1
|
Islam MR, Afroj S, Yin J, Novoselov KS, Chen J, Karim N. Advances in Printed Electronic Textiles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304140. [PMID: 38009793 PMCID: PMC10853734 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) have emerged as a revolutionary solution for personalized healthcare, enabling the continuous collection and communication of diverse physiological parameters when seamlessly integrated with the human body. Among various methods employed to create wearable e-textiles, printing offers unparalleled flexibility and comfort, seamlessly integrating wearables into garments. This has spurred growing research interest in printed e-textiles, due to their vast design versatility, material options, fabrication techniques, and wide-ranging applications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the crucial considerations in fabricating printed e-textiles is provided, encompassing the selection of conductive materials and substrates, as well as the essential pre- and post-treatments involved. Furthermore, the diverse printing techniques and the specific requirements are discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. Additionally, the multitude of wearable applications made possible by printed e-textiles is explored, such as their integration as various sensors, supercapacitors, and heated garments. Finally, a forward-looking perspective is provided, discussing future prospects and emerging trends in the realm of printed wearable e-textiles. As advancements in materials science, printing technologies, and design innovation continue to unfold, the transformative potential of printed e-textiles in healthcare and beyond is poised to revolutionize the way wearable technology interacts and benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent MaterialsDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117575Singapore
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR)University of the West of EnglandFrenchay CampusBristolBS16 1QYUK
- Nottingham School of Art and DesignNottingham Trent UniversityShakespeare StreetNottinghamNG1 4GGUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ravichandran V, Ciesielska-Wrobel I, Rumon MAA, Solanki D, Mankodiya K. Characterizing the Impedance Properties of Dry E-Textile Electrodes Based on Contact Force and Perspiration. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:728. [PMID: 37504127 PMCID: PMC10377293 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Biopotential electrodes play an integral role within smart wearables and clothing in capturing vital signals like electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This study focuses on dry e-textile electrodes (E1-E6) and a laser-cut knit electrode (E7), to assess their impedance characteristics under varying contact forces and moisture conditions. Synthetic perspiration was applied using a moisture management tester and impedance was measured before and after exposure, followed by a 24 h controlled drying period. Concurrently, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the dry electrode was evaluated during ECG data collection on a healthy participant. Our findings revealed that, prior to moisture exposure, the impedance of electrodes E7, E5, and E2 was below 200 ohm, dropping to below 120 ohm post-exposure. Embroidered electrodes E6 and E4 exhibited an over 25% decrease in mean impedance after moisture exposure, indicating the impact of stitch design and moisture on impedance. Following the controlled drying, certain electrodes (E1, E2, E3, and E4) experienced an over 30% increase in mean impedance. Overall, knit electrode E7, and embroidered electrodes E2 and E6, demonstrated superior performance in terms of impedance, moisture retention, and ECG signal quality, revealing promising avenues for future biopotential electrode designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Ravichandran
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel
- Department of Textiles, Fashion Merchandising and Design, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Md Abdullah Al Rumon
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Dhaval Solanki
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Kunal Mankodiya
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiao Y, Luo J, Cui T, Liu H, Tang H, Zeng Y, Liu C, Li Y, Jian J, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36918452 PMCID: PMC10014415 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinan Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park S, Ban S, Zavanelli N, Bunn AE, Kwon S, Lim HR, Yeo WH, Kim JH. Fully Screen-Printed PI/PEG Blends Enabled Patternable Electrodes for Scalable Manufacturing of Skin-Conformal, Stretchable, Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2092-2103. [PMID: 36594669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in soft materials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. At the same time, printing technologies have been demonstrated to be efficient and compatible with polymeric materials for manufacturing wearable electronics. However, wearable device manufacturing still counts on a costly, complex, multistep, and error-prone cleanroom process. Here, we present fully screen-printable, skin-conformal electrodes for low-cost and scalable manufacturing of wearable electronics. The screen printing of the polyimide (PI) layer enables facile, low-cost, scalable, high-throughput manufacturing. PI mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) exhibits a shear-thinning behavior, significantly improving the printability of PI. The premixed Ag/AgCl ink is then used for conductive layer printing. The serpentine pattern of the screen-printed electrode accommodates natural deformation under stretching (30%) and bending conditions (180°), which are verified by computational and experimental studies. Real-time wireless electrocardiogram monitoring is also successfully demonstrated using the printed electrodes with a flexible printed circuit. The algorithm developed in this study can calculate accurate heart rates, respiratory rates, and heart rate variability metrics for arrhythmia detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Park
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Seunghyeb Ban
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Nathan Zavanelli
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Andrew E Bunn
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prats-Boluda G, Guillem MS, Rodrigo M, Ye-Lin Y, Garcia-Casado J. Identification of atrial fibrillation drivers by means of concentric ring electrodes. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105957. [PMID: 35981454 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) has tripled in the last 50 years due to population aging. High-frequency (DFdriver) activated atrial regions lead the activation of the rest of the atria, disrupting the propagation wavefront. Fourier based spectral analysis of body surface potential maps have been proposed for DFdriver identification, although these approaches present serious drawbacks due to their limited spectral resolution for short AF epochs and the blurring effect of the volume conductor. Laplacian signals (BC-ECG) from bipolar concentric ring electrodes (CRE) have been shown to outperform the spatial resolution achieved with conventional unipolar recordings. Our aimed was to determine the best DFdriver estimator in endocardial electrograms and to assess the BC-ECG capacity of CRE to quantify AF activity non-invasively. METHODS 31 AF episodes were simulated using realistic tridimensional models of the atria electrical activity and torso. Periodogram and autoregressive (AR) spectral estimators were computed and the percentile (P90th, P95th and P98th) to impose on the dominant frequencies (DFs) across whole atria to define the best DFdriver estimator evaluated. The identification of DFdriver on DFs from BC-ECG and unipolar surface signals with conventional disc electrodes was compared. RESULTS The best DFdriver estimator was P95th and AR order 100. BC-ECG signals allowed better detection of AF activity than unipolar signals, with a significantly greater percentage of electrode locations in which DFdriver was identified (p-value 0.0095). CONCLUSIONS The use of BC-ECG signals for body surface Laplacian potential mapping with CRE could be helpful for better AF diagnosis, prognosis and ablation procedures than those with conventional disk electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Prats-Boluda
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María S Guillem
- ITACA Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel Rodrigo
- CommLab, Engineering Electronic Department, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yiyao Ye-Lin
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Garcia-Casado
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cho S, Chang T, Yu T, Lee CH. Smart Electronic Textiles for Wearable Sensing and Display. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040222. [PMID: 35448282 PMCID: PMC9029731 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand of using everyday clothing in wearable sensing and display has synergistically advanced the field of electronic textiles, or e-textiles. A variety of types of e-textiles have been formed into stretchy fabrics in a manner that can maintain their intrinsic properties of stretchability, breathability, and wearability to fit comfortably across different sizes and shapes of the human body. These unique features have been leveraged to ensure accuracy in capturing physical, chemical, and electrophysiological signals from the skin under ambulatory conditions, while also displaying the sensing data or other immediate information in daily life. Here, we review the emerging trends and recent advances in e-textiles in wearable sensing and display, with a focus on their materials, constructions, and implementations. We also describe perspectives on the remaining challenges of e-textiles to guide future research directions toward wider adoption in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungse Cho
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Taehoo Chang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Tianhao Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam E, Alizadeh-Meghrazi M, Schlums A, Eskandarian L, Mahnam A, Moineau B, Popovic MR. Exploring textile-based electrode materials for electromyography smart garments. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2022; 9:20556683211061995. [PMID: 35127129 PMCID: PMC8811440 DOI: 10.1177/20556683211061995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, electromyography (EMG) has been increasingly studied for wearable applications. Conventional gel electrodes for electrophysiological recordings have limited use in everyday applications such as prosthetic control or muscular therapy at home. This study investigates the efficacy and feasibility of dry-contact electrode materials employed in smart textiles for EMG recordings. Methods Dry-contact electrode materials were selected and implemented on textile substrates. Using these electrodes, EMG was recorded from the forearm of able-bodied subjects. 25% and 50% isometric maximum voluntary contractions were captured. A comparative investigation was performed against gel electrodes, assessing the effect of material properties on signal fidelity and strength compared. Results When isolating for electrode surface area and pressure, 31 of the 40 materials demonstrated strong positive correlations in their mean PSD with gel electrodes (r > 95, p < 0.001). The inclusion of ionic liquids in the material composition, and using raised or flat electrodes, did not demonstrate a significant effect in signal quality. Conclusions For EMG dry-contact electrodes, comparing the performance against gel electrodes for the application with the selected material is important. Other factors recommended to be studied are electrodes’ durability and long-term stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lam
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milad Alizadeh-Meghrazi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Myant Inc, Etobicoke, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alessandra Schlums
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ladan Eskandarian
- Myant Inc, Etobicoke, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Bastien Moineau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Myant Inc, Etobicoke, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Textile-Based Sensors for Biosignal Detection and Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6042. [PMID: 34577254 PMCID: PMC8470234 DOI: 10.3390/s21186042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biosignals often have to be detected in sports or for medical reasons. Typical biosignals are pulse and ECG (electrocardiogram), breathing, blood pressure, skin temperature, oxygen saturation, bioimpedance, etc. Typically, scientists attempt to measure these biosignals noninvasively, i.e., with electrodes or other sensors, detecting electric signals, measuring optical or chemical information. While short-time measurements or monitoring of patients in a hospital can be performed by systems based on common rigid electrodes, usually containing a large amount of wiring, long-term measurements on mobile patients or athletes necessitate other equipment. Here, textile-based sensors and textile-integrated data connections are preferred to avoid skin irritations and other unnecessary limitations of the monitored person. In this review, we give an overview of recent progress in textile-based electrodes for electrical measurements and new developments in textile-based chemical and other sensors for detection and monitoring of biosignals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Blachowicz
- Center for Science and Education, Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Guido Ehrmann
- Virtual Institute of Applied Research on Advanced Materials (VIARAM);
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Halvaei H, Sörnmo L, Stridh M. Signal Quality Assessment of a Novel ECG Electrode for Motion Artifact Reduction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5548. [PMID: 34450990 PMCID: PMC8402297 DOI: 10.3390/s21165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of noise is problematic in the analysis and interpretation of the ECG, especially in ambulatory monitoring. Restricting the analysis to high-quality signal segments only comes with the risk of excluding significant arrhythmia episodes. Therefore, the development of novel electrode technology, robust to noise, continues to be warranted. METHODS The signal quality of a novel wet ECG electrode (Piotrode) is assessed and compared to a commercially available, commonly used electrode (Ambu). The assessment involves indices of QRS detection and atrial fibrillation detection performance, as well as signal quality indices (ensemble standard deviation and time-frequency repeatability), computed from ECGs recorded simultaneously from 20 healthy subjects performing everyday activities. RESULTS The QRS detection performance using the Piotrode was considerably better than when using the Ambu, especially for running but also for lighter activities. The two signal quality indices demonstrated similar trends: the gap in quality became increasingly larger as the subjects became increasingly more active. CONCLUSIONS The novel wet ECG electrode produces signals with less motion artifacts, thereby offering the potential to reduce the review burden, and accordingly the cost, associated with ambulatory monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Halvaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Leif Sörnmo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alizadeh-Meghrazi M, Ying B, Schlums A, Lam E, Eskandarian L, Abbas F, Sidhu G, Mahnam A, Moineau B, Popovic MR. Evaluation of dry textile electrodes for long-term electrocardiographic monitoring. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:68. [PMID: 34247646 PMCID: PMC8274056 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous long-term electrocardiography monitoring has been increasingly recognized for early diagnosis and management of different types of cardiovascular diseases. To find an alternative to Ag/AgCl gel electrodes that are improper for this application scenario, many efforts have been undertaken to develop novel flexible dry textile electrodes integrated into the everyday garments. With significant progresses made to address the potential issues (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio, high skin–electrode impedance, motion artifact, and low durability), the lack of standard evaluation procedure hinders the further development of dry electrodes (mainly the design and optimization). Results A standard testing procedure and framework for skin–electrode impedance measurement is demonstrated for the development of novel dry textile electrodes. Different representative electrode materials have been screen-printed on textile substrates. To verify the performance of dry textile electrodes, impedance measurements are conducted on an agar skin model using a universal setup with consistent frequency and pressure. In addition, they are demonstrated for ECG signals acquisition, in comparison to those obtained using conventional gel electrodes. Conclusions Dry textile electrodes demonstrated similar impedance when in raised or flat structures. The tested pressure variations had an insignificant impact on electrode impedance. Looking at the effect of impedance on ECG signals, a noticeable effect on ECG signal performance metrics was not observed. Therefore, it is suggested that impedance alone is possibly not the primary indicator of signal quality. As well, the developed methods can also serve as useful guidelines for future textile dry-electrode design and testing for practical ECG monitoring applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12938-021-00905-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Alizadeh-Meghrazi
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada. .,The Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Binbin Ying
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandra Schlums
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Lam
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ladan Eskandarian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farhana Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gurjant Sidhu
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Myant Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Milos R Popovic
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hasan MM, Hossain MM. Nanomaterials-patterned flexible electrodes for wearable health monitoring: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:14900-14942. [PMID: 34219807 PMCID: PMC8237560 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Electrodes fabricated on a flexible substrate are a revolutionary development in wearable health monitoring due to their lightweight, breathability, comfort, and flexibility to conform to the curvilinear body shape. Different metallic thin-film and plastic-based substrates lack comfort for long-term monitoring applications. However, the insulating nature of different polymer, fiber, and textile substrates requires the deposition of conductive materials to render interactive functionality to substrates. Besides, the high porosity and flexibility of fiber and textile substrates pose a great challenge for the homogenous deposition of active materials. Printing is an excellent process to produce a flexible conductive textile electrode for wearable health monitoring applications due to its low cost and scalability. This article critically reviews the current state of the art of different textile architectures as a substrate for the deposition of conductive nanomaterials. Furthermore, recent progress in various printing processes of nanomaterials, challenges of printing nanomaterials on textiles, and their health monitoring applications are described systematically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehdi Hasan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203 Bangladesh
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey
| | - Md Milon Hossain
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203 Bangladesh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garcia-Casado J, Prats-Boluda G, Ye-Lin Y, Restrepo-Agudelo S, Perez-Giraldo E, Orozco-Duque A. Evaluation of Swallowing Related Muscle Activity by Means of Concentric Ring Electrodes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20185267. [PMID: 32942616 PMCID: PMC7570555 DOI: 10.3390/s20185267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) can be helpful for evaluating swallowing related muscle activity. Conventional recordings with disc electrodes suffer from significant crosstalk from adjacent muscles and electrode-to-muscle fiber orientation problems, while concentric ring electrodes (CREs) offer enhanced spatial selectivity and axial isotropy. The aim of this work was to evaluate CRE performance in sEMG recordings of the swallowing muscles. Bipolar recordings were taken from 21 healthy young volunteers when swallowing saliva, water and yogurt, first with a conventional disc and then with a CRE. The signals were characterized by the root-mean-square amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, myopulse, zero-crossings, median frequency, bandwidth and bilateral muscle cross-correlations. The results showed that CREs have advantages in the sEMG analysis of swallowing muscles, including enhanced spatial selectivity and the associated reduction in crosstalk, the ability to pick up a wider range of EMG frequency components and easier electrode placement thanks to its radial symmetry. However, technical changes are recommended in the future to ensure that the lower CRE signal amplitude does not significantly affect its quality. CREs show great potential for improving the clinical monitoring and evaluation of swallowing muscle activity. Future work on pathological subjects will assess the possible advantages of CREs in dysphagia monitoring and diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Casado
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (Y.Y.-L.)
| | - Gema Prats-Boluda
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (Y.Y.-L.)
| | - Yiyao Ye-Lin
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (Y.Y.-L.)
| | - Sebastián Restrepo-Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín 050012, Colombia; (S.R.-A.); (E.P.-G.); (A.O.-D.)
| | - Estefanía Perez-Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín 050012, Colombia; (S.R.-A.); (E.P.-G.); (A.O.-D.)
| | - Andrés Orozco-Duque
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín 050012, Colombia; (S.R.-A.); (E.P.-G.); (A.O.-D.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Evaluation of Bipolar, Tripolar, and Quadripolar Laplacian Estimates of Electrocardiogram via Concentric Ring Electrodes. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173780. [PMID: 31480426 PMCID: PMC6749387 DOI: 10.3390/s19173780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface Laplacian estimates via concentric ring electrodes (CREs) have proven to enhance spatial resolution compared to conventional disc electrodes, which is of great importance for P-wave analysis. In this study, Laplacian estimates for traditional bipolar configuration (BC), two tripolar configurations with linearly decreasing and increasing inter-ring distances (TCLDIRD and TCLIIRD, respectively), and quadripolar configuration (QC) were obtained from cardiac recordings with pentapolar CREs placed at CMV1 and CMV2 positions. Normalized P-wave amplitude (NAP) was computed to assess the contrast to study atrial activity. Signals were of good quality (20-30 dB). Atrial activity was more emphasized at CMV1 (NAP ≃ 0.19-0.24) compared to CMV2 (NAP ≃ 0.08-0.10). Enhanced spatial resolution of TCLIIRD and QC resulted in higher NAP values than BC and TCLDIRD. Comparison with simultaneous standard 12-lead ECG proved that Laplacian estimates at CMV1 outperformed all the limb and chest standard leads in the contrast to study P-waves. Clinical recordings with CRE at this position could allow more detailed observation of atrial activity and facilitate the diagnosis of associated pathologies. Furthermore, such recordings would not require additional electrodes on limbs and could be performed wirelessly, so it should also be suitable for ambulatory monitoring, for example, using cardiac Holter monitors.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ankhili A, Tao X, Cochrane C, Koncar V, Coulon D, Tarlet JM. Ambulatory Evaluation of ECG Signals Obtained Using Washable Textile-Based Electrodes Made with Chemically Modified PEDOT:PSS. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19020416. [PMID: 30669584 PMCID: PMC6359744 DOI: 10.3390/s19020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A development of washable PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) polyamide textile-based electrodes is an interesting alternative to the traditional Ag/AgCl disposable electrodes, usually used in clinical practice, helping to improve medical assessment and treatment before apparition or progress of patients’ cardiovascular symptoms. This study was conducted in order to determine whether physical properties of PEDOT:PSS had a significant impact on the coated electrode’s electrocardiogram (ECG) signal quality, particularly after 50 washing cycles in a domestic laundry machine. Tests performed, included the comparison of two PEDOT:PSS solutions, in term of viscosity with emphasis on wetting tests, including surface tension and contact angle measurements. In addition, polyamide textile fabrics were used as substrate to make thirty electrodes and to characterize the amount of PEDOT:PSS absorbed as a function of time. The results showed that surface tension of PEDOT:PSS had a significant impact on the wetting of polyamide textile fabric and consequently on the absorbed amount. In fact, lower values of surface tension of the solution lead to low values contact angles between PEDOT:PSS and textile fabric (good wettability). Before washing, no significant difference has been observed among signal-to-noise ratios measured (SNR) for coated electrodes by the two PEDOT:PSS solutions. However, after 50 washing cycles, SNR decreased strongly for electrodes coated by the solution that had low viscosity, since it contained less solid contents. That was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) and also by analyzing the color change of electrodes based on the calculation of CIELAB color space coordinates. Moreover, spectral power density of recorded ECG signals has been computed and presented. All cardiac waves were still visible in the ECG signals after 50 washing cycles. Furthermore, an experienced cardiologist considered that all the ECG signals acquired were acceptable. Accordingly, our newly developed polyamide textile-based electrodes seem to be suitable for long-term monitoring. The study also provided new insights into the better choice of PEDOT:PSS formulation as a function of a specific process in order to manufacture cheaper electrodes faster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amale Ankhili
- École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles/Génie et Matériaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT/GEMTEX), 2 Allée Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France.
- GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- @HEALTH, Europarc de Pichaury, 1330 Rue Jean René Guillibert Gauthier de la Lauzière, F-13290 Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Xuyuan Tao
- École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles/Génie et Matériaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT/GEMTEX), 2 Allée Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France.
- GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Cédric Cochrane
- École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles/Génie et Matériaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT/GEMTEX), 2 Allée Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France.
- GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Vladan Koncar
- École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles/Génie et Matériaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT/GEMTEX), 2 Allée Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France.
- GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - David Coulon
- @HEALTH, Europarc de Pichaury, 1330 Rue Jean René Guillibert Gauthier de la Lauzière, F-13290 Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Tarlet
- @HEALTH, Europarc de Pichaury, 1330 Rue Jean René Guillibert Gauthier de la Lauzière, F-13290 Aix-en-Provence, France.
- Institution Centre de Cardiologie, 32 Bd du Roy René 13100 Aix-En-Provence, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
张 驰, 魏 德, 曹 慧. [Research progress on fabric electrode technologies for electrocardiogram signal acquisition]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2018; 35:811-816. [PMID: 30370724 PMCID: PMC9935257 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.201804019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable devices grew up gradually and developed increasingly. Aiming at the problems of skin sensibility and the change of electrode impedance of Ag/AgCl electrode in the process of long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring and acquisition, this paper discussed in detail a new sensor technology-fabric electrode, which is used for ECG signal acquisition. First, the concept and advantages of fabric electrode were introduced, and then the common substrate materials and conductive materials for fabric electrode were discussed and evaluated. Next, we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages from the aspect of textile structure, putting forward the evaluation system of fabric electrode. Finally, the deficiencies of fabric electrode were analyzed, and the development prospects and directions were prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 驰 张
- 山东中医药大学 理工学院(济南 250355)School of Science and technology, Shandong University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P.R.China
| | - 德健 魏
- 山东中医药大学 理工学院(济南 250355)School of Science and technology, Shandong University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P.R.China
| | - 慧 曹
- 山东中医药大学 理工学院(济南 250355)School of Science and technology, Shandong University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P.R.China
| |
Collapse
|