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Ross K. Locally acquired strongyloidiasis in remote Australia: why are there still cases? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220435. [PMID: 38008121 PMCID: PMC10676813 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In Australia, strongyloidiasis primarily affects returned travellers, Vietnam veterans and refugees or asylum seekers, and First Nations people. Non-overseas acquired cases are seen almost exclusively in Australian First Nations remote communities. Australian First Nations communities have one of the highest rates of strongyloidiasis in the world. Our work has shown that strongyloidiasis is a disease of poverty. Acknowledging this is important-we need to shift the lens to socioeconomic factors, particularly environmental health hardware such as working toilets and sewerage systems, showers and laundries, and effective wastewater and rubbish removal. The rates of strongyloidiasis in First Nations communities is a result of decades of inadequate, poorly constructed and/or poorly maintained housing, and poor environmental health hardware (hereafter hardware). The solution lies in adequate funding, resulting in well designed and maintained housing and appropriate hardware. Governments need to allow First Nations communities themselves to take the lead role in funding allocation, and design, construction and maintenance of their housing and hardware. This will ensure housing and hardware fulfils cultural and physical needs and desires, and protects health. Improving housing and hardware will also improve other health outcomes. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Ross
- Environmental Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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2
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Riley T, Lovett R, Cumming B, Meredith A, Anderson NE, Thandrayen J. Data analysis of zoonoses notifications in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia 1996-2021: implications for One Health. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1175835. [PMID: 37900024 PMCID: PMC10602743 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zoonoses are a health concern for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia that face elevated risk of disease related to the environment and animals. Internationally, One Health is encouraged to effectively manage zoonoses by taking integrated approaches involving animal, human, and environmental health sectors to improve health outcomes. However, Australia's health systems manage zoonotic diseases in animals and people separately which does not support a One Health approach. For the effective management of zoonoses, a strong evidence base and database regarding the epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens is needed. However, we currently lack this evidence limiting our understanding of the impact of zoonoses on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Methods As a first step towards building the evidence base, we undertook a descriptive analysis of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander zoonotic notifications in Australia from 1996 to 2021. We presented notifications as annual notification rates per 100,000 population, and percentages of notifications by state, remoteness, sex, and age group. Results Salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis were the most notified zoonoses with the highest annual notification rates of 99.75 and 87.46 per 100,000 population, respectively. The north of Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia), remote and outer regional areas, and young children (0-4 years of age) had the highest percentages of notifications. Discussion To our knowledge, these findings are the first national presentation of the epidemiology of zoonoses within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. A greater understanding of transmission, prevalence and impact of zoonoses on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (including animal and environmental health factors) is required to inform their effective management through a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E. Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Thandrayen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Riley T, Cumming B, Thandrayen J, Meredith A, Anderson NE, Lovett R. One Health and Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities: A One Health Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6416. [PMID: 37510648 PMCID: PMC10378938 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities face barriers in accessing animal healthcare and are exposed to disproportionate environmental health exposures leading to increased risk of disease. A One Health approach has been promoted to address public health risks and improve human, animal, and environmental health outcomes in communities. We undertook a pilot One Health study in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Queensland collecting animal, human, and environmental health data from 82 households. We performed a descriptive analysis and assessed the association between human and environmental health exposures and animal health outcomes. Most households were not crowded (82.9%) but did report a high level of environmental health concerns (86.6%). The majority of households owned cats and dogs (81.7%), with most animals assessed as healthy. There was no association between human and environmental health exposures and animal health outcomes. As most households experienced concerns regarding housing conditions, environmental health programs should prioritise improving household factors. There was also strong support for animal healthcare (including access to medicines and veterinarians, education programs and population management), indicating that a One Health approach is desired by communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, NT 0801, Australia
| | - Joanne Thandrayen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil E Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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4
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Raw C, Traub RJ, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Stevenson M, Wiethoelter A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of human and zoonotic dog soil-transmitted helminth infections in Australian Indigenous communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010895. [PMID: 36279298 PMCID: PMC9632820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect 1.5 billion people and countless animals worldwide. In Australian Indigenous communities, STH infections have largely remained endemic despite control efforts, suggesting reservoirs of infection may exist. Dogs fulfil various important cultural, social and occupational roles in Australian Indigenous communities and are populous in these settings. Dogs may also harbour zoonotic STHs capable of producing morbidity and mortality in dogs and humans. This review provides an overview of human and zoonotic STH infections, identifies the Australian Indigenous locations affected and the parasite species and hosts involved. The meta-analysis provides estimates of individual study and pooled true prevalence of STH infections in Australian Indigenous communities and identifies knowledge gaps for further research on zoonotic or anthroponotic potential. A systematic literature search identified 45 eligible studies documenting the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, undifferentiated hookworm, and Ascaris lumbricoides. Of these studies, 26 were also eligible for inclusion in meta-analysis to establish true prevalence in the light of imperfect diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity by Rogan-Gladen and Bayesian methods. These studies revealed pooled true prevalence estimates of 18.9% (95% CI 15.8–22.1) for human and canine S. stercoralis infections and 77.3% (95% CI 63.7–91.0) for canine A. caninum infections indicating continued endemicity, but considerably more heterogenous pooled estimates for canine A. ceylanicum infections, and A. duodenale, undifferentiated hookworm and T. trichiura in humans. This review suggests that the prevalence of STHs in Australian Indigenous communities has likely been underestimated, principally based on imperfect diagnostic tests. Potential misclassification of hookworm species in humans and dogs due to outdated methodology, also obscures this picture. High-quality contemporary studies are required to establish current true prevalence of parasite species in all relevant hosts to guide future policy development and control decisions under a culturally sound One Health framework. Soil-transmitted helminths include hookworms, threadworms, whipworms and roundworms. These worms may infect different hosts including humans and dogs, and some species are zoonotic, meaning that they are able to transmit between animals and humans. In many Australian Indigenous communities, people remain infected with these worms at high rates compared to other parts of the country despite various control strategies. Resource and health literacy inequalities are primary drivers for these differences. However, the potential for dogs to act as reservoirs for zoonotic worm infections in humans must also be considered. For this reason, it’s important to create a clear picture of the level of infection by location and host. Given that tests used to establish prevalence can produce false positive or negative results, we performed a meta-analysis allowing comparison of true prevalence estimates by location and host, regardless of the test used. This review suggests that threadworm and dog hookworm remain endemic in Australian Indigenous communities, though a gap exists to accurately inform the prevalence of the other worms. It also highlights the need for One Health strategies in research, policy and control where humans, all animal hosts and the environment are considered in a culturally relevant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Raw
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patsy A. Zendejas-Heredia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kurcheid J, Gordon CA, Clarke NE, Wangdi K, Kelly M, Lal A, Mutombo PN, Wang D, Mationg ML, Clements ACA, Muhi S, Bradbury RS, Biggs B, Page W, Williams G, McManus DP, Gray D. Neglected tropical diseases in Australia: a narrative review. Med J Aust 2022; 216:532-538. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kurcheid
- Australian National University Canberra ACT
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Naomi E Clarke
- Australian National University Canberra ACT
- Kirby Institute University of New South Wales Sydney NSW
| | | | | | - Aparna Lal
- Australian National University Canberra ACT
| | - Polydor N Mutombo
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine Southern Cross University Lismore NSW
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne VIC
| | | | - Beverley‐Ann Biggs
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne VIC
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Xu L, He Q, Chen L, Lv J, Tang Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wen W, Zhong G, Liu H, Fu B. Pulmonary Infection Caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1044-1048. [PMID: 35175460 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Strongyloidiasis is mainly prevalent in developing countries with poor economic and sanitary conditions. The clinical manifestations of Strongyloides stercoralis infection are complex and diverse, lacking specificity, which can easily lead to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. METHODS An elderly male patient, repeated cough and expectoration for 4 years, with exacerbation and dyspnea for 10 days, was admitted to hospital. Sputum culture and smear were taken for examination. Nematode larvae were found under the microscope. Nematodes were also found in feces. RESULTS Upon confirmation, the patient was diagnosed with a pulmonary infection caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. After treatment with albendazole, the symptoms improved, and the patient was discharged. CONCLUSION In this case report, combination of microscopic examination of sputum and alveolar lavage fluid and CT scan were used to quickly identify the cause of the patient, it provides a diagnostic basis and method for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Xu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianjun He
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjuan Chen
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Lv
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fourth Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinxian Tang
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Zhang
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wen
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Zhong
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Panyu, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bishi Fu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Panyu, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Sanyang AM, Joof E, Sey AP, Sambou S, Mohamed Z, Sanneh B. Prevalence and risk factors of strongyloidiasis among schoolchildren in Sabach Sanjal and Upper Badibou districts in the North Bank East Region of The Gambia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 15:e00228. [PMID: 35005262 PMCID: PMC8716566 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease that mainly affects humans and is caused by a roundworm called Strongyloides stercoralis. It is endemic in humid tropical regions that include Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia. Among the public health important soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) classified as neglected tropical diseases, S. stercoralis is the most neglected. A study of schistosomiasis and STHs mapping was conducted and S. stercoralis larvae were detected using the utilized diagnostic method; thus, this current study described the prevalence and risk factors of S. stercoralis infection in districts of Sabach Sanjal and Upper Badibou in The Gambia. Methods The cross-sectional study enrolled 851 schoolchildren, ages 7 to 14 years old. The participants were enrolled from 17 schools in Sabach Sanjal and Upper Badibou Districts. The WHO random sampling technique n/50 (25 boys and 25 girls) was used. Stool samples were collected from each participant and Kato-Katz smear method was used to screen for S. stercoralis infection. Results Out of the total 851 pupils, 76 pupils (8.9%) were positive for S. stercoralis infection. The mean age of infected persons was 10.1 years (±2.2). The prevalence of infection was higher among females (9.2%) than males (8.7%). Rates of infection for age categories 7–10 years and 11–14 years were 12.4% and 4.2%, respectively. Rates of infection by districts were 12.3% for Sabach Sanjal and 7.1% for Upper Badibou. Schoolchildren from Sabach Sanjal were 1.6 times more likely to have strongyloidiasis compared to those from Upper Badibou (aOR = 1.64, p-value = 0.058). Schoolchildren aged 7–10 years were 3.2 times more likely to have strongyloidiasis infection compared to the 11–14-year-olds (aOR = 3.20, p-value <0.001). Schoolchildren who ‘sometimes’ have water or tissue after defaecation have more infection rate compared to those who ‘always’ have water or tissue after defaecation. However, this difference was not statistically significant (aOR = 1.36, p-value = 0.308). Conclusion The study revealed the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Sabach Sanjal and Upper Badibou districts of The Gambia. Kato-Katz technique might be inadequate for detecting S. stercoralis; thus, more studies are needed to determine the true prevalence of the disease in these two districts through the combined use of highly sensitive techniques such as Baermann, Koga Agar Culture and polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulie M Sanyang
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Bertil Herding High way, Kotu, the Gambia
| | - Ebrima Joof
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Bertil Herding High way, Kotu, the Gambia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alhagie Papa Sey
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Bertil Herding High way, Kotu, the Gambia
| | - Sana Sambou
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Bertil Herding Highway, Kotu, the Gambia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Bakary Sanneh
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Bertil Herding High way, Kotu, the Gambia
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8
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Riley T, Anderson NE, Lovett R, Meredith A, Cumming B. Zoonoses and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population: A One Health scoping review. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000921. [PMID: 36962569 PMCID: PMC10022344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With limited access to animal health services, and high disease burdens among domesticated animals, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia face higher risk of disease including zoonoses. However, we lack understanding of the contribution of often preventable zoonoses to the health of these communities, which would enable us to enhance public health strategies and improve health outcomes. We conducted a scoping review to identify the current state of evidence on zoonoses in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. We examined the size, scope and characteristics of the evidence base and analysed the zoonoses detected in the studies within a One Health framework. We identified 18 studies that detected 22 zoonotic pathogens in animals, people, and the environment, with most studies detecting pathogens in a single One Health sector and no studies investigating pathogens in all three sectors. Findings indicate that despite the strong conceptual foundations of One Health throughout the evidence base, evidence is lacking in application of this concept. There is a need to undertake further research that prioritises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leadership, considers the contribution of human, animal and environmental health factors, and investigates the prevalence and impact of zoonoses in communities through a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Neil E Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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9
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Cooper-Beknazarova M, White M, Whiley H, Gray DJ, Mutombo PN, Bradbury R, McManus D, Gordon C, Judd J, Ross KE. Strongyloidiasis does not discriminate: nor should the screening and treatment. Intern Med J 2021; 51:2160-2161. [PMID: 34939286 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Cooper-Beknazarova
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mae White
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Polydor N Mutombo
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Bradbury
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Don McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenni Judd
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirstin E Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Gilmour B, Alene KA, Clements ACA. The prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infections in minority indigenous populations of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009890. [PMID: 34758024 PMCID: PMC8580241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections cause one of the most prevalent diseases in man. STHs disproportionately impact socio-economically disadvantaged communities including minority indigenous populations. This systematic review aimed to quantify the prevalence of STH infection within minority indigenous populations of the South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions. METHODS The systematic review was conducted in accordance with The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines following a published protocol. A random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of STH infection, and meta-regression analysis was used to quantify associations with study characteristics. Where comparative data were available, sub-group analysis was conducted to evaluate the risk of STH infection in minority indigenous people relative to other population groups. The heterogeneity between studies was evaluated visually using Forest plots and was assessed quantitatively by the index of heterogeneity (I2) and Cochran Q-statistics. RESULTS From 1,366 unique studies that were identified, 81 were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of infection within minority indigenous populations was 61.4% (95% CI 50.8, 71.4) for overall STH infection; 32.3% (95% CI 25.7, 39.3) for Ascaris.lumbricoides; 43.6% (95% CI 32.6, 54.8) for Trichuris.trichiura; 19.9% (95% CI 15.7, 24.5) for hookworm and 6.3% (95% CI 3.2, 10.2) for Strongyloides.stercoralis. A significant increase in T. trichiura prevalence was observed over time. The stratified analysis showed that the prevalence of infection for STH overall and for each STH species were not significantly different in minority indigenous participants compared to other populations groups. CONCLUSION The prevalence of STH infection is high within minority indigenous populations across countries at very different levels of socio-economic development. The increasing prevalence of T. trichiura calls for the implementation of more effective therapies and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Gilmour
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Archie C. A. Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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11
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Hansen M, Bowden E, Currie BJ, Ward L, Andrews RM, Dhurrkay RG, Gurruwiwi GG, Kearns T. Strongyloides stercoralis seropositivity is not associated with increased symptoms in a remote Aboriginal community. Intern Med J 2021; 51:1286-1291. [PMID: 32372503 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth, endemic in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in northern Australia with estimates of prevalences up to 60%. Hyperinfection in the setting of immunosuppression is a rare, but well recognised cause of significant morbidity and mortality. However, the morbidity associated with chronic uncomplicated infection is less well characterised. AIMS To measure the prevalence of symptoms potentially attributable to S. stercoralis infection and their association with seropositivity. METHODS This retrospective matched case-control study reviewed records of primary healthcare presentations for symptoms in the 12 months before and after an ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) in a remote Aboriginal community. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-five S. stercoralis seropositive cases were matched with 175 seronegative controls. The most frequently reported symptom overall in the 12 months prior to the MDA was cough followed by abdominal pain, weight loss/malnutrition, diarrhoea and pruritis. Seropositive cases were not more likely than matched controls to have symptoms typically attributed to strongyloidiasis. In the seropositive cohort, we found no difference in symptoms in the 12 months before and after an ivermectin MDA despite a reduction in seroprevalence. CONCLUSION We found no evidence to suggest that S. stercoralis seropositivity was associated with increased symptoms when compared to matched seronegative controls. Treatment with ivermectin did not reduce symptoms in seropositive cases. Without evidence to support that population-based screening or treatment programmes reduce symptoms, the emphasis must remain on identifying and managing those few individuals with immunosuppression that predisposes them to potentially life-threatening hyperinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hansen
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Emily Bowden
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Linda Ward
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Ross M Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Therese Kearns
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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12
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Cai DH, Wang J, Fang XL. A case of triple infection including strongyloides stercoralis in a microscopic polyangiitis patient. Respir Med Case Rep 2021; 34:101479. [PMID: 34401314 PMCID: PMC8350363 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2021.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) patient who developed strongyloidiasis, nocardia and citrobacter freundii (CF) infection after corticosteroides and immunosuppressant therapy. When digestive, respiratory or other system symptoms consecutively occur in a immunocompromised host who lives in tropical or temperate zone and have close contact with soil, we should take strongyloidiasis into consideration despite absence of eosinophilia. Mixed infection with nocardia cannot be easily excluded. It is essential to search for the etiology proof with multiple approaches positively and repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Han Cai
- Nephrology Department in Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department II of Respiratory and Critical Care in Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Fang
- Department II of Respiratory and Critical Care in Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
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13
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White MAF, Spry M, Whiley H, Ross KE. The 1999 National Environmental Health Strategy and Closing the Gap: lessons learnt, and hope for the future. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:200-202. [PMID: 33818850 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mae A F White
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia
| | - Michael Spry
- Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation, Northern Territory
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia
| | - Kirstin E Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia
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14
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Rennie C, Fernandez R, Donnelly S, McGrath KCY. The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:728396. [PMID: 34456879 PMCID: PMC8397462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.728396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a growing number of publications that report an absence of inflammatory based disease among populations that are endemic to parasitic worms (helminths) demonstrating the ability of these parasites to potentially regulate human immune responses. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the impact of helminth infection on metabolic outcomes in human populations. METHODS Using PRISMA guidelines, six databases were searched for studies published up to August 2020. Random effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled proportions with 95% confidence intervals using the Review Manager Software version 5.4.1. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in the review. Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in persons with infection (MD -0.22, 95% CI -0.40- -0.04, P=0.02), HbA1c levels were lower, although not significantly, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (P=0.001) and type 2 diabetes was lower (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.34-3.09, P<0.0001). Infection was negatively associated with type 2 diabetes when comparing person with diabetes to the group without diabetes (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.67, P=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS While infection with helminths was generally associated with improved metabolic function, there were notable differences in efficacy between parasite species. Based on the data assessed, live infection with S. mansoni resulted in the most significant positive changes to metabolic outcomes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Website: PROSPERO Identified: CRD42021227619.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rennie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ritin Fernandez
- School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care a JBI Centre of Excellence, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kristine CY McGrath, ; Sheila Donnelly,
| | - Kristine CY McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kristine CY McGrath, ; Sheila Donnelly,
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15
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Ikuno H, Ishikawa T, Norose K. Status of Strongyloidiasis in Japan, 2000-2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:727-734. [PMID: 32588800 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported 865 cases of soil-transmitted nematodiasis occurring in Japan during 2000-2017. The predominant nematode was Strongyloides stercoralis (n = 279, 32.3% of all cases), and other species included Ascaris lumbricoides (30.7%), Trichuris trichiura (23.1%), and Ancylostomidae spp. (13.9%). Strongyloides stercoralis was detected primarily in patients in Okinawa and Kagoshima prefectures, which are in the south of Japan and are endemic areas for this parasitic infection, and also in about half of the prefectures of all Japan. At least 15.5 cases of strongyloidiasis occurred on average each year. The period incidence rate of strongyloidiasis cases relative to the total population of Japan was 0.012 cases per 105 person-years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.1. The average age was 75.1 ± 16.9 years, and 96.1% of patients were older than 50 years. Several reasons may explain why this previously non-endemic outside of Okinawa region, serious nematode disease is now found in much of Japan, including the increased number of transmigration and sightseeing trips in Japan, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and lack of awareness of the risks. Thus, information of strongyloidiasis and its risks must be disseminated to travelers, residents, and physicians to prevent this life-threatening parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ikuno
- 1Department of Bacteriology, BML, Inc., Kawagoe, Japan
| | | | - Kazumi Norose
- 2Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Cools P, van Lieshout L, Koelewijn R, Addiss D, Ajjampur SSR, Ayana M, Bradbury RS, Cantera JL, Dana D, Fischer K, Imtiaz R, Kabagenyi J, Lok J, McCarthy J, Mejia R, Mekonnen Z, Njenga SM, Othman N, Shao H, Traub R, Van Esbroeck M, Vercruysse J, Vlaminck J, Williams SA, Verweij JJ, van Hellemond JJ, Levecke B. First international external quality assessment scheme of nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminths, including Strongyloides: A pilot study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008231. [PMID: 32544158 PMCID: PMC7319349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are increasingly being used as diagnostic tools for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale and A. ceylanicum), Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma in human stool. Currently, there is a large diversity of NAATs being applied, but an external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) for these diagnostics is lacking. An EQAS involves a blinded process where test results reported by a laboratory are compared to those reported by reference or expert laboratories, allowing for an objective assessment of the diagnostic performance of a laboratory. In the current study, we piloted an international EQAS for these helminths (i) to investigate the feasibility of designing and delivering an EQAS; (ii) to assess the diagnostic performance of laboratories; and (iii) to gain insights into the different NAAT protocols used. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A panel of twelve stool samples and eight DNA samples was validated by six expert laboratories for the presence of six helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, N. americanus, Ancylostoma, Strongyloides and Schistosoma). Subsequently this panel was sent to 15 globally dispersed laboratories. We found a high degree of diversity among the different DNA extraction and NAAT protocols. Although most laboratories performed well, we could clearly identify the laboratories that were poorly performing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We showed the technical feasibility of an international EQAS for the NAAT of STHs, Strongyloides and Schistosoma. In addition, we documented that there are clear benefits for participating laboratories, as they can confirm and/or improve the diagnostic performance of their NAATs. Further research should aim to identify factors that explain poor performance of NAATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Cools
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dutch Foundation for Quality Assessment in Medical Laboratories, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Koelewijn
- Dutch Foundation for Quality Assessment in Medical Laboratories, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Addiss
- The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Richard S. Bradbury
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kerstin Fischer
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rubina Imtiaz
- Children Without Worms, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joyce Kabagenyi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - James Lok
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Rojelio Mejia
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Hongguang Shao
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steven A. Williams
- Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jaap J. van Hellemond
- Dutch Foundation for Quality Assessment in Medical Laboratories, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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17
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Page WA, Judd JA, MacLaren DJ, Buettner P. Integrating testing for chronic strongyloidiasis within the Indigenous adult preventive health assessment system in endemic communities in the Northern Territory, Australia: An intervention study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008232. [PMID: 32401755 PMCID: PMC7219702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The life-threatening clinical manifestations of strongyloidiasis are preventable with early detection and effective treatment. The aim of this study was to assess if there was an increase to the number and proportion of persons tested for chronic strongyloidiasis, as a result of integrating Strongyloides stercoralis serology into the existing preventive health assessment system in four Aboriginal health services in endemic communities. Methodology A prospective, longitudinal, before-and-after intervention study was conducted in four Aboriginal health services in remote endemically infected communities in the Northern Territory, Australia, from July 2012 to December 2016. The electronic patient information and recall systems enabled the integration of Strongyloides stercoralis serology into the adult preventive health assessment. Strongyloides reports for each health service were extracted half-yearly to examine the number and proportion of persons tested for chronic strongyloidiasis during the study and to measure the effect of the intervention. Principal findings The number and proportion of persons tested increased significantly during the study. From a total resident population of 3650 Indigenous adults over 15 years of age, 1686 persons (47.4%) were tested. The percentage of adults who had at least one serology test increased in all four health services to between 41% (446/1086) and 81.9% (172/210). Of the 1686 persons tested, 680 positive cases of chronic strongyloidiasis (40.3%) were identified. Conclusions/Significance This population health systems intervention increased the number and proportion of persons tested for chronic strongyloidiasis in four health services in endemically infected communities. This intervention is relevant to other health services with high-risk populations. Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in some Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. This study asks if the number and proportion of persons tested for chronic strongyloidiasis can be increased by incorporating a Strongyloides serology test into the existing routine Indigenous adult preventive health assessment system in remote endemic communities. This study demonstrated that integrating Strongyloides serology test within the Indigenous adult preventive health assessment system does increase the number and proportion of people tested in endemic communities. This intervention means that life-threatening clinical complications of strongyloidiasis can be prevented by early detection and treatment. Primary health care services have an important role in increased testing in this high-risk population. Primary health care clinicians incorporated chronic strongyloidiasis with other preventable chronic and infectious diseases. The sustainable population health systems-based approach successfully increased coverage by integrating testing for chronic strongyloidiasis into the adult preventive health assessment in health services in remote Indigenous Australian endemic communities, utilising the electronic health record system. The Strongyloides report developed to measure the change in clinical practice would be replicable in other health services with high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Page
- Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation, Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenni A. Judd
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Division of Higher Education, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J. MacLaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Petra Buettner
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Tropical Health Solutions, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Charuchaibovorn S, Sanprasert V, Nuchprayoon S. The Experimental Infections of the Human Isolate of Strongyloides Stercoralis in a Rodent Model (The Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones Unguiculatus). Pathogens 2019; 8:E21. [PMID: 30764580 PMCID: PMC6471660 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is life-threatening disease which is mainly caused by Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Autoinfection of the parasite results in long-lasting infection and fatal conditions, hyperinfection and dissemination (primarily in immunosuppressed hosts). However, mechanisms of autoinfection and biology remain largely unknown. Rodent models including mice and rats are not susceptible to the human isolate of S. stercoralis. Variations in susceptibility of the human isolate of S. stercoralis are found in dogs. S. ratti and S. venezuelensis infections in rats are an alternative model without the ability to cause autoinfection. The absence of appropriate model for the human isolate of strongyloidiasis hampers a better understanding of human strongyloidiasis. We demonstrated the maintenance of the human isolate of the S. stercoralis life cycle in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The human isolate of S. stercoralis caused a patent infection in immunosuppressed gerbils, more than 18 months. The mean number of recovery adult parasitic worms were 120 ± 23 (1.2% of the initial dose) and L1s were 12,500 ± 7,500 after day 28 post-inoculation (p.i.). The prepatent period was 9⁻14 days. Mild diarrhoea was found in gerbils carrying a high number of adult parasitic worms. Our findings provided a promising model for studying biology and searching new alternative drugs against the parasites. Further studies about the hyperinfection and dissemination would be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Charuchaibovorn
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vivornpun Sanprasert
- Lymphatic Filariasis and Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Chulalongkorn Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Surang Nuchprayoon
- Lymphatic Filariasis and Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Chulalongkorn Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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19
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Mutombo PN, Man NWY, Nejsum P, Ricketson R, Gordon CA, Robertson G, Clements ACA, Chacón-Fonseca N, Nissapatorn V, Webster JP, McLaws ML. Diagnosis and drug resistance of human soil-transmitted helminth infections: A public health perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:247-326. [PMID: 31030770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections represent a major public health problem globally, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged populations. Detection of STH infections is often challenging, requiring a combination of diagnostic techniques to achieve acceptable sensitivity and specificity, particularly in low infection-intensity situations. The microscopy-based Kato-Katz remains the most widely used method but has low sensitivity in the detection of, for instance, Strongyloides spp. infections, among others. Antigen/antibody assays can be more sensitive but are parasite species-specific. Highly sensitive PCR methods have been developed to be multiplexed to allow multi-species detection. Novel diagnostic tests for all STH species are needed for effective monitoring, evaluation of chemotherapy programmes, and to assess the potential emergence of parasite resistance. This review discusses available diagnostic methods for the different stages of STH control programmes, which vary in sensitivity and spectrum of detection requirements, and tools to evaluate drug efficacy and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydor Ngoy Mutombo
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nicola W Y Man
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Ricketson
- Hale O'mana'o Biomedical Research, Division of Emerging Pathogens, Edmond, OK, United States
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Robertson
- Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nathalie Chacón-Fonseca
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths Section, Tropical Medicine Institute, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Control of Communicable Diseases in Human and in Animal Populations: 70th Anniversary of the Year of the Birth of Professor Rick Speare (2 August 1947–5 June 2016). Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040106. [PMID: 30274502 PMCID: PMC6306830 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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