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Totah HS, Moujdin IA, Abulkhair HA, Albeirutty M. Influence of Inner Gas Curing Technique on the Development of Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Reinforcement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7179. [PMID: 38005108 PMCID: PMC10672929 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive shrinkage and tensile strength characterization of unsaturated polyester (UPE-8340) and vinyl ester (VE-922) epoxy matrices and composites reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was conducted. The aspect ratio of UPE and VE with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) was kept at 1:16.6; however, the weight of the MWCNTs was varied from 0.03 to 0.3 gm for the doping of the reinforced nanocomposites. Using a dumbbell-shaped mold, samples of the epoxy matrix without MWCNTs and with reinforced UPE/MWCNT and VE/MWCNT nanocomposites were made. The samples were then cured in a typical ambient chamber with air and an inner gas (carbon dioxide). The effect of the MWCNTs on UPE- and VE-reinforced composites was studied by observing the curing kinetics, shrinkage, and tensile properties, as well as the surface free energy of each reinforced sample in confined saline water. The CO2 curing results reveal that the absence of O2 shows a significantly lower shrinkage rate and higher tensile strength and flexural modulus of UPE- and VE-reinforced nanocomposite samples compared with air-cured reinforced nanocomposites. The construction that was air- and CO2-cured produced results in the shape of a dumbbell, and a flawless surface was seen. The results also show that smaller quantities of MWCNTs made the UPET- and VE-reinforced nanocomposites more stable when they were absorbed and adsorbed in concentrated salt water. Perhaps, compared to air-cured nanocomposites, CO2-cured UPE and VE nanocomposites were better at reducing shrinkage, having important mechanical properties, absorbing water, and being resistant to seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Saber Totah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Abdulelah Abulkhair
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Albeirutty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Saravanan Veera Sena V, Arumugam H, Mohamed Mydeen K, Krishnasamy B, Mohamed Iqbal M, Muthukaruppan A. Industrial cutting waste granite dust reinforced cardanol benzoxazine/epoxy resin hybrid composites for high‐voltage electrical insulation applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hariharan Arumugam
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research Coimbatore India
| | | | - Balaji Krishnasamy
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research Coimbatore India
| | - Mohamedmustafa Mohamed Iqbal
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research Coimbatore India
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research Coimbatore India
| | - Alagar Muthukaruppan
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research Coimbatore India
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3
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Schissel SM, Jessop JLP. Transferable shadow cure: A new approach to achieving cationic photopolymerization in light‐restricted areas. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sage M. Schissel
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Julie L. P. Jessop
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA
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Stanic S, Koch T, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki V. Upcycling of polypropylene with various concentrations of peroxydicarbonate and dilauroyl peroxide and two processing steps. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
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Stanic S, Gottlieb G, Koch T, Göpperl L, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki VM. Influence of Different Types of Peroxides on the Long-Chain Branching of PP via Reactive Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E886. [PMID: 32290464 PMCID: PMC7240374 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain branching (LCB) is known as a suitable method to increase the melt strength behavior of linear polypropylene (PP), which is a fundamental weakness of this material. This enables the modification of various properties of PP, which can then be used-in the case of PP recyclates-as a practical "upcycling" method. In this study, the effect of five different peroxides and their effectiveness in building LCB as well as the obtained mechanical properties were studied. A single screw extruder at different temperatures (180 and 240 °C) was used, and long-chain branched polypropylene (PP-LCB) was prepared via reactive extrusion by directly mixing the peroxides. The peroxides used were dimyristyl peroxydicarbonate (PODIC C126), tert-butylperoxy isopropylcarbonate (BIC), tert-Butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (BEC), tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexylcarbonate (AEC), and dilauroyl peroxide (LP), all with a concentration of 20 mmol/kg. The influence of the temperature on the competitive prevalent reactions of degradation and branching was documented via melt mass-flow rate (MFR), rheology measurements, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). However, via extensional rheology, strain hardening could be observed in all cases and the mechanical properties could be maintained or even improved. Particularly, PODIC C126 and LP signaled a promising possibility for LCB in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergö Gottlieb
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Göpperl
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Klaus Schmid
- Pergan GmbH, Schlavenhorst 71, 46395 Bocholt, Germany
| | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Rafiqul Bari GAKM, Kim H. An Easy Fabricable Film for Organic Electronics Based on Phenoxy and Epoxy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul Bari
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 712‐749 Republic of Korea
| | - Haekyoung Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 712‐749 Republic of Korea
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Chouytan J, Kalkornsurapranee E, Fellows CM, Kaewsakul W. In Situ Modification of Polyisoprene by Organo-Nanoclay during Emulsion Polymerization for Reinforcing Natural Rubber Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081338. [PMID: 31409053 PMCID: PMC6723953 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoclay-modified polyisoprene latexes were prepared and then used as a reinforcing component in natural rubber (NR) thin films. Starve-fed emulsion (SFE) polymerization gives a higher conversion than the batch emulsion (BE), while the gel and coagulation contents from both systems are comparable. This is attributed to the SFE that provides a smaller average polymer particle size which in turn results in a greater polymerization locus, promoting the reaction rate. The addition of organo-nanoclay during synthesizing polyisoprene significantly lessens the polymerization efficiency because the nanoclay has a potential to suppress nucleation process of the reaction. It also intervenes the stabilizing efficiency of the surfactant—SDS or sodium dodecyl sulfate, giving enlarged average sizes of the polymer particles suspended in the latexes. TEM images show that nanoclay particles are attached on and/or inserted in the polymer particles. XRD and thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) analyses were employed to assess the d-spacing of nanoclay structure in NR nanocomposite films, respectively. Based on the overall results, 5 wt% of nanoclay relative to the monomer content utilized to alter the polyisoprene during emulsion polymerization is an optimum amount since the silicate plates of nanoclay in the composite exhibit the largest d-spacing which maximizes the extent of immobilized polymer constituent, giving the highest mechanical properties to the films. The excessive amounts of nanoclay used, i.e., 7 and 10 wt% relative to the monomer content, reduce the reinforcing power because of the re-agglomeration effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadsadaporn Chouytan
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Christopher M Fellows
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Wisut Kaewsakul
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
- Elastomer Technology and Engineering, Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Khan A, Savi P, Quaranta S, Rovere M, Giorcelli M, Tagliaferro A, Rosso C, Jia CQ. Low-Cost Carbon Fillers to Improve Mechanical Properties and Conductivity of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E642. [PMID: 30965942 PMCID: PMC6418987 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, low-cost carbons derived from recycled materials have been gaining attention for their potentials as filler in composites and in other applications. The electrical and mechanical properties of polymer composites can be tuned using different percentages and different kind of fillers: either low-cost (e.g., carbon black), ecofriendly (e.g., biochar), or sophisticated (e.g., carbon nanotubes). In this work, the mechanical and electrical behavior of composites with biochar and multiwall carbon nanotubes dispersed in epoxy resin are compared. Superior mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, strain at break) were noticed at low heat-treated biochar (concentrations 2⁻4 wt %). Furthermore, dielectric properties in the microwave range comparable to low carbon nanotubes loadings can be achieved by employing larger but manageable amounts of biochar (20 wt %), rending the production of composites for structural and functional application cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Khan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Savi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Quaranta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - Massimo Rovere
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Mauro Giorcelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Carlo Rosso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Charles Q Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Marx P, Wanner AJ, Zhang Z, Jin H, Tsekmes IA, Smit JJ, Kern W, Wiesbrock F. Effect of Interfacial Polarization and Water Absorption on the Dielectric Properties of Epoxy-Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E195. [PMID: 30970872 PMCID: PMC6431941 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Five types of nanofillers, namely, silica, surface-silylated silica, alumina, surface-silylated alumina, and boron nitride, were tested in this study. Nanocomposites composed of an epoxy/amine resin and one of the five types of nanoparticles were tested as dielectrics with a focus on (i) the surface functionalization of the nanoparticles and (ii) the water absorption by the materials. The dispersability of the nanoparticles in the resin correlated with the composition (OH content) of their surfaces. The interfacial polarization of the thoroughly dried samples was found to increase at lowered frequencies and increased temperatures. The β relaxation, unlike the interfacial polarization, was not significantly increased at elevated temperatures (below the glass-transition temperature). Upon the absorption of water under ambient conditions, the interfacial polarization increased significantly, and the insulating properties decreased or even deteriorated. This effect was most pronounced in the nanocomposite containing silica, and occurred as well in the nanocomposites containing silylated silica or non-functionalized alumina. The alternating current (AC) breakdown strength of all specimens was in the range of 30 to 35 kV·mm-1. In direct current (DC) breakdown tests, the epoxy resin exhibited the lowest strength of 110 kV·mm-1; the nanocomposite containing surface-silylated alumina had a strength of 170 kV·mm-1. In summary, water absorption had the most relevant impact on the dielectric properties of nanocomposites containing nanoparticles, the surfaces of which interacted with the water molecules. Nanocomposites containing silylated alumina particles or boron nitride showed the best dielectric properties in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Marx
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel Straße 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Andrea J Wanner
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel Straße 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Zucong Zhang
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Huifei Jin
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft CD2628, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioannis-Alexandros Tsekmes
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft CD2628, The Netherlands.
- Prysmian Cables and Systems B.V., Schieweg 9, Delft AN2627, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan J Smit
- Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft CD2628, The Netherlands.
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel Straße 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
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Wiesbrock F. Interdisciplinary Approaches towards Materials with Enhanced Properties for Electrical Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E307. [PMID: 30974581 PMCID: PMC6432120 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The internationally growing demand for electrical energy is one of the most prominent triggers stimulating research these days.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
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