulation of BACH1, but did not further enhance the NOR3-induced accumulation of NRF2. The findings of that study indicated that the S1PC-induced degradation of BACH1 may provide a basis for the antioxidant effects of AGE. Thus, in this review, we aimed to provide a current overview of the antioxidant effects of AGE and sulfur-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamitsu Tsuneyoshi
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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Miki S, Suzuki JI, Kunimura K, Morihara N. Mechanisms underlying the attenuation of chronic inflammatory diseases by aged garlic extract: Involvement of the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1462-1467. [PMID: 32010323 PMCID: PMC6966139 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase and an important regulator of energy metabolism. The decreased activity of AMPK induced by low-grade chronic inflammation has been implicated in several diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. However, the activation of AMPK by natural and synthetic products can ameliorate these diseases through the inhibition of inflammation. For example, aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to enhance the phosphorylation of Thr172 of the α-subunit of AMPK in several tissues of disease model animals. In addition, AGE has been reported to suppress the progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation in an animal model of atherosclerosis. Moreover, AGE has been found to decrease the level of plasma glycated albumin and to improve hyperglycemia in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. These inhibitory effects of AGE are induced by the suppression of the inflammatory response. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms through which AGE activates AMPK, as well as the mechanisms through which the activation of AMPK by AGE modulates the inflammatory response in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Miki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Kayo Kunimura
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.,Research and Development, Wakunaga of America Co., Ltd., Mission Viejo, CA 92691, USA
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Yoshimoto N, Saito K. S-Alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides in the genus Allium: proposed biosynthesis, chemical conversion, and bioactivities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4123-4137. [PMID: 31106832 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
S-Alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are sulfur-containing natural products characteristic of the genus Allium. Both the flavor and medicinal properties of Allium plants are attributed to a wide variety of sulfur-containing compounds that are generated from S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides. Previous radiotracer experiments proposed that S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are biosynthesized from glutathione. The recent identification of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases and a flavin-containing S-oxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (alliin) in garlic (Allium sativum) provided insights into the reaction order of deglutamylation and S-oxygenation together with the localization of the biosynthesis, although the rest of the enzymes in the pathway still await discovery. In intact plants, S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are stored in the cytosol of storage mesophyll cells. During tissue damage, the vacuolar enzyme alliinase contacts and hydrolyzes S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides to produce the corresponding sulfenic acids, which are further converted into various sulfur-containing bioactive compounds mainly via spontaneous reactions. The formed sulfur-containing compounds exhibit bioactivities related to pathogen defense, the prevention and alleviation of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and neuroprotection. This review summarizes the current understanding of the occurrence, biosynthesis, and alliinase-triggered chemical conversion of S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides in Allium plants as well as the impact of S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides and their derivatives on medicinal, food, and agricultural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB. Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Foods 2019. [PMID: 31284512 DOI: 10.3390/foods807024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice in the world. Garlic contains diverse bioactive compounds, such as allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine. Substantial studies have shown that garlic and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and renal protective properties. In this review, the main bioactive compounds and important biological functions of garlic are summarized, highlighting and discussing the relevant mechanisms of actions. Overall, garlic is an excellent natural source of bioactive sulfur-containing compounds and has promising applications in the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Yu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Vuyo Mavumengwana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB. Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Foods 2019; 8:E246. [PMID: 31284512 PMCID: PMC6678835 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice in the world. Garlic contains diverse bioactive compounds, such as allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine. Substantial studies have shown that garlic and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and renal protective properties. In this review, the main bioactive compounds and important biological functions of garlic are summarized, highlighting and discussing the relevant mechanisms of actions. Overall, garlic is an excellent natural source of bioactive sulfur-containing compounds and has promising applications in the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shi-Yu Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Vuyo Mavumengwana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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S-1-Propenylcysteine augments BACH1 degradation and heme oxygenase 1 expression in a nitric oxide-dependent manner in endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide 2019; 84:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Yamato O, Tsuneyoshi T, Ushijima M, Jikihara H, Yabuki A. Safety and efficacy of aged garlic extract in dogs: upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:373. [PMID: 30497454 PMCID: PMC6267818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants of Allium spp., including garlic (A. sativum) and onions (A. cepa), are known to be oxidatively toxic to canine erythrocytes resulting in Heinz body hemolytic anemia in dogs. In humans, these plants have been used as medicinal agents for multiple diseases since ancient times. Especially, fresh garlic extracted over a prolonged period produces less irritative and odorless aged garlic extract (AGE), containing unique and beneficial organosulfur compounds that can help prevent many kinds of diseases. In this study, the safety and efficacy of long-term oral administration of AGE is evaluated in dogs. The objectives are to confirm the safe dosage for long-term use and beneficial functions of AGE for dogs and to plan and design a canine health supplement or a preventive agent for multiple diseases based on the data of this study. Results Beagles were orally administered AGE (45 or 90 mg/kg body weight once a day) or an equivalent amount of water as control for 12 weeks. In AGE-treated groups, at 12 weeks post-administration at a dose of 90 mg/kg, there were no observable changes in the clinical signs, complete blood count, and serum biochemical parameters. Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes, the markers of oxidative damage in erythrocytes, did not appear in blood smear examination. In order to further evaluate the beneficial effects of AGE on health of dogs, the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene (NFE2L2) and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzyme genes (NQO1, GCLM, HMOX1, and SOD2) were determined in whole blood between pre- and post-AGE administration. The expression of NFE2L2 gene was significantly upregulated in the AGE-treated groups [45 (p < 0.05) and 90 mg/kg (p < 0.01), 8 weeks] as compared to in the control group. Among the Nrf2-regulated enzymes examined, the expressions of NQO1 [45 (p < 0.05) and 90 mg/kg (p < 0.01), 8 weeks] and GCLM [45 (p < 0.05) and 90 mg/kg (p < 0.01), 12 weeks] genes were significantly upregulated. Conclusion The long-term oral administration of AGE at a dose of 90 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks did not show any adverse effects in dogs. Furthermore, the administration of AGE upregulated the gene expressions of canine Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes. These results suggest that AGE might safely contribute to the health of dogs provided that the appropriate dosage is used. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1699-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Tadamitsu Tsuneyoshi
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Ushijima
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jikihara
- Research Administration Department, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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Fujii T, Matsutomo T, Kodera Y. Changes of S-Allylmercaptocysteine and γ-Glutamyl- S-allylmercaptocysteine Contents and Their Putative Production Mechanisms in Garlic Extract during the Aging Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10506-10512. [PMID: 30226990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl- S-allylmercaptocysteine (GSAMC), a putative precursor compound of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), was isolated and identified from aged garlic extract (AGE). We analyzed the change of their contents in AGE during the aging process, chronologically from 1 to 22 months. The formation of these compounds occurred mostly during the early stage of the aging period: the SAMC content reached a maximum at approximately 4 months, whereas the GSAMC content reached a maximum at 1 month and then decreased during the subsequent aging period. To assess the possible relationship between the change of the two compounds during the aging process, we set up the model reactions with the hypothesis that GSAMC is produced from γ-glutamyl- S-allylcysteine (GSAC)/γ-gultamyl- S-1-propenylcysteine (GS1PC) and that SAMC is produced from GSAMC by endogenous γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in garlic during the early stage of the aging process. We found that, in the model reactions, SAMC was produced from GSAMC by the garlic protein fraction having GGT activity and its production was suppressed by a GGT inhibitor. Furthermore, the production of GSAMC from allicin and GSAC/GS1PC was found in another model reaction. The reaction between allicin and GS1PC was faster than that between allicin and GSAC and, thus, may be involved in the production of GSAMC in the early stage of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Fujii
- Central Research Institute , Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Company, Limited , 1624 Shimokotachi , Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi , Hiroshima 739-1195 , Japan
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Central Research Institute , Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Company, Limited , 1624 Shimokotachi , Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi , Hiroshima 739-1195 , Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Central Research Institute , Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Company, Limited , 1624 Shimokotachi , Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi , Hiroshima 739-1195 , Japan
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Suzuki JI, Kodera Y, Miki S, Ushijima M, Takashima M, Matsutomo T, Morihara N. Anti-inflammatory action of cysteine derivative S-1-propenylcysteine by inducing MyD88 degradation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14148. [PMID: 30237533 PMCID: PMC6148218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of target proteins by small molecules utilizing the cellular proteolytic system is featured as a treatment strategy of several diseases. We found that S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) among several cysteine derivatives in aged garlic extract inhibited TLR-mediated IL-6 production by inducing the degradation of adaptor protein MyD88. We showed that S1PC directly denatured MyD88 and induced the formation of protein aggregates. Consequently, MyD88 was degraded by aggresome-autophagy pathway. On the other hand, S-allylcysteine, a structural analog of S1PC, failed to induce the degradation of MyD88 because of its inability to denature MyD88 although it also activated autophagy. Our findings suggest that S1PC induces MyD88 degradation through the denaturation of MyD88 and the activation of autophagy. Thus, S1PC may serve as the base to develop a therapeutic means for immune diseases associated with aberrant TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satomi Miki
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Ushijima
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takashima
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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Ohkubo S, Dalla Via L, Grancara S, Kanamori Y, García-Argáez AN, Canettieri G, Arcari P, Toninello A, Agostinelli E. The antioxidant, aged garlic extract, exerts cytotoxic effects on wild-type and multidrug-resistant human cancer cells by altering mitochondrial permeability. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1257-1268. [PMID: 29956777 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to possess therapeutic properties in cancer; however its mechanisms of action are unclear. In this study, we demonstrate by MTT assay that AGE exerts an anti-proliferative effect on a panel of both sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) human cancer cell lines and enhances the effects of hyperthermia (42˚C) on M14 melanoma cells. The evaluation of the mitochondrial activity in whole cancer cells treated with AGE, performed by cytofluorimetric analysis in the presence of the lipophilic cationic fluorochrome JC-1, revealed the occurrence of dose-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Membrane potential was measured by the TPP+ selective electrode. In order to shed light on its mechanisms of action, the effects of AGE on isolated rat liver mitochondria were also examined. In this regard, AGE induced a mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization of approximately 15 mV through a mechanism that was similar to that observed with the ionophores, nigericin or salinomycin, by activating an exchange between endogenous K+ with exogenous H+. The prolonged incubation of the mitochondria with AGE induced depolarization and matrix swelling, indicative of mitochondrial permeability transition induction that, however, occurs through a different mechanism from the well-known one. In particular, the transition pore opening induced by AGE was due to the rearrangement of the mitochondrial membranes following the increased activity of the K+/H+ exchanger. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that AGE exerts cytotoxic effects on cancer cells by altering mitochondrial permeability. In particular, AGE in the mitochondria activates K+/H+ exchanger, causes oxidative stress and induces mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ohkubo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Grancara
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Yuta Kanamori
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aída Nelly García-Argáez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine - Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Toninello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Martins N, Chirumbolo S, Goh BH, Smetanina K, Lysiuk R. Brief Challenges on Medicinal Plants: An Eye-Opening Look at Ageing-Related Disorders. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:539-558. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine; Mo i Rana Norway
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Karaj Iran
| | - Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia; Bragança Portugal
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population; Implementation and Clinical Outcomes; Health and Well-Being Cluster; Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Kateryna Smetanina
- Department of Management and Economy of Pharmacy; Postgraduate Faculty; Drug Technology and Pharmacoeconomics; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
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Nakamoto M, Fujii T, Matsutomo T, Kodera Y. Isolation and Identification of Three γ-Glutamyl Tripeptides and Their Putative Production Mechanism in Aged Garlic Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2891-2899. [PMID: 29498844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed aged garlic extract (AGE) to understand its complex sulfur chemistry using post-column high-performance liquid chromatography with an iodoplatinate reagent and liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We observed unidentified peaks of putative sulfur compounds. Three compounds were isolated and identified as γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl- S-methylcysteine, γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl- S-allylcysteine (GGSAC) and γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl- S-1-propenyl-cysteine (GGS1PC) by nuclear magnetic resonance and LC-MS analysis based on comparisons with chemically synthesized reference compounds. GGSAC and GGS1PC were novel compounds. Trace amounts of these compounds were detected in raw garlic, but the contents of these compounds increased during the aging process. Production of these compounds was inhibited using a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) inhibitor in the model reaction mixtures. These findings suggest that γ-glutamyl tripeptides in AGE are produced by GGT during the aging process.
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Gruhlke MCH, Slusarenko AJ. The Chemistry of Alliums. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010143. [PMID: 29324637 PMCID: PMC6016953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alan J Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Morihara N, Hino A, Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki JI. Aged garlic extract suppresses inflammation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28726277 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chronic inflammation plays a major role in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. To clarify the mode of action of aged garlic extract (AGE) to retard atherosclerosis, we investigated whether AGE suppresses the inflammation in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE-KO mice were fed standard diet with or without 3% AGE for 12 wk. AGE feeding inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic lesion by 27% and reduced the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2 ), a marker of platelet activation, in serum by 39 and 33%, respectively, compared to ApoE-KO mice without AGE treatment. AGE treatment also decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a major stimulus inducing CRP production, in the liver by 35%. AGE decreased the level of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) by 60% and almost doubled the level of phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) in the liver. CONCLUSION The anti-atherosclerotic effect of AGE involves the suppression of inflammation by reducing the serum level of CRP and TXB2 , and the protein level of TNF-α and IRAK4, and increasing AMPK activity in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Morihara
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hino
- Healthcare Research and Development Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata, Japan
| | - Satomi Miki
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takashima
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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