The Chemical Composition and Health-Promoting Benefits of Vegetable Oils-A Review

Molecular dynamics simulation revealing the interactions between toxic aldehydes and starch: A case study of malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in starch-based food during frying

Toxic compounds in fried food products attract increasing attention, but studies regarding the levels of common toxins, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), in fried starch-based food (FSBF) are scarce. Herein, we investigated the formation and distributions of these aldehydes in FSBF, and the frying oil and FSBF retained higher levels of low-molecular-weight aldehydes. The highest aldehyde concentrations were observed in French fries. Simulated frying experiments revealed that the distributions of the toxic aldehydes in FSBF were mainly determined by the amylose content. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that amylose interacted strongly with 4-HNE, but its interactions with MDA and 4-HHE were weaker. The migration of MDA, 4-HHE, and 4-HNE into FSBFs was primarily attributed to the interactions between the toxic aldehydes and amylose. This study should provide a novel basis for the control and elimination of toxic aldehydes in fried food.

Vegetable Oils for Material Applications - Available Biobased Compounds Seeking Their Utilities

Materials derived from natural sources are demanded for future applications due to the combination of factors such as sustainability increase and legislature requirements. The availability and efficient analysis of vegetable oils (triacylglycerides) open an enormous potential for incorporating these compounds into various products to ensure the ecological footprint decreases and to provide advantageous properties to the eventual products, such as flexibility, toughness, or exceptional hydrophobic character. The double bonds located in many vegetable oils are centers for chemical functionalization, such as epoxidization, hydroxylation, or many nucleophile substitutions using acids or anhydrides. Naturally occurring castor oil comprises a reactive vacant hydroxyl group, which can be modified via numerous chemical approaches. This comprehensive Review provides an overall insight toward multiple materials utilities for functionalized glycerides such as additive manufacturing (3D printing), polyurethane materials (including their chemical recycling), coatings, and adhesives. This work provides a complex list of investigated and studied applications throughout the available literature and describes the chemical principles for each selected application.

Adherence to the cMIND and AIDD diets and their associations with anxiety in older adults in China

Introduction

Anxiety is highly prevalent among older adults, and dietary interventions targeting nutrition may offer effective, practical strategies for preventing mental disorders. This study aimed to explore the association between the cMIND diet, anti-inflammatory dietary diversity (AIDD), and the risk of anxiety in older adults.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, while adherence to the cMIND diet and AIDD was evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between dietary patterns and anxiety risk, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported. Random forest analysis was used to identify key factors influencing anxiety, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of the results.

Results

A total of 13,815 participants aged 65 and older were included, with 1,550 (11.2%) identified with anxiety. Multivariable logistic models indicated that adherence to the cMIND diet or higher AIDD was associated with a 16-26% reduced risk of anxiety, with the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the cMIND diet ranging from 0.75 (0.64-0.87) to 0.75 (0.61-0.91), and for AIDD from 0.74 (0.62-0.88) to 0.84 (0.73-0.96). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of these findings. Depression and sleep quality were identified as the most important factors contributing to anxiety, while diet was one of the few modifiable factors.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence supporting the association between diet and anxiety in older adults, highlighting the potential of promoting healthy dietary patterns and targeted nutritional interventions as effective strategies for improving mental health in the aging population.

Enhancing Commercial Gourmet Oil Quality: The Role of Dried Cayenne Pepper Red (Capsicum annuum L.) as a Natural Additive

This study assessed the potential of dried Cayenne pepper (CP; Capsicum annuum L.) as a natural additive to rice bran oil (RBO), grape seed oil (GSO), and virgin olive oil (OO). Key analyses included peroxide and acid values, oxidative stability (Rancimat method), the composition of fatty acids (FAs) (GC-FID method), antioxidant activity (AA; DPPH method), and antimicrobial properties (disc diffusion method). Capsaicin and the dihydrocapsaicin contents in CP were quantified (HPLC-DAD method) as 1499.37 ± 3.64 and 1449.04 ± 5.14 mg/kg DW, respectively. Oleic acid (C18:1cis n9) dominated in OO (69.70%), OO-CP (69.73%), and RBO-CP (38.97%), while linoleic acid (C18:2cis n6) prevailed in RBO (41.34%), GSO (57.93%), and GSO-CP (58.03%). The addition of CP influenced the FA profile, particularly linoleic acid in OO and RBO, and all FAs in GSO. Peroxide and acid values increased significantly in RBO and GSO upon CP addition, but induction times remained unaffected. The strongest AA (77.00 ± 0.13%) was observed in OO-CP. Cayenne pepper significantly enhanced the antioxidant profiles of all oils compared to the counterparts. However, the antimicrobial activity was weak (≤5.0 mm inhibition zones) against tested microorganisms. These findings support CP as a functional additive for enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of gourmet oils, while highlighting the need for further optimization to improve stability and bioactivity.

Evaluating the effects of seed oils on lipid profile, inflammatory and oxidative markers, and glycemic control of diabetic and dyslipidemic patients: a systematic review of clinical studies

Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are significant health concerns that elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease and other metabolic disorders, necessitating effective management strategies. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of dietary fats, particularly seed oils, in influencing health outcomes in these conditions. This systematic review evaluates the impact of seed oils on lipid profiles, inflammatory and oxidative markers, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia. A comprehensive search across databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, identified studies focusing on the effects of seed oils. The studies include randomized controlled, parallel-design, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and open-label studies published in English. The quality of the studies was assessed through a detailed review process, and data were extracted to evaluate the effects of seed oils on key metabolic markers. The review included 11 studies demonstrating that seed oils derived from canola, flaxseed, and sesame seeds can positively influence lipid profiles and glycemic control while potentially modulating oxidative stress markers. The findings suggest that seed oils may benefit in managing diabetes and dyslipidemia, although the results are sometimes inconsistent. This review provides valuable insights for dietary recommendations and therapeutic strategies, highlighting the need for further research to clarify the role of seed oils in metabolic health.

Permeability-Enhancing and Protective Effect on Small Intestine of Punicic Acid in Different Forms and Their Nanoemulsions With Low Toxicity

Purpose

Most absorption enhancers boost the oral absorption of drugs via increasing intestinal permeability. However, they often damage intestinal mucosa and induce inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study is to synthesize a new absorption enhancer, punicic acid ethyl ester (PAEE), with excellent absorption-prompting effect and low toxicity.

Methods

The structure of PAEE was confirmed by NMR, MS, IR and UV. Setting oleic acid (OA) as the control, the three forms of punicic acid (PA), ie, free PA, PAEE, and pomegranate seed oil, in which PA exists in the form of triglyceride, were formulated into nanoemulsions (NE). The stability, physiochemical properties of the oils and NE were compared. The permeation-enhancing effect was estimated by phenol red intestinal transport experiments. The potential damage on small intestines was assessed by biochemical assay and pathological section.

Results

Though the three forms of PA had various strength in enhancing intestinal permeability, the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). Moreover, the effect was notably stronger than that of OA (p < 0.05) and was inversely related to the density and required HLB value of the oils. Compared to the corresponding oils, the NE exhibited much weaker effect in prompting intestinal permeability. Oral administration of OA and OA NE for 10 d impaired intestinal mucosa and villi along with strong inflammatory reactions in the small intestines. In contrast, the oils from PA series and their NE did not induce obvious intestinal inflammation. PAEE and its NE hindered the release of cytokines and increased the ratio of intestinal villus length to crypt depth.

Conclusion

PAEE is a promising absorption enhancer with a strong permeability-prompting effect and mucosa-protecting capacity against intestinal inflammation. It provides a practical strategy to enhance the bioavailability of the drugs with poor biological membrane penetration.

Palm oil as part of a high-fat diet: advances and challenges, or possible risks of pathology?

Nutritional status disorders have the most significant impact on the development of cardiovascular and oncologic diseases; therefore, the interest in the study of palm oil as among the leading components of nutrition has been increasing. The data examined in this review were sourced from the Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed and PubMed Central, MEDLINE, CAPlus/SciFinder, and Embase databases; experts in the field; bibliographies; and abstracts from review analyses from the past 15 years. This review summarizes recent research data focusing on the quantitative and qualitative composition of nutrition of modern humans; concepts of the relationship between high-fat diets and disorders of insulin functioning and transport and metabolism of fatty acids; analyses of data regarding the palmitic acid (16:0) to oleic acid (18:1) ratio; and the effect of diet based on palm oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors and lipid and lipoprotein levels. Several studies suggest a potential vector contributing to the transmission of maternal, high-fat-diet-induced, addictive-like behaviors and obesogenic phenotypes across generations. The relationship between cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes that may lead to lysosome dysfunction and inhibition of the autophagy process is analyzed, as is the progression of inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic liver inflammation, and obesity with associated complications. Data are discussed from analyses of differences between rodent models and human population studies in the investigated different effects of palm oil consumption as a high-fat diet component. A conclusion is reached that the results cannot be generalized in human population studies because no similar effects were observed. Although there are numerous published reports, more studies are necessary to elucidate the complex regulatory mechanisms in digestive and nutrition processes, because there are great differences in lipoprotein profiles between rodents and humans, which makes it difficult to reproduce the pathology of many diseases caused by different types of the high-fat diet.

Nondestructive and robust detection of different kinds of vegetable oils adulterated with used frying oil by multi-optical properties

Developing a rapid and non-invasive detection tool for frying oil adulteration in pure vegetable oils holds the considerable significance. In this study, a self-developed optical system which combined double integrating spheres (DIS) and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques was applied to obtain the optical properties of adulterated oils, which involved four categories: peanut, corn, rapeseed, and soybean oils, with each category from two distinct brands. The captured multi-optical properties included absorption coefficient (μa), reduced scattering coefficient (μ's) and fluorescence intensity (F). The relationships between optical properties and the primary chemical attributes in oils were explored. And a "two-step" modelling method was proposed for estimating the adulteration ratios of frying oil, which involved initial clustering for eight groups of vegetable oils by principal component analysis (PCA). Subsequently, six quantitative prediction models were developed using multiple linear regressions (MLR) based on clustering outcomes. Furthermore, least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) models were calibrated based on F at 475 nm and fluorescence correction parameters (μa at 375 and 475 nm), to predict the peroxide values (PV) and acid values (AV) of oils. The results demonstrated evident distinctions in the F and μa spectra among the four types of vegetable oils. Complex matrix interference and fluctuating absorption capacities precluded the detection of a consistent pattern between chemical composition and spectral data. The proposed "two-step" modelling method showed good predictive performance for adulteration ratio, with determination coefficient for prediction set (r2p) of 0.851, root mean square errors for prediction set (RMSEP) of 5.204 %, and relative percent difference (RPD) of 2.540. LSSVR models exhibited excellent predictive performance for PV (r2p = 0.925, RMSEP = 0.200, RPD = 3.490) and AV (r2p = 0.996, RMSEP = 0.011, RPD = 16.740). The overall results of this study indicated the feasibility of utilising multi-optical properties for the rapid, non-invasive and accurate detection of adulteration of frying oils.

Securing food authenticity by translating triacylglycerol profiles of edible oils into a versatile identification method for pumpkin seed oil adulteration

Edible plant oils provide a crucial source of lipids for human nutrition. Owing to the complex processing of some high-quality variants, including Styrian pumpkin seed oil, edible plant oils have become susceptible to food fraud by adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils, compromising both authenticity and quality. To address this issue, a workflow was developed utilizing QTOF-MS/MS to search for triacylglycerol markers indicative of adulteration and subsequently adapted them for routine analysis using triple quadrupole MS/MS. By developing a transparent classification system utilizing a multi-feature triacylglycerol panel, reliable detection of adulteration down to 3 % (w/w) is possible. Calculating ratios of selected markers and establishing intervals derived from pure oils further enables easy scalability to adjust marker ratios and ensure robustness against permanent or seasonal changes. Our work aims to make advances towards a rapid and accurate detection of oil adulteration in food industry, crucial for maintaining customer trust and safety.

Transcriptional engineering for value enhancement of oilseed crops: a forward perspective

Plant-derived oils provide 20%-35% of dietary calories and are a primary source of essential omega-6 (linoleic) and omega-3 (α-linolenic) fatty acids. While traditional breeding has significantly increased yields in key oilseed crops like soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, and cottonseed, overall gains have plateaued over the past few decades. Oilseed crops also experience substantial yield losses in both prime and marginal agricultural areas due to biotic and abiotic stresses and shifting agro-climates. Recent genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomics research has expanded our understanding of the genetic and physiological control of fatty acid biosynthesis and composition. Many oilseed species have inherent stress-combating mechanisms, including transcription factor regulation. Advances in genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 offer precise genetic modifications, targeting transcription factors and binding sites to enhance desirable traits, such as the nutritional profile and chemical composition of fatty acids. This review explores the application of genome editing in oilseed improvement, covering recent progress, challenges, and future potential to boost yield and oil content. These advancements could play a transformative role in developing resilient, nutritious crop varieties essential for sustainable food security in a changing climate.

β-carotene and resveratrol loaded glycerol monostearate-based oleogels: Physicochemical characterization at low gelation concentrations

Oleogels are semi-solid systems that can function both as replacers of trans and saturated fats and/or as carriers of lipophilic bioactive compounds. However, bioactive compounds can affect the structure of the oleogel matrix and this effect depends on the properties of such compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop oleogels loaded with β-carotene (BC) or resveratrol (R), with low concentrations of glycerol monostearate (GMS, 2-5 wt%) and sunflower oil as organic solvent. The gels were characterized by polarized light microscopy, rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, oil binding capacity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At higher GMS concentrations, stronger oleogels and higher temperatures associated with transitions (sol-gel/gel-sol and crystallization/melting) were observed. The incorporation of bioactive compounds modified the gelation behavior. BC weakened the oleogel structure during the transient molecular organization of GMS, whereas R increased the dynamic moduli. BC also caused slight oil release at lower concentrations, while R improved retention. The high hydrophobicity of BC may be disturbing the solubility balance of the system, while R has phenolic hydroxyl groups that may strengthen hydrogen bonds. However, there were no considerable changes in mechanical properties after storage. We hypothesize that the molecular organization of GMS over time may be masking the modifications that bioactive compounds cause in mechanical properties. In fact, changes in the structure were revealed, as the addition of BC or R changed the morphology of the three-dimensional network crystals. Thus, the results can contribute to the rational choice of system components using low concentrations of oleogelator, as the composition of the bioactive compound exerts influence on the modulation of lipid matrices.

Omega 3 Blends of Sunflower and Flaxseed Oil-Modeling Chemical Quality and Sensory Acceptability

Oil blending is increasingly utilized to improve and model the characteristics of enriched oils. This study aims to investigate the effect of blending refined sunflower oil (rich in essential omega 6 fatty acids) with cold-pressed flaxseed oil (a source of essential omega 3 fatty acids) on the fatty acid composition, quality, color, and sensory characteristics of the resulting oils. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the optimal fatty acid composition was achieved in the sample with 20% sunflower oil and 80% flaxseed oil (20S/80F). However, developing a new product is highly complex due to the importance of oil quality and sensory characteristics. Therefore, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was applied to optimize the proportions of flaxseed and sunflower oil to create an oil blend with improved nutritional, oxidative, and sensory characteristics compared to the individual oils. The ANN analysis determined the optimal composition of the oil blend to be 51.5% refined sunflower oil and 48.5% cold-pressed flaxseed oil. Sensory characteristics pose a particular challenge in optimization, as flaxseed oil, which increases essential omega 3 fatty acids, has a specific taste that is not widely favored by consumers. Nonetheless, by blending with refined sunflower oil, the resulting optimal blend (51.5% refined sunflower oil and 48.5% cold-pressed flaxseed oil) possesses pleasant sensory characteristics.

Contributions of Fat and Fatty Acids Intake to the Latin American Diet: Results of ELANS Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Fats, although essential for the proper functioning of the body, have been linked to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of total fat and its components (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fats) in men and women aged 15 to 65 years of the urban population in eight Latin American countries.

METHODS

Survey data were collected from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS, by its acronym in Spanish), an epidemiological study, including 9218 subjects from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

RESULTS

In general, 76.2% of the subjects consumed fat within normal ranges (20-35% of the total caloric value (TCV)). When analyzing its components, a majority of the subjects consumed saturated and polyunsaturated fats within the recommended ranges. However, 94.5% of the population does not comply with the recommended maximum intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (10-20%), and only 57.5% comply with the intake recommendation for trans fatty acids (TRANS) (0-2%). Likewise, on average, women had a significantly higher intake of all types of fat compared to men. Finally, the average fat intake by age indicates that regardless of the age range, the consumption of all fats except MUFA and TRANS are within the recommended ranges, with MUFA being slightly below and TRANS above.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though the fat intake of the population falls within the recommended range, it is necessary to improve the quality by favoring the consumption of MUFA-rich foods regionally accepted, such as avocados, and reducing the consumption of TRANS.

The Potential of Natural Compounds in UV Protection Products

Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation mainly leads to skin disorders (erythema, burns, immunosuppression), skin aging, and skin cancer as the most serious side effect. It has been widely accepted that using sunscreen products is an important way to protect against the harmful effects of UV rays. Although commercial sunscreens have constantly changed and improved over time, there are emerging concerns about the safety of conventional, organic, UV filters due to adverse effects on humans (such as photoallergic dermatitis, contact sensitivity, endocrine-disrupting effects, etc.) as well as accumulation in the environment and aquatic organisms. This is why natural compounds are increasingly being investigated and used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical sunscreens. Some of these compounds are widely available, non-toxic, safer for use, and have considerable UV protective properties and less side effects. Plant-based compounds such as flavonoids can absorb UVA and UVB rays and possess antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to photoprotection. Apart from flavonoids, other natural products such as certain vegetable oils, carotenoids, stilbenes, and ferulic acid also have UV-absorbing properties. Some vitamins might also be beneficial for skin protection due to their antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to gain insight into the potential of natural compounds to replace or reduce the amount of conventional UV filters, based on recent research.

Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

Importance

The impact of dietary fat intake on long-term human health has attracted substantial research interest, and the health effects of diverse dietary fats depend on available food sources. Yet there is a paucity of data elucidating the links between dietary fats from specific food sources and health.

Objective

To study associations of dietary plant and animal fat intake with overall mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This large prospective cohort study took place in the US from 1995 to 2019. The analysis of men and women was conducted in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Data were analyzed from February 2021 to May 2024.

Exposures

Specific food sources of dietary fats and other dietary information were collected at baseline, using a validated food frequency questionnaire.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 24-year adjusted absolute risk differences (ARDs) were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

The analysis included 407 531 men and women (231 881 [56.9%] male; the mean [SD] age of the cohort was 61.2 [5.4] years). During 8 107 711 person-years of follow-up, 185 111 deaths were ascertained, including 58 526 CVD deaths. After multivariable adjustment (including adjustment for the relevant food sources), a greater intake of plant fat (HRs, 0.91 and 0.86; adjusted ARDs, -1.10% and -0.73%; P for trend < .001), particularly fat from grains (HRs, 0.92 and 0.86; adjusted ARDs, -0.98% and -0.71%; P for trend < .001) and vegetable oils (HRs, 0.88 and 0.85; adjusted ARDs, -1.40% and -0.71%; P for trend < .001), was associated with a lower risk for overall and CVD mortality, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintile. In contrast, a higher intake of total animal fat (HRs, 1.16 and 1.14; adjusted ARDs, 0.78% and 0.32%; P for trend < .001), dairy fat (HRs, 1.09 and 1.07; adjusted ARDs, 0.86% and 0.24%; P for trend < .001), or egg fat (HRs, 1.13 and 1.16; adjusted ARDs, 1.40% and 0.82%; P for trend < .001) was associated with an increased risk for mortality for overall and CVD mortality, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintile. Replacement of 5% energy from animal fat with 5% energy from plant fat, particularly fat from grains or vegetable oils, was associated with a lower risk for mortality: 4% to 24% reduction in overall mortality, and 5% to 30% reduction in CVD mortality.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings from this prospective cohort study demonstrated consistent but small inverse associations between a higher intake of plant fat, particularly fat from grains and vegetable oils, and a lower risk for both overall and CVD mortality. A diet with a high intake of animal-based fat, including fat from dairy foods and eggs, was also shown to be associated with an elevated risk for both overall and CVD mortality.

Impact of Rice Bran Oil Emulsified Formulation on Digestion and Glycemic Response to Japonica Rice: An In Vitro Test and a Clinical Trial in Adult Men

To assess the effect of rice bran oil emulsified formulation (EMF) on cooked rice, a single-arm open clinical trial and in vitro testing for digestion and glycemic response were performed. Fifteen Japanese men consumed 200 g of packed rice, cooked with or without EMF. Blood samples were collected 0, 30, 60, and 120 min post-consumption and analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and sensory evaluation were also performed. A two-step in vitro digestion test, simulating gastric and small intestinal digestion was conducted. EMF-added rice group showed higher insulin response levels at 60 min than the placebo group. Stratification of participants with HbA1c ≥ 5.6 or an insulinogenic index ≤ 0.4 revealed a significant reduction in Cmax glucose levels. A significant correlation was observed between venous and CGM blood glucose levels and no significant sensory differences were observed. The in vitro test revealed significantly lower C∞, equilibrium starch concentrations, with EMF. Clinical trial suggests that EMF may stimulate insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose levels in participants with lower insulin responses. In vitro tests suggest that EMF inhibits glycemic digestion. This trial was registered at the UMIN Center (UMIN000053495; registered 31 January 2024).

Anticancer Effects of Secoiridoids-A Scoping Review of the Molecular Mechanisms behind the Chemopreventive Effects of the Olive Tree Components Oleocanthal, Oleacein, and Oleuropein

The olive tree (Olea europaea) and olive oil hold significant cultural and historical importance in Europe. The health benefits associated with olive oil consumption have been well documented. This paper explores the mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of olive oil and olive leaf, focusing on their key bioactive compounds, namely oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. The chemopreventive potential of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein is comprehensively examined through this systematic review. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify eligible articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases published up to 10 October 2023. Among 4037 identified articles, there were 88 eligible articles describing mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. These compounds have the ability to inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis), inhibit angiogenesis, suppress tumor metastasis, and modulate cancer-associated signalling pathways. Additionally, oleocanthal and oleuropein were also reported to disrupt redox hemostasis. This review provides insights into the chemopreventive mechanisms of O. europaea-derived secoiridoids, shedding light on their role in chemoprevention. The bioactivities summarized in the paper support the epidemiological evidence demonstrating a negative correlation between olive oil consumption and cancer risk. Furthermore, the mapped and summarized secondary signalling pathways may provide information to elucidate new synergies with other chemopreventive agents to complement chemotherapies and develop novel nutrition-based anti-cancer approaches.

Olive Mill Wastewater Extract: In Vitro Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity Assessment on HepaRG Cells

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), with its high level of phenolic compounds, simultaneously represents a serious environmental challenge and a great resource with potential nutraceutical activities. To increase the knowledge of OMWW's biological effects, with an aim to developing a food supplement, we performed a chemical characterisation of the extract using the Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-flight spectrometry (LC-QTOF) and an in vitro genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity assessment on HepaRG ™ cells. Chemical analysis revealed that the most abundant phenolic compound was hydroxytyrosol. Biological tests showed that the extract was not cytotoxic at the lowest tested concentrations (from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/mL), unlike the highest concentrations (from 5 to 20 mg/mL). Regarding genotoxic activity, when tested at non-cytotoxic concentrations, the extract did not display any effect. Additionally, the lowest tested OMWW concentrations showed antigenotoxic activity (J-shaped dose-response effect) against a known mutagenic substance, reducing the extent of DNA damage in the co-exposure treatment. The antigenotoxic effect was also obtained in the post-exposure procedure, although only at the extract concentrations of 0.015625 and 0.03125 mg/mL. This behaviour was not confirmed in the pre-exposure protocol. In conclusion, the present study established a maximum non-toxic OMWW extract dose for the HepaRG cell model, smoothing the path for future research.

Research on the Mechanism and Material Basis of Corn (Zea mays L.) Waste Regulating Dyslipidemia

Corn (Zea mays L.) is an essential gramineous food crop. Traditionally, corn wastes have primarily been used in feed, harmless processing, and industrial applications. Except for corn silk, these wastes have had limited medicinal uses. However, in recent years, scholars have increasingly studied the medicinal value of corn wastes, including corn silk, bracts, husks, stalks, leaves, and cobs. Hyperlipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid and/or lipoprotein levels in the blood, is the most common form of dyslipidemia today. It is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and can lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases if severe. According to the authors' literature survey, corn wastes play a promising role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. This article reviews the mechanisms and material basis of six different corn wastes in regulating dyslipidemia, aiming to provide a foundation for the research and development of these substances.

Multiresponsive luminescent metal-organic framework for cooking oil adulteration detection and gallium(III) sensing

A new 3D metal-organic framework {[Cd16(tr2btd)10(dcdps)16(H2O)3(EtOH)]∙15DMF}n (MOF 1, tr2btd = 4,7-di(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole, H2dcdps = 4,4'-sulfonyldibenzoic acid) was obtained and its luminescent properties were studied. MOF 1 exhibited bright blue-green luminescence with a high quantum yield of 74 % and luminescence quenching response to a toxic natural polyphenol gossypol and luminescence enhancement response to some trivalent metal cations (Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+ and Ga3+). The limit of gossypol detection was 0.20 µM and the determination was not interfered by the components of the cottonseed oil. The limit of detection of gallium(III) was 1.1 µM. It was demonstrated that MOF 1 may be used for distinguishing between the genuine sunflower oil and oil adulterated by crude cottonseed oil through qualitative luminescent and quantitative visual gossypol determination.

Characterizing Edible Oils by Oblique-Incidence Reflectivity Difference Combined with Machine Learning Algorithms

Due to the significant price differences among different types of edible oils, expensive oils like olive oil are often blended with cheaper edible oils. This practice of adulteration in edible oils, aimed at increasing profits for producers, poses a major concern for consumers. Furthermore, adulteration in edible oils can lead to various health issues impacting consumer well-being. In order to meet the requirements of fast, non-destructive, universal, accurate, and reliable quality testing for edible oil, the oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OIRD) method combined with machine learning algorithms was introduced to detect a variety of edible oils. The prediction accuracy of Gradient Boosting, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Random Forest models all exceeded 95%. Moreover, the contribution rates of the OIRD signal, DC signal, and fundamental frequency signal to the classification results were 45.7%, 34.1%, and 20.2%, respectively. In a quality evaluation experiment on olive oil, the feature importance scores of three signals reached 63.4%, 18.9%, and 17.6%. The results suggested that the feature importance score of the OIRD signal was significantly higher than that of the DC and fundamental frequency signals. The experimental results indicate that the OIRD method can serve as a powerful tool for detecting edible oils.

Ailanthus altissima Seed Oil-A Valuable Source of Lipid-Soluble Components with DNA Protective and Antiproliferative Activities

The present study is focused on the chemical and lipid composition of seed oil of the European ornamental and invasive wood plant Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). Total lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ash, and moisture in the seeds were determined. A high yield of glyceride oil (30.7%) was found, as well as a high content of fibers (29.6%) and proteins (18.7%). Physicochemical properties of the oil define it as semi-dry (129.4 g I2/100 g Iodine value) with oxidative stability, refractive index, saponification value, and relative density similar to widely used oils with nutritional value and health benefits. The composition of the seed oil was determined chromatographically. Unsaturated fatty acids (95.3%) predominated in the seed oil, of which linoleic acid (48.6%) and oleic acid (44.8%) were the major ones. The main lipid-soluble bioactive components were β-sitosterol (72.6%), γ-tocopherol (74.6%), phosphatidylinositol (29.5%), and phosphatidic acids (25.7%). The proven in vitro DNA-protective ability of seed oil is reported for the first time. The seed oil exhibited a weak antiproliferative effect on HT-29 and PC3 tumor cell lines and showed no cytotoxicity on the BALB/c 3T3 cell line. In brief, the present study reveals that A. altissima seed oil can be used as a healthy food.

Effects of Dietary Brown Rice and Sake Lees on the Growth Performance and Color of Meat in Broiler Chicks

In this study, we examined whether brown rice and sake lees (domestic feed ingredients) could replace corn and soybean meal (major imported feed ingredients) in broiler chick feed. In Experiment 1, 21-day-old broiler chicks were assigned to two groups and fed a corn-soybean- or a brown rice-soybean-based diet for three weeks (3 birds × 4 replicates/group). Dietary brown rice significantly improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Brown rice feeding also significantly increased L* (lightness) in the thigh and significantly decreased a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) in the thigh and b* in the fat. In Experiment 2, 21-day-old broiler chicks were assigned to three groups and fed either a corn-soybean-based diet for 3 weeks, a corn-soybean-based diet for the first 2 weeks followed by a brown rice sake lees-based diet for the last week, or a brown rice sake lees-based diet for 3 weeks (3 birds × 4 replicates/group). Replacement of the imported feed ingredients significantly improved the feed conversion ratio. The a* values for the breast, thigh, and fat, and the b* values for the thigh and fat were significantly decreased by rice and sake lees feeding for 3 weeks. The a* values for the breasts and fat were significantly decreased by rice and sake lees feeding for 1 week. These results suggest that brown rice and sake lees can be used as replacements for imported feed ingredients such as corn and soybean meal in broiler chicks without detrimental effects on growth performance. These domestic feed ingredients may benefit local production and consumption of poultry in Japan.

Amaranthus cruentus L. Seed Oil Counteracts UVA-Radiation-Induced Inhibition of Collagen Biosynthesis and Wound Healing in Human Skin Fibroblasts

The effect of Amaranthus cruentus L. seed oil (AmO) on collagen biosynthesis and wound healing was studied in cultured human dermal fibroblasts exposed to UVA radiation. It was found that UVA radiation inhibited collagen biosynthesis, prolidase activity, and expression of the β1-integrin receptor, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and TGF-β, while increasing the expression of p38 kinase. The AmO at 0.05-0.15% counteracted the above effects induced by UVA radiation in fibroblasts. UVA radiation also induced the expression and nuclear translocation of the pro-inflammatory NF-κB factor and enhanced the COX-2 expression. AmO effectively suppressed the expression of these pro-inflammatory factors induced by UVA radiation. Expressions of β1 integrin and IGF-I receptors were decreased in the fibroblasts exposed to UVA radiation, while AmO counteracted the effects. Furthermore, AmO stimulated the fibroblast's migration in a wound healing model, thus facilitating the repair process following exposure of fibroblasts to UVA radiation. These data suggest the potential of AmO to counteract UVA-induced skin damage.

Jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) pulp positively affects plasma and hepatic lipids and increases short-chain fatty acid production in hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemic diet

This study aimed to assess the impact of jatobá pulp, in its fresh (FJ) and extruded (EJ) forms, on lipid metabolism and intestinal fermentation parameters in hamsters. In a 21-day experiment, we determined the parameters of the animal lipid metabolism and colonic production of short chain fatty acids in four different groups. Control (C), fresh pulp (FJ) and extruded pulp (EJ) were fed using hypercholesterolemic diets, and the reference (R) was fed using AIN93 meal. R and C diets contained cellulose, FJ and EJ were added by jatobá pulp as a fiber source. The results showed that FJ and EJ exhibited lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, non-HDL-c serum levels, liver lipids, and liver weight compared to C. The EJ had higher bile acid excretion in stool than the C. EJ and FJ exhibited lower excreted fiber compared to R and C, implying greater fermentation. Furthermore, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the cecum of FJ and EJ animals exceeded that of the C. Acetic and propionic acids were more abundant in the FJ and EJ diets, with FJ producing more butyric acid than the other groups.In conclusion, jatobá pulp maintained at normal levels of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL-associated cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and serum triglycerides, while also reducing the accumulation of hepatic lipids. Jatobá also promoted SCFA formation and fermentation, making it a valuable ingredient for preventing chronic diseases.