1
|
Carmona-Molero R, Aparicio-Muriana MM, Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Olmo-Iruela MD. Capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry to determine multiclass cyanotoxins in reservoir water and spinach samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464666. [PMID: 38266594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins constitute a group of toxic secondary metabolites, the presence of which in any water body poses a major health risk. Moreover, advanced organisms such as edible plants exposed to these toxins, are a possible pathway for human exposure. Green analytical chemistry is demanding environmentally friendly analytical techniques. In this sense, we propose the use of capillary electrophoresis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS) to determine a mixture of eight cyanotoxins belonging to three different classes: cyclic peptides (microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR and nodularin), alkaloids (cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a) and three isomeric non-protein amino acids (β-methylamino-l-alanine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine). Separation was achieved by using an acidic background electrolyte consisting of 2 M formic acid and 20% acetonitrile in water. Parameters affecting MS/MS detection and the sheath-liquid interface were also studied. Finally, a combination of pH-junction, field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) and acid barrage as online preconcentration strategies, was employed to improve sensitivity and efficiency. The online preconcentration applied, in combination with a dual cartridge solid-phase extraction (SPE) system, allows to obtain limits of detection in the very low range of µg·L-1 for these multiclass cyanotoxins in reservoir water samples (from 0.005 to 0.10 µg·L-1). Furthermore, for the first time cyanotoxins are analysed in spinach samples through CE-MS/MS using the same SPE procedure, following lyophilisation and solid-liquid extraction with 6 mL 80 % aqueous MeOH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Carmona-Molero
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Spain
| | - M Mar Aparicio-Muriana
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco J Lara
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pindihama G, Gitari M, Madala N. Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on the uptake of microcystins by Brassica oleracea and Solanum tuberosum. F1000Res 2024; 11:1166. [PMID: 38510265 PMCID: PMC10951562 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125540.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, hypereutrophic conditions in major water reservoirs used for irrigation purposes, promote the co-existence of cyanotoxins and other pollutants such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). LAS is known to alter the permeability of membranes and promote the uptake of other pollutants by plants. In light of the potential human health risks and prevailing hypereutrophic conditions in some catchments in South Africa, we investigated the combined effects of LAS and microcystins (MCs) on food plants when cyanobacteria infested water is used to irrigate terrestrial crops. Methods To understand the potential risks, pot-culture experiments were conducted to assess the effect of LAS on the accumulation of MCs in Brassica oleracea (cabbage) and Solanum tuberosum (potato) plants. The plants were watered with dam water containing 3.48 mg L -1 of the LAS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and MCs (MC-LR: 10.47 ± 3.879; 6.158 ± 4.127 for MC-RR and 8.160 ± 2.544 for MC-YR μg L -1) for 20 days. Results The presence of LAS, at environmentally relevant concentrations in the irrigation water, did not enhance the uptake of MCs in the two plants, as demonstrated by statistically insignificant differences in the means of the treatments (with and without LAS). In addition, the presence of LAS, high pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cyanotoxins in the water did not affect the total chlorophyll or the well-being of the plants. However, in some cases the levels of MCs bioaccumulated by the two plants exceeded the WHO recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI). Conclusions These findings imply that the tested levels of LAS and MCs did not have any synergic effects on the two plant species, but irrigating food crops with such water still poses a human health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glynn Pindihama
- Department of Geography & Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, 0950, South Africa
| | - Mugera Gitari
- Department of Geography & Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, 0950, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Kenya., Nairobi, Kenya, 00200, Kenya
| | - Ntakadzeni Madala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, 0950, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Premathilaka SH, Westrick JA, Isailovic D. Identification of Serine-Containing Microcystins by UHPLC-MS/MS Using Thiol and Sulfoxide Derivatizations and Detection of Novel Neutral Losses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:775-786. [PMID: 38170221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria, and their structural diversity has led to the discovery of more than 300 congeners to date. However, with known amino acid combinations, many more MC congeners are theoretically possible, suggesting many remain unidentified. Herein, two novel serine (Ser)-containing MCs were putatively identified in a Lake Erie cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (cyanoHAB), using high-resolution UHPLC-MS as well as thiol and sulfoxide derivatization procedures. These MCs contain an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl on methyl dehydroalanine (Mdha) residue that undergoes Michael addition to produce a thiol-derivatized MC. Derivatization reactions using various thiolation reagents were followed by MS/MS, and two Python codes were used for data analysis and structural elucidation of MCs. Two novel MCs containing Ser at position 1 (i.e., next to Mdha) were putatively identified as [Ser1]MC-RR and [Ser1]MC-YR. Using thiol- and sulfoxide-modified [Ser1]MCs, identifications were confirmed by the observation of specific neutral losses of the oxidized thiols or sulfoxides in CID-MS/MS spectra in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. These novel neutral losses are unique for MCs with Mdha and an adjacent Ser residue. Data suggest that a gas-phase reaction occurs between oxygen from adjacent Ser residue and sulfur of the Mdha-bonded thiol or sulfoxide, which leads to the formation and detection of stable cyclic MC ions in MS/MS spectra at m/z values corresponding to the loss of oxidized thiols or oxidized sulfoxides from Ser1-containing MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanduni H Premathilaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pravadali-Cekic S, Vojvodic A, Violi JP, Mitrovic SM, Rodgers KJ, Bishop DP. Simultaneous Analysis of Cyanotoxins β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and Microcystins-RR, -LR, and -YR Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecules 2023; 28:6733. [PMID: 37764509 PMCID: PMC10537148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its isomers, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine (AEG), along with microcystins (MCs)-RR, -LR, and -YR (the major MC congeners), are cyanotoxins that can cause detrimental health and environmental impacts during toxic blooms. Currently, there are no reverse-phase (RP) LC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous detection and quantification of BMAA, its isomers, and the major MCs in a single analysis; therefore, multiple analyses are required to assess the toxic load of a sample. Here, we present a newly developed and validated method for the detection and quantification of BMAA, 2,4-DAB, AEG, MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR using RP LC-MS/MS. Method validation was performed, assessing linearity (r2 > 0.996), accuracy (>90% recovery for spiked samples), precision (7% relative standard deviation), and limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) (ranging from 0.13 to 1.38 ng mL-1). The application of this combined cyanotoxin analysis on a culture of Microcystis aeruginosa resulted in the simultaneous detection of 2,4-DAB (0.249 ng mg-1 dry weight (DW)) and MC-YR (4828 ng mg-1 DW). This study provides a unified method for the quantitative analysis of BMAA, its isomers, and three MC congeners in natural environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Pravadali-Cekic
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| | - Aleksandar Vojvodic
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| | - Jake P. Violi
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia;
| | - Simon M. Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.M.M.); (K.J.R.)
| | - Kenneth J. Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.M.M.); (K.J.R.)
| | - David P. Bishop
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.P.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casas-Rodríguez A, Moyano R, Molina-Hernández V, Cameán AM, Jos A. Potential oestrogenic effects (following the OECD test guideline 440) and thyroid dysfunction induced by pure cyanotoxins (microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin) in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115671. [PMID: 36907345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potential endocrine-disrupting properties of cyanotoxins, such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are of concern due to their increasing occurrence, the scarcity of reports on the topic (particularly for CYN) and the impact of human's health at different levels. Thus, this work performed for the first time the uterotrophic bioassay in rats, following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 440, to explore the oestrogenic properties of CYN and MC-LR (75, 150, 300 μg/kg b.w./day) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Results revealed neither changes in the wet and blotted uterus weights nor in the morphometric study of uteri. Moreover, among the steroid hormones analysed in serum, the most remarkable effect was the dose-dependent increase in progesterone (P) levels in rats exposed to MC-LR. Additionally, a histopathology study of thyroids and serum levels of thyroids hormones were determined. Tissue affectation (follicular hypertrophy, exfoliated epithelium, hyperplasia) was observed, as well as increased T3 and T4 levels in rats exposed to both toxins. Taken together, these results point out that CYN and MC-LR are not oestrogenic compounds at the conditions tested in the uterotrophic assay in OVX rats, but, however, thyroid disruption effects cannot be discarded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casas-Rodríguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Turner AD, Beach DG, Foss A, Samdal IA, Løvberg KLE, Waack J, Edwards C, Lawton LA, Dean KJ, Maskrey BH, Lewis AM. A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:27. [PMID: 36668847 PMCID: PMC9867187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Amanda Foss
- Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Waack
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Linda A. Lawton
- CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Casas-Rodriguez A, Cameán AM, Jos A. Potential Endocrine Disruption of Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120882. [PMID: 36548779 PMCID: PMC9785827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), although classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxins, respectively, have been shown to also induce toxic effects in many other systems and organs. Among them, their potential endocrine disruption (ED) activity has been scarcely investigated. Considering the increasing relevance of ED on humans, mammals, and aquatic organisms, this work aimed to review the state-of-the-art regarding the toxic effects of MCs and CYN at this level. It has been evidenced that MCs have been more extensively investigated than CYN. Reported results are contradictory, with the presence or absence of effects, but experimental conditions also vary to a great extent. In general, both toxins have shown ED activity mediated by very different mechanisms, such as estrogenic responses via a binding estrogen receptor (ER), pathological changes in several organs and cells (testis, ovarian cells), and a decreased gonad-somatic index. Moreover, toxic effects mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in transcriptional responses on several endocrine axes and steroidogenesis-related genes, and changes in hormone levels have also been reported. Further research is required in a risk assessment frame because official protocols for assessment of endocrine disrupters have not been used. Moreover, the use of advanced techniques would aid in deciphering cyanotoxins dose-response relationships in relation to their ED potential.
Collapse
|
8
|
Casas Rodríguez A, Diez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Jos A, Cameán AM. Effect of cold food storage techniques on the contents of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113507. [PMID: 36334728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and Microcystins (MCs) in vegetables is considered as a significant worldwide toxicological risk. Thus, this work aims to assess for the first time the impact of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (-20 °C) on the levels of CYN, MCs and their mixtures (CYN + MCs) in lettuce and spinach. Samples were spiked with 750 μg cyanotoxins/g dry weight (d.w.). Several storage conditions were studied: refrigeration after 24, 48 h and 7 days, and freezing for 7 days, 1 and 3 months. Cyanotoxin concentrations were determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). For CYN, refrigeration at 48 h and 7 days was effective to decrease its concentrations up to 26% and 32%, respectively, in spinach. For MCs, refrigeration was only effective in lettuce compared to spinach, showing an important decrease of 80.3% MC-LR and 85.1% MC-YR. In spinach, CYN was stable after 3 months freezing, whereas MC contents were still reduced up to 44%. Overall, cyanotoxins were less stable in the mixture compared to individual toxins for both processes, and the effect of these storage techniques were toxin and food-specific. Further studies of cyanotoxins in foods are required for evaluating the risk for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casas Rodríguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain.
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdullahi H, Tanimu Y, Akinyemi SA, do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira M, Chia MA. Assessment of microcystins in surface water and irrigated vegetables in Kwaru stream, Hayin Danmani, Kaduna-Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78303-78313. [PMID: 35689773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Human exposure routes include drinking contaminated water and consuming contaminated fish, vegetables, crops, and even food supplements that contain cyanotoxin. This study investigated the presence of MCs in a stream with a long history of use as a source of water for irrigation farming. To establish the risk of a lack of monitoring programs, we studied MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables. Toxin levels in the water were generally <0.05 μg L-1 in all the investigated stations. Total microcystin concentrations in spinach (0.306 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.217 μg Kg-1 downstream), lettuce (0.085 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.462 μg Kg-1 downstream), carrot (0.050 μg Kg-1 downstream and 0.116 μg Kg-1 downstream), cabbage (0.014 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.031 μg Kg-1 downstream), tomatoes (0.233 μg Kg-1 upstream), and bitter leaf (0.460 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.050 μg Kg-1 downstream) collected in March were higher than the levels detected in samples of the same vegetables collected in April. These results highlight Nigeria's severe public health problem, especially in regions with long dry season spells. The level of MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables implies a potential for chronic exposure and associated health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahuza Tanimu
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Zip Code 13, Piracicaba, SP, 418-900, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Towards a Better Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables: Validation and Application of an UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Method on Belgian Products. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables and fruits can potentially accumulate cyanotoxins after water contaminated with cyanobacteria is used for irrigation. We developed and validated an analytical method to quantify eight microcystin congeners (MCs) and nodularin (NOD) using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in three different matrices. Strawberries, carrots and lettuce are selected as model matrices to represent the fruits/berries, leafy and root vegetables, sequentially. The validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method in the strawberry matrix is novel. Matrix effects are observed in all three matrices. Our methodology uses matrix-matched calibration curves to compensate for the matrix effect. The implementation of our method on 103 samples, containing nine different sorts of fruits and vegetables from the Belgian market, showed no presence of MCs or NOD. However, the recoveries of our quality controls showed the effectiveness of our method, illustrating that the use of this method in future research or monitoring as well as in official food controls in fruit and vegetable matrices is valid.
Collapse
|
11
|
Development, Validation and Application of a Targeted LC-MS Method for Quantification of Microcystins and Nodularin: Towards a Better Characterization of Drinking Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins can be produced in surface waters by cyanobacterial blooms, mostly during summer and early autumn. Intoxications would result from consumption of water contaminated with the potent hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin. Therefore, the WHO has set a guideline value for drinking water quality concerning one congener of microcystin. Consequently, the design of a validated, public reference method to detect and quantify the hepatotoxins in drinking water is necessary. During this study, a method was developed to quantify cyanotoxins (eight microcystin congeners and nodularin) in water using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, bottled and tap water samples were tested for the presence of cyanotoxins. No cyanotoxins were detected in any of the collected water samples. However, quality controls and the results of a proficiency test show the validity of the method.
Collapse
|
12
|
A Summer of Cyanobacterial Blooms in Belgian Waterbodies: Microcystin Quantification and Molecular Characterizations. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010061. [PMID: 35051038 PMCID: PMC8780180 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of increasing occurrences of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide, their monitoring in Belgium is currently performed by regional environmental agencies (in two of three regions) using different protocols and is restricted to some selected recreational ponds and lakes. Therefore, a global assessment based on the comparison of existing datasets is not possible. For this study, 79 water samples from a monitoring of five lakes in Wallonia and occasional blooms in Flanders and Brussels, including a canal, were analyzed. A Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method allowed to detect and quantify eight microcystin congeners. The mcyE gene was detected using PCR, while dominant cyanobacterial species were identified using 16S RNA amplification and direct sequencing. The cyanobacterial diversity for two water samples was characterized with amplicon sequencing. Microcystins were detected above limit of quantification (LOQ) in 68 water samples, and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended guideline value for microcystins in recreational water (24 µg L−1) was surpassed in 18 samples. The microcystin concentrations ranged from 0.11 µg L−1 to 2798.81 µg L−1 total microcystin. For 45 samples, the dominance of the genera Microcystis sp., Dolichospermum sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Cyanobium/Synechococcus sp., Planktothrix sp., Romeria sp., Cyanodictyon sp., and Phormidium sp. was shown. Moreover, the mcyE gene was detected in 75.71% of all the water samples.
Collapse
|
13
|
Multiclass cyanotoxin analysis in reservoir waters: Tandem solid-phase extraction followed by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 237:122929. [PMID: 34736666 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in all water bodies, including ocean water and fresh water sources, represents a risk for human health as eutrophication and climate change are enhancing their level of proliferation. For risk assessment and studies on occurrence, the development of reliable and sensitive analytical approaches able to cover a wide range of cyanotoxins is essential. This work describes the development of an HILIC-MS/MS multiclass method for the simultaneous analysis of eight cyanotoxins in reservoir water samples belonging to three different classes according to their chemical structure: cyclic peptides (microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR and nodularin), alkaloids (cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a) and three non-protein amino acids isomers such as β-methylamino-L-alanine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine). A SeQuant ZIC-HILIC column was employed to achieve the chromatographic separation in less than 12 min. Previously, a novel sample treatment based on a tandem solid-phase extraction (SPE) system using mixed cation exchange (MCX) and Strata-X cartridges was investigated with the aim of extracting and preconcentrating this chemically diverse group of cyanotoxins. The Strata-X cartridge, which was configured first in the line of sample flow, retained the low polar compounds and the MCX cartridge, which was at the bottom of the dual system, retained mainly the non-protein amino acids. The optimization procedure highlighted the importance of sample ion content for the recoveries of some analytes such as the isomers β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and 2-4-diaminobutyric acid. Method validation was carried out in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), recoveries, matrix effect and precision in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision. This work represents the first analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of these multiclass cyanotoxins in reservoir water samples, achieving LOQs in the very low range of 7·10-3 - 0.1 μg L-1. Despite high recoveries obtained at the LOQ concentration levels (101.0-70.9%), relative standard deviations lower than 17.5% were achieved.
Collapse
|
14
|
Diez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Influence of refrigeration and freezing in Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin concentrations on fish muscle of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112673. [PMID: 34801650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of fish contaminated with cyanotoxins is an important public health issue due to their potential adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (-20 °C) on the concentration of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), Microcystins (MCs) and their combination in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Fish muscle were spiked with a stock solution of each toxin to reach 750 μg/g dry weight (d.w.). Three different periods of time were investigated for each treatment: 24 h, 48 h and 7 days for refrigeration, and 24 h, 7 days and 1 month for freezing. Samples were extracted and quantified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that freezing for 1 month produced highest decreases of these toxins in both species in comparison to refrigeration, being CYN the most stable cyanotoxin. Moreover, MCs are more stable to storage processes in the mixtures than alone, and fish species is a factor to take into account in their stability. These findings highlight the need to assess the influence of food storage processes on the presence of cyanotoxins in fish species for a more realistic human health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abdallah MF, Van Hassel WHR, Andjelkovic M, Wilmotte A, Rajkovic A. Cyanotoxins and Food Contamination in Developing Countries: Review of Their Types, Toxicity, Analysis, Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:786. [PMID: 34822570 PMCID: PMC8619289 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins have gained global public interest due to their potential to bioaccumulate in food, which threatens human health. Bloom formation is usually enhanced under Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical climates which are the dominant climate types in developing countries. In this context, we present an up-to-date overview of cyanotoxins (types, toxic effects, analysis, occurrence, and mitigation) with a special focus on their contamination in (sea)food from all the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as this has received less attention. A total of 65 publications have been found (from 2000 until October 2021) reporting the contamination by one or more cyanotoxins in seafood and edible plants (five papers). Only Brazil and China conducted more research on cyanotoxin contamination in food in comparison to other countries. The majority of research focused on the detection of microcystins using different analytical methods. The detected levels mostly surpassed the provisional tolerable daily intake limit set by the World Health Organization, indicating a real risk to the exposed population. Assessment of cyanotoxin contamination in foods from developing countries still requires further investigations by conducting more survey studies, especially the simultaneous detection of multiple categories of cyanotoxins in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Wannes H. R. Van Hassel
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Sciensano Research Institute, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Ju-liette Wytsmanstreet 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- BCCM/ULC Cyanobacteria Collection, InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jia N, Li R. Four decades of progress in cylindrospermopsin research: The ins and outs of a potent cyanotoxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124653. [PMID: 33321325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a toxic metabolite from cyanobacteria, is of particular concern due to its cosmopolitan occurrence, aquatic bioaccumulation, and multi-organ toxicity. CYN is the second most often recorded cyanotoxin worldwide, and cases of human morbidity and animal mortality are associated with ingestion of CYN contaminated water. The toxin poses a great challenge for drinking water treatment plants and public health authorities. CYN, with the major toxicity manifested in the liver, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic and may be carcinogenic. Adverse effects are also reported for endocrine and developmental processes. We present a comprehensive review of CYN over the past four decades since its first reported poisoning event, highlighting its global occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, removal, and monitoring. In addition, current data gaps are identified, and future directions for CYN research are outlined. This review is beneficial for understanding the ins and outs of this environmental pollutant, and for robustly assessing health hazards posed by CYN exposure to humans and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Massey IY, Wu P, Wei J, Luo J, Ding P, Wei H, Yang F. A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E641. [PMID: 33020400 PMCID: PMC7601875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jia Wei
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schreidah CM, Ratnayake K, Senarath K, Karunarathne A. Microcystins: Biogenesis, Toxicity, Analysis, and Control. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2225-2246. [PMID: 32614166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins formed by cyanobacteria. These toxins are recognized for their association with algal blooms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and drinking water quality. Due to the growing environmental concerns they raise, a comprehensive review on microcystins' genesis, toxicity, and analytical methods for their quantitative determination is outlined. Genes, including the mcyABC cluster, regulate microcystin biogenesis. Bioanalytical experiments have identified key environmental factors, such as temperature and nitrogen availability, that promote microcystin production. Microcystin toxicity is explored based on its modulatory effects on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in specific tissues and organs. Additionally, biochemical mechanisms of chelation, transportation, resultant oxidative stress, and tumor promotion abilities of microcystins are also discussed. Various analytical methods to separate, detect, and quantify microcystins, including the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chromatographic platforms-linked tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for unequivocal structural identification, are also reviewed. Since control of microcystins in water is of great necessity, both water treatment and mechanisms of abiotic transformation and microbial degradation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine M Schreidah
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar P, Rautela A, Kesari V, Szlag D, Westrick J, Kumar S. Recent developments in the methods of quantitative analysis of microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22582. [PMID: 32662914 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are produced by the toxic cyanobacterial species present in algal blooms formed in water bodies due to nutrient over-enrichment by human influences and natural environmental conditions. Extensive studies are available on the most widely encountered cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs) in fresh and brackish water bodies. MC contaminated water poses severe risks to human health, environmental sustainability, and aquatic life. Therefore, commonly occurring MCs should be monitored. Occasionally, detection and quantification of these toxins are difficult due to the unavailability of pure standards. Enzymatic, immunological assays, and analytical techniques like protein phosphatase inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and biosensors are used for their detection and quantification. There is no single method for the detection of all the different types of MCs; therefore, various techniques are often combined to yield reliable results. Biosensor development offered a problem-solving approach in the detection of MCs due to their high accuracy, sensitivity, rapid response, and portability. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover emerging techniques used for the detection and quantification of the MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vigya Kesari
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chinnappan R, AlZabn R, Fataftah AK, Alhoshani A, Zourob M. Probing high-affinity aptamer binding region and development of aptasensor platform for the detection of cylindrospermopsin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4691-4701. [PMID: 32500257 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is one of the most concerning cyanotoxins due to its potential toxicity and spreading to various environments including drinking water. CYN has potential interferences with human and animal metabolic pathways, which influence the functions of organs including liver, kidneys, lungs, etc. CYN is involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis and detachment of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. It also interacts with soluble proteins, which are associated with protein translations. It is believed that cytochrome 450 is responsible for the rapid toxicity of CYN. Researchers are urged to develop a high-throughput screening method for the detection of CYN in water. Construction of low cost, rapid, and sensitive analytical methods for the detection of CYN is challenging. Here, we used graphene oxide (GO) as the fluorescence sensing platform for probing the high affinity of the short aptamer derived from the wild-type long aptamer-CYN sensing. The biosensor construction involved two steps: first, quenching the fluorescence of fluorescent-labelled truncated aptamer using GO as a quencher and, second, fluorescence recovery in the presence of CYN by competitive binding between the target and GO. One of the truncate aptamers has a 12-fold higher affinity and enhances sensitivity compared to the long aptamer sequence. The limit of detection of the high affinity truncated aptamer is 17 pM which is 6-fold lower than the long aptamer (100 pM). The sensor specifically detects CYN in the presence of other potential interfering toxins. The performance of the sensor was validated using CYN spiked tap water with very good recovery percentage. A rapid and highly sensitive detection of CYN from water resources has been achieved using this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chinnappan
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan AlZabn
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad K Fataftah
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia. .,King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Díez-Quijada Jiménez L, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cătunescu GM, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. A new method for the simultaneous determination of cyanotoxins (Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin) in mussels using SPE-UPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109284. [PMID: 32244106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) simultaneously from mussels by using response surface methodology (RSM) and to validate the method by a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The optimal parameters were: 90% MeOH (% v/v) for the extraction, a solvent/sample ratio of 75 and 15% MeOH in the extract before loading onto SPE. Mussels were spiked at 10; 37.5 and 75 ng g-1 fresh weight (f.w) of the 4 toxins, showing linear ranges of 0.5-75 ng g-1 f.w; low values for the limits of detection (0.01-0.39 ng g-1 f.w.) and quantification (0.23-0.40 ng g-1 f.w.); acceptable recoveries (70.37-114.03%) and relative standard deviation (%RSDIP) values (2.61-13.73%). The method was successfully applied to edible mussels exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could allow the monitoring of these cyanotoxins in environmental mussel samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Filatova D, Núñez O, Farré M. Ultra-Trace Analysis of Cyanotoxins by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040247. [PMID: 32290413 PMCID: PMC7232229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of episodes of harmful algal blooms of cyanobacterial origin is a risk to ecosystems and human health. The main human hazard may arise from drinking water supply and recreational water use. For this reason, efficient multiclass analytical methods are needed to assess the level of cyanotoxins in water reservoirs and tackle these problems. This work describes the development of a fast, sensitive, and robust analytical method for multiclass cyanotoxins determination based on dual solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using a polymeric cartridge, Oasis HLB (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), and a graphitized non-porous carbon cartridge, SupelcleanTM ENVI-CarbTM (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-HRMS). This method enabled the analysis of cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, nodularin, and seven microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW, MC-LF). The method limits of detection (MLOD) of the validated approach were between 4 and 150 pg/L. The analytical method was applied to assess the presence of the selected toxins in 21 samples collected in three natural water reservoirs in the Ter River in Catalonia (NE of Spain) used to produce drinking water for Barcelona city (Spain).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Filatova
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Serra Húnter Professor, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Jos Á, Cameán AM, de la Rosa JM, González-Pérez JA. Detection of cylindrospermopsin and its decomposition products in raw and cooked fish (Oreochromis niloticus) by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125469. [PMID: 31790987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the toxin cylindrospermopsin is increasingly frequent in samples from different ecosystems and it is a serious problem both at environmental level and for animal and human health. To be able to prevent CYN exposure risk, it is important to have suitable analytical methods, but also quick and economical ones. Analytical pyrolysis coupled to GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) represents an important alternative for the rapid detection, characterization or "fingerprinting" of different materials. However, it has been less studied with cyanotoxins up to date. The present work aims to investigate: 1) the suitability of Py-GC/MS for detection of CYN and its decomposition products in raw and cooked fish samples before consumption and 2) the influence of the different cooking methods on the presence of different CYN degradation products detected by Py-GC/MS. For first time, these results present that Py-GC/MS could be a rapid and economical alternative for the detection and monitoring of CYN and its degradation products (DP. m/z 290.1, 169.1 and 336.2) in raw or cooked fish. Moreover, the changes induced in CYN and DP by cooking could be amenable and detected by Py-GC/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Ma de la Rosa
- MOSS Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 4012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A González-Pérez
- MOSS Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 4012, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oliveira F, Diez-Quijada L, Turkina MV, Morais J, Felpeto AB, Azevedo J, Jos A, Camean AM, Vasconcelos V, Martins JC, Campos A. Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Marine Mussels Exposed to Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030196. [PMID: 32245045 PMCID: PMC7150937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a major contaminant in inland aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, toxic blooms are carried downstream by rivers and waterways to estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Concerning marine and estuarine animal species, very little is known about how these species are affected by the exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. So far, most of the knowledge has been gathered from freshwater bivalve molluscs. This work aimed to infer the sensitivity of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to single as well as mixed toxic cyanobacterial cultures and the underlying molecular responses mediated by toxic cyanobacteria. For this purpose, a mussel exposure experiment was outlined with two toxic cyanobacteria species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum at 1 × 105 cells/mL, resembling a natural cyanobacteria bloom. The estimated amount of toxins produced by M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were respectively 0.023 pg/cell of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and 7.854 pg/cell of cylindrospermopsin (CYN). After 15 days of exposure to single and mixed cyanobacteria, a depuration phase followed, during which mussels were fed only non-toxic microalga Parachlorella kessleri. The results showed that the marine mussel is able to filter toxic cyanobacteria at a rate equal or higher than the non-toxic microalga P. kessleri. Filtration rates observed after 15 days of feeding toxic microalgae were 1773.04 mL/ind.h (for M. aeruginosa), 2151.83 mL/ind.h (for C. ovalisporum), 1673.29 mL/ind.h (for the mixture of the 2 cyanobacteria) and 2539.25 mL/ind.h (for the non-toxic P. kessleri). Filtering toxic microalgae in combination resulted in the accumulation of 14.17 ng/g dw MC-LR and 92.08 ng/g dw CYN. Other physiological and biochemical endpoints (dry weight, byssus production, total protein and glycogen) measured in this work did not change significantly in the groups exposed to toxic cyanobacteria with regard to control group, suggesting that mussels were not affected with the toxic microalgae. Nevertheless, proteomics revealed changes in metabolism of mussels related to diet, specially evident in those fed on combined cyanobacteria. Changes in metabolic pathways related with protein folding and stabilization, cytoskeleton structure, and gene transcription/translation were observed after exposure and feeding toxic cyanobacteria. These changes occur in vital metabolic processes and may contribute to protect mussels from toxic effects of the toxins MC-LR and CYN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Oliveira
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.J.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Maria V. Turkina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - João Morais
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Aldo Barreiro Felpeto
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.J.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Ana M. Camean
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.J.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169–007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guan T, He J, Liu D, Liang Z, Shu B, Chen Y, Liu Y, Shen X, Li X, Sun Y, Lei H. Open Surface Droplet Microfluidic Magnetosensor for Microcystin-LR Monitoring in Reservoir. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3409-3416. [PMID: 31948225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Establishing rapid, simple, and in situ detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water sources is of significant importance for human health. To ease the situation that current methods cannot address, an open surface droplet microfluidic magnetosensor was designed and validated to quantify MC-LR in reservoir water, which is capable of (1) MC-LR isolation via MC-LR antibody-conjugated magnetic beads, (2) parallel and multistep analytical procedures in 15-array power-free and reusable active droplet microfluidic chips, (3) immunoassay incubation and fluorescence excitation within a miniaturized multifunctional 3D-printing optosensing accessory, and (4) signal read-out and data analysis by a user-friendly Android app. The proposed smartphone-based fluorimetric magnetosensor exhibited a low limit of detection of 1.2 × 10-5 μg/L in the range of 10-4 μg/L to 100 μg/L. This integrated and high throughput platform was utilized to draw an MC-LR contamination map for six reservoirs distributed in the Pearl River delta, Guangdong Province. It promises to be a simple and successful quantification method for MC-LR field detection, bringing many benefits to rapid on-site screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Guan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Jianfei He
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Dayu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510180 , China
| | - Zaoqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510180 , China
| | - Yiping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Xing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Henao E, Rzymski P, Waters MN. A Review on the Study of Cyanotoxins in Paleolimnological Research: Current Knowledge and Future Needs. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E6. [PMID: 31861931 PMCID: PMC7020453 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial metabolites are increasingly studied, in regards to their biosynthesis, ecological role, toxicity, and potential biomedical applications. However, the history of cyanotoxins prior to the last few decades is virtually unknown. Only a few paleolimnological studies have been undertaken to date, and these have focused exclusively on microcystins and cylindrospermopsins, both successfully identified in lake sediments up to 200 and 4700 years old, respectively. In this paper, we review direct extraction, quantification, and application of cyanotoxins in sediment cores, and put forward future research prospects in this field. Cyanobacterial toxin research is also compared to other paleo-cyanobacteria tools, such as sedimentary pigments, akinetes, and ancient DNA isolation, to identify the role of each tool in reproducing the history of cyanobacteria. Such investigations may also be beneficial for further elucidation of the biological role of cyanotoxins, particularly if coupled with analyses of other abiotic and biotic sedimentary features. In addition, we identify current limitations as well as future directions for applications in the field of paleolimnological studies on cyanotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, 100-00 Cali, Colombia
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Matthew N. Waters
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Funchess Hall, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán A, Oliveira F, Barreiro A, Machado J, Azevedo J, Pinto E, Almeida A, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Freitas M. Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E624. [PMID: 31661886 PMCID: PMC6891636 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins constitute a serious environmental and human health problem. Moreover, concerns are raised with the use of contaminated water in agriculture and vegetable production as this can lead to food contamination and human exposure to toxins as well as impairment in crop development and productivity. The objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility of two green vegetables, spinach and lettuce, to the cyanotoxins microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), individually and in mixture. The study consisted of growing both vegetables in hydroponics, under controlled conditions, for 21 days in nutrient medium doped with MC or CYN at 10 μg/L and 50 μg/L, or CYN/MC mixture at 5 + 5 μg/L and 25 + 25 μg/L. Extracts from M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were used as sources of toxins. The study revealed growth inhibition of the aerial part (Leaves) in both species when treated with 50µg/L of MC, CYN and CYN/MC mixture. MC showed to be more harmful to plant growth than CYN. Moreover spinach leaves growth was inhibited by both 5 + 5 and 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixtures, whereas lettuce leaves growth was inhibited only by 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixture. Overall, growth data evidence increased sensitivity of spinach to cyanotoxins in comparison to lettuce. On the other hand, plants exposed to CYN/MC mixture showed differential accumulation of CYN and MC. In addition, CYN, but not MC, was translocated from the roots to the leaves. CYN and MC affected the levels of minerals particularly in plant roots. The elements most affected were Ca, K and Mg. However, in leaves K was the mineral that was affected by exposure to cyanotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Flavio Oliveira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Aldo Barreiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Machado
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Edgar Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departament of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departament of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marisa Freitas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cătunescu GM, Troncoso AM, Jos A. Risk assessment methodologies in the field of contaminants, food contact materials, technological ingredients and nutritional risks. EFSA J 2019; 17:e170911. [PMID: 32626469 PMCID: PMC7015518 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The programme aimed at training the fellow in the risk assessment guidelines proposed by the EFSA in the field of contaminants, food contact materials, technological ingredients and nutritional risks. It had a modular 'learning by doing' approach and a balanced learning/case studies and theory. Module 1 offered an insight into chemical risk assessment and conferred transferable skills for a proper application of the framework. The hands-on activities consisted of three case studies that went from a simple exercise on an official opinion, to working in a team with experts to produce a new opinion, to an individual work to obtain a publishable review manuscript. Module 2 was a training in experimental toxicology designed to create a toxicological basis and to enable the fellow to perform toxicological studies for risk assessment purposes. She joined the team working on cyanotoxins, gained experience with both EFSA and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on genotoxicity and an insight into the developing of analytical methods suitable for risk assessment purposes. During module 3, the fellow was trained in nutritional risk assessment and involved in experimental work in chemical characterisation, biomarkers and mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds. This developed the critical perspective when assessing nutritional and health claims related the design of experiments, methods used, interpretation of results and human relevance. Module 4 provided a 'hand-on experience' in scientific risk communication as the fellow was encouraged and supported in the participation at local, national and international workshops and congresses presenting the outcomes of the three modules. Thus, the fellow was successfully integrated in the day-by-day workflow of the department, gaining first-hand practical experience in risk assessment in a multicultural and interdisciplinary context. This enabled a productive exchange of good practices and contributed to building a European risk assessment community.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chia MA, Auta ZZ, Esson AE, Yisa AG, Abolude DS. Assessment of microcystin contamination of Amaranthus hybridus, Brassica oleracea, and Lactuca sativa sold in markets: a case study of Zaria, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:569. [PMID: 31418103 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by several cyanobacteria genera that have been implicated in human cancer cases and deaths. Human exposure routes include direct contact with contaminated water and the consumption of contaminated food. The present study investigated the presence of MCs in three commonly consumed vegetables at the point of sale in market places as a means of assessing the direct human health risk of buying vegetables. Overall, 53% of the vegetables obtained from different markets had levels of MCs that were higher than 1.00 μg/g. Amaranthus hybridus L. (smooth amaranth) had the highest MC concentration (4.79 μg/g) in samples obtained from Sabon Gari Market, while Lactuca sativa L. (garden lettuce) had the lowest concentration (0.17 μg/g) in samples obtained from Dan-Magaji Market. The highest total daily intake (TDI) of MCs by an adult weighing 60 kg was 3.19 μg/kg for A. hybridus, 1.41 μg/kg for Brassica oleracea L. (cabbage), and 2.94 μg/kg for L. sativa. The highest TDI of MCs for a child weighing 25 kg was highest in A. hybridus (1.91 μg/kg), followed by L. sativa (1.77 μg/kg). These results revealed that the consumption of vegetables sold in markets in Zaria, Nigeria, during the dry season represents a major exposure route to MCs. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop policies and monitoring strategies to tackle this problem in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abraham G Yisa
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - David S Abolude
- Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Simultaneous Detection of 14 Microcystin Congeners from Tissue Samples Using UPLC- ESI-MS/MS and Two Different Deuterated Synthetic Microcystins as Internal Standards. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070388. [PMID: 31269739 PMCID: PMC6669509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial microcystins (MCs), potent serine/threonine-phosphatase inhibitors, pose an increasing threat to humans. Current detection methods are optimised for water matrices with only a few MC congeners simultaneously detected. However, as MC congeners are known to differ in their toxicity, methods are needed that simultaneously quantify the congeners present, thus allowing for summary hazard and risk assessment. Moreover, detection of MCs should be expanded to complex matrices, e.g., blood and tissue samples, to verify in situ MC concentrations, thus providing for improved exposure assessment and hazard interpretation. To achieve this, we applied two synthetic deuterated MC standards and optimised the tissue extraction protocol for the simultaneous detection of 14 MC congeners in a single ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) run. This procedure was validated using plasma and liver homogenates of mice (male and female) spiked with deuterated MC standards. For proof of concept, tissue and plasma samples from mice i.p. injected with MC-LR and MC-LF were analysed. While MC-LF was detected in all tissue samples of both sexes, detection of MC-LR was restricted to liver samples of male mice, suggesting different toxicokinetics in males, e.g., transport, conjugation or protein binding. Thus, deconjugation/-proteinisation steps should be employed to improve detection of bound MC.
Collapse
|
31
|
Shen Q, Feng J, Wang J, Li S, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang H. Laser irradiation desorption of microcystins from protein complex in fish tissue and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1805-1811. [PMID: 31106441 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of cyanotoxins which interact with the C-terminal region of PP1 and PP2A proteins, so denaturation and inactivation are necessary for breaking covalent binding to release microcystins. In this study, a novel extraction method was developed by laser irradiation desorption of microcystins from fish protein. The sample was mixed with aqueous methanol and irradiated by a 450 nm laser, with an optimized value of laser power density at 8 W and exposure time at 5 min. ThenLC-MS/MS was applied for the determination of microcystins in fish extracts. The ionization behaviors of microcystins were investigated firstly, and doubly charged microcystins were selected as precursor ions in multiple reaction monitoring scan for quantification. This proposed quantitative method was well validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, recovery, and stability. The successful application of this LC-MS/MS method showed its ability for the analysis of microcystins in low concentration, and it would be of significant interest for environmental and food safety applications to ensure the safety of fish and related products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junli Feng
- Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen MX, Yang H, Ma YN, Mou RX, Zhu ZW, Cao ZY, Cheng FM. Absolute Quantification of Allergen Glb33 in Rice by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using Two Isotope-Labeled Standard Peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5026-5032. [PMID: 30933518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Allergen Glb33 is an important allergen in rice that can cause allergic reactions such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, knowledge of the content in rice is sparse. In the present work, an absolute protein quantification method was established for allergen Glb33 in rice samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After extraction of allergen Glb33 from rice grains using salt solution, the isotope-labeled peptide internal standard was added to the extract, followed by enzymatic digestion with trypsin. The signature peptide and its isotope-labeled analogue from the tryptic hydrolysates of allergen Glb33 and the internal standard were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The quantitative bias caused by tryptic efficiency and matrix effect was corrected by using two isotope-labeled standard peptides. The method exhibited good linearity in the range of 1-200 nM, with coefficients of determination of R2 > 0.998. A high sensitivity was observed, with a limit of quantification of 0.97 nM. Mean recoveries obtained from different rice matrices ranged from 82.7%-98.1% with precision <8.5% in intraday trials ( n = 6), while mean recoveries were from 75.1%-107.4% with precision <14.6% in interday trials ( n = 14). The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of allergen Glb33 in 24 different rice cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xue Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Huan Yang
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - You-Ning Ma
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Ren-Xiang Mou
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhu
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Zhao-Yun Cao
- Rice Product Quality Inspection and Supervision Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Fang-Min Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| |
Collapse
|