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Vidal J, Hornero C, De la Flor S, Vilanova A, Dieste JA, Castell P. Strategies towards Fully Recyclable Commercial Epoxy Resins: Diels-Alder Structures in Sustainable Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1024. [PMID: 38674944 PMCID: PMC11054836 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Diels-Alder equilibrium is a widely known process in chemistry that can be used to provide a thermoset structure with recyclability and reprocessability mechanisms. In this study, a commercial epoxy resin is modified through the integration of functional groups into the network structure to provide superior performance. The present study has demonstrated that it is possible to adapt the curing process to efficiently incorporate these moieties in the final structure of commercial epoxy-based resins. It also evaluates the impact that they have on the final properties of the cured composites. In addition, different approaches have been studied for the incorporation of the functional group, adjusting and adapting the stoichiometry of the system components due to the differences in reactivity caused by the presence of the incorporated reactive groups, with the objective of maintaining comparable ratios of epoxy/amine groups in the formulation. Finally, it has been demonstrated that although the Diels-Alder equilibrium responds under external conditions, such as temperature, different sets of parameters and behaviors are to be expected as the structures are integrated into the thermoset, generating new equilibrium temperatures. In this way, the present research has explored sustainable strategies to enable the recyclability of commercial thermoset systems through crosslinking control and its modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Vidal
- Fundación Aitiip, Pol. Ind. Empresarium C/Romero, 12, 50720 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Hornero
- Moses Productos S.L., Pol. Ind. Empresarium C/Romero, 12, 50720 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Av. dels Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Anna Vilanova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Av. dels Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (S.D.l.F.)
| | | | - Pere Castell
- GCR Group, Carrer Boters, s/n, 43717 La Bisbal del Penedes, Spain
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2
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Chaves YS, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC, Rio TGD. Mechanical and Ballistic Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Babassu Fibers ( Attalea speciosa). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38611171 PMCID: PMC11013200 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and ballistic performance of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with 10, 20, and 30 vol.% of babassu fibers was investigated for the first time. The tests included tension, impact, and ballistic testing with 0.22 caliber ammunition. The results showed an improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation with the addition of babassu fiber, and the 30 vol.% composite stood out. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the fracture modes of the composites, highlighting brittle fractures in the epoxy matrix, as well as other mechanisms such as fiber breakage and delamination in the fiber composites. Izod impact tests also showed improvement with increasing babassu fiber content. In ballistic tests, there was an increase in absorbed energy. All composites surpassed plain epoxy by over 3.5 times in ballistic energy absorption, underscoring the potential of babassu fiber in engineering and defense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Teresa Gómez-del Rio
- Durability and Mechanical Integrity of Structural Materials Group (DIMME), School of Experimental Science and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain;
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3
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Nasri K, Toubal L. Artificial Neural Network Approach for Assessing Mechanical Properties and Impact Performance of Natural-Fiber Composites Exposed to UV Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:538. [PMID: 38399916 PMCID: PMC10892044 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Amidst escalating environmental concerns, short natural-fiber thermoplastic (SNFT) biocomposites have emerged as sustainable materials for the eco-friendly production of mechanical components. However, their limited durability has prompted research into the experimental evaluation of the deterioration of the mechanical characteristics of SNFT biocomposites, particularly under the influence of ultraviolet rays. However, conducting tests to evaluate the mechanical properties can be time-consuming and expensive. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was employed to predict the mechanical properties (tensile strength) and the impact performance (resistance and absorbed energy) of polypropylene reinforced with 30 wt.% short flax or wood pine fibers (referred to as PP30-F or PP30-P, respectively). Eight parameters were collected from experimental studies. The ANN input parameters comprised nondestructive test results, including mass, hardness, roughness, and natural frequencies, while the output parameters were the tensile strength, the maximum impact load, and absorbed energy. The model was developed using the ANN toolbox in MATLAB. The linear coefficient of correlation and mean squared error were selected as the metrics for evaluating the performance function and accuracy of the ANN model. They calculate the relationship and the average squared difference between the predicted and actual values. The data analysis conducted by the models demonstrated exceptional predictive capability, achieving an accuracy rate exceeding 96%, which was deemed satisfactory. For both the PP30-F and PP30-P biocomposites, the ANN predictions deviated from the experimental data by 3, 5, and 6% with regard to the impact load, absorbed energy, and tensile strength, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotfi Toubal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, The Innovation Institute in Eco Materials, Eco Products and Eco Energy (I2E3), Université du Quebec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada;
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4
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Musa AA, Onwualu AP. Potential of lignocellulosic fiber reinforced polymer composites for automobile parts production: Current knowledge, research needs, and future direction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24683. [PMID: 38314269 PMCID: PMC10837508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a notable surge in research focusing on the use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) in the automobile industry. These materials offer several advantages over their synthetic counterparts, including lightweight properties, renewability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. This increasing research interest in NFRPCs within the automotive sector is primarily aimed at overcoming the challenges that have thus far limited their industrial applications when compared to conventional synthetic composites. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the potential applications and sustainability of lignocellulosic-based NFRPCs in the automobile industry. It examines the current state of knowledge, identifies research needs and existing limitations, and provides insights into future perspectives. This review shows that, while lignocellulosic fibers hold great promise as sustainable, high-performance, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional reinforcing fibers, continuous research is needed to further address issues such as fiber-matrix compatibility, processing techniques, long-term durability concerns, and general property improvement. These advancements are essential to meet the increasing performance demand for eco-friendly, renewable, and energy-efficient materials in automotive design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Adeiza Musa
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Azikiwe Peter Onwualu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
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5
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Ferreira EDSB, da Silva FS, Luna CBB, Costa ARDM, de Sousa FM, de Carvalho LH, Wellen RMR, Araújo EM. Toward Producing Biopolyethylene/Babassu Fiber Biocomposites with Improved Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:419. [PMID: 38337308 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of polymeric biocomposites containing natural fibers has grown over the years due to the properties achieved and its eco-friendly nature. Thus, biocomposites involving a polymer from a renewable source (Biopolyethylene (BioPE)) and babassu fibers (BFs), compatibilized with polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) and acrylic acid (AA) (PE-g-MA and PE-g-AA, respectively) were obtained using melt mixing and injection molded into tensile, impact, and HDT specimens. Babassu fiber was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biocomposites were characterized using torque rheometry, TGA, tensile strength, impact strength, thermomechanical properties, Shore D hardness, and SEM. The data indicate that the torque during the processing of compatibilized biocomposites was higher than that of BioPE/BF biocomposites, which was taken as an indication of a possible reaction between the functional groups. Compatibilization led to a substantial improvement in the elastic modulus, tensile strength, HDT, and VST and a decrease in Shore D hardness. These results were justified with SEM micrographs, which showed babassu fibers better adhered to the surface of the biopolyethylene matrix, as well as an encapsulation of these fibers. The system investigated is environmentally sustainable, and the results are promising for the technology of polymeric composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiano Santana da Silva
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Carlos Bruno Barreto Luna
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Menezes de Sousa
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Laura Hecker de Carvalho
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Renate Maria Ramos Wellen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Edcleide Maria Araújo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
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6
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Sankara H, Baillis D, Coulibaly O, Coquard R, Naouar N, Saghrouni Z. Computational Model of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Green Insulating Fibrous Media. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:252. [PMID: 38204104 PMCID: PMC10780280 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Modelling effective thermal properties is crucial for optimizing the thermal performance of materials such as new green insulating fibrous media. In this study, a numerical model is proposed to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of these materials. The fibers are considered to be non-overlapping and randomly oriented in space. The numerical model is based on the finite element method. Particular attention is paid to the accuracy of the results and the influence of the choice of the representative elementary volume (REV) for calculation (cubic or rectangular parallelepiped slice). The calculated effective thermal conductivity of fibrous media under different boundary conditions is also investigated. A set of usual mixed boundary conditions is considered, alongside the uniform temperature gradient conditions. The REV rectangular slice and uniform temperature gradient boundary conditions provide a more accurate estimate of the effective thermal conductivity and are therefore recommended for use in place of the usual cubic representative elementary volume and the usual mixed boundary conditions. This robust model represents a principal novelty of the work. The results are compared with experimental and analytical data previously obtained in the literature for juncus maritimus fibrous media, for different fiber volume fractions, with small relative deviations of 7%. Analytical laws are generally based on simplified assumptions such as infinitely long fibers, and may neglect heat transfer between different phases. Both short and long fiber cases are considered in numerical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Sankara
- LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5259, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (D.B.); (N.N.)
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (ED-ST/LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Dominique Baillis
- LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5259, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (D.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Ousmane Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (ED-ST/LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Rémi Coquard
- EC2 Modélisation Campus Lyon Tech, 69603 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Naïm Naouar
- LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5259, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (D.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Zahia Saghrouni
- Laboratory of Thermal and Energetic Systems Studies (LESTE), National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia;
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7
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Xu D, He S, Leng W, Chen Y, Wu Z. Replacing Plastic with Bamboo: A Review of the Properties and Green Applications of Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4276. [PMID: 37959955 PMCID: PMC10647463 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber composites are receiving more and more attention because of their greenness and low cost. Among natural fibers, bamboo is characterized by fast growth, a short cultivation period, high strength and good toughness, and is one of the strongest natural fibers in the world. A bamboo-fiber-reinforced polymer composite (BFRPC) has the characteristics of high mechanical strength, low density, degradability, etc. It has the industrial applicability comparable to metal materials, the same strong corrosion resistance as composites such as glass and carbon fibers, and the same immunity to electromagnetic interference and low thermal conductivity as natural materials. Its unidirectional specific strength and unidirectional specific modulus is higher than that of glass fiber, second only to the extremely high price of carbon fiber, which is playing an increasingly important role in the field of composite materials, and can be widely used in the fields of wind power, construction, aviation, automotive, medical care and so on. At present, it has been initially used in packaging, automotive and transportation fields, and is expected to replace petroleum-based plastics in various fields. In addition to their environmental protection and green production, they have excellent physical properties. This paper provides an overview of the mechanical properties of bamboo-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites and thermoset composites that have been developed so far, such as tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength. In addition, the prospects of bamboo-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive, packaging and agricultural applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sheng He
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Weiqi Leng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuhe Chen
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zaixing Wu
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
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8
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Jasim Al-Khafaji HH, Alsalamy A, Abed Jawad M, Ali Nasser H, Dawood AH, Hasan SY, Ahmad I, Gatea MA, Younis Albahadly WK. Synthesis of a novel Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS hydrogel with high capability in antimicrobial studies. Front Chem 2023; 11:1236580. [PMID: 37638100 PMCID: PMC10450620 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1236580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, we face the resistance of some bacterial strains against some antibiotics. Therefore, it is essential to report and synthesize new compounds with antimicrobial properties. A novel copper/dipicolinic acid-metal-organic framework cross-linked oxidized pectin and chitosan (Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS) hydrogel polymer was synthesized under environmental conditions with the controllable process, which uses biodegradable polymer compounds such as pectin and chitosan in its structure. The efficient physicochemical features of the synthesized Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS hydrogel using SEM, FT-IR, TGA, BET, XRD, and EDS/mapping were identified and confirmed. The newly synthesized Cu/DPA-MOF/OP/CS hydrogel showed activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and fungal species, and significant antibacterial and antifungal properties were observed. In antibacterial activity, the MIC against Gram-positive species was in the range of 16-128 mg/mL, the MIC against Gram-negative species was in the range of 64-256 mg/mL, and the MIC against fungal species was in the range of 128-512 mg/mL. In antimicrobial evaluations, in addition to the MIC test, the MBC test, the MFC test, and the IZD test were performed, and the results were reported. The results were compared with commercial antibiotics in the market. Development of novel nanostructures based on hydrogel polymers with distinctive functionality can affect the performance of these nanostructures in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Abed Jawad
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Al-Mansour, Iraq
| | - Hind Ali Nasser
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Ashour H. Dawood
- Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saif Yaseen Hasan
- College of Health and Medical Technology, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Abdulfadhil Gatea
- Technical Engineering Department College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
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Bahlouli S, Belaadi A, Makhlouf A, Alshahrani H, Khan MKA, Jawaid M. Effect of Fiber Loading on Thermal Properties of Cellulosic Washingtonia Reinforced HDPE Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2910. [PMID: 37447555 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research work, we aim to study the effect of the incorporation of vegetable fiber reinforcement on the thermo-mechanical and dynamic properties of a composite formed by a polymeric matrix reinforced with cellulosic fibers with the various Washingtonia fiber (WF) loadings (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by wt%) as reinforced material in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Biocomposites to evaluate the optimum fiber loading of biocomposites. In addition, several characterization techniques (i.e., thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA)) were used to better understand the characteristics of the new composites prepared. With these techniques, we managed to verify the rigidity and thermal stability of the composites so elaborated, as well as the success of the polymer and the structural homogeneity of the obtained biocomposites. Hence, the biocomposite with the best ratio (HDPE/20WF) showed a loss modulus (E″) of 224 MPa, a storage modulus (E') of 2079 MPa, and a damping factor (Tanδ) of 0.270 to the glass transition (Tg) of 145 °C. In addition, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the biocomposite samples exhibited marginally higher Ts compared to the HDPE matrix. The best results were recorded with biocomposites with 20% WF, which showed better thermal properties. This composite material can be used as insulation in construction materials (buildings, false ceilings, walls, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Belaadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University 20 Août 1955-Skikda, El-Hadaiek Skikda 21000, Algeria
| | | | - Hassan Alshahrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
- Scientific and Engineering Research Centre, Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K A Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
- Scientific and Engineering Research Centre, Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Neuba LDM, Junio RFP, Souza AT, Chaves YS, Tavares S, Palmeira AA, Monteiro SN, Pereira AC. Alkaline Treatment Investigation for Sedge Fibers ( Cyperus malaccensis): A Promising Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092153. [PMID: 37177299 PMCID: PMC10181289 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers have some advantages in comparison to synthetic fibers, especially because they are more environmentally friendly. For this reason, using them as a reinforcement for polymeric matrices is growing exponentially. However, they present the disadvantage of having the hydrophilic nature, which strongly reduces the interface interaction. Sedge fibers have been investigated when reinforcing an epoxy matrix in terms of ballistic properties and mechanical performance. Aiming to enhance the fiber-matrix interface, an alkali treatment was proposed. The group conditions were divided into three NaOH concentrations (3%, 5%, and 10%), as well as the three periods of immersion (24, 48, and 72 h). Therefore, nine different conditions were investigated in terms of their thermal behaviors, chemical structures, physical structures, and morphological aspects. Based on TGA curves, it could be noticed that treatments related to 3% NaOH for 24 h and 48 h exhibited better thermal stability properties. For the time of 48 h, better thermal stability with for a decay of the thermal DSC curve was shown for all treatment conditions. The FTIR spectra has shown a reduction of waxes for higher NaOH concentrations. The XRD diffractogram exhibited an increase in the crystallinity index only for 5% NaOH and an immersion time of 48 h. The morphological aspects of fibers treated with 5% and 10% of NaOH have shown that the treatments have damaged the fiber, which highlighted the crystallinity index reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa Teixeira Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sheron Tavares
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Aziz T, Haq F, Farid A, Kiran M, Faisal S, Ullah A, Ullah N, Bokhari A, Mubashir M, Chuah LF, Show PL. Challenges associated with cellulose composite material: Facet engineering and prospective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115429. [PMID: 36746207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth. It has a large number of desirable properties. Its low toxicity makes it more useful for a variety of applications. Nowadays, its composites are used in most engineering fields. Composite consists of a polymer matrix and use as a reinforcing material. By reducing the cost of traditional fibers, it has an increasing demand for environment-friendly purposes. The use of these types of composites is inherent in moisture absorption with hindered natural fibers. This determines the reduction of polymer composite material. By appropriate chemical surface treatment of cellulose composite materials, the effect could be diminished. The most modern and advanced techniques and methods for the preparation of cellulose and polymer composites are discussed here. Cellulosic composites show a reinforcing effect on the polymer matrix as pointed out by mechanical characterization. Researchers tried their hard work to study different ways of converting various agricultural by-products into useful eco-friendly polymer composites for sustainable production. Cellulose plays building blocks, that are critical for polymer products and their engineering applications. The most common method used to prepare composites is in-situ polymerization. This help to increase the yields of cellulosic composites with a significant enhancement in thermal stability and mechanical properties. Recently, cellulose composites used as enhancing the incorporation of inorganic materials in multi-functional properties. Furthermore, we have summarized in this review the potential applications of cellulose composites in different fields like packaging, aerogels, hydrogels, and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aziz
- Westlake University, School of Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Chemistry Department, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ullah
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer, Life Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Naveed Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Shakhbout Bin Sultan St - Zone 1, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
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12
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Gurupranes SV, Rajendran I, Gokulkumar S, Aravindh M, Sathish S, Elias Uddin M. Preparation, Characteristics, and Application of Biopolymer Materials Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fibres. INT J POLYM SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/1738967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various environmental concerns motivate scientists and researchers to look out for unique new materials in science and technology. In order to address the demand for polymeric materials with partial biodegradability, the usage of lignocellulosic fibre in the polymer matrix has risen. Lignocellulosic fibres are a cheap, easily renewable resource that is readily available in all regions. Cellulosic plant fibres also have a plethora of possibilities for use in polymer reinforcement because of their properties. Many researchers put their effort into developing a natural polymer with better mechanical properties and thermal stability using nanotechnology and the use of natural polymers to make its composites with lignocellulosic fibres. This study provides a review of the biodegradable composite market, processing methods, matrix-reinforcement phases, morphology, and characteristic improvements. In addition, it provides a concise summary of the findings of significant research on natural fibre polymer composites (NFRCs) that have been published. Indeed, a noticeably brief discussion is provided on the significant issues faced during composite extraction as well as the challenges encountered during the machining. Recent developments in the study of lignocellulosic fibre composites or NFRCs have demonstrated their enormous potential as structural elements in vehicles, aerospace structures, buildings, ballistics, soundproofing, and other structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Gurupranes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu 642003, India
| | - I. Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu 642003, India
| | - S. Gokulkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641407, India
| | - M. Aravindh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641407, India
| | - S. Sathish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641407, India
| | - Md. Elias Uddin
- Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
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Bezerra WBA, Lazarus BS, Costa UO, Figueiredo ABHS, Lima ÉP, Luz FSD, Monteiro SN. Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071614. [PMID: 37050228 PMCID: PMC10096586 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arapaima scales possess a hierarchical structure capable of absorbing a considerable amount of energy before fracture. These natural dermal armors present significant potential in the sustainable development of cost-effective composites. This work aimed, for the first time, to analyze the impact resistance and ballistic performance of arapaima scale-reinforced epoxy composites and their potential application in multilayered armor systems (MAS). Composite plates were prepared with 20%, 30%, and 40 vol% of arapaima scales. Composite specimens were subjected to notched Izod impact and residual velocity stand-alone tests and their MAS through backface signature (BFS) tests, with their fracture surfaces studied using SEM. The Izod tests confirmed the effect of scales' volume fraction on the energy absorbed by the composites, showing an increase with volume fraction. Residual velocity tests showed that composites with 30 vol% of scales resulted in the most significant improvement in absorbed energy. All MAS formulations presented BFS depths lower than the trauma limit specified by the NIJ standard. Fractographic analysis showed that the scales' toughening mechanisms improved the composites' energy absorption capacity. The experimental results substantiate the potential use of arapaima scales as a reinforcement agent in polymeric composites, with 30 vol% being the optimal volume fraction for energy-absorbing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell B A Bezerra
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Benjamin S Lazarus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego-UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ulisses O Costa
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - André B-H S Figueiredo
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Édio P Lima
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S da Luz
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio N Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Asyraf MRM, Rafidah M, Madenci E, Özkılıç YO, Aksoylu C, Razman MR, Ramli Z, Zakaria SZS, Khan T. Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms' Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1747. [PMID: 36837376 PMCID: PMC9959001 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been selected as an alternative to conventional wooden timber cross arms. The advantages of FRP composites include a high strength-to-weight ratio, lightweight, ease of production, as well as optimal mechanical performance. Since a non-conductive cross arm structure is exposed to constant loading for a very long time, creep is one of the main factors that cause structural failure. In this state, the structure experiences creep deformation, which can result in serviceability problems, stress redistribution, pre-stress loss, and the failure of structural elements. These issues can be resolved by assessing the creep trends and properties of the structure, which can forecast its serviceability and long-term mechanical performance. Hence, the principles, approaches, and characteristics of creep are used to comprehend and analyse the behaviour of wood and composite cantilever structures under long-term loads. The development of appropriate creep methods and approaches to non-conductive cross arm construction is given particular attention in this literature review, including suitable mitigation strategies such as sleeve installation, the addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of cross arm beams in the core structure. Thus, this article delivers a state-of-the-art review of creep properties, as well as an analysis of non-conductive cross arm structures using experimental approaches. Additionally, this review highlights future developments and progress in cross arm studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emrah Madenci
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ceyhun Aksoylu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Konya Technical University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zuliskandar Ramli
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tabrej Khan
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Gopalan V, Vardhan MS, Thakur V, Krishnamoorthy A, Pragasam V, Degalahal MR, Velu PS, Raja Annamalai A, Jen CP. Studies on Numerical Buckling Analysis of Cellulose Microfibrils Reinforced Polymer Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:894. [PMID: 36769899 PMCID: PMC9918254 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are drawn to the new green composites because they may demonstrate qualities that are comparable to those of composites made of synthetic fibers due to concerns about environmental contamination. In this work, the potential for using the produced green composite in different buckling load-bearing structural applications is explored. The work on composite buckling characteristics is vital because one needs to know the composite's structural stability since buckling leads to structural instability. The buckling properties of composite specimens with epoxy as the matrix and chemically treated cellulose microfibrils as reinforcements are examined numerically in this study when exposed to axial compressive stress. The numerical model is first created based on the finite element method model. Its validity is checked using ANSYS software by contrasting the critical buckling loads determined through research for three samples. The numerical findings acquired using the finite element method are then contrasted with those produced using the regression equation derived from the ANOVA. The utilization of the created green composite in different buckling load-bearing structural applications is investigated in this study. As a result of the green composite's unaltered buckling properties compared to synthetic composites, it has the potential to replace numerous synthetic composites, improving environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatachalam Gopalan
- Centre for Innovation and Product Development, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Mugatha Surya Vardhan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Vishal Thakur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | | | - Vignesh Pragasam
- Associate Project Engineer, EinNel Technologies, Chennai 600073, India
| | | | | | - A. Raja Annamalai
- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Chun-Ping Jen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing for High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
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16
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Maurya AK, Manik G. Advances towards development of industrially relevant short natural fiber reinforced and hybridized polypropylene composites for various industrial applications: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Ding L, Gu X, Shen P, Kong X. Ballistic Limit of UHMWPE Composite Armor under Impact of Ogive-Nose Projectile. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224866. [PMID: 36432993 PMCID: PMC9698897 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ballistic response of armor has been widely used to evaluate its feasibility and advantages as a protective structure. To obtain the ballistic performance and ballistic limitations of composite armor, a type of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite armor is designed, which is composed of UHMWPE laminates and steel face sheets of Q235. The total thickness of the armor is 53 mm, with an in-plane dimension of 300 mm × 300 mm. Then, an experimental study of the ballistic impact response of composite armor subject to a typical ogive-nose projectile was carried out. In the velocity range of 501.1 to 1026.1 m/s, the 14.5 mm caliber armor-piercing projectile could penetrate through the composite armor. At the velocity of 433.3 m/s, the A-P projectile was embedded in the armor, leaving a bulge mark on the back sheet. Therefore, 467.2 m/s is taken as the ballistic limit of the armor under the impact of the ogive-nose projectile. In addition, a corresponding numerical simulation model is also established to predict the ballistic limit of the projectile. The numerical predictions are consistent with the experimental results. The ballistic limit obtained from the numerical simulation results is 500 m/s, which is acceptable with a relative error of 7.02%. The failure mechanism of the composite armor is also obtained. Petaling is the main dominant failure mode for both face sheets, while delamination and shear failure dominate the penetration process of UHMWPE laminates. Finally, the perforation mechanism of composite armor under the impact of an A-P projectile is analyzed with theoretical models to predict the residual velocity, the work performed during the perforation, and the resisting stress of σs in the cavity-expansion model. The experimental and numerical simulation results can provide necessary data in the analysis of the composite structure's dynamic response under the impact of sharp head penetrators. The research results present the ballistic performance, failure mechanism, and ballistic limit of the composite armor under the impact of a typical ogive-nose projectile, which can be significant in the design of composite armor in the areas of ship shield, fortifications protection, and bulletproof structures against threats from sharp head penetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Nanjing Changjiang Electronics Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiaohui Gu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Peihui Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiangsheng Kong
- Nanjing Changjiang Electronics Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210037, China
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18
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Ozair H, Baluch AH, ur Rehman MA, Wadood A. Shape Memory Hybrid Composites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36052-36069. [PMID: 36278059 PMCID: PMC9583341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Smart structures can help to resolve many issues related to conventional materials that are being used in different industries. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials with better actuation response, vibration damping characteristics, and large strain recovery, making them good candidates due to their high strength and corrosion resistance for various engineering applications. The performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials that are replacing many conventional materials due to their good strength, stiffness, and lightweight potential especially in fuel-consuming industries such as aerospace and automotive, can further be improved by impregnation with SMAs. This review discusses the SMA-reinforced FRP composites, leading to shape memory hybrid composite materials, the issues and limitations in composite manufacturing, and their uses in different research arenas including impact and damping applications, seismic protection applications, crack closure applications, shape morphing applications, and self-deployable structures.
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19
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Stelescu MD, Airinei A, Bargan A, Fifere N, Georgescu M, Sonmez M, Nituica M, Alexandrescu L, Stefan A. Mechanical Properties and Equilibrium Swelling Characteristics of Some Polymer Composites Based on Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6838. [PMID: 36234179 PMCID: PMC9571222 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
EPDM/hemp fiber composites with fiber loading of 0-20 phr were prepared by the blending technique on a laboratory electrically heated roller mill. Test specimens were obtained by vulcanization using a laboratory hydraulic press. The elastomer crosslinking and the chemical modification of the hemp fiber surface were achieved by a radical reaction mechanism initiated by di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. The influence of the fiber loading on the mechanical properties, gel fraction, swelling ratio and crosslink degree was investigated. The gel fraction, crosslink density and rubber-hemp fiber interaction were evaluated based on equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements using the Flory-Rehner relation and Kraus and Lorenz-Park equations. The morphology of the EPDM/hemp fiber composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The water absorption increases as the hemp fiber loading increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Airinei
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bargan
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicusor Fifere
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Georgescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Sonmez
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Nituica
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentia Alexandrescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Stefan
- National Institute of Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, 220 Iuliu Maniu Blv., 061126 Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Ilyas RA, El-Shafay AS, Mastura MT, Yusuf SM, Bayraktar E, Azman AH. Additive Manufacturing of Polymer–Fiber Composites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155337. [PMID: 35955271 PMCID: PMC9369458 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (M.T.M.)
| | - A. S. El-Shafay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia;
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. T. Mastura
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Shahir Mohd Yusuf
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMAST) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), UTM Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- ISAE-SUPMECA-PARIS, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France;
| | - Abdul Hadi Azman
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
- Centre for Automotive Research, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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21
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Effect on Compression Molding Parameters in Mechanical Properties of MWCNT/Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9295407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcing fibers, nanofillers, matrix materials, and manufacturing techniques all have a role in the mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites. MWCNTs-reinforced E-glass/Kevlar/epoxy composites are appropriate fillers for structural applications. The impact of different concentrations of MWCNT fillers (0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% wt) on the mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites has been studied. Tensile and bending strength, as well as hardness, were measured in compression-molded composites. The effects of compression pressure, mold temperature, and applied pressure on hybrid (0.8% MWCNT) were investigated. When it came to composite tensile and bending strength, compression pressure was the most important factor, closely succeeded by mold temperature and pressure period. Compression molding were optimized, resulting in a tensile strength of 183 MPa, a bending strength of 158.3 MPa, and a hardness value of 23.8 HV.
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22
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Iliyasu I, Bello JB, Dibal MN, Oyedeji AN, Salami KA, Oyedeji EO. Response surface methodology for the optimization of the effect of fibre parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of deleb palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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23
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Experimental Investigation of Effect of Fiber Length on Mechanical, Wear, and Morphological Behavior of Silane-Treated Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. FIBERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of the best properties in polyester composite from pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) as a reinforcing material is a subject of interest. The properties of PALF are reliant upon fiber length, wherein technical difficulties in production of long fibers and processing for better characteristics in polyester composites possess inherent challenges. The PALFs are subjected to silane treatment for altering fiber properties. This research attempts to analyze the impact of silane-treated PALF with varying fiber lengths (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm) on the performance of natural fiber composites (NFC) properties. Open mold and hand lay-up techniques were employed to develop the polyester composites. The prepared PALF-based polyester composites were examined for different properties (impact, flexural, tensile strength, and wear rate). Coefficient of friction and wear studies are performed on the prepared composites subjected to different loads (10, 20, and 30 N) via a pin on disc test rig. Polymer composite fracture surfaces were analyzed to observe the interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM results showed that the application of silane treatment resulted in better surface topography (fiber length of 5–10 mm showed smooth surface resulted in crack proliferation possessing low fracture toughness of 15–32 MPa; whereas a 15–20 mm fiber length resulted in better fiber–matrix bonding, improving the fracture toughness from 42–55 MPa) as a result of change in chemical structure in PALF. The 20 mm length of PALF resulted in better properties (flexural, tensile, impact, and wear resistance) which are attributed to fiber–matrix interfacial bonding. These properties ensure the developed polymer composites can be applied to walls, building insulation, and artificial ceilings.
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Yin J, Ma W, Gao Z, Lei X, Jia C. A Structural Design Method of 3D Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing Woven Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132635. [PMID: 35808680 PMCID: PMC9268920 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the wave absorption model of 3D woven fabric and the zero-reflection equations, a new structural design method of 3D electromagnetic (EM) wave-absorbing woven fabrics was obtained. The 3D woven fabrics fabricated by the proposed method had the structure of a bidirectional angle interlock. Continuous S-2 glass fibers were used as the matching layer of this 3D woven fabric, and continuous carbon fibers were used as the absorbing layer. The absorbing layer satisfied the equivalent EM parameters under the condition of zero reflection. The results of the simulation and experiment showed that the performance trends of the 3D wave-absorbing fabric obtained by this method were consistent with the theory, which verified the correctness of the structure design method. The 3D fabrics obtained by this method have the advantages of wide absorbing frequencies and good absorbing performance (−20 dB). This structural design method also has theoretical guiding significance for the development of 3D wave-absorbing fabrics.
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25
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A Comprehensive Review of Types, Properties, Treatment Methods and Application of Plant Fibers in Construction and Building Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124362. [PMID: 35744418 PMCID: PMC9227278 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable development involves the usage of alternative sustainable materials in order to sustain the excessive depletion of natural resources. Plant fibers, as a “green” material, are progressively gaining the attention of various researchers in the field of construction for their potential use in composites for stepping towards sustainable development. This study aims to provide a scientometric review of the summarized background of plant fibers and their applications as construction and building materials. Studies from the past two decades are summarized. Quantitative assessment of research progress is made by using connections and maps between bibliometric data that are compiled for the analysis of plant fibers using Scopus. Data refinement techniques are also used. Plant fibers are potentially used to enhance the mechanical properties of a composite. It is revealed from the literature that plant-fiber-reinforced composites have comparable properties in comparison to composites reinforced with artificial/steel fibers for civil engineering applications, such as construction materials, bridge piers, canal linings, soil reinforcement, pavements, acoustic treatment, insulation materials, etc. However, the biodegradable nature of plant fibers is still a hindrance to their application as a structural material. For this purpose, different surface and chemical treatment methods have been proposed in past studies to improve their durability. It can be surmised from the gathered data that the compressive and flexural strengths of plant-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites are increased by up to 43% and 67%, respectively, with respect to a reference composite. In the literature, alkaline treatment has been reported as an effective and economical method for treating plant fibers. Environmental degradation due to excessive consumption of natural resources and fossil fuels for the construction industry, along with the burning of waste plant fibers, can be reduced by incorporating said fibers in cementitious composites to reduce landfill pollution and, ultimately, achieve sustainable development.
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Norfarhana A, Ilyas R, Ngadi N, Sharma S, Sayed MM, El-Shafay A, Nordin A. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic ENR/PVC Composites as Potential Membrane Technology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2432. [PMID: 35746008 PMCID: PMC9228183 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane separation processes are prevalent in industrial wastewater treatment because they are more effective than conventional methods at addressing global water issues. Consequently, the ideal membranes with high mechanical strength, thermal characteristics, flux, permeability, porosity, and solute removal capacity must be prepared to aid in the separation process for wastewater treatment. Rubber-based membranes have shown the potential for high mechanical properties in water separation processes to date. In addition, the excellent sustainable practice of natural fibers has attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composite membranes to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. The incorporation of natural fiber in thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as filler and pore former agent enhances the mechanical properties, and high separation efficiency characteristics of membrane composites are discussed. Furthermore, recent advancements in the fabrication technique of porous membranes affected the membrane's structure, and the performance of wastewater treatment applications is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Norfarhana
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, Pagoh Education Hub, Pagoh Muar 84600, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R.A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N. Ngadi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed
- Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - A.S. El-Shafay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.H. Nordin
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
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Development of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites Ballistic Helmet Using Concurrent Engineering Approach: A Brief Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this decade, all researchers and industry players compete to develop sustainable product design by exploring natural fibre composites in product design development. One of the essential methodologies in creating composite products is concurrent engineering (CE). Industrial design and production engineering should be involved in the development of ballistic helmets. This publication aims to provide a quick overview of the evolution of natural fibre composite ballistic helmet designs. This manuscript is still in its early stages, but it already includes a summary of the progress of ballistic helmet design from 1915 to the present. Renewable materials, such as natural fibre, should be highlighted as an alternative to synthetic composites in developing a sustainable ballistic helmet design. Furthermore, launching the design development process for a ballistic helmet demands a CE strategy that includes multi-disciplinary knowledge. Computational modelling aids in the development of ballistic helmet designs, reducing the time and cost of manufacturing ballistic helmets. The ergonomic component of ballistic helmet design is also crucial, as is the thermal comfort factor, which can be handled using natural fibre composites with thermal solid insulating characteristics. The development of natural fibre composite ballistic helmets can be used as a consideration in the future as a revolution to create a sustainable design. Finally, this review can be used as a guide for industrial designers. In conclusion, this review might be utilized as a reference for industrial designers due to a shortage of studies, especially in producing product-related natural fibre.
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Sugar Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Influence of Chemical Treatments on Its Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113852. [PMID: 35683149 PMCID: PMC9181418 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the era of globalisation, decreasing synthetic resources, especially petroleum, have encouraged global communities to apply biomass waste as a substitute material for green technology development. The development of plastic products from lignocellulosic fibre-reinforced composites has been a hot topic among material scientists and engineers due to their abundance, sustainable in nature, and less toxic towards health. For the Malaysian scenario, sugar palm is a plant found in the wild and locally planted in certain areas in Malaysia and Indonesia. Generally, sugar palm can be harvested for traditional foods, fruits, starch sugar (gula kabung), and alcohol, whereas sugar palm fibre (SPF) is used in conventional products (brushes and brooms). Various researchers are working on the characterisation of fibre and its composites for engineering and packaging products. The main drawback of SPF is its hydrophilic behaviour, which leads to high moisture uptake and inhibits a good bond between the fibre and the matrix. Thus, a solution for this problem is by implementing chemical treatments on the fibre. From the literature review, no comprehensive review paper has been published on the influence of chemical treatment on the mechanical behaviour of SPF-reinforced polymer composites. Thus, the present review examines recent studies on the mechanical properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibres with various chemical treatments to evaluate their potential in structural applications.
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A Novel Z Profile of Pultruded Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Beams for Purlins. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purlins made from galvanised steel in fertiliser warehouses have often been considered less efficient, necessitating a new purlin made using corrosion-resistant material to increase building efficiency. This study was an attempt to design a nine-metre purlin from glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite material for a new fertiliser warehouse in Bontang-East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The purlin design selected in this study was the Z profile of pultruded beams from GFRP composite material that met the criteria of an efficient purlin, such as corrosion resistance, compact stacking, and ability to withstand technical loads. In particular, the Z profile becomes compact when stacked, and the GFRP material used is corrosion-resistant yet affordable. The primary materials for GFRP composites consist of long yarn glass fibre bundles for reinforcement and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) for the matrix. Material strength modelling was based on analytical and finite element approaches. The analysis shows that the most considerable normal stress of “64.41 MPa” occurred at the two fixed end supports, while the most significant deflection of “45.9 mm” occurred at the mid-span of the purlin structure. The purlin structure was considered safe, as the strength and deflection were below the threshold. Thus, the Z profile of the pultruded purlin beams built using the GFRP composite material meets the technical criteria.
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Costa UO, Nascimento LFC, Bezerra WBA, Neves PP, Huaman NRC, Monteiro SN, Pinheiro WA. Dynamic and Ballistic Performance of Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091859. [PMID: 35567028 PMCID: PMC9105903 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) functionalized curaua fiber (CF) has been shown to improve the mechanical properties and ballistic performance of epoxy matrix (EM) nanocomposites with 30 vol% fiber. However, the possibility of further improvement in the property and performance of nanocomposites with a greater percentage of GO functionalized CF is still a challenging endeavor. In the present work, a novel epoxy composite reinforced with 40 vol% CF coated with 0.1 wt% GO (40GOCF/EM), was subjected to Izod and ballistic impact tests as well as corresponding fractographic analysis in comparison with a GO-free composite (40CF/EM). One important achievement of this work was to determine the characteristics of the GO by means of FE-SEM and TEM. A zeta potential of −21.46 mV disclosed a relatively low stability of the applied GO, which was attributed to more multilayered structures rather than mono- or few-layer flakes. FE-SEM images revealed GO deposition, with thickness around 30 nm, onto the CF. Izod impact-absorbed energy of 813 J/m for the 40GOCF/EM was not only higher than that of 620 J/m for the 40CF/EM but also higher than other values reported for fiber composites in the literature. The GO-functionalized nanocomposite was more optimized for ballistic application against a 7.62 mm projectile, with a lower depth of penetration (24.80 mm) as compared with the 30 vol% GO-functionalized CF/epoxy nanocomposite previously reported (27.43 mm). Fractographic analysis identified five main events in the ballistic-tested 40GOCF/EM composed of multilayered armor: CF rupture, epoxy matrix rupture, CF/matrix delamination, CF fibril split, and capture of ceramic fragments by the CF. Microcracks were associated with the morphological aspects of the CF surface. A brief cost-effective analysis confirmed that 40GOCF/EM may be one of the most promising materials for personal multilayered ballistic armor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21982418125
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Pamela Pinto Neves
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Noemi Raquel Checca Huaman
- Brazilian Center for Physics Research, CBPF, Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
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Syamsir A, Nadhirah A, Mohamad D, Beddu S, Asyraf MRM, Itam Z, Anggraini V. Performance Analysis of Full Assembly Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arm in Transmission Tower. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081563. [PMID: 35458313 PMCID: PMC9025422 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new compared to wood timber cross-arms. In this case, many research works conducted experiments on composite cross-arms, either in coupon or full-scale size. However, none performed finite element (FE) analyses on full-scale composite cross-arms under actual working load and broken wire conditions. Thus, this work evaluates the performance of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arm tubes in 275 kV transmission towers using FE analysis. In this study, the performance analysis was run mimicking actual normal and broken wire conditions with five and three times more than working loads (WL). The full-scale assembly load test experiment outcomes were used to validate the FE analysis. Furthermore, the mechanical properties values of the GFRP composite were incorporated in simulation analysis based on the previous experimental work on coupons samples of GFRP tubes. Additionally, parametric studies were performed to determine the ultimate applied load and factor of safety for both normal and broken wire loading conditions. This research discovered that the GFRP composite cross-arm could withstand the applied load of five times and three times working load (WL) for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively. In addition, the factor of safety of tubes was 1.08 and 1.1 for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively, which can be considered safe to use. Hence, the composite cross-arms can sustain load two times more than the design requirement, which is two times the working load for normal conditions. In future studies, it is recommended to analyze the fatigue properties of the composite due to wind loading, which may induce failure in long-term service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.R.M.A.)
| | - Afiqah Nadhirah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.R.M.A.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Vivi Anggraini
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sun Way, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Processing, Characterization of Furcraea foetida (FF) Fiber and Investigation of Physical/Mechanical Properties of FF/Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071476. [PMID: 35406353 PMCID: PMC9003038 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent days the rising concern over environmental pollution with excessive use of synthetic materials has led to various eco-friendly innovations. Due to the organic nature, abundance and higher strength, natural fibers are gaining a lot of interest among researchers and are also extensively used by various industries to produce ecological products. Natural fibers are widely used in the composite industry as an alternative to synthetic fibers for numerous applications and new sources of fiber are continuously being explored. In this study, a fiber extracted from the Furcraea foetida (FF) plant is characterized for its feasibility as a reinforcement to fabricate polymer composite. The results show that the fiber has a density of 0.903 ± 0.07 g/cm3, tensile strength (σt) of 170.47 ± 24.71 MPa and the fiber is thermally stable up to 250 °C. The chemical functional groups and elements present in the FF fiber are evaluated by conducting Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The addition of FF fibers in epoxy reduced the density (13.44%) and hardness (10.9%) of the FF/Epoxy (FF/E) composite. However, the void content (Vc < 8%) and water absorption (WA: < 6%) rate increased in the composite. The FF/E composite with 30% volume of FF fibers showed maximum σt (32.14 ± 5.54 MPa) and flexural strength (σf: 80.23 ± 11.3 MPa).
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Asyraf M, Ishak M, Syamsir A, Nurazzi N, Sabaruddin F, Shazleen S, Norrrahim M, Rafidah M, Ilyas R, Rashid MZA, Razman M. Mechanical properties of oil palm fibre-reinforced polymer composites: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:33-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Product Development of Natural Fibre-Composites for Various Applications: Design for Sustainability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050920. [PMID: 35267742 PMCID: PMC8912451 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New product development review article aims to consolidate the principles and current literature on design for sustainability to seek the field’s future direction. In this point of view, the design for sustainability methods can be established under the idea of sustainability in dimensions of ecology, economy and social pillars. Design for sustainability concept is implemented in concurrent engineering, including concept, embodiment and detail design processes. Integrating sustainability in engineering designs is crucial to producing greener products, system innovation, and services aligned with current market demand. Currently, many concurrent engineering studies related to natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites associated with sustainability enhance the application of design for sustainability techniques by professional designers. However, the current literature is scarce in bridging the design for sustainability concept with concurrent engineering during the design development stage, and these areas should be further developed. Several other future research directions, such as the need for aligning with principles and applications, along with exploring the relationships between the design for sustainability techniques and views of sustainability, are presented in this review paper.
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Ilyas RA, Aisyah HA, Nordin AH, Ngadi N, Zuhri MYM, Asyraf MRM, Sapuan SM, Zainudin ES, Sharma S, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH, Rafidah M, Zakaria SZS, Razman MR, Majid NA, Ramli Z, Azmi A, Bangar SP, Ibrahim R. Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Chitosan, Chitosan Blends and Their Nanocomposites for Various Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050874. [PMID: 35267697 PMCID: PMC8912483 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been much effort to provide eco-friendly and biodegradable materials for the next generation of composite products owing to global environmental concerns and increased awareness of renewable green resources. This review article uniquely highlights the use of green composites from natural fiber, particularly with regard to the development and characterization of chitosan, natural-fiber-reinforced chitosan biopolymer, chitosan blends, and chitosan nanocomposites. Natural fiber composites have a number of advantages such as durability, low cost, low weight, high specific strength, non-abrasiveness, equitably good mechanical properties, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. Findings revealed that chitosan is a natural fiber that falls to the animal fiber category. As it has a biomaterial form, chitosan can be presented as hydrogels, sponges, film, and porous membrane. There are different processing methods in the preparation of chitosan composites such as solution and solvent casting, dipping and spray coating, freeze casting and drying, layer-by-layer preparation, and extrusion. It was also reported that the developed chitosan-based composites possess high thermal stability, as well as good chemical and physical properties. In these regards, chitosan-based “green” composites have wide applicability and potential in the industry of biomedicine, cosmetology, papermaking, wastewater treatment, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Humaira Alias Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Abu Hassan Nordin
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Edi Syams Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India;
| | - Hairul Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia;
| | - Mochamad Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, East Java, Indonesia;
| | - Edi Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, West Sumatra, Indonesia;
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia;
| | - Mazlan Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.Z.S.Z.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nuriah Abd Majid
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.Z.S.Z.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Zuliskandar Ramli
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ashraf Azmi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - Rushdan Ibrahim
- Pulp and Paper Branch, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Filament-wound glass-fibre reinforced polymer composites: Potential applications for cross arm structure in transmission towers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Goswami B, Khatua M, Samanta S. Polymerisation of styrene using pincer type amine functionalized azo aromatic complexes of Co(II) as catalysts. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1454-1463. [PMID: 34988578 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02622d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, three mononuclear azo-aromatic complexes of Co(II), 1-3, and an imine-based Co(II) complex, 4, were synthesized through a reaction of respective amine-functionalized pincer-like ligands, HL1-4, with CoCl2·6H2O in the ligand-to-metal ratio of 1 : 1. All the complexes, 1-4, were thoroughly characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques, single-crystal X-ray structure determination, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Complexes 1-4 were explored for the catalytic styrene polymerisation reaction separately in the presence of modified methyl aluminoxane (MMAO). All the complexes, 1-4, are indeed active for the polymerisation of styrene under mild conditions at room temperature upon activation with MMAO. Among the azo-aromatic complexes 1-3, complex 3 is the most efficient. The activity of the imine complex 4 is poor compared to those of the azo-aromatic complexes 1-3. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the isolated polystyrene ranges from 32.9 to 144.0 kg mol-1, with a polydispersity index (Đ) in the range of 1.1-1.8. Microstructural analysis of the isolated polymer from complexes 1-4 was carried out by 13C NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Their thermal properties were scrutinized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. These studies have shown the atactic and amorphous nature of the polymers. The mechanical strength of the polymers was measured by a nanoindentation technique which has shown the good plastic/soft nature of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Goswami
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Manas Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu 181221, India.
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A Review of Electromagnetic Shielding Fabric, Wave-Absorbing Fabric and Wave-Transparent Fabric. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030377. [PMID: 35160367 PMCID: PMC8838001 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the basic materials with specific properties, fabrics have been widely applied in electromagnetic (EM) wave protection and control due to their characteristics of low density, excellent mechanical properties as well as designability. According to the different mechanisms and application scenarios on EM waves, fabrics can be divided into three types: EM shielding fabric, wave-absorbing fabric and wave-transparent fabric, which have been summarized and prospected from the aspects of mechanisms and research status, and it is believed that the current research on EM wave fabrics are imperfect in theory. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of different EM properties and application conditions, the structure of fabrics will be diversified, and more and more attentions should be paid to the research on structure of fabrics that meets EM properties, which will be conductive to guiding the development and optimization of fabrics. Furthermore, the application of fabrics in EM waves will change from 2D to 3D, from single structure to multiple structures, from large to small, as well as from heavy to light.
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Razali NAM, Mohd Sohaimi R, Othman RNIR, Abdullah N, Demon SZN, Jasmani L, Yunus WMZW, Ya’acob WMHW, Salleh EM, Norizan MN, Halim NA. Comparative Study on Extraction of Cellulose Fiber from Rice Straw Waste from Chemo-Mechanical and Pulping Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030387. [PMID: 35160377 PMCID: PMC8839608 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by nature, cellulose extracted from plant wastes has been explored, due to its great potential as an alternative for synthetic fiber and filler that contributes to structural performance. The drive of this study was to extract, treat, and evaluate the characteristics of rice straw (RS) (Oryza sativa L.) cellulose as a biodegradable reinforcement to be utilized in polymer base materials. Two routes of extraction and treatment were performed via the pulping (Route 1) and chemo-mechanical methods (Route 2), in order to discover comparative characteristics of the synthesized cellulose fiber. Comprehensive characterization of RS cellulose was carried out to determine crystallinity, surface morphology, and chemical bonding properties, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), respectively. The XRD test results showed that the crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose powder (CP) decreased after the surface modification treatment, Route 2, from 64.50 to 50.10% CI for modified cellulose powder (MCP), due to the surface alteration of cellulose structure. From Route 1, the crystallinity of the fibers decreased up to 33.5% (dissolve cellulose, DC) after the pulp went through the surface modification and dissolution processes, resulting from the transformation of cellulose phase into para-crystalline structure. FESEM micrographs displayed a significant reduction of raw RS diameter from 7.78 µm to 3.34 µm (treated by Route 1) and 1.06 µm (treated by Route 2). The extracted and treated cellulose via both routes, which was considerably dominated by cellulose II because of the high percentage of alkaline used, include the dissolve cellulose (DC). The dissolution process, using NMMO solvent, was performed on the pulp fiber produced by Route 1. The fiber change from cellulose I to cellulose II after undergoes the process. Thus, the dissolution process maintains cellulose II but turned the pulp to the cellulose solution. The acquired characteristics of cellulose from RS waste, extracted by the employed methods, have a considerably greater potential for further application in numerous industries. It was concluded that the great achievement of extracted RS is obtained the nanosized fibers after surface modification treatment, which is very useful for filler in structural composite applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amirah Mamat Razali
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.M.R.); (N.A.); (S.Z.N.D.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Risby Mohd Sohaimi
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (R.M.S.); (R.N.I.R.O.)
| | - Raja Nor Izawati Raja Othman
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (R.M.S.); (R.N.I.R.O.)
| | - Norli Abdullah
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.M.R.); (N.A.); (S.Z.N.D.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Siti Zulaikha Ngah Demon
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.M.R.); (N.A.); (S.Z.N.D.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Latifah Jasmani
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Mohd Zain Wan Yunus
- Center for Tropicalisation, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Mohd Hanif Wan Ya’acob
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology, National Defence University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Emee Marina Salleh
- Department of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia, Mineral Research Centre, Ipoh 30020, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Nurazzi Norizan
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.M.R.); (N.A.); (S.Z.N.D.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Norhana Abdul Halim
- Center for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.A.M.R.); (N.A.); (S.Z.N.D.); (M.N.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Azlin MNM, Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Sapuan SM, Harussani MM, Sharma S, Nordin AH, Nurazzi NM, Afiqah AN. 3D Printing and Shaping Polymers, Composites, and Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:180. [PMID: 35012202 PMCID: PMC8747384 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable technologies are vital due to the efforts of researchers and investors who have allocated significant amounts of money and time to their development. Nowadays, 3D printing has been accepted by the main industry players, since its first establishment almost 30 years ago. It is obvious that almost every industry is related to technology, which proves that technology has a bright future. Many studies have shown that technologies have changed the methods for developing particular products. Three-dimensional printing has evolved tremendously, and currently, many new types of 3D printing machines have been introduced. In this paper, we describe the historical development of 3D printing technology including its process, types of printing, and applications on polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. M. Azlin
- Department of Textile Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah 72000, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus, Kapurthala 144603, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development and Chandigarh Universiti, Pubjab 140413, India
| | - A. H. Nordin
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - N. M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - A. N. Afiqah
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (A.N.A.)
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Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Norrrahim MNF, Misenan MSM, Jenol MA, Samsudin SA, Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Supian ABM, Bangar SP, Nadlene R, Sharma S, Omran AAB. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polycaprolactone Green and Hybrid Biocomposites for Various Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:182. [PMID: 35012203 PMCID: PMC8747341 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments within the topic of biomaterials has taken hold of researchers due to the mounting concern of current environmental pollution as well as scarcity resources. Amongst all compatible biomaterials, polycaprolactone (PCL) is deemed to be a great potential biomaterial, especially to the tissue engineering sector, due to its advantages, including its biocompatibility and low bioactivity exhibition. The commercialization of PCL is deemed as infant technology despite of all its advantages. This contributed to the disadvantages of PCL, including expensive, toxic, and complex. Therefore, the shift towards the utilization of PCL as an alternative biomaterial in the development of biocomposites has been exponentially increased in recent years. PCL-based biocomposites are unique and versatile technology equipped with several importance features. In addition, the understanding on the properties of PCL and its blend is vital as it is influenced by the application of biocomposites. The superior characteristics of PCL-based green and hybrid biocomposites has expanded their applications, such as in the biomedical field, as well as in tissue engineering and medical implants. Thus, this review is aimed to critically discuss the characteristics of PCL-based biocomposites, which cover each mechanical and thermal properties and their importance towards several applications. The emergence of nanomaterials as reinforcement agent in PCL-based biocomposites was also a tackled issue within this review. On the whole, recent developments of PCL as a potential biomaterial in recent applications is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Davutpasa Campus, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34220, Turkey;
| | - Mohd Azwan Jenol
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sani Amril Samsudin
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - N. M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - A. B. M. Supian
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - R. Nadlene
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar 144001, India;
| | - Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Science & Technology, Sebha University, Sabha 00218, Libya
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Zahid M, Anwer Rathore H, Tayyab H, Ahmad Rehan Z, Abdul Rashid I, Lodhi M, Zubair U, Shahid I. Recent developments in textile based polymeric smart sensor for human health monitoring: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Karimah A, Ridho MR, Munawar SS, Ismadi, Amin Y, Damayanti R, Lubis MAR, Wulandari AP, Nurindah, Iswanto AH, Fudholi A, Asrofi M, Saedah E, Sari NH, Pratama BR, Fatriasari W, Nawawi DS, Rangappa SM, Siengchin S. A Comprehensive Review on Natural Fibers: Technological and Socio-Economical Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4280. [PMID: 34960839 PMCID: PMC8707527 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian countries have abundant resources of natural fibers, but unfortunately, they have not been optimally utilized. The facts showed that from 2014 to 2020, there was a shortfall in meeting national demand of over USD 2.75 million per year. Therefore, in order to develop the utilization and improve the economic potential as well as the sustainability of natural fibers, a comprehensive review is required. The study aimed to demonstrate the availability, technological processing, and socio-economical aspects of natural fibers. Although many studies have been conducted on this material, it is necessary to revisit their potential from those perspectives to maximize their use. The renewability and biodegradability of natural fiber are part of the fascinating properties that lead to their prospective use in automotive, aerospace industries, structural and building constructions, bio packaging, textiles, biomedical applications, and military vehicles. To increase the range of applications, relevant technologies in conjunction with social approaches are very important. Hence, in the future, the utilization can be expanded in many fields by considering the basic characteristics and appropriate technologies of the natural fibers. Selecting the most prospective natural fiber for creating national products can be assisted by providing an integrated management system from a digitalized information on potential and related technological approaches. To make it happens, collaborations between stakeholders from the national R&D agency, the government as policy maker, and academic institutions to develop national bioproducts based on domestic innovation in order to move the circular economy forward are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizatul Karimah
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Muhammad Rasyidur Ridho
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Sasa Sofyan Munawar
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Ismadi
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Yusup Amin
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Ratih Damayanti
- Forest Products Research and Development Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor 16610, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Asri Peni Wulandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Padjajaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Nurindah
- Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute (ISFCRI), Ministry of Agriculture, Malang 65152, Indonesia;
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- JATI-Sumatran Forestry Analysis Study Center, Jl. Tridarma Ujung No. 1, Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Fudholi
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
- Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan LIPI Cisitu, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kampus Tegalboto, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia;
- Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), Advanced Materials Research Group, Kampus Tegalboto, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Euis Saedah
- Indonesia Natural Fiber Council (DSI), Gedung Smesco/SME Tower Lt. G (APINDO UMKM Hub), Jl Gatot Subroto Kav. 94 Pancoran, Jakarta Selatan 12780, Indonesia;
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 001016, Indonesia;
| | - Bayu Rizky Pratama
- The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10903, Thailand;
| | - Widya Fatriasari
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (A.K.); (M.R.R.); (S.S.M.); (I.); (Y.A.); (M.A.R.L.)
| | - Deded Sarip Nawawi
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
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Cerbu C, Ursache S, Botis MF, Hadăr A. Simulation of the Hybrid Carbon-Aramid Composite Materials Based on Mechanical Characterization by Digital Image Correlation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234184. [PMID: 34883686 PMCID: PMC8659956 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As hybrid carbon-aramid composites become widely used in various industries, it has become imperative to mechanically characterize them using accurate methods of measuring the entire deformation field such as the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The accuracy of the numerical simulation of carbon-aramid composite structures depends on the accuracy of the elastic constants. Therefore, the goal of this research is to model and simulate the mechanical behaviour of the composite based on epoxy resin reinforced with carbon-aramid woven fabric by considering the mechanical properties investigated by tensile test combined with DIC and the bending test. The curves of the transverse strains related to the longitudinal strains were investigated using DIC in order to determine the Poisson's ratios in the case of tensile tests applied in warp or weft directions of the reinforcement fabric. The impact strength determined by Charpy tests is also reported. The other main objective is to use the analytical models to compute the tensile and flexural moduli of elasticity for the fictitious orthotropic materials which behave similarly to the carbon-aramid composite investigated. The simulations regarding the behaviour of the carbon-aramid composite in tensile and bending tests were validated by the experimental results, since the maximum errors recorded between experimental and theoretical results were 0.19% and 0.15% for the equivalent tensile modulus and for the equivalent flexural modulus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Cerbu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor, No. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (C.C.); (S.U.)
| | - Stefania Ursache
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor, No. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (C.C.); (S.U.)
| | - Marius Florin Botis
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor, No. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Anton Hadăr
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
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Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Thermally Aged Fique Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224037. [PMID: 34833335 PMCID: PMC8624808 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is one of the most common methods employed to study a material’s viscoelastic properties. The effect of thermal aging on plain epoxy and a fique fabric-reinforced epoxy composite was investigated by comparing the mass loss, morphologies, and DMA properties of aged and unaged samples. In fact, thermal aging presents a big challenge for the high-temperature applications of natural fiber composites. In this work, both plain epoxy and fique fabric-reinforced epoxy composite were found to have different molecular mobility. This leads to distinct transition regions, with different changes in intensity caused by external loadings from time-aging. Three exponentially modified Gauss distribution functions (EMGs) were applied to loss factor curves of fique fabric-reinforced epoxy composite and plain epoxy, which allowed identifying three possible mobility ranges. From these results it was proposed that the thermal degradation behavior of natural fibers, especially fique fiber and their composites, might be assessed, based on their structural characteristics and mechanical properties.
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Hybridization of MMT/Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications: A Review. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, significant research effort has been dedicated to examining the usage of nanomaterials hybridized with lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles like montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay was found to increase the strength, modulus of elasticity and stiffness of composites and provide thermal stability. The resulting composite materials has figured prominently in research and development efforts devoted to nanocomposites and are often used as strengthening agents, especially for structural applications. The distinct properties of MMT, namely its hydrophilicity, as well as high strength, high aspect ratio and high modulus, aids in the dispersion of this inorganic crystalline layer in water-soluble polymers. The ability of MMT nanoclay to intercalate into the interlayer space of monomers and polymers is used, followed by the exfoliation of filler particles into monolayers of nanoscale particles. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of the features of the structure, chemical composition, and properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulosic fibers. Some of the techniques used for obtaining polymer nanocomposites based on lignocellulosic fibers and MMT nanoclay are described: (i) conventional, (ii) intercalation, (iii) melt intercalation, and (iv) in situ polymerization methods. This review also comprehensively discusses the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of MMT-based polymer nanocomposites. The valuable properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulose fibers allow us to expand the possibilities of using polymer nanocomposites in various advanced industrial applications.
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Mohammed AABA, Omran AAB, Hasan Z, Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM. Wheat Biocomposite Extraction, Structure, Properties and Characterization: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213624. [PMID: 34771181 PMCID: PMC8587943 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite materials create a huge opportunity for a healthy and safe environment by replacing artificial plastic and materials with natural ingredients in a variety of applications. Furniture, construction materials, insulation, and packaging, as well as medical devices, can all benefit from biocomposite materials. Wheat is one of the world’s most widely cultivated crops. Due to its mechanical and physical properties, wheat starch, gluten, and fiber are vital in the biopolymer industry. Glycerol as a plasticizer considerably increased the elongation and water vapor permeability of wheat films. Wheat fiber developed mechanical and thermal properties as a result of various matrices; wheat gluten is water insoluble, elastic, non-toxic, and biodegradable, making it useful in biocomposite materials. This study looked at the feasibility of using wheat plant components such as wheat, gluten, and fiber in the biocomposite material industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. B. A. Mohammed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.B.A.M.); (Z.H.)
| | - Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.B.A.M.); (Z.H.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Science & Technology, Sebha University, Sabha 00218, Libya
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.O.); (R.A.I.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Zaimah Hasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.B.A.M.); (Z.H.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.O.); (R.A.I.); (S.M.S.)
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.O.); (R.A.I.); (S.M.S.)
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48
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Fuentes Molina N, Fragozo Brito Y, Polo Benavides JM. Recycling of Residual Polymers Reinforced with Natural Fibers as a Sustainable Alternative: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213612. [PMID: 34771169 PMCID: PMC8587329 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest advances in green alternatives are being addressed with bio-based solutions, with uses and applications in new areas due to their wide potential, low cost, lightness, renewability, biodegradability, impact toughness, fatigue resistance, and other specific properties. Natural fibers are sustainable materials that have led researchers to test their viability as alternative reinforcements in residual polymers to meet required engineering specifications; therefore, it is essential to continue making progress in replacing conventional materials. This review is expected to provide an overview of the current scopes and future prospects of biocomposites from polymers reinforced with natural fibers with a focus on the following: i. recycling of residual polymers; ii. available natural fibers and their components in the context of engineering applications; iii. the behavior of the structural modifications of the natural fibers with the physical and chemical treatments in the matrix interaction as reinforcements of the residual polymers; and iv. applications for the development of innovative, efficient, and sustainable solutions for successful, environmentally responsible products.
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49
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Sherwani SFK, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Khalina A. Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Treated Sugar Palm/Glass Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3620. [PMID: 34771176 PMCID: PMC8587872 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was performed to evaluate the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of treated sugar palm fiber (SPF)/glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites. Morphological investigations of tensile and flexural fractured samples of composites were conducted with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Alkaline and benzoyl chloride (BC) treatments of SPFs were performed. A constant weight fraction of 30% total fiber loading and 70% poly(lactic acid) were considered. The composites were initially prepared by a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a hot-pressing machine. The results reported that the best tensile and flexural strengths of 26.3 MPa and 27.3 MPa were recorded after alkaline treatment of SPF, while the highest values of tensile and flexural moduli of 607 MPa and 1847 MPa were recorded after BC treatment of SPF for SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites. The novel SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites could be suitable for fabricating automotive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. K. Sherwani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Z. Leman
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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50
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Suriani MJ, Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Khalina A, Sultan MTH, Sapuan SM, Ruzaidi CM, Wan FN, Zulkifli F, Harussani MM, Azman MA, Radzi FSM, Sharma S. Critical Review of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites: Processing, Properties, Applications and Cost. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203514. [PMID: 34685272 PMCID: PMC8537548 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing scientific interest has occurred concerning the utilization of natural fiber-enhanced hybrid composites that incorporate one or more types of natural enhancement. Annual natural fiber production is estimated to be 1,783,965 × 103 tons/year. Extensive studies have been conducted in the domains of natural/synthetic as well as natural/natural hybrid composites. As synthetic fibers have better rigidity and strength than natural fibers, natural/synthetic hybrid composites have superior qualities via hybridization compared to natural composites in fibers. In general, natural fiber compounds have lower characteristics, limiting the use of natural composites reinforced by fiber. Significant effort was spent in enhancing the mechanical characteristics of this group of materials to increase their strengths and applications, especially via the hybridization process, by manipulating the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Current studies concentrate on enhancing the understanding of natural fiber-matrix adhesion, enhancing processing methods, and natural fiber compatibility. The optimal and resilient conceptions have also been addressed due to the inherently more significant variabilities. Moreover, much research has tackled natural fiber reinforced hybrid composite costs. In addition, this review article aims to offer a review of the variables that lead to the mechanical and structural failure of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, as well as an overview of the details and costings of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. T. H. Sultan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
| | - C. M. Ruzaidi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Nik Wan
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Zulkifli
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
| | - M. A. Azman
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. S. M. Radzi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India;
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