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Bhatia A, Hanna J, Stuart T, Kasper KA, Clausen DM, Gutruf P. Wireless Battery-free and Fully Implantable Organ Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2205-2280. [PMID: 38382030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Advances in soft materials, miniaturized electronics, sensors, stimulators, radios, and battery-free power supplies are resulting in a new generation of fully implantable organ interfaces that leverage volumetric reduction and soft mechanics by eliminating electrochemical power storage. This device class offers the ability to provide high-fidelity readouts of physiological processes, enables stimulation, and allows control over organs to realize new therapeutic and diagnostic paradigms. Driven by seamless integration with connected infrastructure, these devices enable personalized digital medicine. Key to advances are carefully designed material, electrophysical, electrochemical, and electromagnetic systems that form implantables with mechanical properties closely matched to the target organ to deliver functionality that supports high-fidelity sensors and stimulators. The elimination of electrochemical power supplies enables control over device operation, anywhere from acute, to lifetimes matching the target subject with physical dimensions that supports imperceptible operation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic building blocks of battery-free organ interfaces and related topics such as implantation, delivery, sterilization, and user acceptance. State of the art examples categorized by organ system and an outlook of interconnection and advanced strategies for computation leveraging the consistent power influx to elevate functionality of this device class over current battery-powered strategies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bhatia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jessica Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kevin Albert Kasper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - David Marshall Clausen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program (GIDP), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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2
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Singh P, Ranganathan R. Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Stacked and Grafted Graphene/Graphene Oxide-Polyethylene Nanocomposites: A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study. ACS Omega 2024; 9:9063-9075. [PMID: 38434848 PMCID: PMC10906040 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
High-performance natural materials with superior mechanical properties often possess a hierarchical structure across multiple length scales. Nacre, also known as the mother of pearl, is an example of such a material and exhibits remarkable strength and toughness. The layered hierarchical architecture across different length scales is responsible for the efficient toughness and energy dissipation. To develop high-performance artificial nacre-like composites, it is necessary to mimic this layered structure and understand the molecular phenomena at the interface. This study uses coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure-property relationship of stacked graphene-polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites. Uniaxial and oscillatory shear deformation simulations were conducted to explore the composites' mechanical and viscoelastic behavior. The effect of grafting on the glass-transition temperature and the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior was also examined. The two examined microstructures, the stacked and grafted GnP (graphene nanoplatelet)-PE composites, demonstrated significant enhancement in the Young's modulus and yield strength when compared to the pristine PE. The study also delves into the viscoelastic properties of polyethylene nanocomposites containing graphene and graphene oxide. The grafted composite demonstrated an increased elastic energy and improved capacity for stress transfer. Our study sheds light on the energy dissipation properties of layered nanocomposites through underlying molecular mechanisms, providing promising prospects for designing novel biomimetic polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Param
Punj Singh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Raghavan Ranganathan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, India
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Wang Z, Feng Y, Wang B, Yuan J, Zhang B, Song Y, Wu X, Li L, Li W, Dai Z. Device for Measuring Contact Reaction Forces during Animal Adhesion Landing/Takeoff from Leaf-like Compliant Substrates. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:141. [PMID: 38534826 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A precise measurement of animal behavior and reaction forces from their surroundings can help elucidate the fundamental principle of animal locomotion, such as landing and takeoff. Compared with stiff substrates, compliant substrates, like leaves, readily yield to loads, presenting grand challenges in measuring the reaction forces on the substrates involving compliance. To gain insight into the kinematic mechanisms and structural-functional evolution associated with arboreal animal locomotion, this study introduces an innovative device that facilitates the quantification of the reaction forces on compliant substrates, like leaves. By utilizing the stiffness-damping characteristics of servomotors and the adjustable length of a cantilever structure, the substrate compliance of the device can be accurately controlled. The substrate was further connected to a force sensor and an acceleration sensor. With the cooperation of these sensors, the measured interaction force between the animal and the compliant substrate prevented the effects of inertial force coupling. The device was calibrated under preset conditions, and its force measurement accuracy was validated, with the error between the actual measured and theoretical values being no greater than 10%. Force curves were measured, and frictional adhesion coefficients were calculated from comparative experiments on the landing/takeoff of adherent animals (tree frogs and geckos) on this device. Analysis revealed that the adhesion force limits were significantly lower than previously reported values (0.2~0.4 times those estimated in previous research). This apparatus provides mechanical evidence for elucidating structural-functional relationships exhibited by animals during locomotion and can serve as an experimental platform for optimizing the locomotion of bioinspired robots on compliant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyi Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Yiping Feng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiwei Yuan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Robotics Laboratory China Nanhu Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Robotics Laboratory China Nanhu Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Weipeng Li
- Robotics Laboratory China Nanhu Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Zhendong Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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Wang YR, Kuo CH. Enhancing Electrical Generation Efficiency through Parametrical Excitation and Slapping Force in Nonlinear Elastic Beams for Vibration Energy Harvesting. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7610. [PMID: 37688065 PMCID: PMC10563000 DOI: 10.3390/s23177610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to enhance conventional vibration energy harvesting systems (VEHs) by repositioning the piezoelectric patch (PZT) in the middle of a fixed-fixed elastic steel sheet instead of the root, as is commonly the case. The system is subjected to an axial simple harmonic force at one end to induce transversal vibration and deformation. To further improve power conversion, a baffle is strategically installed at the point of maximum deflection, introducing a slapping force to augment electrical energy harvesting. Employing the theory of nonlinear beams, the equation of motion for this nonlinear elastic beam is derived, and the method of multiple scales (MOMS) is used to analyze the phenomenon of parametric excitation. This study demonstrates through experiments and theoretical analysis that the second mode yields better power generation benefits than the first mode. Additionally, the voltage generation benefits of the enhanced system with the added baffle (slapping force) surpass those of traditional VEH systems. Overall, the proposed model proves feasible and holds promising potential for efficient vibration energy harvesting applications in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ren Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan;
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Zhang Z, Liu Z, Lei J, Chen L, Li L, Zhao N, Fang X, Ruan Y, Tian B, Zhao L. Flexible thin film thermocouples: From structure, material, fabrication to application. iScience 2023; 26:107303. [PMID: 37520735 PMCID: PMC10382892 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) have been garnering interest as temperature sensors due to the advantages of being flexible, ultrathin, and ultralight. Additionally, they have fast response times and enable detection of temperature. These properties have made them suitable for applications such as wearable electronics, healthcare, portable personal devices, and smart detection systems. This review presents the progress in the development of flexible TFTCs. The mechanism, structural design, materials, fabrication methods, and related applications of flexible TFTCs are also elaborated. Finally, future development directions of flexible TFTCs are discussed such as wide-range temperature measurement, multiple sensor integration, and achieving reliable cold-end compensation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiaming Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Luntao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Le Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xudong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bian Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
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Liu H, Laflamme S, Kollosche M. Paintable Silicone-Based Corrugated Soft Elastomeric Capacitor for Area Strain Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6146. [PMID: 37447997 DOI: 10.3390/s23136146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in soft polymer materials have enabled the design of soft machines and devices at multiple scales. Their intrinsic compliance and robust mechanical properties and the potential for a rapid scaling of the production process make them ideal candidates for flexible and stretchable electronics and sensors. Large-area electronics (LAE) made from soft polymer materials that are capable of sustaining large deformations and covering large surfaces and are applicable to complex and irregular surfaces and transducing deformations into readable signals have been explored for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The authors have previously proposed and developed an LAE consisting of a corrugated soft elastomeric capacitor (cSEC). The corrugation is used to engineer the directional strain sensitivity by using a thermoplastic styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS). A key limitation of the SEBS-cSEC technology is the need of an epoxy for reliable bonding of the sensor onto the monitored surface, mainly attributable to the sensor's fabrication process that comprises a solvent that limits its direct deployment through a painting process. Here, with the objective to produce a paintable cSEC, we study an improved solvent-free fabrication method by using a commercial room-temperature-vulcanizing silicone as the host matrix. The matrix is filled with titania particles to form the dielectric layer, yielding a permittivity of 4.05. Carbon black powder is brushed onto the dielectric and encapsulated with the same silicone to form the conductive stretchable electrodes. The sensor is deployed by directly painting a layer of the silicone onto the monitored surface and then depositing the parallel plate capacitor. The electromechanical behavior of the painted silicone-cSEC was characterized and exhibited good linearity, with an R2 value of 0.9901, a gauge factor of 1.58, and a resolution of 70 με. This resolution compared well with that of the epoxied SEBS-cSEC reported in previous work (25 με). Its performance was compared against that of its more mature version, the SEBS-cSEC, in a network configuration on a cantilever plate subjected to a step-deformation and to free vibrations. Results showed that the performance of the painted silicone-sCEC compared well with that of the SEBS-cSEC, but that the use of a silicone paint instead of an epoxy could be responsible for larger noise and the under-estimation of the dominating frequency by 6.7%, likely attributable to slippage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Simon Laflamme
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthias Kollosche
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Baruah RK, Yoo H, Lee EK. Interconnection Technologies for Flexible Electronics: Materials, Fabrications, and Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1131. [PMID: 37374716 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices require metal interconnects to facilitate the flow of electrical signals among the device components, ensuring its proper functionality. There are multiple factors to consider when designing metal interconnects for flexible electronics, including their conductivity, flexibility, reliability, and cost. This article provides an overview of recent endeavors to create flexible electronic devices through different metal interconnect approaches, with a focus on materials and structural aspects. Additionally, the article discusses emerging flexible applications, such as e-textiles and flexible batteries, as essential considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Kumar Baruah
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Della Pelle F, Bukhari QUA, Alvarez Diduk R, Scroccarello A, Compagnone D, Merkoçi A. Freestanding laser-induced two dimensional heterostructures for self-contained paper-based sensors. Nanoscale 2023; 15:7164-7175. [PMID: 37009987 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of 2D/2D heterostructures (HTs) with favorable electrochemical features is challenging, particularly for semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In this studies, we introduce a CO2 laser plotter-based technology for the realization of HT films comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and 2D-TMDs (MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2) produced via water phase exfoliation. The strategy relies on the Laser-Induced production of HeterosTructures (LIHTs), where after irradiation the nanomaterials exhibit changes in the morphological and chemical structure, becoming conductive easily transferable nanostructured films. The LIHTs were characterized in detail by SEM, XPS, Raman and electrochemical analysis. The laser treatment induces the conversion of GO into conductive highly exfoliated rGO decorated with homogeneously distributed small TMD/TM-oxide nanoflakes. The freestanding LIHT films obtained were employed to build self-contained sensors onto nitrocellulose, where the HT works both as a transducer and sensing surface. The proposed nitrocellulose-sensor manufacturing process is semi-automated and reproducible, multiple HT films may be produced in the same laser treatment and the stencil-printing allows customizable design. Excellent performance in the electroanalytical detection of different molecules such as dopamine (a neurotransmitter), catechin (a flavonol), and hydrogen peroxide was demonstrated, obtaining nanomolar limits of detection and satisfactory recovery rates in biological and agrifood samples, together with high fouling resistance. Considering the robust and rapid laser-induced production of HTs and the versatility of scribing desired patterns, the proposed approach appears as a disruptive technology for the development of electrochemical devices through sustainable and accessible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti", Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Qurat Ul Ain Bukhari
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti", Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ruslán Alvarez Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Annalisa Scroccarello
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti", Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti", Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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Vimala A, Vandrangi SK. Development of porous materials based resistance pressure sensors and their biomedical applications: a review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2118275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allam Vimala
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Vandrangi
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chou E, Sui Y, Chong H, Brancel C, Lewandowski JJ, Zorman CA, Wnek GE. Critical Salt Loading in Flexible Poly(vinyl alcohol) Sensors Fabricated by an Inkjet Printing and Plasma Reduction Method. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1437. [PMID: 36144061 PMCID: PMC9506290 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a low-temperature inkjet printing and plasma treatment method using silver nitrate ink that allows the fabrication of conductive silver traces on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film with good fidelity and without degrading the polymer substrate. In doing so, we also identify a critical salt loading in the film that is necessary to prevent the polymer from reacting with the silver nitrate-based ink, which improves the resolution of the silver trace while simultaneously lowering its sheet resistance. Silver lines printed on PVA film using this method have sheet resistances of around 0.2 Ω/□ under wet/dry and stretched/unstretched conditions, while PVA films without prior treatment double in sheet resistance upon wetting or stretching the substrate. This low resistance of printed lines on salt-treated films can be preserved under multiple bending cycles of 0-90° and stretching cycles of 0-6% strain if the polymer is prestretched prior to inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Chou
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yongkun Sui
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hao Chong
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christina Brancel
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John J. Lewandowski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christian A. Zorman
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gary E. Wnek
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Arruda LM, Moreira IP, Sanivada UK, Carvalho H, Fangueiro R. Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal/Longitudinal Textile Direction. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15155185. [PMID: 35897616 PMCID: PMC9369725 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Although the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development. For this purpose, these distinct textile structures were doped with different concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), using the screen-printing technique. The chemical and physical properties of these screen-printed fabrics were analysed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Ground State Diffuse Reflectance and Raman Spectroscopy. Samples were subjected to tests determining linear electrical surface resistance and piezoresistive behaviour. In the results, a higher presence of conductive material was found in woven structures. For the doped samples, the electrical resistance varied between 105 Ω and 101 Ω, for the GNPs’ percentage increase. The lowest resistance value was observed for the woven fabric with 15% GNPs (3.67 ± 8.17 × 101 Ω). The samples showed different electrical behaviour according to the fabric orientation. Overall, greater sensitivity in the longitudinal direction and a lower coefficient of variation CV% of the measurement was identified in the transversal direction, coursewise for knitted and weftwise for woven fabrics. The woven fabric doped with 5% GNPs assembled in the weftwise direction was shown to be the most indicated for a piezoresistive sensor, due to its most uniform response and most accurate measure of mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M. Arruda
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; (I.P.M.); (U.K.S.); (H.C.); (R.F.)
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Inês P. Moreira
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; (I.P.M.); (U.K.S.); (H.C.); (R.F.)
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Usha Kiran Sanivada
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; (I.P.M.); (U.K.S.); (H.C.); (R.F.)
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Helder Carvalho
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; (I.P.M.); (U.K.S.); (H.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Raul Fangueiro
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal; (I.P.M.); (U.K.S.); (H.C.); (R.F.)
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
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Zazoum B, Batoo KM, Khan MAA. Recent Advances in Flexible Sensors and Their Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22124653. [PMID: 35746434 PMCID: PMC9228765 DOI: 10.3390/s22124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are low cost, wearable, and lightweight, as well as having a simple structure as per the requirements of engineering applications. Furthermore, for many potential applications, such as human health monitoring, robotics, wearable electronics, and artificial intelligence, flexible sensors require high sensitivity and stretchability. Herein, this paper systematically summarizes the latest progress in the development of flexible sensors. The review briefly presents the state of the art in flexible sensors, including the materials involved, sensing mechanisms, manufacturing methods, and the latest development of flexible sensors in health monitoring and soft robotic applications. Moreover, this paper provides perspectives on the challenges in this field and the prospect of flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchaib Zazoum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Khalid Mujasam Batoo
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Azhar Ali Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia;
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13
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Kausar A. State-of-the-art of polymer/nanowall nanocomposite: fundamental—to—leading-edge application. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.2015775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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14
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Zamora-mejia G, Martinez-castillo J, Diaz-sanchez A, Rocha-perez JM, Herrera-may AL, Zapata-rodriguez UG, Carbajal-gomez VH. A Self-Powered UHF Passive Tag for Biomedical Temperature Monitoring. Electronics 2022; 11:1108. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11071108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-powered RF passive sensors have potential application in temperature measurements of patients with health problems. Herein, this work presents the design and implementation of a self-powered UHF passive tag prototype for biomedical temperature monitoring. The proposed battery-free sensor is composed of three basic building blocks: a high-frequency section, a micro-power management stage, and a temperature sensor. This passive temperature sensor uses an 860 MHz to 960 MHz RF carrier and a 1 W Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) to harvest energy for its operation, showing a read range of 9.5 m with a 13.75 µW power consumption, and an overall power consumption efficiency of 10.92% was achieved. The proposed device can measure temperature variations between 0 °C and 60 °C with a sensitivity of 823.29 Hz/°C and a standard error of 13.67 Hz/°C over linear regression. Circuit functionality was validated by means of post-layout simulations, characterization, and measurements of the manufactured prototype. The chip prototype was fabricated using a 0.18 µm CMOS standard technology with a silicon area consumption of 1065 µm × 560 µm. The overall size of the self-powered passive tag is 8 cm × 2 cm, including both chip and antenna. The self-powered tag prototype could be employed for human body temperature monitoring.
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Abstract
Conductive polymers have attracted wide attention since their discovery due to their unique properties such as good electrical conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, and low cost. With different possibilities of preparation and deposition on surfaces, they present unique and tunable structures. Because of the ease of incorporating different elements to form composite materials, conductive polymers have been widely used in a plethora of applications. Their inherent mechanical tolerance limit makes them ideal for flexible devices, such as electrodes for batteries, artificial muscles, organic electronics, and sensors. As the demand for the next generation of (wearable) personal and flexible sensing devices is increasing, this review aims to discuss and summarize the recent manufacturing advances made on flexible electrochemical sensors.
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16
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Hornak J, Kadlec P, Kopřiva J, Polanský R. Dielectric, structural and mechanical properties of thermally aged biaxially oriented polymeric substrates for flexible electronics. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Soe HM, Abd Manaf A, Matsuda A, Jaafar M. Performance of a silver nanoparticles-based polydimethylsiloxane composite strain sensor produced using different fabrication methods. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 2021; 329:112793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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18
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Cheng Y, Wang K, Xu H, Li T, Jin Q, Cui D. Recent developments in sensors for wearable device applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6037-6057. [PMID: 34389877 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices are a new means of human-computer interaction with different functions, underlying principles, and forms. They have been widely used in the medical and health fields, in applications including physiological signal monitoring; sports; and environmental detection, while subtly affecting people's lives and work. Wearable sensors as functional components of wearable devices have become a research focus. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the development of wearable sensors and related devices. Wearable sensors in medical health applications, according to the principle of measurement, are divided into physical and chemical quantity detection. These sensors can monitor and measure specific parameters, thereby enabling continuously improvements in the quality and feasibility of medical treatment. Through the detection of human movement, such as breathing, heartbeat, or bending, wearable sensors can evaluate body movement and monitor an individual's physical performance and health status. Wearable devices detecting aspects of the environment while maintaining high adaptability to the human body can be used to evaluate environmental quality and obtain more accurate environmental information. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide new insights and directions for the future development and broader application of wearable devices in various fields.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemeng Cheng
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent diagnosis and treatment instrument, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent diagnosis and treatment instrument, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tangan Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent diagnosis and treatment instrument, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent diagnosis and treatment instrument, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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19
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Nadia Ahmad NF, Nik Ghazali NN, Wong YH. Wearable patch delivery system for artificial pancreas health diagnostic-therapeutic application: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 189:113384. [PMID: 34090154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The advanced stimuli-responsive approaches for on-demand drug delivery systems have received tremendous attention as they have great potential to be integrated with sensing and multi-functional electronics on a flexible and stretchable single platform (all-in-one concept) in order to develop skin-integration with close-loop sensation for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic application. The wearable patch pumps have evolved from reservoir-based to matrix patch and drug-in-adhesive (single-layer or multi-layer) type. In this review, we presented the basic requirements of an artificial pancreas, surveyed the design and technologies used in commercial patch pumps available on the market and provided general information about the latest wearable patch pump. We summarized the various advanced delivery strategies with their mechanisms that have been developed to date and representative examples. Mechanical, electrical, light, thermal, acoustic and glucose-responsive approaches on patch form have been successfully utilized in the controllable transdermal drug delivery manner. We highlighted key challenges associated with wearable transdermal delivery systems, their research direction and future development trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farrahain Nadia Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yew Hoong Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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20
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Fazio E, Spadaro S, Corsaro C, Neri G, Leonardi SG, Neri F, Lavanya N, Sekar C, Donato N, Neri G. Metal-Oxide Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Electrical and Electrochemical Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21072494. [PMID: 33916680 PMCID: PMC8038368 DOI: 10.3390/s21072494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pure, mixed and doped metal oxides (MOX) have attracted great interest for the development of electrical and electrochemical sensors since they are cheaper, faster, easier to operate and capable of online analysis and real-time identification. This review focuses on highly sensitive chemoresistive type sensors based on doped-SnO2, RhO, ZnO-Ca, Smx-CoFe2−xO4 semiconductors used to detect toxic gases (H2, CO, NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., acetone, ethanol) in monitoring of gaseous markers in the breath of patients with specific pathologies and for environmental pollution control. Interesting results about the monitoring of biochemical substances as dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and glucose have been also reported using electrochemical sensors based on hybrid MOX nanocomposite modified glassy carbon and screen-printed carbon electrodes. The fundamental sensing mechanisms and commercial limitations of the MOX-based electrical and electrochemical sensors are discussed providing research directions to bridge the existing gap between new sensing concepts and real-world analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Salvatore Spadaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (F.N.)
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Gianluca Leonardi
- Institute of Advanced Technologies for Energy (ITAE)—CNR, Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, I-98126 Messina, Italy;
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (F.N.)
| | - Nehru Lavanya
- Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India; (N.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chinnathambi Sekar
- Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India; (N.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Nicola Donato
- Department of Engineering, Messina University, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Department of Engineering, Messina University, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.D.); (G.N.)
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21
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Coscia U, Longo A, Palomba M, Sorrentino A, Barucca G, Di Bartolomeo A, Urban F, Ambrosone G, Carotenuto G. Influence of the Thermomechanical Characteristics of Low-Density Polyethylene Substrates on the Thermoresistive Properties of Graphite Nanoplatelet Coatings. Coatings 2021; 11:332. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphological, structural, and thermoresistive properties of films deposited on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) substrates are investigated for possible application in flexible electronics. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses, and X-ray diffraction measurements show that the films consist of overlapped graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) each composed on average of 41 graphene layers. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis indicate that irreversible phase transitions and large variations of mechanical parameters in the polymer substrates can be avoided by limiting the temperature variations between −40 and 40 °C. Electrical measurements performed in such temperature range reveal that the resistance of GNP films on LDPE substrates increases as a function of the temperature, unlike the behavior of graphite-based materials in which the temperature coefficient of resistance is negative. The explanation is given by the strong influence of the thermal expansion properties of the LDPE substrates on the thermo-resistive features of GNP coating films. The results show that, narrowing the temperature range from 20 to 40 °C, the GNP on LDPE samples can work as temperature sensors having linear temperature-resistance relationship, while keeping constant the temperature and applying mechanical strains in the 0–4.2 × 10−3 range, they can operate as strain gauges with a gauge factor of about 48.
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22
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Francavilla P, Ferreira DP, Araújo JC, Fangueiro R. Smart Fibrous Structures Produced by Electrospinning Using the Combined Effect of PCL/Graphene Nanoplatelets. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:1124. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, the development of adaptable monitoring systems to be integrated into soldiers’ body gear, making them as comfortable and lightweight as possible (avoiding the use of rigid electronics), has become essential. Electrospun microfibers are a great material for this application due to their excellent properties, especially their flexibility and lightness. Their functionalization with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) makes them a fantastic alternative for the development of innovative conductive materials. In this work, electrospun membranes based on polycaprolactone (PCL) were impregnated with different GNPs concentrations in order to create an electrically conductive surface with piezoresistive behavior. All the samples were properly characterized, demonstrating the homogeneous distribution and the GNPs’ adsorption onto the membrane’s surfaces. Additionally, the electrical performance of the developed systems was studied, including the electrical conductivity, piezoresistive behavior, and Gauge Factor (GF). A maximum electrical conductivity value of 0.079 S/m was obtained for the 2%GNPs-PCL sample. The developed piezoresistive sensor showed high sensitivity to external pressures and excellent durability to repetitive pressing. The best value of GF (3.20) was obtained for the membranes with 0.5% of GNPs. Hence, this work presents the development of a flexible piezoresistive sensor, based on electrospun PCL microfibers and GNPs, utilizing simple methods.
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23
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Saleh R, Barth M, Eberhardt W, Zimmermann A. Bending Setups for Reliability Investigation of Flexible Electronics. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:78. [PMID: 33451151 PMCID: PMC7828635 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronics is a rapidly growing technology for a multitude of applications. Wearables and flexible displays are some application examples. Various technologies and processes are used to produce flexible electronics. An important aspect to be considered when developing these systems is their reliability, especially with regard to repeated bending. In this paper, the frequently used methods for investigating the bending reliability of flexible electronics are presented. This is done to provide an overview of the types of tests that can be performed to investigate the bending reliability. Furthermore, it is shown which devices are developed and optimized to gain more knowledge about the behavior of flexible systems under bending. Both static and dynamic bending test methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Saleh
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maximilian Barth
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
| | - André Zimmermann
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (W.E.); (A.Z.)
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Zhang B, Yun C, MacManus-Driscoll JL. High Yield Transfer of Clean Large-Area Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films. Nanomicro Lett 2021; 13:39. [PMID: 34138235 PMCID: PMC8187697 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a new method for manipulating and transferring up to 5 mm × 10 mm epitaxial oxide thin films. The method involves fixing a PET frame onto a PMMA attachment film, enabling transfer of epitaxial films lifted-off by wet chemical etching of a Sr3Al2O6 sacrificial layer. The crystallinity, surface morphology, continuity, and purity of the films are all preserved in the transfer process. We demonstrate the applicability of our method for three different film compositions and structures of thickness ~ 100 nm. Furthermore, we show that by using epitaxial nanocomposite films, lift-off yield is improved by ~ 50% compared to plain epitaxial films and we ascribe this effect to the higher fracture toughness of the composites. This work shows important steps towards large-scale perovskite thin-film-based electronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Chao Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Judith L MacManus-Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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25
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Mokhtari O, Conti F, Saccon R, Bhogaraju SK, Elger G. Formic acid and formate salts for chemical vapor deposition of copper on glass substrates at atmospheric pressure. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of copper on glass slides is obtained at atmospheric pressure using copper microparticles and formic acid or copper formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mokhtari
- Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, Ingolstadt 85049, Germany
| | - Fosca Conti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Saccon
- Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, Ingolstadt 85049, Germany
| | - Sri Krishna Bhogaraju
- Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, Ingolstadt 85049, Germany
| | - Gordon Elger
- Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, Ingolstadt 85049, Germany
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26
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Fekiri C, Kim HC, Lee IH. 3D-Printable Carbon Nanotubes-Based Composite for Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13235482. [PMID: 33271994 PMCID: PMC7731291 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intersection between nanoscience and additive manufacturing technology has resulted in a new field of printable and flexible electronics. This interesting area of research tackles the challenges in the development of novel materials and fabrication techniques towards a wider range and improved design of flexible electronic devices. This work presents the fabrication of a cost-effective and facile flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor using a 3D-printable carbon nanotube-based nanocomposite. The carbon nanotubes used for the development of the material are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer. The sensor was fabricated using the direct ink writing (DIW) technique (also referred to as robocasting). The MWCNT-PDMS composite was directly printed onto the polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor response was then examined based on the resistance change to the applied load. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity (6.3 Ω/kPa) over a wide range of applied pressure (up to 1132 kPa); the highest observed measurement range for MWCNT-PDMS composite in previous work was 40 kPa. The formulated MWCNT-PDMS composite was also printed into high-resolution 3-dimensional shapes which maintained their form even after heat treatment process. The possibility to use 3D printing in the fabrication of flexible sensors allows design freedom and flexibility, and structural complexity with wide applications in wearable or implantable electronics for sport, automotive and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Fekiri
- Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Ho Chan Kim
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea;
| | - In Hwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence:
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27
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Cheng M, Zhu G, Zhang F, Tang WL, Jianping S, Yang JQ, Zhu LY. A review of flexible force sensors for human health monitoring. J Adv Res 2020; 26:53-68. [PMID: 33133683 PMCID: PMC7584676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, health monitoring systems (HMS) have aroused great interest due to their broad prospects in preventive medicine. As an important component of HMS, flexible force sensors (FFS) with high flexibility and stretch-ability can monitor vital health parameters and detect physical movements. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, the novel materials, the advanced additive manufacturing technologies, the selective sensing mechanisms and typical applications in both wearable and implantable HMS are discussed. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS AND IMPORTANT FINDINGS OF REVIEW We recognized that the next generation of the FFS will have higher sensitivity, wider linear range as well as better durability, self-power supplied and multifunctional integrated. In conclusion, the FFS will provide powerful socioeconomic benefits and improve people's quality of life in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guotao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent Advanced Equipment Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-lai Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent Advanced Equipment Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Jianping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent Advanced Equipment Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-quan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent Advanced Equipment Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Li-ya Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent Advanced Equipment Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
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28
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Della Pelle F, Rojas D, Compagnone D, Escarpa A. Xurography-Enabled Thermally Transferred Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors on Polyethylene Terephthalate-Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Films. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13565-13572. [PMID: 32869640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel benchtop approach to fabricate xurography-enabled thermally transferred (XTT) carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors is proposed. Filtered nanomaterial (NM) films were transferred from Teflon filters to polyethylene terephthalate-ethylene vinyl acetate (PET-EVA) substrates by a temperature-driven approach. Customized PET-EVA components were xurographically patterned by a cutting plotter. The smart design of PET-EVA films enabled us to selectively transfer the nanomaterial to the exposed EVA side of the substrate. Hence, the substrate played an active role in selectively controlling where nanomaterial transfer occurred allowing us to design different working electrode geometries. Counter and reference electrodes were integrated by a stencil-printing approach, and the whole device was assembled by thermal lamination. To prove the versatility of the technology, XTT materials were exclusively made of carbon black (XTT-CB), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (XTT-MWCNTs), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (XTT-SWCNTs). Their electrochemical behavior was carefully studied and was found to be highly dependent on the amount and type of NM employed. XTT-SWCNTs were demonstrated to be the best-performing sensors, and they were employed for the determination of l-tyrosine (l-Tyr) in human plasma from tyrosinemia-diagnosed patients. High analytical performance toward l-Tyr (linear range of 0.5-100 μM, LOD = 0.1 μM), interelectrode precision (RSD ip,a = 3%, n = 10; RSD calibration slope = 4%, n = 3), and accurate l-Tyr quantification in plasma samples with low relative errors (≤7%) compared to the clinical declared values were obtained. The proposed benchtop approach is cost-effective and straightforward, does not require sophisticated facilities, and can be potentially employed to develop pure or hybrid nanomaterial-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute Andres M. del Rio, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Dos Santos A, Fortunato E, Martins R, Águas H, Igreja R. Transduction Mechanisms, Micro-Structuring Techniques, and Applications of Electronic Skin Pressure Sensors: A Review of Recent Advances. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E4407. [PMID: 32784603 DOI: 10.3390/s20164407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), which is an electronic surrogate of human skin, aims to recreate the multifunctionality of skin by using sensing units to detect multiple stimuli, while keeping key features of skin such as low thickness, stretchability, flexibility, and conformability. One of the most important stimuli to be detected is pressure due to its relevance in a plethora of applications, from health monitoring to functional prosthesis, robotics, and human-machine-interfaces (HMI). The performance of these e-skin pressure sensors is tailored, typically through micro-structuring techniques (such as photolithography, unconventional molds, incorporation of naturally micro-structured materials, laser engraving, amongst others) to achieve high sensitivities (commonly above 1 kPa−1), which is mostly relevant for health monitoring applications, or to extend the linearity of the behavior over a larger pressure range (from few Pa to 100 kPa), an important feature for functional prosthesis. Hence, this review intends to give a generalized view over the most relevant highlights in the development and micro-structuring of e-skin pressure sensors, while contributing to update the field with the most recent research. A special emphasis is devoted to the most employed pressure transduction mechanisms, namely capacitance, piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity, and triboelectricity, as well as to materials and novel techniques more recently explored to innovate the field and bring it a step closer to general adoption by society.
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Abstract
A review of recent advances in flexible printed gas sensors is presented. During the last years, flexible electronics has started to offer new opportunities in terms of sensors features and their possible application fields. The advent of this technology has made sensors low-cost, thin, with a large sensing area, lightweight, wearable, flexible, and transparent. Such new characteristics have led to the development of new gas sensor devices. The paper makes some statistical remarks about the research and market of the sensors and makes a shot of the printing technologies, the flexible organic substrates, the functional materials, and the target gases related to the specific application areas. The conclusion is a short notice on perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Fatimah Kamarudin
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Mustapha
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Avellar L, Leal-Junior A, Marques C, Frizera A. Performance Analysis of a Lower Limb Multi Joint Angle Sensor Using CYTOP Fiber: Influence of Light Source Wavelength and Angular Velocity Compensation. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20020326. [PMID: 31935990 PMCID: PMC7013721 DOI: 10.3390/s20020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the analysis of an intensity variation polymer optical fiber (POF)-based angle sensor performance, i.e., sensitivity, hysteresis and determination coefficient ( R 2 ), using cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP) fiber. The analysis consisted of two approaches: influence of different light source central wavelengths (430 nm, 530 nm, 660 nm, 870 nm and 950 nm) and influence of different angular velocities ( 0.70 rad/s, 0.87 rad/s, 1.16 rad/s, 1.75 rad/s and 3.49 rad/s). The first approach aimed to select the source which resulted in the most suitable performance regarding highest sensitivity and linearity while maintaining lowest hysteresis, through the figure of merit. Thereafter, the analysis of different angular velocities was performed to evaluate the influence of velocity in the curvature sensor performance. Then, a discrete angular velocity compensation was proposed in order to reduce the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of responses for different angular velocities. Ten tests for each analysis were performed with angular range of 0 ∘ to 50 ∘ , based on knee and ankle angle range during the gait. The curvature sensor was applied in patterns simulating the knee and ankle during the gait. Results show repeatability and the best sensor performance for λ = 950 nm in the first analysis and show high errors for high angular velocities ( w = 3.49 rad/s) in the second analysis, which presented up to 50 % angular error. The uncompensated RMSE was high for all velocities ( 6.45 ∘ to 12.41 ∘ ), whereas the compensated RMSE decreased up to 74 % ( 1.67 ∘ to 3.62 ∘ ). The compensated responses of application tests showed maximum error of 5.52 ∘ and minimum of 1.06 ∘ , presenting a decrease of mean angular error up to 30 ∘ when compared with uncompensated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Avellar
- Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, 29075-910 Vitoria, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-27-4009-2644
| | - Arnaldo Leal-Junior
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espirito Santo, 29075-910 Espirito Santo, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Marques
- I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Anselmo Frizera
- Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, 29075-910 Vitoria, Brazil;
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Lugoda P, Costa JC, Oliveira C, Garcia-Garcia LA, Wickramasinghe SD, Pouryazdan A, Roggen D, Dias T, Münzenrieder N. Flexible Temperature Sensor Integration into E-Textiles Using Different Industrial Yarn Fabrication Processes. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 20:s20010073. [PMID: 31877742 PMCID: PMC6982775 DOI: 10.3390/s20010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Textiles enhanced with thin-film flexible sensors are well-suited for unobtrusive monitoring of skin parameters due to the sensors' high conformability. These sensors can be damaged if they are attached to the surface of the textile, also affecting the textiles' aesthetics and feel. We investigate the effect of embedding flexible temperature sensors within textile yarns, which adds a layer of protection to the sensor. Industrial yarn manufacturing techniques including knit braiding, braiding, and double covering were utilised to identify an appropriate incorporation technique. The thermal time constants recorded by all three sensing yarns was <10 s. Simultaneously, effective sensitivity only decreased by a maximum of 14% compared to the uncovered sensor. This is due to the sensor being positioned within the yarn instead of being in direct contact with the measured surface. These sensor yarns were not affected by bending and produced repeatable measurements. The double covering method was observed to have the least impact on the sensors' performance due to the yarn's smaller dimensions. Finally, a sensing yarn was incorporated in an armband and used to measure changes in skin temperature. The demonstrated textile integration techniques for flexible sensors using industrial yarn manufacturing processes enable large-scale smart textile fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasindu Lugoda
- Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK; (J.C.C.); (L.A.G.-G.); (A.P.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Julio C. Costa
- Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK; (J.C.C.); (L.A.G.-G.); (A.P.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Carlos Oliveira
- Advanced Textiles Research Group, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG1 4GG, UK; (C.O.); (T.D.)
| | - Leonardo A. Garcia-Garcia
- Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK; (J.C.C.); (L.A.G.-G.); (A.P.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Sanjula D. Wickramasinghe
- Stretchline (Zhongshan) Limited, Goldenbell Section, Fu Zhong Lu, Shunjing Industrial Park, Banfu Town, Zhongshan City 528459, China;
| | - Arash Pouryazdan
- Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK; (J.C.C.); (L.A.G.-G.); (A.P.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Daniel Roggen
- Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK; (J.C.C.); (L.A.G.-G.); (A.P.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Tilak Dias
- Advanced Textiles Research Group, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG1 4GG, UK; (C.O.); (T.D.)
| | - Niko Münzenrieder
- Sensor Technology Research Centre, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK; (J.C.C.); (L.A.G.-G.); (A.P.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
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Wilson S, Laing R. Fabrics and Garments as Sensors: A Research Update. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19163570. [PMID: 31443332 PMCID: PMC6719058 DOI: 10.3390/s19163570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Properties critical to the structure of apparel and apparel fabrics (thermal and moisture transfer, elasticity, and flexural rigidity), those related to performance (durability to abrasion, cleaning, and storage), and environmental effects have not been consistently addressed in the research on fabric sensors designed to interact with the human body. These fabric properties need to be acceptable for functionalized fabrics to be effectively used in apparel. Measures of performance such as electrical conductivity, impedance, and/or capacitance have been quantified. That the apparel/human body system involves continuous transient conditions needs to be taken into account when considering performance. This review highlights gaps concerning fabric-related aspects for functionalized apparel and includes information on increasing the inclusion of such aspects. A multidisciplinary approach including experts in chemistry, electronics, textiles, and standard test methods, and the intended end use is key to widespread development and adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wilson
- Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Raechel Laing
- Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Lee E, Kim HJ, Park Y, Lee S, Lee SY, Ha T, Shin HJ, Kim Y, Kim J. Direct Patterning of a Carbon Nanotube Thin Layer on a Stretchable Substrate. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10080530. [PMID: 31405253 PMCID: PMC6722655 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Solution-based direct patterning on an elastomer substrate with meniscus-dragging deposition (MDD) enables fabrication of very thin carbon nanotube (CNT) layers in the nanometer scale (80–330 nm). To fabricate the CNT pattern with CNT solution, contact angle, electrical variation, mechanical stress, and surface cracks of elastomer substrate were analyzed to identify the optimal conditions of O2 treatment (treatment for 30 s with RF power of 50 W in O2 atmosphere of 50 sccm) and mixture ratio between Ecoflex and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Ecoflex:PDMS = 5:1). The type of mask for patterning of the CNT layer was determined through quantitative analysis for sharpness and uniformity of the fabricated CNT pattern. Through these optimization processes, the CNT pattern was produced on the elastomer substrate with selected mask (30 μm thick oriented polypropylene). The thickness of CNT pattern was also controlled to have hundreds nanometer and 500 μm wide rectangular and circular shapes were demonstrated. Furthermore, the change in the current and resistance of the CNT layer according to the applied strain on the elastomer substrate was analyzed. Our results demonstrated the potential of the MDD method for direct CNT patterning with high uniformity and the possibility to fabricate a stretchable sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Yejin Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Sae Youn Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Taewon Ha
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joon Shin
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Youngbaek Kim
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju 61012, Korea.
| | - Jinsik Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea.
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