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Sudlow A, Galantine P, Del Sordo G, Raymond JJ, Dalleau G, Peyrot N, Duché P. Influence of Growth, Maturation, and Sex on Maximal Power, Force, and Velocity During Overground Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:491-500. [PMID: 38416445 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sudlow, A, Galantine, P, Del Sordo, G, Raymond, J-J, Dalleau, G, Peyrot, N, and Duché, P. Influence of growth, maturation, and sex on maximal power, force, and velocity during overground sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 491-500, 2024-In pediatric populations maximal anaerobic power, force, and velocity capabilities are influenced by changes in body dimensions and muscle function. The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of growth, maturation, and sex on short-term anaerobic performance. One hundred forty children pre-, mid-, and postpeak height velocity performed two 30-m sprints concurrently measured using a radar device. Maximal power (Pmax), force (F0), and velocity (v0) were calculated from sprint velocity-time data and normalized using sex-specific, multiplicative, allometric models containing body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), or height, and chronological age. Absolute values for Pmax, F0, and v0 were higher with increasing maturity (p < 0.01; d ≥ 0.96), and boys had greater outputs than girls (p < 0.01; d ≥ 1.19). When Pmax and v0 were scaled all maturity-related and sex-related differences were removed. When F0 was scaled using models excluding age, all maturity-related differences were removed except for the least mature group (p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.88) and boys maintained higher values than girls (p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.92). All maturity-related and sex-related differences were removed when F0 was scaled using models including age. Maturity-related and sex-related variance in Pmax and v0 can be entirely explained when FFM, height, and chronological age are accounted for. Regarding F0, there seems to be a threshold after which the inclusion of age is no longer necessary to account for maturity-related differences. In young prepubertal children, the inclusion of age likely accounts for deficits in neuromuscular capacities and motor skills, which body dimensions cannot account for. Practitioners should focus on eliciting neural adaptations and enhancing motor coordination in prepubertal children to improve anaerobic performance during overground sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sudlow
- Research Unit of impact of physical activitity on health, IAPS UR201723207F, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Paul Galantine
- Research Unit of impact of physical activitity on health, IAPS UR201723207F, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Giovanna Del Sordo
- Research Unit of impact of physical activitity on health, IAPS UR201723207F, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Raymond
- Sports Medicine and Traumatology Unit, Hôpital Sainte Musse, CHITS, Toulon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratory IRISSE, EA4075, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Laboratory of Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, EA4334, University of Le Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Research Unit of impact of physical activitity on health, IAPS UR201723207F, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
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Sylvester R, Lehnert M, Hanzlíková I, Krejčí J. The effect of plyometric training and moderating variables on stretch-shortening cycle function and physical qualities in female post peak height velocity volleyball players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346624. [PMID: 38390448 PMCID: PMC10882090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although several studies investigated the effect of plyometric training on physical performance, there is a lack of clarity regarding the effectiveness of plyometric training or its moderator variables in youth female volleyball players. The primary aim of this study was to explore the effect of horizontal plyometric training on explosive stretch-shortening cycle hops and jumps in the vertical and horizontal directions in female post peak height velocity (PHV) volleyball players. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of participant and training related moderators on horizontal plyometric training in post-PHV volleyball players. Methods: A total of 23 post-PHV volleyball players participated in this 8-week intervention with horizontal plyometric exercises, twice a week. Pre-testing and post-testing included bilateral and unilateral vertical sub-maximal hopping, horizontal jumping and hopping, and a drop jump test. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using a paired t-test. The influence of internal moderators such as age, maturity and body mass and external moderators such as training volume were assessed using regression and correlation analysis. Results: An 8-week plyometric training improved sub-maximal hopping at 2.5 Hz left by 4.4%, bilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.0 Hz by 9.5% and bilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.2 Hz by 6.8% in post-PHV female volleyball players. Horizontal jumping and hopping, reactive strength index and other sub-maximal hopping conditions did not improve significantly. Body mass had a large moderating effect on vertical unilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.5 Hz right (p = 0.010, η 2 = 0.314), vertical unilateral hopping at 3.0 Hz right (p = 0.035, η 2 = 0.170), and vertical unilateral hopping at 3.0 Hz left (p = 0.043, η 2 = 0.203). Training volume together with generalized joint hypermobility moderated right leg triple broad hop performance, whereas maturity and age did not moderate any variables. Conclusion: This study determined that 8 weeks of horizontal plyometric training can improve unilateral absolute leg stiffness in post-PHV female volleyball players, and this training effect can be moderated by body mass. Furthermore, the training effect on triple hopping performance on the right leg can be moderated by combined training volume with generalized joint hypermobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sylvester
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michal Lehnert
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivana Hanzlíková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jakub Krejčí
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinantropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Kumar NTA, Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Wong MA, Dobbs IJ. The Influence of Maturity Status on Drop Jump Kinetics in Male Youth. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:38-46. [PMID: 38085620 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kumar, NTA, Radnor, JM, Oliver, JL, Lloyd, RS, CSCSD, Pedley, JS, Wong, MA, and Dobbs, IJ. The influence of maturity status on drop jump kinetics in male youth. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 38-46, 2024-The aim of this study was to examine the effects of maturity status on drop jump (DJ) kinetics in young male athletes (categorized as early-pre-peak height velocity [PHV] [<-2.51 years], late-pre-PHV [-1.99 to -1.00 years], circa-PHV [-0.50 to 0.50 years], and post-PHV [>1.00 years]). All athletes performed a DJ from a 30-cm box onto force plates with performance variables (jump height, ground contact time, and reactive strength index) and absolute and relative kinetic variables during the braking and propulsive phases assessed. Subjects were categorized into GOOD (no impact-peak and spring-like), MODERATE (impact-peak and spring-like), or POOR (impact-peak and not spring-like) stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function. The post-PHV group exhibited significantly greater values for most absolute kinetic variables compared with early-pre-PHV, late-pre-PHV, and circa-PHV (p < 0.05). The differences observed between consecutive maturity groups were similar in magnitude for most absolute variables (Cohen's d = 0.53-1.70). Post-PHV male athletes outperform their less mature counterparts during a DJ, and this may be attributed to the growth and maturity-related structural and motor control strategy changes that occur in children. Stretch-shortening cycle function in boys seems to improve with maturity status reflected by a greater number of post-PHV participants displaying GOOD SSC function (65.8%) and a greater number of early-pre-PHV participants displaying POOR SSC function (54.4%). However, a number of mature boys displayed POOR SSC function (17.8%), suggesting that the development of SSC function is not exclusively related to maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul T A Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A Wong
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Dobbs
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Fitze DP, Franchi MV, Ellenberger L, Peterhans L, Fröhlich S, Frey WO, Spörri J. Lumbar Multifidus Morphology in Youth Competitive Alpine Skiers and Associated Sex, Age, Biological Maturation, Trunk Stability, and Back Complaints. Sports Health 2023; 15:886-894. [PMID: 36517985 PMCID: PMC10606963 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221136129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lumbar multifidus (LMF), as a dynamic stabilizer of the lumbar spine, may play an important role in the prevention of overuse-related back complaints. HYPOTHESIS LMF morphology is associated with trunk stability and differs between symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 85 youth skiers (28 females, mean age, 14.7 ± 0.7 years; 57 males, mean age, 14.9 ± 0.5 years) underwent anthropometric assessments, an estimation of biological maturation, a magnetic resonance imaging- and ultrasound-based examination of LMF morphology, and a biomechanical quantification of deadbug bridging stabilization performance. Athletes were categorized as symptomatic if they had registered at least 1 significant overuse-related back complaint episode in the 12 months before the main examination. RESULTS Male skiers showed a greater LMF size (ie, anatomical cross-sectional area [ACSA]) than female skiers, except for vertebral body L5, where no difference was found (8.8 ± 1.8 cm2 vs 8.3 ± 1.4 cm2, P = 0.18). Conversely, female skiers displayed longer fascicles than male skiers (5.8 ± 0.8 cm vs 5.4 ± 0.8 cm, P = 0.03). Skiers aged under 16 years (U16) skiers had greater values for LMF size and fascicle length than U15 skiers. Maturity offset was associated with L5 LMF size (R2 = 0.060, P = 0.01), fascicle length (R2 = 0.038, P = 0.04), and muscle thickness (R2 = 0.064, P = 0.02). L5 LMF size was associated with trunk stability (R2 = 0.068, P = 0.01). Asymptomatic skiers showed on average a 12.8% greater value for L5 LMF size compared with symptomatic skiers (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION There are sex- and age-related differences in LMF morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers. Moreover, the ACSA at the level of the lumbar vertebral body L5 undergoes changes during biological maturation, shows a small, but significant association with trunk stability, and differs between symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers with back complaints. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The observed association of muscle structure (ie, L5 LMF ACSA) with functional aspects (ie, trunk stabilization capacity) and clinical representation (ie, overuse-related back complaints) further highlights the important role of the multifidus muscle for training and injury prevention in youth competitive alpine skiers around the growth spurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Fitze
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Lynn Ellenberger
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loris Peterhans
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter O. Frey
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Shaw J, Gould ZI, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS. Physical determinants of golf swing performance in competitive youth golfers. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1744-1752. [PMID: 38150377 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2293535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated measures of physical fitness and golf swing performance in competitive youth golfers. Sixty-four golfers, subdivided into three handicap groups (CAT0, <1 handicap, n = 21; CAT1, 1-5 handicap, n = 20; CAT2, >5 handicap, n = 23), were assessed for isometric strength, power, movement competency and core endurance. Clubhead speed (CHS) and carry distance for 6-iron and driver were also measured. When controlled for maturity offset, CAT0 golfers produced significantly greater peak power, isometric absolute and relative peak force, movement competency, and jump distance than higher handicap golfers (all p < 0.05). Maturity status was strongly associated with CHS and carry distance for both clubs (R2 = 0.552-0.784). Linear regressions showed maturity offset explained a larger amount of variance in CHS (driver = 78.4%, 6-iron = 71.3%) and carry distance (driver = 55.2%, 6-iron = 57.4%) than handicap. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that peak power explained 79.4% and 82.4% of variation in 6-iron and driver CHS, respectively, while isometric absolute peak force explained 69.6% and 74.3% of the variation in 6-iron and driver carry distance, respectively. Subsequently, interventions targeting the development of peak force and power could aid golf swing performance in young golfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Shaw
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zachariah I Gould
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Farhart P, Beakley D, Diwan A, Duffield R, Rodriguez EP, Chamoli U, Watsford M. Intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers in cricket: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 37730648 PMCID: PMC10512628 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar spine injuries in fast bowlers account for the greatest missed playing time in cricket. A range of extrinsic and intrinsic variables are hypothesised to be associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers, and an improved understanding of intrinsic variables is necessary as these may alter load tolerance and injury risk associated with fast bowling. This review critically evaluated studies reporting intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers and identified areas for future investigation. METHODS OVID Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were last searched on 3 June 2022 to identify studies investigating intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in cricket fast bowlers. Terms relevant to cricket fast bowling, and intrinsic variables associated with lumbar spine injury and low back pain in fast bowlers were searched. 1,503 abstracts were screened, and 118 full-text articles were appraised to determine whether they met inclusion criteria. Two authors independently screened search results and assessed risk of bias using a modified version of the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, no included studies demonstrated a low risk of bias, two studies were identified as moderate risk, and twenty-three studies were identified as high risk. Conflicting results were reported amongst studies investigating associations of fast bowling kinematics and kinetics, trunk and lumbar anatomical features, anthropometric traits, age, and neuromuscular characteristics with low back pain and lumbar spine injury. CONCLUSION Inconsistencies in results may be related to differences in study design, injury definitions, participant characteristics, measurement parameters, and statistical analyses. Low back pain and lumbar spine injury occurrence in fast bowlers remain high, and this may be due to an absence of low bias studies that have informed recommendations for their prevention. Future research should employ clearly defined injury outcomes, analyse continuous datasets, utilise models that better represent lumbar kinematics and kinetics during fast bowling, and better quantify previous injury, lumbar anatomical features and lumbar maturation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ERKZ2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Farhart
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
- Cricket New South Wales, 161 Silverwater Road, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, NSW, 2127, Australia.
- Delhi Capitals, JSW GMR Cricket Private Limited, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - David Beakley
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Campus, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Pickering Rodriguez
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Uphar Chamoli
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Salter J, Black J, Mallett J, Barrett S, Towlson C, Hughes JD, De St Croix M. Does biologically categorised training alter the perceived exertion and neuromuscular movement profile of academy soccer players compared to traditional age-group categorisation? Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1490-1499. [PMID: 35999705 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2117090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The individual response to load is multifactorial and complicated by transient temporal changes in biological maturation. The period surrounding peak height velocity exposes potentially "fragile" individuals to systematic, age-related increases in training loads. Bio-banding allows practitioners to manage the biological diversity and align training to the individual development needs . This study explores the acute impact of maturation on neuromuscular performance and perceived intensity through comparing both chronological and bio-banded training sessions. 55 male soccer players (mean ± SD; age 13.8 ± 1.4 years) were recruited from an EPPP academy. Following a warm-up and standardised sub-maximal run (30-15IFT), players competed in five bouts of 5-min 6v6 small-sided games (SSGs) before repeating the standardised sub-maximal run. The sessions were repeated on three occasions with chronological SSGs and the same with bio-banded SSGs wearing foot-mounted inertial measurement units (PlayerMakerTM) with differential ratings of perceived exertion used to quantify internal loads. Mixed linear modelling indicated maturity-specific pre-post differences in neuromuscular response, stride length and cadence having contrasting responses pre- (reduced) and post-PHV (increased), and larger changes in post sessions stiffness for pre- (∼18.6 kN·m-1) and circa-PHV (∼12.1 kN·m-1) players. Secondly, there were small to large differences in neuromuscular response (RSI, stride length, stiffness, and contact time) and perceptions of intensity between conditions, with bio-banding generally reducing pre-post changes. Bio-banding may therefore offer a mechanism to prescribe maturity-specific training loads which may help to alleviate the impact of repeated exposure to high-intensity activity, thus reducing injury risk whilst promoting long-term player development.Highlights Utilising a sub-maximal running protocol (30-15IFT) with foot mounted accelerometers can detect maturity specific responses to football specific training activity, which aligns with subjective perceptions of intensity.Chronologically derived small-sided games elicit different acute responses between players of varying maturity status, which is somewhat negated when bio-banded small-sided games are used instead.Bio-banding training sessions may offer practitioners a practical way of managing maturity-specific trainings load to reduce injury risk and promote long-term players development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Salter
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, England
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England
| | - James Black
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, England
| | - James Mallett
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, England
- Hull City FC, Hull, England
| | | | | | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England
| | - Mark De St Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Dobbs I, Wong M, Brown TW, Lloyd RS, Kelly AL. Selection into youth cricket academies: The influence of relative age and maturity status. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:272-279. [PMID: 37163466 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2208924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the birth quartile and maturity status distributions of male academy cricketers. Participants included 213 junior cricket players, aged between 9 and 18 years. Players were separated into birth quartiles and also grouped as early, average or late maturers. For the whole cohort, there was a medium effect bias towards players born in BQ1, but the number of early, average and late maturers was as expected. However, there were significantly more early maturers in the U10 and U11 groups than expected, and maturity distributions of the BQ groups showed that there was a small effect size bias towards early maturers in BQ4. Selection biases towards cricketers who are born earlier in the competitive year are consistent from U9 to U16, but more prevalent in the U12 and U14 age groups. There is a bias towards early maturers at U10 and U11, but this reduces as age increases. Practitioners working in academy pathways should be encouraged to assess the maturity status of players to assist in the retention and progression of players. Relative age effects should also be considered, and strategies may be required to identify players born later in the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian Dobbs
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Megan Wong
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas W Brown
- Centre for Life and Sport Science (C-LaSS), Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
- Warwickshire County Cricket Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Centre for Life and Sport Science (C-LaSS), Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Abbott S, Ibarcena D, Gwinn T, Struzik A, Halaki M, Kaloti G, Salter J, Cobley S. Longitudinal changing relationships between growth tempo and vertical stiffness in movement across maturation. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103039. [PMID: 36446274 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether average growth tempo influenced longitudinal relationships between maturity status and coordination capability using a 15-s hopping task (Aim 1). To investigate how differences in absolute growth tempo were associated with change in coordination capability within and across peak growth (Aim 2). METHODS Participants were N1 = 110 (Aim 1) and N2 = 71 (Aim 2) Australian male competitive swimmers, aged 10-15 years, exposed to repeated-measures tracking (2-years, and 12-months respectively) of maturity status, growth tempo and movement coordination capability. Coordination capability was estimated via vertical stiffness (KV) in a hopping task, reflected by participant mean KV and between-jump coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS For Aim 1, log-linear mixed model trends identified maturity status and growth tempo were significantly associated with KV mean and KV CV. For a given maturity status, mean KV was 9% lower in the 'High' average growth tempo group than the 'Low' average tempo group. For Aim 2, mixed repeated-measures analyses of variance identified how time points of increased growth tempo were significantly associated with 7-11% reductions in mean KV, with similar mean KV decrements irrespective of growth tempo group. Meanwhile, KVCV only illustrated progressive longitudinal reductions. CONCLUSIONS Within maturational progression, short-term accelerations in growth tempo corresponded with short-term decreases in KV mean, suggesting temporary disruptions to movement coordination capability. Measuring growth tempo and applying hopping tasks in specific movement contexts could help consistently identify disturbances in motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Abbott
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Daniel Ibarcena
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Tom Gwinn
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Artur Struzik
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mark Halaki
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Gurleen Kaloti
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - James Salter
- Swimming Australia Ltd, Sunnybank, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia.
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11
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Peeters N, Hanssen B, De Beukelaer N, Vandekerckhove I, Walhain F, Huyghe E, Dewit T, Feys H, Van Campenhout A, Van den Broeck C, Calders P, Desloovere K. A comprehensive normative reference database of muscle morphology in typically developing children aged 3-18 years-a cross-sectional ultrasound study. J Anat 2023; 242:754-770. [PMID: 36650912 PMCID: PMC10093158 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During childhood, muscle growth is stimulated by a gradual increase in bone length and body mass, as well as by other factors, such as physical activity, nutrition, metabolic, hormonal, and genetic factors. Muscle characteristics, such as muscle volume, anatomical cross-sectional area, and muscle belly length, need to continuously adapt to meet the daily functional demands. Pediatric neurological and neuromuscular disorders, like cerebral palsy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are characterized by impaired muscle growth, which requires treatment and close follow-up. Nowadays ultrasonography is a commonly used technique to evaluate muscle morphology in both pediatric pathologies and typically developing children, as it is a quick, easy applicable, and painless method. However, large normative datasets including different muscles and a large age range are lacking, making it challenging to monitor muscle over time and estimate the level of pathology. Moreover, in order to compare individuals with different body sizes as a result of age differences or pathology, muscle morphology is often normalized to body size. Yet, the usefulness and practicality of different normalization techniques are still unknown, and clear recommendations for normalization are lacking. In this cross-sectional cohort study, muscle morphology of four lower limb muscles (medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, the distal compartment of the semitendinosus, rectus femoris) was assessed by 3D-freehand ultrasound in 118 typically developing children (mean age 10.35 ± 4.49 years) between 3 and 18 years of age. The development of muscle morphology was studied over the full age range, as well as separately for the pre-pubertal (3-10 years) and pubertal (11-18 years) cohorts. The assumptions of a simple linear regression were checked. If these assumptions were fulfilled, the cross-sectional growth curves were described by a simple linear regression equation. Additional ANCOVA analyses were performed to evaluate muscle- or gender-specific differences in muscle development. Furthermore, different scaling methods, to normalize muscle morphology parameters, were explored. The most appropriate scaling method was selected based on the smallest slope of the morphology parameter with respect to age, with a non-significant correlation coefficient. Additionally, correlation coefficients were compared by a Steiger's Z-test to identify the most efficient scaling technique. The current results revealed that it is valid to describe muscle volume (with exception of the rectus femoris muscle) and muscle belly length alterations over age by a simple linear regression equation till the age of 11 years. Normalizing muscle morphology data by allometric scaling was found to be most useful for comparing muscle volumes of different pediatric populations. For muscle lengths, normalization can be achieved by either allometric and ratio scaling. This study provides a unique normative database of four lower limb muscles in typically developing children between the age of 3 and 18 years. These data can be used as a reference database for pediatric populations and may also serve as a reference frame to better understand both physiological and pathological muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Peeters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Britta Hanssen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Fenna Walhain
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Ester Huyghe
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tijl Dewit
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium
| | - Hilde Feys
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium
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12
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Gervasi M, Benelli P, Venerandi R, Fernández-Peña E. Relationship between Muscle-Tendon Stiffness and Drop Jump Performance in Young Male Basketball Players during Developmental Stages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17017. [PMID: 36554895 PMCID: PMC9778993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between stiffness and drop jump performance in athletes in various stages of development has yet to be fully investigated. The first aim of this study was to investigate the association between the stiffness of the patellar and quadriceps tendon (PT, QT), gastrocnemius-Achilles tendon unit (GAT), and rectus femoris (RF) using drop jump (DJ) performance in young basketball players. The second aim was to investigate possible variations in the stiffness levels of those tissues in different developmental stages. METHODS The stiffness levels of the GAT, PT, QT, and RF were measured in both limbs in 73 male basketball players aged 12 to 18 years. The reactive strength index (RSI), contact time (CT) and jump height (JH) during 30 and 40 cm DJs were also measured. RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficients showed a significant association between DJ performance and PT, QT, GAT, and RF dynamic stiffness. Moreover, the youngest subjects were found to have lower stiffness values than the older ones. CONCLUSIONS Tissue stiffness can affect athletic performance by modifying the stretch-shortening cycle in young basketball players. Stiffness of muscles and tendons increases during the maturation process. Further investigations could shed light on the effect of training on the stiffness of muscles and tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Benelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- US Victoria Libertas Basketball, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | | | - Eneko Fernández-Peña
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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13
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Fitze DP, Franchi MV, Fröhlich S, Frey WO, Spörri J. Biceps femoris long head morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers is associated with age, biological maturation and traumatic lower extremity injuries. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947419. [PMID: 36187778 PMCID: PMC9521498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity injuries are common in competitive alpine skiers, and the knee and lower leg are often affected. The hamstring muscles, especially the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), can stabilize the knee and the hip and may counteract various adverse loading patterns during typical mechanisms leading to severe lower extremity injuries. The aim of the present study was to describe BFlh morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers in relation to sex, age and biological maturation and to investigate its association with the occurrence of traumatic lower extremity injuries in the upcoming season. 95 youth skiers underwent anthropometric measurements, maturity offset estimations and ultrasound assessment, followed by 12-months prospective injury surveillance. Unpaired t tests showed that the two sexes did not differ in BFlh morphology, including fascicle length (Lf), pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT) and average anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAavg). In contrast, U16 skiers had longer fascicles than U15 skiers (9.5 ± 1.3 cm vs 8.9 ± 1.3 cm, p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed that maturity offset was associated with Lf (R2 = 0.129, p < 0.001), MT (R2 = 0.244, p < 0.001) and ACSAavg (R2 = 0.065, p = 0.007). No association was found between maturity offset and PA (p = 0.524). According to a binary logistic regression analysis, ACSAavg was significantly associated with the occurrence of traumatic lower extremity injuries (Chi-square = 4.627, p = 0.031, RNagelkerke2 = 0.064, Cohen f = 0.07). The present study showed that BFlh morphology is age- and biological maturation-dependent and that BFlh ACSAavg can be considered a relevant modifiable variable associated with lower extremity injuries in youth competitive alpine skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Fitze
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniel P. Fitze,
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter O. Frey
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Coratella G. Appropriate Reporting of Exercise Variables in Resistance Training Protocols: Much more than Load and Number of Repetitions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 35907047 PMCID: PMC9339067 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating resistance training variables is crucial to plan the induced stimuli correctly. When reporting the exercise variables in resistance training protocols, sports scientists and practitioners often refer to the load lifted and the total number of repetitions. The present conceptual review explores all within-exercise variables that may influence the strength and hypertrophic gains, and the changes in muscle architecture. Together with the (1) load and (2) the number of repetitions, (3) performing repetitions to failure or not to failure, (4) the displacement of the load or the range of movement (full or partial), (5) the portion of the partial movement to identify the muscle length at which the exercise is performed, (6) the total time under tension, the duration of each phase and the position of the two isometric phases, (7) whether the concentric, eccentric or concentric-eccentric phase is performed, (8) the use of internal or external focus and (9) the inter-set rest may all have repercussions on the adaptations induced by each resistance exercise. Manipulating one or more variable allows to increase, equalize or decrease the stimuli related to each exercise. Sports scientists and practitioners are invited to list all aforementioned variables for each exercise when reporting resistance training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Silva AF, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ceylan Hİ, Sarmento H, Clemente FM. Effects of Maturation Stage on Sprinting Speed Adaptations to Plyometric Jump Training in Youth Male Team Sports Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Access J Sports Med 2022; 13:41-54. [PMID: 35586483 PMCID: PMC9109897 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s283662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of maturation stage (eg, classified in the same intervention protocol as early-, and late-mature) on linear sprinting speed adaptations to plyometric jump training (PJT) in youth (aged <18 years) male team sports players. Patients and Methods Eligibility criteria was determined based on PICOS: (P) healthy youth male team sport players classified in the same intervention protocol in ≥2 maturation-related categories, based on a recognized maturation stage-determination method, including (but not limited to) Tanner stage; peak height velocity (eg, Mirwald method); radiography-based method (eg, Fels method); (I) athletes exposed to PJT with a minimum of 4 weeks duration; (C) athletes non-exposed to PJT (non-dedicated intervention, ie, only field-based regular training) or performing a parallel intervention not-related with PJT organized by maturation levels; (O) sprinting speed (eg, time, maximal sprint speed) measured in any linear sprint test trajectories before and after the intervention; (S) only randomized controlled and/or parallel trials. Searches were conducted on December 2021 in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science, restricted to Portuguese, Spanish and English languages, with no restrictions regarding publication date, and no filters applied. The PEDro scale was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis was computed using the inverse variance random-effects model. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The search identified 1219 titles. From those, four studies were selected for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Four studies provided data for sprinting performance, involving 10 experimental and 8 control groups showing a small effect of trained participants on sprinting performance (ES = 0.31; p = 0.064; I2 = 41.3%) when compared to controls. No significant moderator effect was noted for somatic maturity (p = 0.473 between groups). Conclusion PJT had no significant effect on sprinting performance, although the inclusion criteria partially may explain that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, 3040-256, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
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16
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Sprint Performance and Mechanical Force-Velocity Profile among Different Maturational Stages in Young Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031412. [PMID: 35162433 PMCID: PMC8835458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of maturation status on the components of the sprint force-velocity (F-V) profile in young soccer players. Sixty-two young male soccer players from the same professional soccer academy took part in the present study. A cross-sectional design was implemented to compare the main components of the sprint F-V profile (i.e., maximal theoretical force (F0), velocity (V0), power (Pmax), and ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (RFpeak), and decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (DRF)) and sprint performance (5, 20, and 30 m sprint time) among participants’ maturation stages (i.e., pre-, mid- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) groups). The results show that the ES of differences in 5 min sprint performance, F0, and RFpeak (i.e., strength- and acceleration-related components of the sprint F-V profile) were greater between pre- and mid-PHV groups than those between mid- and post-PHV groups (i.e., large and very large effects (1.24 ≤ ES ≤ 2.42) vs. moderate, small, and zero effects (0 ≤ ES ≤ 0.69), respectively). However, the ES of differences in V0 and DRF (i.e., peak speed-related components of the sprint F-V profile) were greater between mid- and post-PHV groups than those between pre- and mid-PHV groups (i.e., large effects (1.54 ≤ ES ≤ 1.92) vs. moderate effects (−0.59 ≤ ES ≤ 1), respectively). Once the strength development is achieved to a great extent from the pre- to mid-PHV groups, specific strength training methods may be used for young soccer players to improve their sprint performance.
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17
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Radnor JM, Staines J, Bevan J, Cumming SP, Kelly AL, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL. Maturity Has a Greater Association than Relative Age with Physical Performance in English Male Academy Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:171. [PMID: 34941809 PMCID: PMC8705996 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to: (1) examine differences in physical performance across birth-quartiles and maturity-status, and (2) determine the relationships among relative age, maturation and physical performance in young male soccer players. The sample included 199 males aged between 8.1 and 18.9 years, from two professional soccer academies in the English Football League. Data were collected for height, weight, self-reported biological parent heights, 30 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Relative age was conveyed as a decimal, while maturity status was determined as the percentage of predicted adult height (PAH). There were no significant differences in any measure between birth quartiles, however early maturers outperformed on-time and later maturers in most performance measures. Pearson-product-moment correlations revealed that maturation was inversely associated with 30 m sprint time in U12 to U16 (r = -0.370-0.738; p < 0.05), but only positively associated with CMJ performance in U12 (r = 0.497; p < 0.05). In contrast, relative age was unrelated to sprint performance and only significantly associated with superior CMJ performance in U16. This study indicates that maturity has a greater association with sprint performance than relative age in English male academy soccer players. Practitioners should monitor and assess biological maturation in young soccer players to attempt to control for the influence on physical performance, and avoid biasing selection on absolute performance rather than identifying the most talented player.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (R.S.L.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Jacob Staines
- Exeter City Football Club, Exeter EX4 6PX, UK; (J.S.); (J.B.)
| | - James Bevan
- Exeter City Football Club, Exeter EX4 6PX, UK; (J.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK;
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (R.S.L.); (J.L.O.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (R.S.L.); (J.L.O.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
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