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Li B, Qi B, Guo Z, Wang D, Jiao T. Recent developments in the application of membrane separation technology and its challenges in oil-water separation: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138528. [PMID: 36990363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the development and production process of domestic and foreign oil fields, large amounts of oil-bearing wastewater with complex compositions containing toxic and harmful pollutants are generated. These oil-bearing wastewaters will cause serious environmental pollution if they are not effectively treated before discharge. Among these wastewaters, the oily sewage produced in the process of oilfield exploitation has the largest content of oil-water emulsion. In order to solve the problem of oil-water separation of oily sewage, the paper summarizes the research of many scholars in many aspects, such as the use of physical and chemical methods such as air flotation and flocculation, or the use of mechanical methods such as centrifuges and oil booms for sewage treatment. Comprehensive analysis shows that among these oil-water separation methods, membrane separation technology has higher separation efficiency in the separation of general oil-water emulsions than other methods and also exhibits a better separation effect for stable emulsions, which has a broader application prospect for future developments. To present the characteristics of different types of membranes more intuitively, this paper describes the applicable conditions and characteristics of various types of membranes in detail, summarizes the shortcomings of existing membrane separation technologies, and offers prospects for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfan Li
- School of Vehicles and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Bo Qi
- School of Vehicles and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- School of Vehicles and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- China Suntien Green Energy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Tifeng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
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2
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Peer P, Janalikova M, Sedlarikova J, Pleva P, Filip P, Zelenkova J, Siskova AO. Antibacterial Filtration Membranes Based on PVDF- co-HFP Nanofibers with the Addition of Medium-Chain 1-Monoacylglycerols. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41021-41033. [PMID: 34405995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of filtration membranes is substantially lowered by bacterial attachments and potential fouling processes, which reduce their durability and lifecycle. The antibacterial and antifouling properties exhibited by the added materials play a substantial role in their application. We tested a material poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PDVF-co-HFP) based on an electrospun copolymer, where an agent was incorporated with a small amount of ester of glycerol consecutively with caprylic, capric, and lauric acids. Each of these three materials differing in the esters (1-monoacylglycerol, 1-MAG) used was prepared with three weighted concentrations of 1-MAG (1, 2, and 3 wt %). The presence of 1-MAG with an amphiphilic structure resulted in the hydrophilic character of the prepared materials that contributed to the filtration performance. The tested materials (membranes) were characterized with rheological, optical (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other methods to evaluate antibacterial and antifouling activities. The pure water flux was 6 times higher than that of the neat PVDF-co-HFP membrane when the added 1-MAG attained only 1 wt %. It was experimentally shown that the PVDF-co-HFP/1-MAG membrane with high wettability improved antibacterial activity and antifouling ability. This membrane is highly promising for water treatment due to the safety of antibacterial 1-MAG additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peer
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Janalikova
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sedlarikova
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Filip
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zelenkova
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Opalkova Siskova
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Liao XL, Sun DX, Cao S, Zhang N, Huang T, Lei YZ, Wang Y. Freely switchable super-hydrophobicity and super-hydrophilicity of sponge-like poly(vinylidene fluoride) porous fibers for highly efficient oil/water separation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125926. [PMID: 34492858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient oil/water separation ability is a prerequisite for the actual application of the membranes in oily sewage treatment, which is closely related to the surface feature and the porous structure of the membranes. In this work, the electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) porous fibers were firstly fabricated through blend-electrospinning with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and then treating in distilled water. The results showed that the fibers exhibited the sponge-like porous structure, and a few PVP was reserved in the fibers due to the relatively good interaction between PVDF and PVP. The fibrous membrane exhibited high porosity, super-wettability with freely switchable super-lipophilicity and super-hydrophilicity. The oil adsorption capacities as well as the oil and water fluxes were measured, and the oil adsorption capacities were varied in the range of 22.7-76.0 g/g, and oil and water fluxes were 54,737.3 and 56,869.9 L/(m2h), respectively. Specifically, the PVDF porous fibrous membranes showed excellent separation abilities and they could highly efficiently separate oil from oil-in-water emulsions or separate water from water-in-oil emulsions, accompanied with the extremely high water or oil flux. This work confirms that the PVDF membranes composed of the porous fibers can be used in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Liao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - De-Xiang Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yan-Zhou Lei
- Analytical and Testing Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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Woo S, Park HR, Park J, Yi J, Hwang W. Robust and continuous oil/water separation with superhydrophobic glass microfiber membrane by vertical polymerization under harsh conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21413. [PMID: 33293602 PMCID: PMC7722867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a robust and continuous oil/water separation with nanostructured glass microfiber (GMF) membranes modified by oxygen plasma treatment and self-assembled monolayer coating with vertical polymerization. The modified GMF membrane had a nanostructured surface and showed excellent superhydrophobicity. With an appropriate membrane thickness, a high water intrusion pressure (< 62.7 kPa) was achieved for continuous pressure-driven separation of oil/water mixtures with high flux (< 4418 L h-1 m-2) and high oil purity (> 99%). Under simulated industrial conditions, the modified GMF membrane exhibited robust chemical stability against strong acidic/alkaline solutions and corrosive environments. The proposed superhydrophobic composite coating technique is simple, low cost, environmentally friendly, and suitable for the mass production of scalable three-dimensional surfaces. Moreover, its stability and customizable functionality offers considerable potential for a wide range of novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeun Woo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ryul Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Yi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonbong Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Mousa HM, Alfadhel H, Abouel Nasr E. Engineering and Characterization of Antibacterial Coaxial Nanofiber Membranes for Oil/Water Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2597. [PMID: 33167337 PMCID: PMC7694370 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a coaxial nanofiber membrane was developed using the electrospinning technique. The developed membranes were fabricated from hydrophilic cellulose acetate (CA) polymer and hydrophobic polysulfone (PSf) polymer as a core and shell in an alternative way with addition of 0.1 wt.% of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The membranes were treated with a 2M NaOH solution to enhance hydrophilicity and thus increase water separation flux. Chemical and physical characterizations were performed, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and surface wettability was measured by means of water contact angle (WCA), mechanical properties, surface morphology via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and microscopy energy dispersive (EDS) mapping and point analysis. The results show higher mechanical properties for the coaxial nanofiber membranes which reached a tensile strength of 7.58 MPa, a Young's modulus of 0.2 MPa, and 23.4 M J.m-3 of toughness. However, treated mebranes show lower mechanical properties (tensile strength of 0.25 MPa, Young's modulus of 0.01 MPa, and 0.4 M J.m-3 of toughness). In addition, the core and shell nanofiber membranes showed a uniform distribution of coaxial nanofibers. Membranes with ZnO NPs showed a porous structure and elimination of nanofibers after treatment due to the formation of nanosheets. Interestingly, membranes changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic (the WCA changed from 90 ± 8° to 14 ± 2°). Besides that, composite nanofiber membranes with ZnO NPs showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the water flux for the modified membranes was improved by 1.6 times compared to the untreated membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamouda M. Mousa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Husain Alfadhel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK;
| | - Emad Abouel Nasr
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo 11732, Egypt
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Loske L, Nakagawa K, Yoshioka T, Matsuyama H. 2D Nanocomposite Membranes: Water Purification and Fouling Mitigation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E295. [PMID: 33092187 PMCID: PMC7589742 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of different types of nanosheet membranes were reviewed in order to determine which possessed the optimum propensity for antifouling during water purification. Despite the tremendous amount of attention that nanosheets have received in recent years, their use to render membranes that are resistant to fouling has seldom been investigated. This work is the first to summarize the abilities of nanosheet membranes to alleviate the effect of organic and inorganic foulants during water treatment. In contrast to other publications, single nanosheets, or in combination with other nanomaterials, were considered to be nanostructures. Herein, a broad range of materials beyond graphene-based nanomaterials is discussed. The types of nanohybrid membranes considered in the present work include conventional mixed matrix membranes, stacked membranes, and thin-film nanocomposite membranes. These membranes combine the benefits of both inorganic and organic materials, and their respective drawbacks are addressed herein. The antifouling strategies of nanohybrid membranes were divided into passive and active categories. Nanosheets were employed in order to induce fouling resistance via increased hydrophilicity and photocatalysis. The antifouling properties that are displayed by two-dimensional (2D) nanocomposite membranes also are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Loske
- Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)—The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keizo Nakagawa
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Yoshioka
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
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7
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Membranes based on polyacrylamide coatings on metallic meshes prepared by a two-steps redox polymerization. Performance for oil-water separation and biofouling effects. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Elhady S, Bassyouni M, Mansour RA, Elzahar MH, Abdel-Hamid S, Elhenawy Y, Saleh MY. Oily Wastewater Treatment Using Polyamide Thin Film Composite Membrane Technology. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10050084. [PMID: 32354064 PMCID: PMC7281104 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration was used in edible oil wastewater emulsion treatment. The PA-TFC membrane was characterized using mechanical, thermal, chemical, and physical tests. Surface morphology and cross-sections of TFCs were characterized using SEM. The effects of edible oil concentrations, average droplets size, and contact angle on separation efficiency and flux were studied in detail. Purification performance was enhanced using activated carbon as a pre-treatment unit. The performance of the RO unit was assessed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and permeate flux. Oil concentration in wastewater varied between 3000 mg/L and 6000 mg/L. Oily wastewater showed a higher contact angle (62.9°) than de-ionized water (33°). Experimental results showed that the presence of activated carbon increases the permeation COD removal from 94% to 99%. The RO membrane filtration coupled with an activated carbon unit of oily wastewater is a convenient hybrid technique for removal of high-concentration edible oil wastewater emulsion up to 99%. Using activated carbon as an adsorption pre-treatment unit improved the permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elhady
- Public Works Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, the High Institute of Engineering and Technology in New Damietta, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bassyouni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Materials Science Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-011-596-75357
| | - Ramadan A. Mansour
- Chemical Engineering Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Damietta, Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Medhat H. Elzahar
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Department of Civil Engineering, Giza Engineering Institute, Elmoneeb, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Shereen Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Egyptian Academy for Engineering and Advanced Technology, Affiliated to Ministry of Military Production, Al Salam city 3056, Egypt
| | - Yasser Elhenawy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad 42526, Egypt
| | - Mamdou Y. Saleh
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- High Institute of Engineering and Technology, El-Manzala, Ad Daqahliyah 35642, Egypt
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Wang M, Wang K, Yang Y, Liu Y, Yu DG. Electrospun Environment Remediation Nanofibers Using Unspinnable Liquids as the Sheath Fluids: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E103. [PMID: 31947986 PMCID: PMC7022330 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning, as a promising platform in multidisciplinary engineering over the past two decades, has overcome major challenges and has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in a wide variety of fields such as energy, environmental, and pharmaceutics. However, as a facile and cost-effective approach, its capability of creating nanofibers is still strongly limited by the numbers of treatable fluids. Most recently, more and more efforts have been spent on the treatments of liquids without electrospinnability using multifluid working processes. These unspinnable liquids, although have no electrospinnability themselves, can be converted into nanofibers when they are electrospun with an electrospinnable fluid. Among all sorts of multifluid electrospinning methods, coaxial electrospinning is the most fundamental one. In this review, the principle of modified coaxial electrospinning, in which unspinnable liquids are explored as the sheath working fluids, is introduced. Meanwhile, several typical examples are summarized, in which electrospun nanofibers aimed for the environment remediation were prepared using the modified coaxial electrospinning. Based on the exploration of unspinnable liquids, the present review opens a way for generating complex functional nanostructures from other kinds of multifluid electrospinning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | | | | | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (M.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
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Ray SS, Lee HK, Kwon YN. Review on Blueprint of Designing Anti-Wetting Polymeric Membrane Surfaces for Enhanced Membrane Distillation Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E23. [PMID: 31877628 PMCID: PMC7023606 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a versatile technology for treating saline water and industrial wastewater. However, the long-term use of MD wets the polymeric membrane and prevents the membrane from working as a semi-permeable barrier. Currently, the concept of antiwetting interfaces has been utilized for reducing the wetting issue of MD. This review paper discusses the fundamentals and roles of surface energy and hierarchical structures on both the hydrophobic characteristics and wetting tolerance of MD membranes. Designing stable antiwetting interfaces with their basic working principle is illustrated with high scientific discussions. The capability of antiwetting surfaces in terms of their self-cleaning properties has also been demonstrated. This comprehensive review paper can be utilized as the fundamental basis for developing antiwetting surfaces to minimize fouling, as well as the wetting issue in the MD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Sinha Ray
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kae Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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Abd Halim NS, Wirzal MDH, Bilad MR, Md Nordin NAH, Adi Putra Z, Sambudi NS, Mohd Yusoff AR. Improving Performance of Electrospun Nylon 6,6 Nanofiber Membrane for Produced Water Filtration via Solvent Vapor Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122117. [PMID: 31861059 PMCID: PMC6960844 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun nanofiber membrane (NFM) has a high potential to be applied as a filter for produced water treatment due to its highly porous structure and great permeability. However, it faces fouling issues and has low mechanical properties, which reduces the performance and lifespan of the membrane. NFM has a low integrity and the fine mat easily detaches from the sheet. In this study, nylon 6,6 was selected as the polymer since it offers great hydrophilicity. In order to increase mechanical strength and separation performance of NFM, solvent vapor treatment was implemented where the vapor induces the fusion of fibers. The fabricated nylon 6,6 NFMs were treated with different exposure times of formic acid vapor. Results show that solvent vapor treatment helps to induce the fusion of overlapping fibers. The optimum exposure time for solvent vapor is 5 h to offer full retention of dispersed oil (100% of oil rejection), has 62% higher in tensile strength (1950 MPa) compared to untreated nylon 6,6 NFM (738 MPa), and has the final permeability closest to the untreated nylon 6,6 NFM (733 L/m2.h.bar). It also took more time to get fouled (220 min) compared to untreated NFM (160 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syakinah Abd Halim
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (N.S.A.H.); (M.R.B.); (N.A.H.M.N.); (Z.A.P.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (N.S.A.H.); (M.R.B.); (N.A.H.M.N.); (Z.A.P.); (N.S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (N.S.A.H.); (M.R.B.); (N.A.H.M.N.); (Z.A.P.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (N.S.A.H.); (M.R.B.); (N.A.H.M.N.); (Z.A.P.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Zulfan Adi Putra
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (N.S.A.H.); (M.R.B.); (N.A.H.M.N.); (Z.A.P.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (N.S.A.H.); (M.R.B.); (N.A.H.M.N.); (Z.A.P.); (N.S.S.)
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