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Lamberth C. Oxime chemistry in crop protection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38804722 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
An overview is given on the significance of the oxime moiety in crop protection chemistry. This review focuses on the two most important aspects of agrochemical oximes, which are the occurrence and role of oxime groups in compounds with herbicidal, fungicidal and insecticidal activity, as well as the application of oxime derivatives as intermediates in the synthesis of crop protection agents not bearing any oxime function. Especially noteworthy is the fact, that in the synthesis of agrochemicals, oximes can be cyclized to isooxazoline, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxazine, pyrrole, isothiazole and imidazole rings. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Research Chemistry, Stein, Switzerland
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2
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Bozali K, Koc S, Beyaztas H, Ozdemir M, Ozkan BN, Dumlu FS, Yalcin B, Guler EM. Thymoquinone oxime synthesis and its effects on melanoma cells: cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic evaluation. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38742473 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2353913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Strong evidence supports the anticancer properties of natural plant product isolates. The cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic properties of an oxime derivative of thymoquinone (TQ) in melanoma cancer cells were investigated. The structure of TQ-Oxime was elucidated through nuclear magnetic resonance, and its effect on B16F10 and L929 cell lines was assessed using a luminometric adenosine triphosphate assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) were quantified via fluorometry, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed using flow cytometry, glutathione (GSH) levels were measured using a luminometric GSH/oxidized glutathione assay, DNA damage via comet assay, and apoptosis was detected using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Concentrations (0.5-20 μM) of TQ-Oxime significantly increased cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, and iROS, in a concentration-dependent manner compared (p < 0.001). In addition, MMP and GSH levels decreased significantly with increasing concentrations compared with the control (p < 0.001). Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the therapeutic potential of TQ and its derivatives in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Bozali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sumeyye Koc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hakan Beyaztas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mucahit Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beyza Nur Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Sena Dumlu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bahattin Yalcin
- Department of Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Istanbul, Türkiye
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3
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Hrabinova M, Pejchal J, Hepnarova V, Muckova L, Junova L, Opravil J, Zdarova Karasova J, Rozsypal T, Dlabkova A, Rehulkova H, Kucera T, Vecera Z, Caisberger F, Schmidt M, Soukup O, Jun D. A-series agent A-234: initial in vitro and in vivo characterization. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1135-1149. [PMID: 38446233 PMCID: PMC10944400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A-series agent A-234 belongs to a new generation of nerve agents. The poisoning of a former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter in Salisbury, England, in March 2018 led to the inclusion of A-234 and other A-series agents into the Chemical Weapons Convention. Even though five years have already passed, there is still very little information on its chemical properties, biological activities, and treatment options with established antidotes. In this article, we first assessed A-234 stability in neutral pH for subsequent experiments. Then, we determined its inhibitory potential towards human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (HssBChE; EC 3.1.1.8), the ability of HI-6, obidoxime, pralidoxime, methoxime, and trimedoxime to reactivate inhibited cholinesterases (ChEs), its toxicity in rats and therapeutic effects of different antidotal approaches. Finally, we utilized molecular dynamics to explain our findings. The results of spontaneous A-234 hydrolysis showed a slow process with a reaction rate displaying a triphasic course during the first 72 h (the residual concentration 86.2%). A-234 was found to be a potent inhibitor of both human ChEs (HssAChE IC50 = 0.101 ± 0.003 µM and HssBChE IC50 = 0.036 ± 0.002 µM), whereas the five marketed oximes have negligible reactivation ability toward A-234-inhibited HssAChE and HssBChE. The acute toxicity of A-234 is comparable to that of VX and in the context of therapy, atropine and diazepam effectively mitigate A-234 lethality. Even though oxime administration may induce minor improvements, selected oximes (HI-6 and methoxime) do not reactivate ChEs in vivo. Molecular dynamics implies that all marketed oximes are weak nucleophiles, which may explain the failure to reactivate the A-234 phosphorus-serine oxygen bond characterized by low partial charge, in particular, HI-6 and trimedoxime oxime oxygen may not be able to effectively approach the A-234 phosphorus, while pralidoxime displayed low interaction energy. This study is the first to provide essential experimental preclinical data on the A-234 compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hrabinova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubica Muckova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Opravil
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Rozsypal
- University of Defence, Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defence Institute, Vita Nejedleho 1, 68203, Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Rehulkova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Military Medical Service Organization and Management, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Vecera
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Caisberger
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Department of Neurology, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hradec Kralove, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Hashidoko A, Kitanosono T, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi S. Water vs. Organic Solvents: Water-Controlled Divergent Reactivity of 2-Substituted Indoles. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301045. [PMID: 38217396 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Water is not a good solvent for most organic compounds, yet water can offer many benefits to some organic reactions, hence enriching organic chemistry. Herein, the unique divergent reactivity of 2-substituted indoles with ⋅NO sources is presented. The amount of water solvent was harnessed for a scalable, benign, and expedient synthesis of indolenine oximes, albeit with water's inability to dissolve the reactants. 2-Methoxyethyl nitrite, which has been tailored for reactions in water, empowered this protocol by enhancing the product selectivity. We further report on chemoselective transformations of the products that rely on their structural features. Our findings are expected to offer access to an underexplored chemical space. The platform is also applicable to oximinomalonate synthesis. Mechanistic studies revealed the important role of water in the reversal of stability between oxime and nitroso compounds, promoting the proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airu Hashidoko
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Coandă M, Limban C, Nuță DC. Small Schiff Base Molecules-A Possible Strategy to Combat Biofilm-Related Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:75. [PMID: 38247634 PMCID: PMC10812491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms participating in the development of biofilms exhibit heightened resistance to antibiotic treatment, therefore infections involving biofilms have become a problem in recent years as they are more difficult to treat. Consequently, research efforts are directed towards identifying novel molecules that not only possess antimicrobial properties but also demonstrate efficacy against biofilms. While numerous investigations have focused on antimicrobial capabilities of Schiff bases, their potential as antibiofilm agents remains largely unexplored. Thus, the objective of this article is to present a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific literature pertaining to small molecules categorized as Schiff bases with antibiofilm properties. The survey involved querying four databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Reaxys). Relevant articles published in the last 10 years were selected and categorized based on the molecular structure into two groups: classical Schiff bases and oximes and hydrazones. Despite the majority of studies indicating a moderate antibiofilm potential of Schiff bases, certain compounds exhibited a noteworthy effect, underscoring the significance of considering this type of molecular modeling when seeking to develop new molecules with antibiofilm effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (D.C.N.)
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Pirollo KF, Moghe M, Guan M, Rait AS, Wang A, Kim SS, Chang EH, Harford JB. A Pralidoxime Nanocomplex Formulation Targeting Transferrin Receptors for Reactivation of Brain Acetylcholinesterase After Exposure of Mice to an Anticholinesterase Organophosphate. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:307-326. [PMID: 38229703 PMCID: PMC10790653 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s443498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Organophosphates are among the deadliest of known chemicals based on their ability to inactivate acetylcholinesterase in neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The consequent accumulation of acetylcholine can produce severe acute toxicities and death. Oxime antidotes act by reactivating acetylcholinesterase with the only such reactivator approved for use in the United States being 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (a.k.a., pralidoxime or 2-PAM). However, this compound does not cross the blood-brain barrier readily and so is limited in its ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in the brain. Methods We have developed a novel formulation of 2-PAM by encapsulating it within a nanocomplex designed to cross the blood-brain barrier via transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis. This nanocomplex (termed scL-2PAM) has been subjected to head-to-head comparisons with unencapsulated 2-PAM in mice exposed to paraoxon, an organophosphate with anticholinesterase activity. Results and Discussion In mice exposed to a sublethal dose of paraoxon, scL-2PAM reduced the extent and duration of cholinergic symptoms more effectively than did unencapsulated 2-PAM. The scL-2PAM formulation was also more effective than unencapsulated 2-PAM in rescuing mice from death after exposure to otherwise-lethal levels of paraoxon. Improved survival rates in paraoxon-exposed mice were accompanied by a higher degree of reactivation of brain acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion Our data indicate that scL-2PAM is superior to the currently used form of 2-PAM in terms of both mitigating paraoxon toxicity in mice and reactivating acetylcholinesterase in their brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Miaoyin Guan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Antonina S Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Aibing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Joe B Harford
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
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7
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Shulaeva MM, Zueva IV, Nikolaev AE, Saifina LF, Sharafutdinova DR, Babaev VM, Semenov VE, Petrov KA. Conjugates of nucleobases with triazole-hydroxamic acids for the reactivation of acetylcholinesterase and treatment of delayed neurodegeneration induced by organophosphate poisoning. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106858. [PMID: 37774432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of new uncharged conjugates of adenine, 3,6-dimetyl-, 1,6-dimethyl- and 6-methyluracil with 1,2,4-triazole-3-hydroxamic and 1,2,3-triazole-4-hydroxamic acid moieties were synthesized and studied as reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase. It is shown that triazole-hydroxamic acids can reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by paraoxon (POX) in vitro, offering reactivation constants comparable to those of pralidoxime (2-PAM). However, in contrast to 2-PAM, triazole-hydroxamic acids demonstrated the ability to reactivate AChE in the brain of rats poisoned with POX. At a dose of 200 mg/kg (i.v.), the lead compound 3e reactivated 22.6 ± 7.3% of brain AChE in rats poisoned with POX. In a rat model of POX-induced delayed neurodegeneration, compound 3e reduced the neuronal injury labeled with FJB upon double administration 1 and 3 h after poisoning. Compound 3e was also shown to prevent memory impairment of POX-poisoned rats as tested in a Morris water maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Shulaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Anton E Nikolaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Liliya F Saifina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Dilyara R Sharafutdinova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily M Babaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav E Semenov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
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Fotie J, Matherne CM, Mather JB, Wroblewski JE, Johnson K, Boudreaux LG, Perez AA. The Fundamental Role of Oxime and Oxime Ether Moieties in Improving the Physicochemical and Anticancer Properties of Structurally Diverse Scaffolds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16854. [PMID: 38069175 PMCID: PMC10705934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review explores the critical role of oxime and oxime ether moieties in enhancing the physicochemical and anticancer properties of structurally diverse molecular frameworks. Specific examples are carefully selected to illustrate the distinct contributions of these functional groups to general strategies for molecular design, modulation of biological activities, computational modeling, and structure-activity relationship studies. An extensive literature search was conducted across three databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scifinder, enabling us to create one of the most comprehensive overviews of how oximes and oxime ethers impact antitumor activities within a wide range of structural frameworks. This search focused on various combinations of keywords or their synonyms, related to the anticancer activity of oximes and oxime ethers, structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, as well as molecular dynamics and docking studies. Each article was evaluated based on its scientific merit and the depth of the study, resulting in 268 cited references and more than 336 illustrative chemical structures carefully selected to support this analysis. As many previous reviews focus on one subclass of this extensive family of compounds, this report represents one of the rare and fully comprehensive assessments of the anticancer potential of this group of molecules across diverse molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SLU 10878, Hammond, LA 70402-0878, USA; (C.M.M.); (J.B.M.); (J.E.W.); (K.J.); (L.G.B.); (A.A.P.)
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9
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Kapitanov IV, Špulák M, Pour M, Soukup O, Marek J, Jun D, Novak M, Diz de Almeida JSF, França TCC, Gathergood N, Kuča K, Karpichev Y. Sustainable ionic liquids-based molecular platforms for designing acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110735. [PMID: 37802409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a green chemistry approach for preparation of oxime-functionalized ILs as AChE reactivators: amide/ester linked IL, l-alanine, and l-phenylalanine derived salts bearing pyridinium aldoxime moiety. The reactivation capacities of the novel oximes were evaluated towards AChE inhibited by typical toxic organophosphates, sarin (GB), VX, and paraoxon (PON). The studied compounds are mostly non-toxic up to the highest concentrations screened (2 mM) towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria cell lines and both filamentous fungi and yeasts in the in vitro screening experiments as well as towards the eukaryotic cell (CHO-K1 cell line). Introduction of the oxime moiety in initially biodegradable structure decreases its ability to biodegradation. The compound 3d was shown to reveal remarkable activity against the AChE inhibited by VX, exceeding conventional reactivators 2-PAM and obidoxime. The regularities on antidotal activity, cell viability, plasma stability, biodegradability as well as molecular docking study of the newly synthesized oximes will be used for further improvement of their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illia V Kapitanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marcel Špulák
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marek
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Joyce S F Diz de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Yevgen Karpichev
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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10
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Schmid RD, Lombardo D, Hovda LR. Suspected intermediate syndrome in a dog after organophosphate poisoning. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:705-709. [PMID: 37943072 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the clinical presentation and successful treatment of a suspected case of intermediate syndrome due to organophosphate (OP) poisoning in a dog. CASE SUMMARY Two dogs presented with acute cholinergic signs after ingesting an OP insecticide containing 50% acephate. Clinical signs consistent with acute cholinergic crisis resolved in both dogs within 24 hours postingestion. One dog developed an onset of neurological signs consistent with intermediate syndrome approximately 24 hours postingestion. This patient's clinical signs resolved with the use of pralidoxime chloride. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED OP poisoning most commonly presents as an acute cholinergic crisis, with rare instances of animals developing intermediate syndrome. Few reports of successful treatment and recovery from intermediate syndrome exist in the veterinary literature, particularly with instances in which 2 dogs within the same exposure setting were treated for acute cholinergic signs and only 1 progressed to an intermediate syndrome. This report also highlights the importance of early intervention with pralidoxime chloride prior to the onset of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Schmid
- Pet Poison Helpline/SafetyCall International, LLC, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lynn R Hovda
- Pet Poison Helpline/SafetyCall International, LLC, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
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11
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Makris C, Leckrone JK, Butler A. Tistrellabactins A and B Are Photoreactive C-Diazeniumdiolate Siderophores from the Marine-Derived Strain Tistrella mobilis KA081020-065. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1770-1778. [PMID: 37341506 PMCID: PMC10391617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The C-diazeniumdiolate group in the amino acid graminine is emerging as a new microbially produced Fe(III) coordinating ligand in siderophores, which is photoreactive. While the few siderophores reported from this class have only been isolated from soil-associated microbes, here we report the first C-diazeniumdiolate siderophores tistrellabactins A and B, isolated from the bioactive marine-derived strain Tistrella mobilis KA081020-065. The structural characterization of the tistrellabactins reveals unique biosynthetic features including an NRPS module iteratively loading glutamine residues and a promiscuous adenylation domain yielding either tistrellabactin A with an asparagine residue or tistrellabactin B with an aspartic acid residue at analogous positions. Beyond the function of scavenging Fe(III) for growth, these siderophores are photoreactive upon irradiation with UV light, releasing the equivalent of nitric oxide (NO) and an H atom from the C-diazeniumdiolate group. Fe(III)-tistrellabactin is also photoreactive, with both the C-diazeniumdiolate and the β-hydroxyaspartate residues undergoing photoreactions, resulting in a photoproduct without the ability to chelate Fe(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Makris
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jamie K. Leckrone
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Alison Butler
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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12
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Matveevskaya VV, Pavlov DI, Kovrizhina AR, Sukhikh TS, Sadykov EH, Dorovatovskii PV, Lazarenko VA, Khlebnikov AI, Potapov AS. Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Oxime Bond Stereochemistry in c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 3 Inhibitors 11 H-Indeno[1,2- b]quinoxalin-11-one Oxime and Tryptanthrin-6-oxime. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1802. [PMID: 37513989 PMCID: PMC10383563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
11H-Indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime (IQ-1) and tryptanthrin-6-oxime are potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK-3) inhibitors demonstrating neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. However, the stereochemical configuration of the oxime carbon-nitrogen double bond (E- or Z-) in these compounds was so far unknown. In this contribution, we report the results of the determination of the double bond configuration in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by 1D and 2D NMR techniques and DFT calculations. It was found that both in the solid state and in solution, IQ-1 adopts the E-configuration stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds, in contrast to previously assumed Z-configuration that could be stabilized only by an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava V Matveevskaya
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Pavlov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia R Kovrizhina
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Taisiya S Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy H Sadykov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel V Dorovatovskii
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Lazarenko
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Andrei S Potapov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Kozłowska J, Duda-Madej A, Baczyńska D. Antiproliferative Activity and Impact on Human Gut Microbiota of New O-Alkyl Derivatives of Naringenin and Their Oximes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9856. [PMCID: PMC10298275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringenin is a 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone naturally occurring mainly in citrus fruits, characterized by a wide spectrum of biological activity. Chemical modifications based on alkylation and oximation in most cases increase its bioactivity. The aim of our research was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity and influence on selected representatives of the human gut microbiota of new synthesized O-alkyl derivatives (A1–A10) and their oximes (B1–B10), which contain hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and undecyl chains attached to the C-7 or to both the C-7 and C-4′ positions in naringenin. To the best of our knowledge, compounds A3, A4, A6, A8–A10 and B3–B10 have not been described in the scientific literature previously. The anticancer activity was tested on human colon cancer cell line HT-29 and mouse embryo fibroblasts 3T3-L1 using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. We also determined the impacts of all compounds on the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity was expressed in terms of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values. For 7,4′-di-O-hexylnaringenin (A2), 7-O-undecylnaringenin (A9) and their oximes (B2, B9), which were safe for microbiota (MIC > 512 µg/mL) and almost all characterized by high cytotoxicity against the HT-29 cell line (A2: IC50 > 100 µg/mL; A9: IC50 = 17.85 ± 0.65 µg/mL; B2: IC50 = 49.76 ± 1.63 µg/mL; B9: IC50 = 11.42 ± 1.17 µg/mL), apoptosis assays were performed to elucidate their mechanisms of action. Based on our results, new compound B9 induced an apoptotic process via caspase 3/7 activation, which proved its potential as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kozłowska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Baczyńska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
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14
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Geurs S, Clarisse D, De Bosscher K, D'hooghe M. The Zinc-Binding Group Effect: Lessons from Non-Hydroxamic Acid Vorinostat Analogs. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37276138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes pursued as drug targets in various cancers and several non-oncological conditions, such as inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. In the past decade, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have emerged as relevant pharmaceuticals, with many efforts devoted to the development of new representatives. However, the growing safety concerns regarding the established hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors tend to drive current research more toward the design of inhibitors bearing alternative zinc-binding groups (ZBGs). This Perspective presents an overview of all non-hydroxamic acid ZBGs that have been incorporated into the clinically approved prototypical HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat). This provides the unique opportunity to compare the inhibition potential and biological effects of different ZBGs in a direct way, as the compounds selected for this Perspective differ only in their ZBG. To that end, different strategies used to select a ZBG, its properties, activity, and liabilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Geurs
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Clarisse
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Zhao XZ, Wang W, Lountos GT, Kiselev E, Tropea JE, Needle D, Pommier Y, Burke TR. Identification of multidentate tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) inhibitors that simultaneously access the DNA, protein and catalytic-binding sites by oxime diversification. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:334-343. [PMID: 37181631 PMCID: PMC10170656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a member of the phospholipase D family that can downregulate the anticancer effects of the type I topoisomerase (TOP1) inhibitors by hydrolyzing the 3'-phosphodiester bond between DNA and the TOP1 residue Y723 in the critical stalled intermediate that is the foundation of TOP1 inhibitor mechanism of action. Thus, TDP1 antagonists are attractive as potential enhancers of TOP1 inhibitors. However, the open and extended nature of the TOP1-DNA substrate-binding region has made the development of TDP1 inhibitors extremely challenging. In this study, starting from our recently identified small molecule microarray (SMM)-derived TDP1-inhibitory imidazopyridine motif, we employed a click-based oxime protocol to extend the parent platform into the DNA and TOP1 peptide substrate-binding channels. We applied one-pot Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayme multicomponent reactions (GBBRs) to prepare the needed aminooxy-containing substrates. By reacting these precursors with approximately 250 aldehydes in microtiter format, we screened a library of nearly 500 oximes for their TDP1 inhibitory potencies using an in vitro florescence-based catalytic assay. Select hits were structurally explored as their triazole- and ether-based isosteres. We obtained crystal structures of two of the resulting inhibitors bound to the TDP1 catalytic domain. The structures reveal that the inhibitors form hydrogen bonds with the catalytic His-Lys-Asn triads ("HKN" motifs: H263, K265, N283 and H493, K495, N516), while simultaneously extending into both the substrate DNA and TOP1 peptide-binding grooves. This work provides a structural model for developing multivalent TDP1 inhibitors capable of binding in a tridentate fashion with a central component situated within the catalytic pocket and extensions that project into both the DNA and TOP1 peptide substrate-binding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Frederick MD USA
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - George T Lountos
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick MD USA
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Joseph E Tropea
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - Danielle Needle
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Frederick MD USA
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16
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Balcerzak L, Surowiak AK, Groborz K, Stróżak S, Piekarska K, Strub DJ. Comparative Evaluation of Mutagenic, Genotoxic, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Effects of Flavour and Fragrance Aldehydes, Ketones, Oximes, and Oxime Ethers. Toxicology 2023; 490:153510. [PMID: 37059348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large number of odoriferous compounds available, new ones with interesting olfactory characteristics are desired due to their potentially high commercial value. Here, we report for the first time mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects, and antimicrobial properties of low-molecular fragrant oxime ethers, and we compare their properties with corresponding oximes and carbonyl compounds. 24 aldehydes, ketones, oximes, and oxime ethers were evaluated for mutagenic and cytotoxic effects in Ames (using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 with genotype hisD3052, rfa, uvrB, pKM101, and TA100 with genotype hisG46, rfa, uvrB, pKM101, concentration range: 0.0781-40mg/mL) and MTS (using HEK293T cell line concentration of tested substances: 0.025mM) assays. Antimicrobial evaluation was carried out against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus hirae (ATCC 10541), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Legionella pneumophila (ATCC 33152); Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) with concentration range of tested substances 9.375 - 2.400mg/mL. Furthermore, 5 representatives of carbonyl compounds, oximes, and an oxime ether (stemone, buccoxime, citral, citral oxime, and propiophenone oxime O-ethyl ether) were evaluated for genotoxic properties in SOS-Chromotest (concentration range: 7.8·10-5 - 5·10-3mg/mL). All of the tested compounds did not exhibit mutagenic, genotoxic, or cytotoxic effects. Oximes and oxime ethers showed relevant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic species (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E.coli, L. pneumophila, A. brasiliensis, C. albicans) in the MIC range 0.075 - 2.400mg/mL compared to the common preservative methylparaben with the MIC range 0.400-3.600mg/mL. Our study shows that oxime ethers have the potential to be used as fragrant agents in functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Balcerzak
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alicja K Surowiak
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Groborz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sylwia Stróżak
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piekarska
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland
| | - Daniel J Strub
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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17
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Synthesis and Characterization of Pt(II) and Pd(II) Complexes with Planar Aromatic Oximes. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of four Werner-type complexes of Pd(II) and Pt(II) with planar, isomeric conjugated aromatic naphtoquinone oximes were synthesized for the first time. These ligands were 1-oxime-2-naphtoquinone (HL1) and 2-oxime-1-napthoquinone (HL2). Compounds were characterized using thermal analysis, spectroscopic methods, and X-ray analysis. TG/DSC data were collected for pure starting organic ligands, their complexes, and indicated vigorous exothermic decomposition with at ~155 °C for starting HL and ~350 °C for transition metal complexes. Crystal structures for two Pt compounds with 2-oxime-1-quinone were determined and revealed the formation of the cis-geometry complexes and incorporation of molecules of stoichiometric solvents in the lattice: acetonitrile and nitrobenzene. Both solvents of crystallization displayed attractive interactions between their C-H groups and the oxygen atoms of the nitroso groups in complexes, leading to short distances in those fragments. Despite the presence of solvents of inclusion, the overall structure motifs in both compounds represent 1D columnar coordination polymer, in which the PtL2 units are held together via metallophilic interactions, thereby forming ‘Pt-wires’. The Hirshfield surface analysis was performed for both crystallographically characterized complexes. The results showed intermolecular π–π stacking and Pt–Pt interactions among the planar units of both complexes. In addition, the analysis also verified the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions between the platinum unit and solvent molecules. Solid bulk powdery samples of both PtL12 and PtL22 demonstrated pronounced photoluminescence in the near infrared region of spectrum at ~980 nm, being excited in the range of 750–800 nm. The NIR emission was observed only for Pt-complexes and not for pure starting organic ligands or Pd-complexes. Additionally, synthesized Pt-naphtoquinone oximes do not show luminescence in solutions, which suggests the importance of a 1D ‘metal wire’ structure for this process.
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18
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(E)-1-(5-Methyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethan-1-one Oxime. MOLBANK 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/m1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 1-(5-methyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethan-1-one (1) with excess hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2 mole equivalents) in dry ethanol afforded (E)-1-(5-methyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethan-1-one oxime (2) in 86% yield. The structure of the new heterocycle 2 was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray and elemental analysis.
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19
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Gomes AR, Pires AS, Roleira FMF, Tavares-da-Silva EJ. The Structural Diversity and Biological Activity of Steroid Oximes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041690. [PMID: 36838678 PMCID: PMC9967121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids and their derivatives have been the subject of extensive research among investigators due to their wide range of pharmacological properties, in which steroidal oximes are included. Oximes are a chemical group with the general formula R1R2C=N-OH and they exist as colorless crystals and are poorly soluble in water. Oximes can be easily obtained through the condensation of aldehydes or ketones with various amine derivatives, making them a very interesting chemical group in medicinal chemistry for the design of drugs as potential treatments for several diseases. In this review, we will focus on the different biological activities displayed by steroidal oximes such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral, among others, as well as their respective mechanisms of action. An overview of the chemistry of oximes will also be reported, and several steroidal oximes that are in clinical trials or already used as drugs are described. An extensive literature search was performed on three main databases-PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Gomes
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Pires
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda M. F. Roleira
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.M.F.R.); (E.J.T.-d.-S.); Tel.: +351-239-488-400 (F.M.F.R. & E.J.T.-d.-S.); Fax: +351-239-488-503 (F.M.F.R. & E.J.T.-d.-S.)
| | - Elisiário J. Tavares-da-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.M.F.R.); (E.J.T.-d.-S.); Tel.: +351-239-488-400 (F.M.F.R. & E.J.T.-d.-S.); Fax: +351-239-488-503 (F.M.F.R. & E.J.T.-d.-S.)
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20
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Wang L, Wang B, Wu C, Wang J, Sun M. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors, Biological Mechanism, and Precision Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031819. [PMID: 36768153 PMCID: PMC9915249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous, behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has progressively increased, however, no clear diagnostic markers and specifically targeted medications for autism have emerged. As a result, neurobehavioral abnormalities, neurobiological alterations in ASD, and the development of novel ASD pharmacological therapy necessitate multidisciplinary collaboration. In this review, we discuss the development of multiple animal models of ASD to contribute to the disease mechanisms of ASD, as well as new studies from multiple disciplines to assess the behavioral pathology of ASD. In addition, we summarize and highlight the mechanistic advances regarding gene transcription, RNA and non-coding RNA translation, abnormal synaptic signaling pathways, epigenetic post-translational modifications, brain-gut axis, immune inflammation and neural loop abnormalities in autism to provide a theoretical basis for the next step of precision therapy. Furthermore, we review existing autism therapy tactics and limits and present challenges and opportunities for translating multidisciplinary knowledge of ASD into clinical practice.
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21
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Jokanović M, Oleksak P, Kuca K. Multiple neurological effects associated with exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in man. Toxicology 2023; 484:153407. [PMID: 36543276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews available data regarding the possible association of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides with neurological disorders such as dementia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurodevelopment, autism, cognitive development, Parkinson's disease and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder. These effects mainly develop after repeated (chronic) human exposure to low doses of OP. In addition, three well defined neurotoxic effects in humans caused by single doses of OP compounds are discussed. Those effects are the cholinergic syndrome, the intermediate syndrome and organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Usually, the poisoning can be avoided by an improved administrative control, limited access to OP pesticides, efficient measures of personal protection and education of OP pesticide applicators and medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jokanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic.
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22
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Gonzalez G, Kvasnica M, Svrčková K, Štěpánková Š, Santos JRC, Peřina M, Jorda R, Lopes SMM, Melo TMVDPE. Ring-fused 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-enes as novel neuroprotective agents with cholinesterase inhibitory properties. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 225:106194. [PMID: 36162631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is an intellectual disorder caused by organic brain damage and cerebral atrophy, characterized by the loss of memory, judgment, and abstract thinking followed by declining cognitive functions, language, and the ability to perform daily living activities. Many efforts have been made to decrease the effects of the disease but also to block the neurodegenerative process. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are a group of medicines that act at the neurotransmission of acetylcholine, preventing its excessive breakdown and helping to improve cognitive functions in patients with AD. In this work, 16 chiral steroids, namely ring-fused 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-ene derivatives, their precursor and two 16-dehydroprogesterone-derived dioximes, were assessed as cholinesterase inhibitors and neuroprotective agents. The results demonstrated that some of the tested steroids are cholinesterase inhibitors and the majority selective for acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Albeit, one ring-fused 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-ene containing N-methylpiperidine ring (compound 2g) demonstrated to be a selective and potent inhibitor of the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. (S)- 4,4a,5,6,7,8-(hexahydronaphthalen-2-one)-fused 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-ene (compound 6) showed high neuroprotective effect, high ability to restore the mitochondrial membrane potential from glutamate intoxication, and dramatic improvement in cell morphology. The described results provided relevant structure-activity relationship data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 77520 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Svrčková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Joana R C Santos
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miroslav Peřina
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Susana M M Lopes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Vasilieva EA, Kuznetsova DA, Valeeva FG, Kuznetsov DM, Zakharov AV, Amerhanova SK, Voloshina AD, Zueva IV, Petrov KA, Zakharova LY. Therapy of Organophosphate Poisoning via Intranasal Administration of 2-PAM-Loaded Chitosomes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122846. [PMID: 36559339 PMCID: PMC9781263 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-decorated liposomes were proposed for the first time for the intranasal delivery of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) to the brain as a therapy for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) poisoning. Firstly, the chitosome composition based on phospholipids, cholesterol, chitosans (Cs) of different molecular weights, and its arginine derivative was developed and optimized. The use of the polymer modification led to an increase in the encapsulation efficiency toward rhodamine B (RhB; ~85%) and 2-PAM (~60%) by 20% compared to conventional liposomes. The formation of monodispersed and stable nanosized particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of up to 130 nm was shown using dynamic light scattering. The addition of the polymers recharged the liposome surface (from -15 mV to +20 mV), which demonstrates the successful deposition of Cs on the vesicles. In vitro spectrophotometric analysis showed a slow release of substrates (RhB and 2-PAM) from the nanocontainers, while the concentration and Cs type did not significantly affect the chitosome permeability. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated the penetration of the developed chitosomes into normal Chang liver and M-HeLa cervical cancer cells. At the final stage, the ability of the formulated 2-PAM to reactivate brain AChE was assessed in a model of paraoxon-induced poisoning in an in vivo test. Intranasal administration of 2-PAM-containing chitosomes allows it to reach the degree of enzyme reactivation up to 35 ± 4%.
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24
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Makris C, Carmichael JR, Zhou H, Butler A. C-Diazeniumdiolate Graminine in the Siderophore Gramibactin Is Photoreactive and Originates from Arginine. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3140-3147. [PMID: 36354305 PMCID: PMC9679993 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are synthesized by microbes to facilitate iron acquisition required for growth. Catecholate, hydroxamate, and α-hydroxycarboxylate groups comprise well-established ligands coordinating Fe(III) in siderophores. Recently, a C-type diazeniumdiolate ligand in the newly identified amino acid graminine (Gra) was found in the siderophore gramibactin (Gbt) produced by Paraburkholderia graminis DSM 17151. The N-N bond in the diazeniumdiolate is a distinguishing feature of Gra, yet the origin and reactivity of this C-type diazeniumdiolate group has remained elusive until now. Here, we identify l-arginine as the direct precursor to l-Gra through the isotopic labeling of l-Arg, l-ornithine, and l-citrulline. Furthermore, these isotopic labeling studies establish that the N-N bond in Gra must be formed between the Nδ and Nω of the guanidinium group in l-Arg. We also show the diazeniumdiolate groups in apo-Gbt are photoreactive, with loss of nitric oxide (NO) and H+ from each d-Gra yielding E/Z oxime isomers in the photoproduct. With the loss of Gbt's ability to chelate Fe(III) upon exposure to UV light, our results hint at this siderophore playing a larger ecological role. Not only are NO and oximes important in plant biology for communication and defense, but so too are NO-releasing compounds and oximes attractive in medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongjun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Alison Butler
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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Gerlits O, Fajer M, Cheng X, Blumenthal DK, Radić Z, Kovalevsky A. Structural and dynamic effects of paraoxon binding to human acetylcholinesterase by X-ray crystallography and inelastic neutron scattering. Structure 2022; 30:1538-1549.e3. [PMID: 36265484 PMCID: PMC9637784 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including nerve agents and some pesticides, covalently bind to the catalytic serine of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), thereby inhibiting acetylcholine hydrolysis necessary for efficient neurotransmission. Oxime antidotes can reactivate the OP-conjugated hAChE, but reactivation efficiency can be low for pesticides, such as paraoxon (POX). Understanding structural and dynamic determinants of OP inhibition and reactivation can provide insights to design improved reactivators. Here, X-ray structures of hAChE with unaged POX, with POX and oximes MMB4 and RS170B, and with MMB4 are reported. A significant conformational distortion of the acyl loop was observed upon POX binding, being partially restored to the native conformation by oximes. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy combined with molecular dynamics simulations showed that picosecond vibrational dynamics of the acyl loop soften in the ∼20-50 cm-1 frequency range. The acyl loop structural perturbations may be correlated with its picosecond vibrational dynamics to yield more comprehensive template for structure-based reactivator design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gerlits
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN 37303, USA
| | - Mikolai Fajer
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Donald K Blumenthal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA.
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Potential of Vitamin B6 Dioxime Analogues to Act as Cholinesterase Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113388. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven pyridoxal dioxime quaternary salts (1–7) were synthesized with the aim of studying their interactions with human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The synthesis was achieved by the quaternization of pyridoxal monooxime with substituted 2-bromoacetophenone oximes (phenacyl bromide oximes). All compounds, prepared in good yields (43–76%) and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, were evaluated as reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase and/or reactivators of enzymes inhibited by toxic organophosphorus compounds. Their potency was compared with that of their monooxime analogues and medically approved oxime HI-6. The obtained pyridoxal dioximes were relatively weak inhibitors for both enzymes (Ki = 100–400 µM). The second oxime group in the structure did not improve the binding compared to the monooxime analogues. The same was observed for reactivation of VX-, tabun-, and paraoxon-inhibited AChE and BChE, where no significant efficiency burst was noted. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies connected the kinetic data to the structural features of the tested compound, showing that the low binding affinity and reactivation efficacy may be a consequence of a bulk structure hindering important reactive groups. The tested dioximes were non-toxic to human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and human embryonal kidney cells (HEK293).
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27
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N-substituted arylhydroxamic acids as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Quinazoline Based HDAC Dual Inhibitors as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072294. [PMID: 35408693 PMCID: PMC9000668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the most devastating disease and second leading cause of death around the world. Despite scientific advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer which can include targeted therapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in some cases, cancer cells appear to outsmart and evade almost any method of treatment by developing drug resistance. Quinazolines are the most versatile, ubiquitous and privileged nitrogen bearing heterocyclic compounds with a wide array of biological and pharmacological applications. Most of the anti-cancer agents featuring quinazoline pharmacophore have shown promising therapeutic activity. Therefore, extensive research is underway to explore the potential of these privileged scaffolds. In this context, a molecular hybridization approach to develop hybrid drugs has become a popular tool in the field of drug discovery, especially after witnessing the successful results during the past decade. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as an important anti-cancer target in the recent years given its role in cellular growth, gene regulation, and metabolism. Dual inhibitors, especially based on HDAC in particular, have become the center stage of current cancer drug development. Given the growing significance of dual HDAC inhibitors, in this review, we intend to compile the development of quinazoline based HDAC dual inhibitors as anti-cancer agents.
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