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Wang Y, Shi G, Wang X, Xie Z, Gou J, Huang L, Huang H, You W, Wang R, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhu T, Zhao D. Preliminary Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Protein-Based Pneumococcal Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18-49: A Phase Ia Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:827. [PMID: 39203953 PMCID: PMC11358999 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein-based pneumococcal vaccines (PBPVs) may offer expanded protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae and tackle the antimicrobial resistance crisis in pneumococcal infections. This study examined the safety and immunogenicity in healthy adults vaccinated with three doses of a protein-based pneumococcal vaccine containing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) (PRX1, P3296 and P5668) and in combination with a recombinant detoxified pneumolysin protein (PlyLD). Methods: This phase Ia randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study enrolled healthy adults aged 18-49 years. The participants were randomized into experimental (low-dose, medium-dose, high-dose) and placebo groups in a ratio of 3:1. Three doses of investigational vaccine were given to the participants with an interval of two months. Safety endpoints included the occurrence of total adverse reactions, solicited local and systemic adverse reactions, unsolicited adverse reactions, serious adverse events (SAEs), and several laboratory parameters. Immunogenicity endpoints included geometric mean titers (GMT) of anti-PspA (PRX1, P3296 and P5668) and anti-PlyLD antibodies level as determined by ELISA, seropositivity rates of PspA and PlyLD antibodies (>4-fold increase) and neutralization activity of anti-Ply antibody in serum. Results: A total of 118 participants completed the study of three doses. The candidate PBPV was safe and well-tolerated in all experimental groups. No vaccine-related SAEs were observed in this study. Most solicited adverse reactions were mild and transient. The most frequently reported solicited adverse reactions in the medium- and high-dose groups was pain at the injection site, while in the low-dose group it was elevated blood pressure. The immunogenicity data showed a sharp increase in the GMT level of anti-PspA-RX1, anti-PspA-3296, anti-PspA-5668, and anti-PlyLD antibodies in serum. The results also showed that the elicited antibodies were dosage-dependent. The high-dose group showed a higher immune response against PspA-RX1, PspA-3296, PspA-5668, and PlyLD antigens. However, repeat vaccination did not increase the level of anti-PspA antibodies but the level of anti-PlyLD antibody. High seropositivity rates were also observed for anti-PspA-RX1, anti-PspA-3296, anti-PspA-5668, and anti-PlyLD antibodies. In addition, a significant difference in the GMT levels of anti-Ply antibody between the high-, medium-, and low-dose groups post each vaccination were indicated by neutralization activity tests. Conclusions: The PBPV showed a safe and immunogenic profile in this clinical trial. Taking into consideration both safety and immunogenicity data, we propose a single dose of 50 µg (medium dose) of PBPV as the optimum approach in providing expanded protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Wang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (Y.W.); (Z.X.); (L.H.); (W.Y.)
| | - Gang Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Xue Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China; (X.W.); (J.G.); (H.H.); (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (Y.W.); (Z.X.); (L.H.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jinbo Gou
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China; (X.W.); (J.G.); (H.H.); (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Lili Huang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (Y.W.); (Z.X.); (L.H.); (W.Y.)
| | - Haitao Huang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China; (X.W.); (J.G.); (H.H.); (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Wangyang You
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (Y.W.); (Z.X.); (L.H.); (W.Y.)
| | - Ruijie Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China; (X.W.); (J.G.); (H.H.); (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Yongli Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Feiyu Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China; (X.W.); (J.G.); (H.H.); (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Tao Zhu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China; (X.W.); (J.G.); (H.H.); (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Dongyang Zhao
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (Y.W.); (Z.X.); (L.H.); (W.Y.)
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Feemster K, Buchwald UK, Banniettis N, Joyce JG, Velentgas P, Chapman TJ, Yildirim I. Immunogenicity of Current and Next-Generation Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Children: Current Challenges and Upcoming Opportunities. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae220. [PMID: 38770212 PMCID: PMC11103622 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Global use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) with increasingly broader serotype coverage has helped to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease in children and adults. In clinical studies comparing PCVs, higher-valency PCVs have met noninferiority criteria (based on immunoglobulin G geometric mean concentrations and response rates) for most shared serotypes. A numeric trend of declining immunogenicity against shared serotypes with higher-valency PCVs has also been observed; however, the clinical relevance is uncertain, warranting additional research to evaluate the effectiveness of new vaccines. Novel conjugation processes, carriers, adjuvants, and vaccine platforms are approaches that could help maintain or improve immunogenicity and subsequent vaccine effectiveness while achieving broader protection with increasing valency in pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Feemster
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ulrike K Buchwald
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joseph G Joyce
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Chapman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Cella E, Sutcliffe CG, Grant LR, Tso C, Weatherholtz RC, Littlepage S, Becenti L, Jubair M, Simons BC, Harker-Jones M, Reid R, Yazzie D, Santosham M, O'Brien KL, Hammitt LL, Azarian T. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 population structure in the era of conjugate vaccines, 2001-2018. Microb Genom 2024; 10. [PMID: 38498591 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite use of highly effective conjugate vaccines, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and disproportionately affects Indigenous populations. Although included in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), which was introduced in 2010, serotype 3 continues to cause disease among Indigenous communities in the Southwest USA. In the Navajo Nation, serotype 3 IPD incidence increased among adults (3.8/100 000 in 2001-2009 and 6.2/100 000 in 2011-2019); in children the disease persisted although the rates dropped from 5.8/100 000 to 2.3/100 000.Methods. We analysed the genomic epidemiology of serotype 3 isolates collected from 129 adults and 63 children with pneumococcal carriage (n=61) or IPD (n=131) from 2001 to 2018 of the Navajo Nation. Using whole-genome sequencing data, we determined clade membership and assessed changes in serotype 3 population structure over time.Results. The serotype 3 population structure was characterized by three dominant subpopulations: clade II (n=90, 46.9 %) and clade Iα (n=59, 30.7 %), which fall into Clonal Complex (CC) 180, and a non-CC180 clade (n=43, 22.4 %). The proportion of clade II-associated IPD cases increased significantly from 2001 to 2010 to 2011-2018 among adults (23.1-71.8 %; P<0.001) but not in children (27.3-33.3 %; P=0.84). Over the same period, the proportion of clade II-associated carriage increased; this was statistically significant among children (23.3-52.6 %; P=0.04) but not adults (0-50.0 %, P=0.08).Conclusions. In this setting with persistent serotype 3 IPD and carriage, clade II has increased since 2010. Genomic changes may be contributing to the observed trends in serotype 3 carriage and disease over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cella
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lindsay R Grant
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Tso
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert C Weatherholtz
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shea Littlepage
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ladonna Becenti
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Jubair
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Brenna C Simons
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Marcella Harker-Jones
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Raymond Reid
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Del Yazzie
- Navajo Epidemiology Center, Window Rock, Arizona
| | - Mathuram Santosham
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Center for Indigenous Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Taj Azarian
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Bahadori Z, Shafaghi M, Sabzevari J, Madanchi H, Ranjbar MM, Mousavi SF, Shabani AA. Design, development, and assessment of a novel multi-peptide vaccine targeting PspC, PsaA, and PhtD proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128924. [PMID: 38143051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcus is the top cause of diseases such as pneumonia/meningitis, and of secondary infections after viral respiratory diseases like COVID-19/flu. Pneumococcal protein-based vaccines consisting of proteins with various functions in virulence might provide a qualified alternative for present vaccines. In this project, PspC, PsaA, and PhtD proteins were considered to anticipate B/T-cell epitopes using immunoinformatics to develop 4 multi-peptide constructs (C, A, and D individual constructs, and a fusion construct CAD). We tested whether vaccination with CAD is able to elicit more efficient protective responses against infection than vaccination with the individual constructs or combination of C + A + D. Based on the in silico results, the constructs were predicted to be antigenic, soluble, non-toxic, and stable, and also be able to provoke humoral/cellular immune reactions. When mice were immunized with the fusion protein, significantly higher levels of IgG and cytokines were induced in serum. The IgG in the fusion group had an effective bioactivity for pneumococcus clearance utilizing the complement pathway. The mice immunized with fusion protein were the most protected from challenge. This report for the first time presents a novel multi-peptide vaccine composed of immunodominant peptides of PspC, PsaA, and PhtD. In general, the experimental results supported the immunoinformatics predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Bahadori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Shafaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jahangir Sabzevari
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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5
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Chiu FF, Tu LL, Chen W, Zhou H, Liu BS, Liu SJ, Leng CH. A broad-spectrum pneumococcal vaccine induces mucosal immunity and protects against lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2272656. [PMID: 37855122 PMCID: PMC10606790 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2272656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is a major threat to public health globally, impacting individuals across all age groups, particularly infants and elderly individuals. The use of current vaccines has led to unintended consequences, including serotype replacement, leading to a need for a new approach to combat pneumococcal disease. A promising solution is the development of a broad-spectrum pneumococcal vaccine. In this study, we present the development of a broad-spectrum protein-based pneumococcal vaccine that contains three pneumococcal virulence factors: rlipo-PsaA (lipidated form), rPspAΔC (truncated form), and rPspCΔC (truncated form). Intranasal immunization with rlipo-PsaA, rPspAΔC, and rPspCΔC (LAAC) resulted in significantly higher IgG titres than those induced by administration of nonlipidated rPsaA, rPspAΔC, and rPspCΔC (AAC). Furthermore, LAAC immunization induced the production of higher IgA titres in vaginal washes, feces, and sera in mice, indicating that LAAC can induce systemic mucosal immunity. In addition, administration of LAAC also induced Th1/Th17-biased immune responses and promoted opsonic phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains of various serotypes, implying that the immunogenicity of LAAC immunization provides a protective effect against pneumococcal infection. Importantly, challenge data showed that the LAAC-immunized mice had a reduced bacterial load not only for several serotypes of the 13-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) but also for selected non-PCV13 serotypes. Consistently, LAAC immunization increased the survival rate of mice after bacterial challenge with both PCV13 and non-PCV13 serotypes. In conclusion, our protein-based pneumococcal vaccine provides protective effects against a broad spectrum of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Feng Chiu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Tu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center (HHT), National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center (HHT), National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bing-Sin Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Leng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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6
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Shafaghi M, Bahadori Z, Barzi SM, Afshari E, Madanchi H, Mousavi SF, Shabani AA. A new candidate epitope-based vaccine against PspA PhtD of Streptococcus pneumoniae: a computational experimental approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1271143. [PMID: 38035337 PMCID: PMC10684780 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1271143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pneumococcus is an important respiratory pathogen that is associated with high rates of death in newborn children and the elderly. Given the disadvantages of current polysaccharide-based vaccines, the most promising alternative for developing improved vaccines may be to use protein antigens with different roles in pneumococcus virulence. PspA and PhtD, highly immunogenic surface proteins expressed by almost all pneumococcal strains, are capable of eliciting protective immunity against lethal infections. Methods In this study using immunoinformatics approaches, we constructed one fusion construct (called PAD) by fusing the immunodominant regions of PspA from families 1 & 2 (PA) to the immunodominant regions of PhtD (PD). The objective of this project was to test the immunogenicity of the fusion protein PAD and to compare its protective activity against S. pneumoniae infection with PA or PD alone and a combination of PA and PD. The prediction of physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and 3D-structure of the constructs, as well as molecular docking with HLA receptor and immune simulation were performed using computational tools. Finally, mice were immunized and the serum levels of antibodies/cytokines and functionality of antibodies in vitro were evaluated after immunization. The mice survival rates and decrease of bacterial loads in the blood/spleen were examined following the challenge. Results The computational analyses indicated the proposed constructs could be antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, soluble and able to elicit robust immune responses. The results of actual animal experiments revealed the candidate vaccines could induce the mice to produce high levels of antibodies and cytokines. The complement-mediated bactericidal activity of antibodies was confirmed and the antibodies provided favorable survival in immunized mice after bacterial challenge. In general, the experimental results verified the immunoinformatics studies. Conclusion For the first time this report presents novel peptide-based vaccine candidates consisting of immunodominant regions of PspA and PhtD antigens. The obtained findings confirmed that the fusion formulation could be relatively more efficient than the individual and combination formulations. The results propose that the fusion protein alone could be used as a serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine or as an effective partner protein for a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shafaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahadori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Afshari
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Li S, Liang H, Zhao SH, Yang XY, Guo Z. Recent progress in pneumococcal protein vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278346. [PMID: 37818378 PMCID: PMC10560988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections continue to pose a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective vaccines. Despite the progress shown by pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, their limited coverage and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes have highlighted the need for alternative approaches. Protein-based pneumococcal vaccines, targeting conserved surface proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae, have emerged as a promising strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the advancements made in the development of pneumococcal protein vaccines. We discuss the key protein vaccine candidates, highlight their vaccination results in animal studies, and explore the challenges and future directions in protein-based pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hangeri Liang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shui-Hao Zhao
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Afshari E, Ahangari Cohan R, Shams Nosrati MS, Mousavi SF. Development of a bivalent protein-based vaccine candidate against invasive pneumococcal diseases based on novel pneumococcal surface protein A in combination with pneumococcal histidine triad protein D. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187773. [PMID: 37680628 PMCID: PMC10480505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made toward improving effective strategies for pneumococcal vaccination, focusing on evaluating the potential of multivalent protein-based vaccines and overcoming the limitations of pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccines. In this study, we investigated the protective potential of mice co-immunization with the pneumococcal PhtD and novel rPspA proteins against pneumococcal sepsis infection. The formulations of each antigen alone or in combination were administered intraperitoneally with alum adjuvant into BALB/c mice three times at 14-day intervals. The production of antigen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses, and IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines, were analyzed. Two in vitro complement- and opsonophagocytic-mediated killing activities of raised antibodies on day 42 were also assessed. Finally, the protection against an intraperitoneal challenge with 106 CFU/mouse of multi-drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC49619 was investigated. Our findings showed a significant increase in the anti-PhtD and anti-rPspA sera IgG levels in the immunized group with the PhtD+rPspA formulation compared to each alone. Moreover, the results demonstrated a synergistic effect with a 6.7- and 1.3- fold increase in anti-PhtD and anti-rPspA IgG1, as well as a 5.59- and 1.08- fold increase in anti-PhtD and anti-rPspA IgG2a, respectively. Co-administration of rPspA+PhtD elicited a mixture of Th-2 and Th-1 immune responses, more towards Th-2. In addition, the highest complement-mediated killing activity was observed in the sera of the immunized group with PhtD+rPspA at 1/16 dilution, and the opsonophagocytic activity was increased from 74% to 86.3%. Finally, the survival rates showed that mice receiving the rPspA+PhtD formulation survived significantly longer (100%) than those receiving protein alone or PBS and exhibited the strongest clearance with a 2 log10 decrease in bacterial load in the blood 24h after challenge compared to the control group. In conclusion, the rPspA+PhtD formulation can be considered a promising bivalent serotype-independent vaccine candidate for protection against invasive pneumococcal infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Afshari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Ashgar SS, Faidah H, Bantun F, Jalal NA, Qusty NF, Darwish A, Haque S, Janahi EM. Integrated immunoinformatics and subtractive proteomics approach for multi-epitope vaccine designing to combat S. pneumoniae TIGR4. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1212119. [PMID: 37560463 PMCID: PMC10407660 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1212119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major precarious pathogens accountable for over 1.2 million fatalities annually. The key drivers for pneumococcal vaccine development involve high morbidity and mortality in over one million cases, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this study, immunoinformatics was integrated with subtractive proteomics to find antigenic proteins for designing a multi-epitope vaccine against S. pneumoniae. As prospective vaccine targets, the developed pipeline identified two antigenic proteins, i.e., penicillin-binding protein and ATP synthase subunit. Several immunoinformatics and bioinformatics resources were used to forecast T- and B-cell epitopes from specific proteins. By employing a mixture of five cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes, six helper T-cell lymphocytes, and seven linear B-cell lymphocyte epitopes, a 392 amino acid-long vaccine was designed. To enhance immune responses, the designed vaccine was coupled with a cholera enterotoxin subunit B adjuvant. The designed vaccine was highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and stable for human usage. The stability of the vaccine with toll-like receptor-4 was evaluated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. In addition, immunological simulation was performed to test its real-world potency. The vaccine codon was then cloned in silico. Overall, this study paves the way for the development of a multi-epitope S. pneumoniae vaccine under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the current findings warrant for the experimental validation of the final multi-epitope vaccine construct to demonstrate its immunological reinforcing capability and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami S. Ashgar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Faidah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A. Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem F. Qusty
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulla Darwish
- Department of Pathology, Bahrain Defense Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Ciacchi L, van de Garde MDB, Ladell K, Farenc C, Poelen MCM, Miners KL, Llerena C, Reid HH, Petersen J, Price DA, Rossjohn J, van Els CACM. CD4 + T cell-mediated recognition of a conserved cholesterol-dependent cytolysin epitope generates broad antibacterial immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:1082-1097.e6. [PMID: 37100059 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) can protect against recurrent bacterial colonization and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs). Although such immune responses are common, the pertinent antigens have remained elusive. We identified an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope derived from pneumolysin (Ply), a member of the bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). This epitope was broadly immunogenic as a consequence of presentation by the pervasive human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes DPB1∗02 and DPB1∗04 and recognition via architecturally diverse T cell receptors (TCRs). Moreover, the immunogenicity of Ply427-444 was underpinned by core residues in the conserved undecapeptide region (ECTGLAWEWWR), enabling cross-recognition of heterologous bacterial pathogens expressing CDCs. Molecular studies further showed that HLA-DP4-Ply427-441 was engaged similarly by private and public TCRs. Collectively, these findings reveal the mechanistic determinants of near-global immune focusing on a trans-phyla bacterial epitope, which could inform ancillary strategies to combat various life-threatening infectious diseases, including IPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Utrecht 3721MA, the Netherlands
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Carine Farenc
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Utrecht 3721MA, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Carmen Llerena
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Utrecht 3721MA, the Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CL, the Netherlands.
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11
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Shafaghi M, Bahadori Z, Madanchi H, Ranjbar MM, Shabani AA, Mousavi SF. Immunoinformatics-aided design of a new multi-epitope vaccine adjuvanted with domain 4 of pneumolysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:67. [PMID: 36829109 PMCID: PMC9951839 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) has remained a leading cause of fatal infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Moreover, this pathogen plays a major role in bacterial co-infection in patients with life-threatening respiratory virus diseases such as influenza and COVID-19. High morbidity and mortality in over one million cases, especially in very young children and the elderly, are the main motivations for pneumococcal vaccine development. Due to the limitations of the currently marketed polysaccharide-based vaccines, non-serotype-specific protein-based vaccines have received wide research interest in recent years. One step further is to identify high antigenic regions within multiple highly-conserved proteins in order to develop peptide vaccines that can affect various stages of pneumococcal infection, providing broader serotype coverage and more effective protection. In this study, immunoinformatics tools were used to design an effective multi-epitope vaccine in order to elicit neutralizing antibodies against multiple strains of pneumococcus. RESULTS The B- and T-cell epitopes from highly protective antigens PspA (clades 1-5) and PhtD were predicted and immunodominant peptides were linked to each other with proper linkers. The domain 4 of Ply, as a potential TLR4 agonist adjuvant candidate, was attached to the end of the construct to enhance the immunogenicity of the epitope vaccine. The evaluation of the physicochemical and immunological properties showed that the final construct was stable, soluble, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Furthermore, the protein was found to be acidic and hydrophilic in nature. The protein 3D-structure was built and refined, and the Ramachandran plot, ProSA-web, ERRAT, and Verify3D validated the quality of the final model. Molecular docking analysis showed that the designed construct via Ply domain 4 had a strong interaction with TLR4. The structural stability of the docked complex was confirmed by molecular dynamics. Finally, codon optimization was performed for gene expression in E. coli, followed by in silico cloning in the pET28a(+) vector. CONCLUSION The computational analysis of the construct showed acceptable results, however, the suggested vaccine needs to be experimentally verified in laboratory to ensure its safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shafaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahadori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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12
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Ismail M, Bai B, Guo J, Bai Y, Sajid Z, Muhammad SA, Shaikh RS. Experimental Validation of MHC Class I and II Peptide-Based Potential Vaccine Candidates for Human Papilloma Virus Using Sprague-Dawly Models. Molecules 2023; 28:1687. [PMID: 36838675 PMCID: PMC9968051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) causes cervical and many other cancers. Recent trend in vaccine design is shifted toward epitope-based developments that are more specific, safe, and easy to produce. In this study, we predicted eight immunogenic peptides of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes (MHC class I and II as M1 and M2) including early proteins (E2 and E6), major (L1) and minor capsid protein (L2). Male and female Sprague Dawly rats in groups were immunized with each synthetic peptide. L1M1, L1M2, L2M1, and L2M2 induced significant immunogenic response compared to E2M1, E2M2, E6M1 and E6M2. We observed optimal titer of IgG antibodies (>1.25 g/L), interferon-γ (>64 ng/L), and granzyme-B (>40 pg/mL) compared to control at second booster dose (240 µg/500 µL). The induction of peptide-specific IgG antibodies in immunized rats indicates the T-cell dependent B-lymphocyte activation. A substantial CD4+ and CD8+ cell count was observed at 240 µg/500 µL. In male and female rats, CD8+ cell count for L1 and L2 peptide is 3000 and 3118, and CD4+ is 3369 and 3484 respectively compared to control. In conclusion, we demonstrated that L1M1, L1M2, L2M1, L2M2 are likely to contain potential epitopes for induction of immune responses supporting the feasibility of peptide-based vaccine development for HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Ismail
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Baogang Bai
- School of Information and Technology, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325015, China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Medicine, Wenzhou 325000, China
- The 1st School of Medical, School of Information and Engineering, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China
| | - Jinlei Guo
- School of Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453513, China
| | - Yuhui Bai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zureesha Sajid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Sadiq Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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13
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Afshari E, Cohan RA, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Mousavi SF. In-silico design and evaluation of an epitope-based serotype-independent promising vaccine candidate for highly cross-reactive regions of pneumococcal surface protein A. J Transl Med 2023; 21:13. [PMID: 36627666 PMCID: PMC9830136 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenicity of pneumococcus with high morbidity, mortality, and multi-drug resistance patterns has been increasing. The limited coverage of the licensed polysaccharide-based vaccines and the replacement of the non-vaccine serotypes are the main reasons for producing a successful serotype-independent vaccine. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an extremely important virulence factor and an interesting candidate for conserved protein-based pneumococcal vaccine classified into two prominent families containing five clades. PspA family-elicited immunity is clade-dependent, and the level of the PspA cross-reactivity is restricted to the same family. METHODS To cover and overcome the clade-dependent immunity of the PspAs in this study, we designed and tested a PspA1-5c+p vaccine candidate composed of the highest immunodominant coverage of B- and T-cell epitope truncated domain of each clade focusing on two cross-reactive B and C regions of the PspAs. The antigenicity, toxicity, physicochemical properties, 3D structure prediction, stability and flexibility of the designed protein using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, molecular docking of the construct withHLADRB1*(01:01) and human lactoferrin N-lop, and immune simulation were assessed using immunoinformatics tools. In the experimental section, after intraperitoneal immunization of the mice with Alum adjuvanted recombinant PspA1-5c+p, we evaluated the immune response, cross-reactivity, and functionality of the Anti-PspA1-5c+p antibody using ELISA, Opsonophagocytic killing activity, and serum bactericidal assay. RESULTS For the first time, this work suggested a novel PspA-based vaccine candidate using immunoinformatics tools. The designed PspA1-5c+p protein is predicted to be highly antigenic, non-toxic, soluble, stable with low flexibility in MD simulation, and able to stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. The designed protein also could interact strongly with HLADRB1*(01:01) and human lactoferrin N-lop in the docking study. Our immunoinformatics predictions were validated using experimental data. Results showed that the anti-PspA1-5c+p IgG not only had a high titer with strong and same cross-reactivity coverage against all pneumococcal serotypes used but also had high and effective bioactivity for pneumococcal clearance using complement system and phagocytic cells. CONCLUSION Our findings elucidated the potential application of the PspA1-5c+p vaccine candidate as a serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine with a strong cross-reactivity feature. Further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations against other PspA clades should be performed to confirm the full protection of the PspA1-5c+p vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Afshari
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fattah Sotoodehnejadnematalahi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi
- grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164 Iran
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14
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Campling J, Vyse A, Liu HH, Wright H, Slack M, Reinert RR, Drayson M, Richter A, Singh D, Barlow G, Kassianos G, Ellsbury G. A review of evidence for pneumococcal vaccination in adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease: risk group definitions and optimization of vaccination coverage in the United Kingdom. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:785-800. [PMID: 37694398 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2256394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumococcal disease (PD) significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality, carrying substantial economic and public health burden. This article is a targeted review of evidence for pneumococcal vaccination in the UK, the definitions of groups at particular risk of PD and vaccine effectiveness. AREAS COVERED Relevant evidence focusing on UK data from surveillance systems, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and publicly available government documents is collated and reviewed. Selected global data are included where appropriate. EXPERT OPINION National vaccination programs have reduced the incidence of vaccine-type PD, despite the rising prominence of non-vaccine serotypes in the UK. The introduction of higher-valency conjugate vaccines provides an opportunity to improve protection against PD for adults in risk groups. Several incentives are in place to encourage general practitioners to vaccinate risk groups, but uptake is low-suboptimal particularly among at-risk individuals. Wider awareness and understanding among the public and healthcare professionals may increase vaccination uptake and coverage. National strategies targeting organizational factors are urgently needed to achieve optimal access to vaccines. Finally, identifying new risk factors and approaches to risk assessment for PD are crucial to ensure those at risk of PD can benefit from pneumococcal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Vyse
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Ltd, Walton Oaks, UK
| | | | | | - Mary Slack
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin Barlow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - George Kassianos
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
- British Global & Travel Health Association, Bath, UK
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15
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Pletz MW, Jensen AV, Bahrs C, Davenport C, Rupp J, Witzenrath M, Barten-Neiner G, Kolditz M, Dettmer S, Chalmers JD, Stolz D, Suttorp N, Aliberti S, Kuebler WM, Rohde G. Unmet needs in pneumonia research: a comprehensive approach by the CAPNETZ study group. Respir Res 2022; 23:239. [PMID: 36088316 PMCID: PMC9463667 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Despite improvements in medical science and public health, mortality of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has barely changed throughout the last 15 years. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has once again highlighted the central importance of acute respiratory infections to human health. The “network of excellence on Community Acquired Pneumonia” (CAPNETZ) hosts the most comprehensive CAP database worldwide including more than 12,000 patients. CAPNETZ connects physicians, microbiologists, virologists, epidemiologists, and computer scientists throughout Europe. Our aim was to summarize the current situation in CAP research and identify the most pressing unmet needs in CAP research.
Methods
To identify areas of future CAP research, CAPNETZ followed a multiple-step procedure. First, research members of CAPNETZ were individually asked to identify unmet needs. Second, the top 100 experts in the field of CAP research were asked for their insights about the unmet needs in CAP (Delphi approach). Third, internal and external experts discussed unmet needs in CAP at a scientific retreat.
Results
Eleven topics for future CAP research were identified: detection of causative pathogens, next generation sequencing for antimicrobial treatment guidance, imaging diagnostics, biomarkers, risk stratification, antiviral and antibiotic treatment, adjunctive therapy, vaccines and prevention, systemic and local immune response, comorbidities, and long-term cardio-vascular complications.
Conclusion
Pneumonia is a complex disease where the interplay between pathogens, immune system and comorbidities not only impose an immediate risk of mortality but also affect the patients’ risk of developing comorbidities as well as mortality for up to a decade after pneumonia has resolved. Our review of unmet needs in CAP research has shown that there are still major shortcomings in our knowledge of CAP.
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16
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Bahadori Z, Shafaghi M, Madanchi H, Ranjbar MM, Shabani AA, Mousavi SF. In silico designing of a novel epitope-based candidate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae with introduction of a new domain of PepO as adjuvant. J Transl Med 2022; 20:389. [PMID: 36059030 PMCID: PMC9440865 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading reason for invasive diseases including pneumonia and meningitis, and also secondary infections following viral respiratory diseases such as flu and COVID-19. Currently, serotype-dependent vaccines, which have several insufficiency and limitations, are the only way to prevent pneumococcal infections. Hence, it is plain to need an alternative effective strategy for prevention of this organism. Protein-based vaccine involving conserved pneumococcal protein antigens with different roles in virulence could provide an eligible alternative to existing vaccines. METHODS In this study, PspC, PhtD and PsaA antigens from pneumococcus were taken to account to predict B-cell and helper T-cell epitopes, and epitope-rich regions were chosen to build the construct. To enhance the immunogenicity of the epitope-based vaccine, a truncated N-terminal fragment of pneumococcal endopeptidase O (PepO) was used as a potential TLR2/4 agonist which was identified by molecular docking studies. The ultimate construct was consisted of the chosen epitope-rich regions, along with the adjuvant role (truncated N-PepO) and suitable linkers. RESULTS The epitope-based vaccine was assessed as regards physicochemical properties, allergenicity, antigenicity, and toxicity. The 3D structure of the engineered construct was modeled, refined, and validated. Molecular docking and simulation of molecular dynamics (MD) indicated the proper and stable interactions between the vaccine and TLR2/4 throughout the simulation periods. CONCLUSIONS For the first time this work presents a novel vaccine consisting of epitopes of PspC, PhtD, and PsaA antigens which is adjuvanted with a new truncated domain of PepO. The computational outcomes revealed that the suggested vaccine could be deemed an efficient therapeutic vaccine for S. pneumoniae; nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo examinations should be performed to prove the potency of the candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Bahadori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Shafaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. .,Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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17
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Tobuse AJ, Ang CW, Yeong KY. Modern vaccine development via reverse vaccinology to combat antimicrobial resistance. Life Sci 2022; 302:120660. [PMID: 35642852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous evolution of bacteria, the global antimicrobial resistance health threat is causing millions of deaths yearly. While depending on antibiotics as a primary treatment has its merits, there are no effective alternatives thus far in the pharmaceutical market against some drug-resistant bacteria. In recent years, vaccinology has become a key topic in scientific research. Combining with the growth of technology, vaccine research is seeing a new light where the process is made faster and more efficient. Although less discussed, bacterial vaccine is a feasible strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance. Some vaccines have shown promising results with good efficacy against numerous multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria. In this review, we aim to discuss the findings from studies utilizing reverse vaccinology for vaccine development against some multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as provide a summary of multi-year bacterial vaccine studies in clinical trials. The advantages of reverse vaccinology in the generation of new bacterial vaccines are also highlighted. Meanwhile, the limitations and future prospects of bacterial vaccine concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Joy Tobuse
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wei Ang
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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ClearColi as a platform for untagged pneumococcal surface protein A production: cultivation strategy, bioreactor culture, and purification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1011-1029. [PMID: 35024919 PMCID: PMC8755982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have searched for new antigens to produce pneumococcal vaccines that are more effective and could provide broader coverage, given the great number of serotypes causing pneumococcal diseases. One of the promising subunit vaccine candidates is untagged recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro), obtainable in high quantities using recombinant Escherichia coli as a microbial factory. However, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in E. coli cell extracts must be removed, in order to obtain the target protein at the required purity, which makes the downstream process more complex and expensive. Endotoxin-free E. coli strains, which synthesize a nontoxic mutant LPS, may offer a cost-effective alternative way to produce recombinant proteins for application as therapeutics. This paper presents an investigation of PspA4Pro production employing the endotoxin-free recombinant strain ClearColi® BL21(DE3) with different media (defined, auto-induction, and other complex media), temperatures (27, 32, and 37 °C), and inducers. In comparison to conventional E. coli cells in a defined medium, ClearColi presented similar PspA4Pro yields, with lower productivities. Complex medium formulations supplemented with salts favored PspA4Pro yields, titers, and ClearColi growth rates. Induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (0.5 mM) and lactose (2.5 g/L) together in a defined medium at 32 °C, which appeared to be a promising cultivation strategy, was reproduced in 5 L bioreactor culture, leading to a yield of 146.0 mg PspA4Pro/g dry cell weight. After purification, the cell extract generated from ClearColi led to 98% purity PspA4Pro, which maintained secondary structure and biological function. ClearColi is a potential host for industrial recombinant protein production. Key points • ClearColi can produce as much PspA4Pro as conventional E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. • 10.5 g PspA4Pro produced in ClearColi bioreactor culture using a defined medium. • Functional PspA4Pro (98% of purity) was obtained in ClearColi bioreactor culture.Graphical abstract ![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9.
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19
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Kaplonek P, Yao L, Reppe K, Voß F, Kohler T, Ebner F, Schäfer A, Blohm U, Priegue P, Bräutigam M, Pereira CL, Parameswarappa SG, Emmadi M, Ménová P, Witzenrath M, Hammerschmidt S, Hartmann S, Sander LE, Seeberger PH. A semisynthetic glycoconjugate provides expanded cross-serotype protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2022; 40:1038-1046. [PMID: 35033388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)infections are the leading cause of child mortality globally. Currentvaccines fail to induceaprotective immune response towards a conserved part of the pathogen,resulting in newserotypescausing disease. Therefore, new vaccinestrategies are urgently needed.Described is atwo-pronged approach combiningS. pneumoniaeproteins, pneumolysin (Ply) and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA),with aprecisely defined synthetic oligosaccharide,wherebythe carrier protein actsas a serotype-independent antigen to provideadditional protection. Proof of concept in mice and swine modelsrevealed thatthe conjugatesinhibited colonization of the nasopharynx, decreased the bacterial load and reduced disease severity in the bacteria challenge model. Immunization of piglets provided the first evidence for the immunogenicity and protective potential of synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine in a large animal model.Acombination of synthetic oligosaccharides with proteins from the target pathogen opens the path to create broadly cross-protective ("universal") pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kaplonek
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ling Yao
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patricia Priegue
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Bräutigam
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claney L Pereira
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sharavathi G Parameswarappa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Madhu Emmadi
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Petra Ménová
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Izurieta P, Scherbakov M, Nieto Guevara J, Vetter V, Soumahoro L. Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and impact of high-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on otitis media. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2013693. [PMID: 35020530 PMCID: PMC8973322 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common disease of childhood and available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), with different compositions, could have different impact on OM reduction. This systematic literature review evaluated available data describing the efficacy, effectiveness, and impact of 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) on OM outcomes. Statistically significant reductions in all-cause and complicated OM, tympanostomy tube placement and OM-related hospitalizations were consistently observed after the introduction of PHiD-CV and PCV13. Impact studies with data in children <2 years of age using PCV13 report 47–51% and PHiD-CV 34–43% reduction of all-cause OM (primary care, outpatient, ambulatory, emergency department visits) compared to periods before PCV introduction. When the impact of both vaccines is assessed in comparable settings, some studies suggest PHiD-CV may offer better protection against some OM outcomes. Well-designed, head-to-head comparisons are needed to better understand the differences and guide vaccination policies.
What is the context?
Pneumococcal vaccines are highly effective in preventing pneumonia and meningitis in children. The two main pneumococcal vaccines are PHiD-CV (Synflorix, GSK) and PCV13 (Prevenar 13, Pfizer). Both vaccines have been shown to provide protection against otitis media despite differing in their composition. However, it is currently unknown if both vaccines confer similar level of protection against otitis media.
What is new?
We conducted a literature review to evaluate the effects of PHiD-CV and PCV13 on otitis media. From 33 articles, we found that:‡Both vaccines were effective in reducing doctor visits for otitis media as well as the number of severe cases and cases requiring hospitalization. ‡Four studies suggested a higher level of protection provided by PHiD-CV compared to PCV13, although more data is needed to confirm this finding.
What is the impact?
Available information shows that PHiD-CV and PCV13 are effective in preventing a proportion of otitis media during childhood. Given the remaining substantial burden associated with the disease and the related significant usage of antibiotics, the development of improved vaccines with higher impact on otitis media would be welcome.
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21
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Weinberger B. Vaccination of older adults: Influenza, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, COVID-19 and beyond. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34627326 PMCID: PMC8501352 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preserving good health in old age is of utmost importance to alleviate societal, economic and health care-related challenges caused by an aging society. The prevalence and severity of many infectious diseases is higher in older adults, and in addition to the acute disease, long-term sequelae, such as exacerbation of underlying chronic disease, onset of frailty or increased long-term care dependency, are frequent. Prevention of infections e.g. by vaccination is therefore an important measure to ensure healthy aging and preserve quality of life. Several vaccines are specifically recommended for older adults in many countries, and in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic older adults were among the first target groups for vaccination due to their high risk for severe disease. This review highlights clinical data on the influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae and herpes zoster vaccines, summarizes recent developments to improve vaccine efficacy, such as the use of adjuvants or higher antigen dose for influenza, and gives an overview of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development for older adults. Substantial research is ongoing to further improve vaccines, e.g. by developing universal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to overcome the limitations of the current strain-specific vaccines, and to develop novel vaccines against pathogens, which cause considerable morbidity and mortality in older adults, but for which no vaccines are currently available. In addition, we need to improve uptake of the existing vaccines and increase awareness for life-long vaccination in order to provide optimal protection for the vulnerable older age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Apte A, Dayma G, Naziat H, Williams L, Sanghavi S, Uddin J, Kawade A, Islam M, Kar S, Li Y, Kyaw MH, Juvekar S, Campbell H, Nair H, Saha SK, Bavdekar A. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in South Asian infants: Results of observational cohort studies in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. J Glob Health 2021; 11:04054. [PMID: 34552723 PMCID: PMC8442578 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.04054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage (NPC) is a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease and reduced carriage of vaccine serotypes is a marker for the protection offered by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). The present study reports NPC during the first year of life in a vaccinated (with PCV10) cohort in Bangladesh and an unvaccinated cohort in India. Methods A total of 450 and 459 infants were recruited from India and Bangladesh respectively within 0-7 days after birth. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at baseline, 18 and 36 weeks after birth. The swabs were processed for pneumococcal culture and identification of serotypes by the Quellung test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An identical protocol was applied at both sites. Results Prevalence of NPC was 48% in the Indian and 54.8% in the Bangladeshi cohort at 18 weeks. It increased to 53% and 64.8% respectively at 36 weeks. The average prevalence of vaccine serotypes was higher in the Indian cohort (17.8% vs 9.8% for PCV-10 and 26.1% vs17.6% for PCV-13) with 6A, 6B, 19F, 23F, and 19A as the common serotypes. On the other hand, the prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes was higher (43.6% vs 27.1% for non-PCV13) in the Bangladeshi cohort with 34, 15B, 17F, and 35B as the common serotypes. Overcrowding was associated with increased risk of pneumococcal carriage. The present PCV-13 vaccine would cover 28%-30% and 47%-48% serotypes in the Bangladeshi and Indian cohorts respectively. Conclusions South Asian infants get colonised with pneumococci early in infancy; predominantly vaccine serotypes in PCV naïve population (India) and non-vaccine serotypes in the vaccinated population (Bangladesh). These local findings are important to inform the public health policy and the development of higher valent pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Apte
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girish Dayma
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hakka Naziat
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Linda Williams
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jamal Uddin
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anand Kawade
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maksuda Islam
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanchita Kar
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - You Li
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Moe H Kyaw
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pensylvania, USA
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Savitribai Phule University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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23
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Morelli L, Lay L, Santana-Mederos D, Valdes-Balbin Y, Verez Bencomo V, van Diepen A, Hokke CH, Chiodo F, Compostella F. Glycan Array Evaluation of Synthetic Epitopes between the Capsular Polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae 19F and 19A. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1671-1679. [PMID: 34469105 PMCID: PMC8453487 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Vaccination represents
the most effective way to prevent invasive
pneumococcal diseases. The glycoconjugate vaccines licensed so far
are obtained from capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of the most virulent
serotypes. Protection is largely limited to the specific vaccine serotypes,
and the continuous need for broader coverage to control the outbreak
of emerging serotypes is pushing the development of new vaccine candidates.
Indeed, the development of efficacious vaccine formulation is complicated
by the high number of bacterial serotypes with different CPSs. In
this context, to simplify vaccine composition, we propose the design
of new saccharide fragments containing chemical structures shared
by different serotypes as cross-reactive and potentially cross-protective
common antigens. In particular, we focused on Streptococcus
pneumoniae (Sp) 19A and 19F. The CPS repeating units of Sp
19F and 19A are very similar and share a common structure, the disaccharide
ManNAc-β-(1→4)-Glc (A-B). Herein, we describe the synthesis
of a small library of compounds containing different combinations
of the common 19F/19A disaccharide. The six new compounds were tested
with a glycan array to evaluate their recognition by antibodies in
reference group 19 antisera and factor reference antisera (reacting
against 19F or 19A). The disaccharide A-B, phosphorylated at the upstream
end, emerged as a hit from the glycan array screening because it is
strongly recognized by the group 19 antisera and by the 19F and 19A
factor antisera, with similar intensity compared with the CPSs used
as controls. Our data give a strong indication that the phosphorylated
disaccharide A-B can be considered a common epitope among different
Sp 19 serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
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24
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Approaching In Vivo Models of Pneumococcus-Host Interaction: Insights into Surface Proteins, Capsule Production, and Extracellular Vesicles. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091098. [PMID: 34578131 PMCID: PMC8471892 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae have become a major health problem worldwide because of their high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in developing countries. This microorganism colonizes the human upper respiratory tract and becomes pathogenic under certain circumstances, which are not well known. In the interaction with the host, bacterial surface structures and proteins play major roles. To gain knowledge into gradual changes and adaptive mechanisms that this pathogen undergoes from when it enters the host, we mimicked several in vivo situations representing interaction with epithelial and macrophage cells, as well as a condition of presence in blood. Then, we analyzed, in four pneumococcal strains, two major surface structures, the capsule and extracellular vesicles produced by the pneumococci, as well as surface proteins by proteomics, using the “shaving” approach, followed by LC-MS/MS. We found important differences in both surface ultrastructures and proteins among the culture conditions and strains used. Thus, this work provides insights into physiological adaptations of the pneumococcus when it interacts with the host, which may be useful for the design of strategies to combat infections caused by this pathogen.
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25
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Martinovich KM, Rahman T, de Gier C, Seppanen EJ, Orami T, Granland CM, Francis J, Yoannes M, Corscadden KJ, Ford R, Jacoby P, van den Biggelaar AHJ, Bakaletz LO, Cripps AW, Lehmann D, Richmond PC, Pomat WS, Kirkham LAS, Thornton RB. Differences in Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae Natural Antibody Development in Papua New Guinean Children in the First Year of Life. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725244. [PMID: 34447389 PMCID: PMC8383109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of vaccines to prevent disease and death from Streptococcus pneumoniae, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), the main pathogens that cause otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, are a global priority. Children living in low and lower-middle income settings are at the highest risk of contracting and dying from these diseases. Improved vaccines with broader coverage are required. Data on the natural development of antibodies to putative vaccine antigens, especially in high-risk settings, can inform the rational selection of the best antigens for vaccine development. Methods Serum IgG titres to four pneumococcal proteins (PspA1, PspA2, CbpA, and Ply) and five NTHi antigens (P4, P6, OMP26, rsPilA and ChimV4) were measured in sera collected from 101 Papua New Guinean children at 1, 4, 9, 10, 23 and 24 months of age using multiplexed bead-based immunoassays. Carriage density of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were assessed by quantitative PCR on genomic DNA extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs using species-specific primers and probes. All data were log-transformed for analysis using Student’s unpaired t-tests with geometric mean titre (GMT) or density (GMD) calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Serum -pneumococcal protein-specific IgG titres followed a “U” shaped pattern, with a decrease in presumably maternally-derived IgG titres between 1 and 4 months of age and returning to similar levels as those measured at 1 month of age by 24 months of age. In contrast, NTHi protein-specific IgG titres steadily increased with age. There was no correlation between antibody titres and carriage density for either pathogen. Conclusion This longitudinal study indicates that the waning of maternally- derived antibodies that is usually observed in infants, after infants does not occur for NTHi antigens in Papua New Guinean infants. Whether NTHi antigen IgG can be transferred maternally remains to be determined. Vaccines that are designed to specifically increase the presence of protective NTHi antibodies in the first few months of life may be most effective in reducing NTHi disease. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT01619462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Martinovich
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tasmina Rahman
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla de Gier
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elke J Seppanen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tilda Orami
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Caitlyn M Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jacinta Francis
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mition Yoannes
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Karli J Corscadden
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anita H J van den Biggelaar
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah Lehmann
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - William S Pomat
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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26
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Bedeley E, Gori A, Yeboah-Manu D, Diallo K. Control of Streptococcal Infections: Is a Common Vaccine Target Achievable Against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658824. [PMID: 33967998 PMCID: PMC8103614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)] and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remain significant pathogens as they cause life threatening infections mostly in children and the elderly. The control of diseases caused by these pathogens is dependent on antibiotics use and appropriate vaccination. The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against some serotypes has led to reduction in pneumococcal infections, however, the subsequent serotype switching, and replacement has been a serious challenge. On the other hand, no vaccine is yet licensed for use in the control of GBS diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the history and global disease burden, disease pathophysiology and management, vaccines update, and the biology of both pathogens. Furthermore, we address recent findings regarding structural similarities that could be explored for vaccine targets across both mucosal pathogens. Finally, we conclude by proposing future genomic sequence comparison using the wealth of available sequences from both species and the possibility of identifying more related structural components that could be exploited for pan-pathogen vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Bedeley
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrea Gori
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kanny Diallo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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27
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Scelfo C, Menzella F, Fontana M, Ghidoni G, Galeone C, Facciolongo NC. Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:420. [PMID: 33922273 PMCID: PMC8145843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and in the elderly population. It is transmitted to other individuals through droplets and it can spread to other parts of the human host, causing a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, affecting between 10 and 100 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and the USA. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this agent, pneumococcal vaccines have been developed over the years and have shown incredible effectiveness in reducing the spread of this bacterium and the development of related diseases, obtaining a significant reduction in mortality, especially in developing countries. However, considerable problems are emerging mainly due to the replacement phenomenon, multi-drug resistance, and the high production costs of conjugated vaccines. There is still a debate about the indications given by various countries to different age groups; this is one of the reasons for the diffusion of different serotypes. To cope with these problems, significant efforts have been made in the research field to further improve vaccination serotypes coverage. On the other hand, an equally important commitment by health care systems to all age group populations is needed to improve vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scelfo
- Pneumology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.); (G.G.); (C.G.); (N.C.F.)
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28
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Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Pneumococcal Histidine Triad Protein Protect against Fatal Pneumococcal Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00747-20. [PMID: 33649050 PMCID: PMC8091081 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00747-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia despite the widespread use of vaccines. While vaccines are effective at reducing the incidence of most serotypes included in vaccines, a rise in infection due to nonvaccine serotypes and moderate efficacy against some vaccine serotypes have contributed to high disease incidence. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia despite the widespread use of vaccines. While vaccines are effective at reducing the incidence of most serotypes included in vaccines, a rise in infection due to nonvaccine serotypes and moderate efficacy against some vaccine serotypes have contributed to high disease incidence. Additionally, numerous isolates of S. pneumoniae are antibiotic or multidrug resistant. Several conserved pneumococcal proteins prevalent in the majority of serotypes have been examined for their potential as vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. An additional, yet-unexplored tool for disease prevention and treatment is the use of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting conserved pneumococcal proteins. Here, we isolated the first human MAbs (PhtD3, PhtD6, PhtD7, PhtD8, and PspA16) against the pneumococcal histidine triad protein (PhtD) and the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), two conserved and protective antigens. MAbs to PhtD target diverse epitopes on PhtD, and MAb PspA16 targets the N-terminal segment of PspA. The PhtD-specific MAbs bind to multiple serotypes, while MAb PspA16 serotype breadth is limited. MAbs PhtD3 and PhtD8 prolong the survival of mice infected with pneumococcal serotype 3. Furthermore, MAb PhtD3 prolongs the survival of mice in intranasal and intravenous infection models with pneumococcal serotype 4 and in mice infected with pneumococcal serotype 3 when administered 24 h after pneumococcal infection. All PhtD and PspA MAbs demonstrate opsonophagocytic activity, suggesting a potential mechanism of protection. Our results identify new human MAbs for pneumococcal disease prevention and treatment and identify epitopes on PhtD and PspA recognized by human B cells.
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Munia M, Mahmud S, Mohasin M, Kibria KK. In silico design of an epitope-based vaccine against choline binding protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Rudenko N, Nagel A, Zamyatina A, Karatovskaya A, Salyamov V, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya Z, Siunov A, Kolesnikov A, Shepelyakovskaya A, Boziev K, Melnik B, Brovko F, Solonin A. A Monoclonal Antibody against the C-Terminal Domain of Bacillus cereus Hemolysin II Inhibits HlyII Cytolytic Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E806. [PMID: 33352744 PMCID: PMC7767301 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is the fourth most common cause of foodborne illnesses that produces a variety of pore-forming proteins as the main pathogenic factors. B. cereus hemolysin II (HlyII), belonging to pore-forming β-barrel toxins, has a C-terminal extension of 94 amino acid residues designated as HlyIICTD. An analysis of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the recombinant HlyIICTD protein revealed the ability of the antibody HlyIIC-20 to inhibit HlyII hemolysis. A conformational epitope recognized by HlyIIC-20 was found. by the method of peptide phage display and found that it is localized in the N-terminal part of HlyIICTD. The HlyIIC-20 interacted with a monomeric form of HlyII, thus suppressing maturation of the HlyII toxin. Protection efficiencies of various B. cereus strains against HlyII were different and depended on the epitope amino acid composition, as well as, insignificantly, on downstream amino acids. Substitution of L324P and P324L in the hemolysins ATCC14579T and B771, respectively, determined the role of leucine localized to the epitope in suppressing the hemolysis by the antibody. Pre-incubation of HlyIIC-20 with HlyII prevented the death of mice up to an equimolar ratio. A strategy of detecting and neutralizing the toxic activity of HlyII could provide a tool for monitoring and reducing B. cereus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rudenko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Alexey Nagel
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Zamyatina
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, 3 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Karatovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Vadim Salyamov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Zhanna Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Siunov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Kolesnikov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Shepelyakovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Khanafiy Boziev
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Bogdan Melnik
- Protein Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Fedor Brovko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Alexander Solonin
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
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Park OJ, Kwon Y, Park C, So YJ, Park TH, Jeong S, Im J, Yun CH, Han SH. Streptococcus gordonii: Pathogenesis and Host Response to Its Cell Wall Components. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121852. [PMID: 33255499 PMCID: PMC7761167 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a commensal bacterium that is commonly found in the skin, oral cavity, and intestine. It is also known as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause local or systemic diseases, such as apical periodontitis and infective endocarditis. S. gordonii, an early colonizer, easily attaches to host tissues, including tooth surfaces and heart valves, forming biofilms. S. gordonii penetrates into root canals and blood streams, subsequently interacting with various host immune and non-immune cells. The cell wall components of S. gordonii, which include lipoteichoic acids, lipoproteins, serine-rich repeat adhesins, peptidoglycans, and cell wall proteins, are recognizable by individual host receptors. They are involved in virulence and immunoregulatory processes causing host inflammatory responses. Therefore, S.gordonii cell wall components act as virulence factors that often progressively develop diseases through overwhelming host responses. This review provides an overview of S. gordonii, and how its cell wall components could contribute to the pathogenesis and development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Chaeyeon Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Yoon Ju So
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Tae Hwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2310
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Lagousi T, Basdeki P, De Jonge MI, Spoulou V. Understanding host immune responses to pneumococcal proteins in the upper respiratory tract to develop serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:959-972. [PMID: 33107359 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1843433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal colonization is a precondition for mucosal and invasive pneumococcal disease. Prevention of colonization may reduce pneumococcal transmission and disease incidence. Therefore, several protein-based pneumococcal vaccines are currently under investigation. Areas covered: We aimed to better understand the host immune responses to pneumococcal proteins in the upper respiratory tract (URT) that could facilitate the development of serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines. English peer-reviewed papers reporting immunological mechanisms involved in host immune response to pneumococcal proteins in the URT were retrieved through a PubMed search using the terms 'pneumococcal proteins,' 'nasopharyngeal colonization' and/or 'cellular/humoral host immune response.' Expert opinion: Although pneumococcal protein antigens induce humoral immune responses, as well as IL-17A-mediated immunity, none of them, when used as single antigen, is sufficient to control and broadly protect against pneumococcal colonization. Novel vaccines should contain multiple conserved protein antigens to activate both arms of the immune system and evoke protection against the whole spectrum of pneumococcal variants by reducing, rather than eradicating, pneumococcal carriage. The highest efficacy would likely be achieved when the vaccine is intranasally applied, inducing mucosal immunity and enhancing the first line of defense by restricting pneumococcal density in the URT, which in turn will lead to reduced transmission and protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", Athens Medical School , Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Basdeki
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", Athens Medical School , Athens, Greece
| | - Marien I De Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", Athens Medical School , Athens, Greece
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Effect of N-terminal poly histidine-tag on immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein SP0845. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1240-1248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Root-Bernstein R. Possible Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, CRM197 and Proteins in Pneumococcal Vaccines May Protect Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Disease and Death. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E559. [PMID: 32987794 PMCID: PMC7712751 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. This paper explores the possibility that pneumococcal vaccines in particular, but perhaps other vaccines as well, contain antigens that might be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Comparison of the glycosylation structures of SARS-CoV-2 with the polysaccharide structures of pneumococcal vaccines yielded no obvious similarities. However, while pneumococcal vaccines are primarily composed of capsular polysaccharides, some are conjugated to cross-reacting material CRM197, a modified diphtheria toxin, and all contain about three percent protein contaminants, including the pneumococcal surface proteins PsaA, PspA and probably PspC. All of these proteins have very high degrees of similarity, using very stringent criteria, with several SARS-CoV-2 proteins including the spike protein, membrane protein and replicase 1a. CRM197 is also present in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis vaccines. Equivalent similarities were found at lower rates, or were completely absent, among the proteins in diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, and poliovirus vaccines. Notably, PspA and PspC are highly antigenic and new pneumococcal vaccines based on them are currently in human clinical trials so that their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 disease is easily testable.
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Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Dapkunas J, Pleckaityte M, Zvirbliene A. Mapping of Recognition Sites of Monoclonal Antibodies Responsible for the Inhibition of Pneumolysin Functional Activity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071009. [PMID: 32650398 PMCID: PMC7408604 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of many bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, depends on pore-forming toxins (PFTs) that cause host cell lysis by forming large pores in cholesterol-containing cell membranes. Therefore, PFTs-neutralising antibodies may provide useful tools for reducing S. pneumoniae pathogenic effects. This study aimed at the development and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with neutralising activity to S. pneumoniae PFT pneumolysin (PLY). Five out of 10 produced MAbs were able to neutralise the cytolytic activity of PLY on a lung epithelial cell line. Epitope mapping with a series of recombinant overlapping PLY fragments revealed that neutralising MAbs are directed against PLY loops L1 and L3 within domain 4. The epitopes of MAbs 3A9, 6E5 and 12F11 located at L1 loop (aa 454–471) were crucial for PLY binding to the immobilised cholesterol. In contrast, the MAb 12D10 recognising L3 (aa 403–423) and the MAb 3F3 against the conformational epitope did not interfere with PLY-cholesterol interaction. Due to conformation-dependent binding, the approach to use overlapping peptides for fine epitope mapping of the neutralising MAbs was unsuccessful. Therefore, the epitopes recognised by the MAbs were analysed using computational methods. This study provides new data on PLY sites involved in functional activity.
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Cardoso VM, Campani G, Santos MP, Silva GG, Pires MC, Gonçalves VM, de C. Giordano R, Sargo CR, Horta AC, Zangirolami TC. Cost analysis based on bioreactor cultivation conditions: Production of a soluble recombinant protein using Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 26:e00441. [PMID: 32140446 PMCID: PMC7049567 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of cultivation strategy on the cost of recombinant protein production is crucial for defining cost-effective bioreactor operation conditions. This paper presents a methodology to estimate and compare cost impacts related to utilities as well as medium composition, using simple design equations and accessible data. Data from batch bioreactor cultures were used as case study involving the production of pneumococcal surface protein A, a soluble recombinant protein, employing E. coli BL21(DE3). Cultivation strategies and corresponding process costs covered a wide range of operational conditions, including different media, inducers, and temperatures. The core expenses were related to the medium and cooling. When the price of peptone was above the threshold value of US$ 30/kg, defined medium became the best choice. IPTG and temperatures around 32 °C led to shorter cultures and lower PspA4Pro production costs. The procedure offers a simple, accessible theoretical tool to identify cost-effective production strategies using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemir M. Cardoso
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício P. Santos
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G. Silva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuella C. Pires
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto de C. Giordano
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cíntia R. Sargo
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio C.L. Horta
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa C. Zangirolami
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Wagner A, Weinberger B. Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Older Population: Immunological Challenges and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:717. [PMID: 32391017 PMCID: PMC7190794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the older population. Demographic changes will lead to increasing numbers of older persons over the next decades. Prevention of infections becomes increasingly important to ensure healthy aging for the individual, and to alleviate the socio-economic burden for societies. Undoubtedly, vaccines are the most efficient health care measure to prevent infections. Age-associated changes of the immune system are responsible for decreased immunogenicity and clinical efficacy of most currently used vaccines in older age. Efficacy of standard influenza vaccines is only 30-50% in the older population. Several approaches, such as higher antigen dose, use of MF59 as adjuvant and intradermal administration have been implemented in order to specifically target the aged immune system. The use of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been amended by a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine originally developed for young children several years ago to overcome at least some of the limitations of the T cell-independent polysaccharide antigens, but still is only approximately 50% protective against pneumonia. A live-attenuated vaccine against herpes zoster, which has been available for several years, demonstrated efficacy of 51% against herpes zoster and 67% against post-herpetic neuralgia. Protection was lower in the very old and decreased several years after vaccination. Recently, a recombinant vaccine containing the viral glycoprotein gE and the novel adjuvant AS01B has been licensed. Phase III studies demonstrated efficacy against herpes zoster of approx. 90% even in the oldest age groups after administration of two doses and many countries now recommend the preferential use of this vaccine. There are still many infectious diseases causing substantial morbidity in the older population, for which no vaccines are available so far. Extensive research is ongoing to develop vaccines against novel targets with several vaccine candidates already being clinically tested, which have the potential to substantially reduce health care costs and to save many lives. In addition to the development of novel and improved vaccines, which specifically target the aged immune system, it is also important to improve uptake of the existing vaccines in order to protect the vulnerable, older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Wagner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010132. [PMID: 32192117 PMCID: PMC7157650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated S. pneumoniae. This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (Δpep27ΔcomD mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based S. pneumoniae vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
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Alderson MR, Murphy T, Pelton SI, Novotny LA, Hammitt LL, Kurabi A, Li JD, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS. Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109839. [PMID: 31948716 PMCID: PMC7153269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and highlight significant advances made towards vaccine development and understanding of the immunology of otitis media (OM) since the 19th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media (ISOM) in 2015, as well as identify future research directions and knowledge gaps. DATA SOURCES PubMed database, National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS Key topics were assigned to each panel member for detailed review. Draft reviews were collated, circulated, and thoroughly discussed when the panel met at the 20th ISOM in June 2019. The final manuscript was prepared with input from all panel members. CONCLUSIONS Since 2015 there have been a number of studies assessing the impact of licensed pneumococcal vaccines on OM. While these studies have confirmed that these vaccines are effective in preventing carriage and/or disease caused by vaccine serotypes, OM caused by non-vaccine serotype pneumococci and other otopathogens remains a significant health care burden globally. Development of multi-species vaccines is challenging but essential to reducing the global burden of OM. Influenza vaccination has been shown to prevent acute OM, and with novel vaccines against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Moraxella catarrhalis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in clinical trials, the potential to significantly prevent OM is within reach. Research into alternative vaccine delivery strategies has demonstrated the power of maternal and mucosal vaccination for OM prevention. Future OM vaccine trials must include molecular diagnostics of middle ear effusion, for detection of viruses and bacteria that are persisting in biofilms and to enable accurate assessment of vaccine impact on OM etiology. Understanding population differences in natural and vaccine-induced immune responses to otopathogens is also important for development of the most effective OM vaccines. Improved understanding of the interaction between otopathogens will also advance development of effective therapies and encourage the assessment of the indirect benefits of vaccination. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE While NTHi and M. catarrhalis are the predominant otopathogens, funding opportunities to drive vaccine development for these species are limited due to a focus on prevention of childhood mortality rather than morbidity. Delivery of a comprehensive report on the high financial and social costs of OM, including the potential for OM vaccines to reduce antibiotic use and subsequent development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), would likely assist in engaging stakeholders to recognize the value of prevention of OM and increase support for efforts on OM vaccine development. Vaccine trials with OM prevention as a clinical end-point are challenging, however a focus on developing assays that measure functional correlates of protection would facilitate OM vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen I Pelton
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura A Novotny
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arwa Kurabi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia and Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research, Telethon Kids Institute, Australia and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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40
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Larijani MS, Ramezani A, Sadat SM. Updated Studies on the Development of HIV Therapeutic Vaccine. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:75-84. [PMID: 31210114 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190618160608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the various types of pharmaceuticals, vaccines have a special place. However, in the case of HIV, nearly after 40 years of its discovery, an effective vaccine still is not available. The reason lies in several facts mainly the variability and smartness of HIV as well as the complexity of the interaction between HIV and immune responses. A robust, effective, and longterm immunity is undoubtedly what a successful preventive vaccine should induce in order to prevent the infection of HIV. Failure of human trials to this end has led to the idea of developing therapeutic vaccines with the purpose of curing already infected patients by boosting their immune responses against the virus. Nevertheless, the exceptional ability of the virus to escape the immune system based on the genetically diverse envelope and variable protein products have made it difficult to achieve an efficient therapeutic vaccine. OBJECTIVE We aimed at studying and comparing different approaches to HIV therapeutic vaccines. METHODS In this review, we summarized the human trials undergoing on HIV therapeutic vaccination which are registered in the U.S. clinical trial database (clinicaltrials.gov). These attempts are divided into different tables, according to the type of formulation and application in order to classify and compare their results. RESULT/CONCLUSION Among several methods applied in studied clinical trials which are mainly divided into DNA, Protein, Peptide, Viral vectors, and Dendritic cell-based vaccines, protein vaccine strategy is based on Tat protein-induced anti-Tat Abs in 79% HIV patients. However, the studies need to be continued to achieve a durable efficient immune response against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Larijani
- Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bloodborne Diseases Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bloodborne Diseases Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bloodborne Diseases Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Morais V, Texeira E, Suarez N. Next-Generation Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E151. [PMID: 31623286 PMCID: PMC6963273 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major public health hazard. Although Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) are available and have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases, there is still a need for new vaccines with unlimited serotype coverage, long-lasting protection, and lower cost to be developed. One of the most promising candidates is the Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine (WCV). The new generation of whole-cell vaccines is based on an unencapsulated serotype that allows the expression of many bacterial antigens at a lower cost than a recombinant vaccine. These vaccines have been extensively studied, are currently in human trial phase 1/2, and seem to be the best treatment choice for pneumococcal diseases, especially for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Morais
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Esther Texeira
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Norma Suarez
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
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Gonçalves VM, Kaneko K, Solórzano C, MacLoughlin R, Saleem I, Miyaji EN. Progress in mucosal immunization for protection against pneumococcal pneumonia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:781-792. [PMID: 31305196 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1643719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth cause of death worldwide and pneumococcus is the leading cause of pneumonia. Nonetheless, existing pneumococcal vaccines are less effective against pneumonia than invasive diseases and serotype replacement is a major concern. Protein antigens could induce serotype-independent protection, and mucosal immunization could offer local and systemic immune responses and induce protection against pneumococcal colonization and lung infection. Areas covered: Immunity induced in the experimental human pneumococcal carriage model, approaches to address the physiological barriers to mucosal immunization and improve delivery of the vaccine antigens, different strategies already tested for pneumococcal mucosal vaccination, including live recombinant bacteria, nanoparticles, bacterium-like particles, and nanogels as well as, nasal, pulmonary, sublingual and oral routes of vaccination. Expert opinion: The most promising delivery systems are based on nanoparticles, bacterial-like particles or nanogels, which possess greater immunogenicity than the antigen alone and are considered safer than approaches based on living cells or toxoids. These particles can protect the antigen from degradation, eliminating the refrigeration need during storage and allowing the manufacture of dry powder formulations. They can also increase antigen uptake, control release of antigen and trigger innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kan Kaneko
- b School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building , Liverpool , UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- c Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- d Science Department and Clinical Department, Aerogen Ltd., IDA Business Park , Galway , Ireland
| | - Imran Saleem
- b School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building , Liverpool , UK
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Licciardi P, Papadatou I. Pneumococcal Vaccines: Challenges and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010025. [PMID: 30818791 PMCID: PMC6466156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Licciardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Ioanna Papadatou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 111527 Athens, Greece.
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