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Dittmar EL, Schemske DW. Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation. Am Nat 2023; 202:471-485. [PMID: 37792918 DOI: 10.1086/725865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEcological heterogeneity can lead to local adaptation when populations exhibit fitness trade-offs among habitats. However, the degree to which local adaptation is affected by the spatial and temporal scale of environmental variation is poorly understood. A multiyear reciprocal transplant experiment was performed with populations of the annual plant Leptosiphon parviflorus living on adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine soil. Local adaptation over this small geographic scale was observed, but there were differences in the temporal variability of selection across habitats. On serpentine soil, the local population had a consistently large survival advantage, presumably as a result of the temporal stability in selection imposed by soil cation content. In contrast, a fecundity advantage was observed for the sandstone population on its native soil type but only in the two study years with the highest rainfall. A manipulative greenhouse experiment demonstrated that the fitness advantage of the sandstone population in its native soil type depends critically on water availability. The temporal variability in local adaptation driven by variation in precipitation suggests that continued drought conditions have the potential to erode local adaptation in these populations. These results show how different selective factors can influence spatial and temporal patterns of variation in fitness trade-offs.
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2
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Toll K. An evolutionary framework for understanding habitat partitioning in plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16119. [PMID: 36585942 PMCID: PMC10107657 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species with overlapping geographic ranges segregate at smaller spatial scales. This spatial segregation-zonation when it follows an abiotic gradient and habitat partitioning when it does not-has been experimentally investigated for over a century often using distantly related taxa, such as different genera of algae or barnacles. In those foundational studies, trade-offs between stress tolerance and competitive ability were found to be the major driving factors of habitat partitioning for both animals and plants. Yet, the evolutionary relationships among segregating species are usually not taken into account. Since close relatives are hypothesized to compete more intensely and are more likely to interact during mating compared to distant relatives, the mechanisms underlying habitat partitioning may differ depending on the relatedness of the species in question. Here, I propose an integration of ecological and evolutionary factors contributing to habitat partitioning in plants, specifically how the relative contributions of factors predictably change with relatedness of taxa. Interspecific reproductive interactions in particular are understudied, yet important drivers of habitat partitioning. In spatially segregated species, interspecific mating can reduce the fitness of rare immigrants, preventing their establishment and maintaining patterns of spatial segregation. In this synthesis, I review the literature on mechanisms of habitat partitioning in plants within an evolutionary framework, identifying knowledge gaps and detailing future directions for this rapidly growing field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Toll
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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3
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Toll K, Lowry DB. Frequency-dependent hybridization contributes to habitat segregation in monkeyflowers. Am Nat 2022; 199:743-757. [DOI: 10.1086/719381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Binks RM, Steane DA, Byrne M. Genomic divergence in sympatry indicates strong reproductive barriers and cryptic species within Eucalyptus salubris. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5096-5110. [PMID: 34025994 PMCID: PMC8131811 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies are increasingly detecting cryptic taxa that likely represent a significant component of global biodiversity. However, cryptic taxa are often criticized because they are typically detected serendipitously and may not receive the follow-up study required to verify their geographic or evolutionary limits. Here, we follow-up a study of Eucalyptus salubris that unexpectedly detected two divergent lineages but was not sampled sufficiently to make clear interpretations. We undertook comprehensive sampling for an independent genomic analysis (3,605 SNPs) to investigate whether the two purported lineages remain discrete genetic entities or if they intergrade throughout the species' range. We also assessed morphological and ecological traits, and sequenced chloroplast DNA. SNP results showed strong genome-wide divergence (F ST = 0.252) between two discrete lineages: one dominated the north and one the southern regions of the species' range. Within lineages, gene flow was high, with low differentiation (mean F ST = 0.056) spanning hundreds of kilometers. In the central region, the lineages were interspersed but maintained their genomic distinctiveness: an indirect demonstration of reproductive isolation. Populations of the southern lineage exhibited significantly lower specific leaf area and occurred on soils with lower phosphorus relative to the northern lineage. Finally, two major chloroplast haplotypes were associated with each lineage but were shared between lineages in the central distribution. Together, these results suggest that these lineages have non-contemporary origins and that ecotypic adaptive processes strengthened their divergence more recently. We conclude that these lineages warrant taxonomic recognition as separate species and provide fascinating insight into eucalypt speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Binks
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBentley Delivery CentreBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Dorothy A. Steane
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest ValueUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- CSIRO Land and WaterSandy BayTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBentley Delivery CentreBentleyWAAustralia
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Toll K, LoPresti EF, Lowry DB. Inbreeding depression contributes to the maintenance of habitat segregation between closely related monkeyflower species. Evolution 2021; 75:832-846. [PMID: 33590496 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incompletely reproductively isolated species often segregate into different microhabitats, even when they are able to survive and reproduce in both habitats. Longer term evolutionary factors may contribute to this lack of cross-habitat persistence. When reproductive interference reduces immigrant fitness, assortative mating, including self-fertilization, increases immigrants' fitness in a single generation, but longer term, inbreeding depression may reduce the chance of population persistence. Two California monkeyflower species repeatedly segregate into drier and wetter areas in their zone of sympatry. To test whether inbreeding depression may contribute to the maintenance of this segregation pattern, we transplanted outbred and successively inbred Mimulus guttatus and Mimulus nudatus into their native habitats and heterospecific habitats. We measured germination, survival, and seed set and found that recurrent selfing reduced all aspects of fitness in both species, most strongly in foreign habitats. A simulation model, parameterized from the transplant experiment, found that inbreeding reduced fitness to such an extent that sequentially inbred populations of either species would be unable to persist in heterospecific-occupied habitats in the absence of continued gene flow. These results demonstrate that individual immigrants are unlikely to form persistent populations and thus, inbreeding depression contributes to the absence of fine-scale coexistence in this species pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Toll
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
| | - Eric F LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
| | - David B Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824.,Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
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6
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McClinton JD, Parchman TL, Torrence KL, Verburg PS, Leger EA. How specialized is a soil specialist? Early life history responses of a rare Eriogonum to site-level variation in volcanic soils. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1663-1676. [PMID: 33306244 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Understanding edaphic specialization is crucial for conserving rare plants that may need relocation due to habitat loss. Focusing on Eriogonum crosbyae, a rare soil specialist in the Great Basin of the United States, we asked how site-level variation among volcanic soil outcrops affected plant growth and population distribution. METHODS We measured emergence, survival, size, and biomass allocation of E. crosbyae seedlings planted in soils collected from 42 outcrops of actual and potential habitat. We also measured phenotypic variation in the wild, documented abiotic and biotic components of E. crosbyae habitat, re-surveyed Nevada populations, and evaluated occupancy changes over time. RESULTS Plants responded plastically to edaphic variation, growing larger and allocating relatively more to aboveground tissues in soils with greater nutrient availability and growing smaller in soils higher in copper in the field and the greenhouse. However, the chemical and physical soil properties we measured did not predict site occupancy, nor was plant phenotype in the greenhouse different when plants were grown in soils from sites with different occupation status. We observed occupation status reversals at five locations. CONCLUSIONS Eriogonum crosbyae performed well in soils formed on hydrothermally altered rocks that are inhospitable to many other plants. Extirpation/colonization events observed were consistent with metapopulation dynamics, which may partially explain the patchy distribution of E. crosbyae among outcrops of potential habitat. While soil properties did not predict site occupancy, early life stages showed sensitivity to soil variation, indicating that seedling dynamics may be important to consider for the conservation of this soil specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamey D McClinton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Paul S Verburg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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7
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Whittall JB, Butler TM, Dick C, Sandel B. Two cryptic species of California mustard within Caulanthus lasiophyllus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1815-1830. [PMID: 33370466 PMCID: PMC7839454 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cryptic species are evolutionarily distinct lineages lacking distinguishing morphological traits. Hidden diversity may be lurking in widespread species whose distributions cross phylogeographic barriers. This study investigates molecular and morphological variation in the widely distributed Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Brassicaceae) in comparison to its closest relatives. METHODS Fifty-two individuals of C. lasiophyllus from across the species' range were sequenced for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the chloroplast trnL-F region. A subset of these samples were examined for the chloroplast ndhF gene. All 52 individuals were scored for 13 morphological traits, as well as monthly and annual climate conditions at the collection locality. Morphological and molecular results are compared with the closest relatives-C. anceps and C. flavescens-in the "Guillenia Clade." To test for polyploidy, genome size estimates were made for four populations. RESULTS Caulanthus lasiophyllus consists of two distinct lineages separated by eight ITS differences-eight times more variation than what distinguishes C. anceps and C. flavescens. Fewer variable sites were detected in trnL-F and ndhF regions, yet these data are consistent with the ITS results. The two lineages of C. lasiophyllus are geographically and climatically distinct; yet morphologically overlapping. Their genome sizes are not consistently different. CONCLUSIONS Two cryptic species within C. lasiophyllus are distinguished at the molecular, geographic, and climatic scales. They have similar genome sizes and are morphologically broadly overlapping, but an ephemeral basal leaf character may help distinguish the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justen B. Whittall
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
| | - Timothy M. Butler
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
| | - Cynthia Dick
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
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8
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Christie K, Strauss SY. Frequency-dependent fitness and reproductive dynamics contribute to habitat segregation in sympatric jewelflowers. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200559. [PMID: 32396796 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexistence results from a complex suite of past and contemporary processes including biogeographic history, adaptation, ecological interactions and reproductive dynamics. Here we explore drivers of local micro-parapatry in which two closely related and reproductively isolated Streptanthus species (jewelflower, Brassicaceae) inhabit continuous or adjacent habitat patches and occur within seed dispersal range, yet rarely overlap in fine-scale distribution. We find some evidence for abiotic niche partitioning and local adaptation, however differential survival across habitats cannot fully explain the scarcity of coexistence. Competition may also reduce the fitness of individuals migrating into occupied habitats, yet its effects are insufficient to drive competitive exclusion. Experimental migrants suffered reduced seed production and seed viability at sites occupied by heterospecifics, and we infer that heterospecific pollen transfer by shared pollinators contributes to wasted gametes when the two congeners come into contact. A minority disadvantage may reduce effective colonization of patches already occupied by heterospecifics, even when habitat patches are environmentally suitable. Differential adaptation and resource competition have often been evoked as primary drivers of habitat segregation in plants, yet negative reproductive interactions-including reproductive interference and decreased fecundity among low-frequency migrants-may also contribute to non-overlapping distributions of related species along local tension zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Christie
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616-5270, USA
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9
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Local adaptation fuels cryptic speciation in terrestrial annelids. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 146:106767. [PMID: 32081763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic and evolutionary basis of cryptic speciation is a major focus of evolutionary biology. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allows the identification of genome-wide local adaptation signatures, but has rarely been applied to cryptic complexes - particularly in the soil milieu - as it is the case with integrative taxonomy. The earthworm genus Carpetania, comprising six previously suggested putative cryptic lineages, is a promising model to study the evolutionary phenomena shaping cryptic speciation in soil-dwelling lineages. Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) was used to provide genome-wide information about genetic variability between 17 populations, and geometric morphometrics analyses of genital chaetae were performed to investigate unexplored cryptic morphological evolution. Genomic analyses revealed the existence of three cryptic species, with half of the previously-identified potential cryptic lineages clustering within them. Local adaptation was detected in more than 800 genes putatively involved in a plethora of biological functions (most notably reproduction, metabolism, immunological response and morphogenesis). Several genes with selection signatures showed shared mutations for each of the cryptic species, and genes under selection were enriched in functions related to regulation of transcription, including SNPs located in UTR regions. Finally, geometric morphometrics approaches partially confirmed the phylogenetic signal of relevant morphological characters such as genital chaetae. Our study therefore unveils that local adaptation and regulatory divergence are key evolutionary forces orchestrating genome evolution in soil fauna.
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10
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Christie K, Strauss SY. Reproductive isolation and the maintenance of species boundaries in two serpentine endemic Jewelflowers. Evolution 2019; 73:1375-1391. [PMID: 31152435 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers substantially reduce gene flow between lineages. Understanding how specific barriers contribute to reproductive isolation offers insight into the initial forces driving divergence and the evolutionary and ecological processes responsible for maintaining diversity. Here, we quantified multiple pre- and post-pollination isolating barriers in a pair of closely related California Jewelflowers (Streptanthus, Brassicaceae) living in an area of sympatry. S. breweri and S. hesperidis are restricted to similar serpentine habitats; however, populations are spatially isolated at fine-scales and rarely co-occur in intermixed stands. Several intrinsic postzygotic barriers were among the strongest we quantified, yet, postzygotic barriers currently contribute little to overall reproductive isolation due to the cumulative strength of earlier-acting extrinsic barriers, including spatial isolation, and flowering time and pollinator differences. Data from multiple years suggest that pre-pollination barriers may have different strengths depending on annual environmental conditions. Similarly, crossing data suggest that the strength of intrinsic isolation may vary among different population pairs. Estimates of total reproductive isolation in S. breweri and S. hesperidis are robust to uncertainty and variability in individual barrier strength estimates, demonstrating how multiple barriers can act redundantly to prevent gene flow between close relatives living in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Christie
- UC Davis Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- UC Davis Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
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11
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Sianta SA, Kay KM. Adaptation and divergence in edaphic specialists and generalists: serpentine soil endemics in the California flora occur in barer serpentine habitats with lower soil calcium levels than serpentine tolerators. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:690-703. [PMID: 31070790 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Adaptation to harsh edaphic substrates has repeatedly led to the evolution of edaphic specialists and generalists. Yet, it is unclear what factors promote specialization versus generalization. Here, we search for habitat use patterns associated with serpentine endemics (specialists) and serpentine tolerators (generalists) to indirectly test the hypothesis that trade-offs associated with serpentine adaptation promote specialization. We predict that (1) endemics have adapted to chemically harsher and more bare serpentine habitats than tolerators, and (2) edaphic endemics show more habitat divergence from their sister species than tolerators do among on- and off-serpentine populations. METHODS We selected 8 serpentine endemic and 9 serpentine tolerator species representing independent adaptation to serpentine. We characterized soil chemistry and microhabitat bareness from one serpentine taxon of each species and from a paired nonserpentine sister taxon, resulting in 8 endemic and 9 tolerator sister-taxa pairs. RESULTS We find endemic serpentine taxa occur in serpentine habitats averaging twice as much bare ground as tolerator serpentine taxa and 25% less soil calcium, a limiting macronutrient in serpentine soils. We do not find strong evidence that habitat divergence between sister taxa of endemic pairs is greater than between sister taxa of tolerator pairs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest serpentine endemism is associated with adaptation to chemically harsher and more bare serpentine habitats. It may be that this adaptation trades off with competitive ability, which would support the longstanding, but rarely tested, competitive trade-off hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Sianta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
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12
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Selby JP, Willis JH. MajorQTLcontrols adaptation to serpentine soils inMimulus guttatus. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5073-5087. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Willis
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
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13
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Toll K, Willis JH. Hybrid inviability and differential submergence tolerance drive habitat segregation between two congeneric monkeyflowers. Ecology 2018; 99:2776-2786. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Toll
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - John H. Willis
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
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Kay KM, Woolhouse S, Smith BA, Pope NS, Rajakaruna N. Sympatric serpentine endemic
Monardella
(Lamiaceae) species maintain habitat differences despite hybridization. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2302-2316. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Suzie Woolhouse
- Department of Biological Sciences San José State University San José California
| | - Brett A. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Nathaniel S. Pope
- Department of Integrative Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Nishanta Rajakaruna
- Biological Sciences Department California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
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15
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Rossington N, Yost J, Ritter M. Water Availability Influences Species Distributions on Serpentine Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3120/0024-9637-65.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rossington
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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16
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Thornhill AH, Baldwin BG, Freyman WA, Nosratinia S, Kling MM, Morueta-Holme N, Madsen TP, Ackerly DD, Mishler BD. Spatial phylogenetics of the native California flora. BMC Biol 2017; 15:96. [PMID: 29073895 PMCID: PMC5658987 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND California is a world floristic biodiversity hotspot where the terms neo- and paleo-endemism were first applied. Using spatial phylogenetics, it is now possible to evaluate biodiversity from an evolutionary standpoint, including discovering significant areas of neo- and paleo-endemism, by combining spatial information from museum collections and DNA-based phylogenies. Here we used a distributional dataset of 1.39 million herbarium specimens, a phylogeny of 1083 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 9 genes, and a spatial randomization test to identify regions of significant phylogenetic diversity, relative phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism (PE), as well as to conduct a categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE). RESULTS We found (1) extensive phylogenetic clustering in the South Coast Ranges, southern Great Valley, and deserts of California; (2) significant concentrations of short branches in the Mojave and Great Basin Deserts and the South Coast Ranges and long branches in the northern Great Valley, Sierra Nevada foothills, and the northwestern and southwestern parts of the state; (3) significant concentrations of paleo-endemism in Northwestern California, the northern Great Valley, and western Sonoran Desert, and neo-endemism in the White-Inyo Range, northern Mojave Desert, and southern Channel Islands. Multiple analyses were run to observe the effects on significance patterns of using different phylogenetic tree topologies (uncalibrated trees versus time-calibrated ultrametric trees) and using different representations of OTU ranges (herbarium specimen locations versus species distribution models). CONCLUSIONS These analyses showed that examining the geographic distributions of branch lengths in a statistical framework adds a new dimension to California floristics that, in comparison with climatic data, helps to illuminate causes of endemism. In particular, the concentration of significant PE in more arid regions of California extends previous ideas about aridity as an evolutionary stimulus. The patterns seen are largely robust to phylogenetic uncertainty and time calibration but are sensitive to the use of occurrence data versus modeled ranges, indicating that special attention toward improving geographic distributional data should be top priority in the future for advancing understanding of spatial patterns of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Thornhill
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Bruce G Baldwin
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William A Freyman
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sonia Nosratinia
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Matthew M Kling
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P Madsen
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David D Ackerly
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brent D Mishler
- University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Genetic differentiation and diversity of two sympatric subspecies of Castilleja affinis; a comparison between the endangered serpentine endemic (spp. neglecta) and its widespread congener (ssp. affinis). CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Schneider A. Flowering time evolution is independent of serpentine tolerance in the California flora. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schneider
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley California 94720 USA
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Ortego J, Gugger PF, Sork VL. Impacts of human-induced environmental disturbances on hybridization between two ecologically differentiated Californian oak species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:942-955. [PMID: 27621132 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural hybridization, which can be involved in local adaptation and in speciation processes, has been linked to different sources of anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we use genotypic data to study range-wide patterns of genetic admixture between the serpentine-soil specialist leather oak (Quercus durata) and the widespread Californian scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia). First, we estimated hybridization rates and the direction of gene flow. Second, we tested the hypothesis that genetic admixture increases with different sources of environmental disturbance, namely anthropogenic destruction of natural habitats and wildfire frequency estimated from long-term records of fire occurrence. Our analyses indicate considerable rates of hybridization (> 25%), asymmetric gene flow from Q. durata into Q. berberidifolia, and a higher occurrence of hybrids in areas where both species live in close parapatry. In accordance with the environmental disturbance hypothesis, we found that genetic admixture increases with wildfire frequency, but we did not find a significant effect of other sources of human-induced habitat alteration (urbanization, land clearing for agriculture) or a suite of ecological factors (climate, elevation, soil type). Our findings highlight that wildfires constitute an important source of environmental disturbance, promoting hybridization between two ecologically well-differentiated native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Paul F Gugger
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 957239, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
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Bresowar GE, McGlaughlin ME. Morphological and genetic discrepancies in populations of Oreocarya paradoxa and O. revealii: the impact of edaphic selection on recent diversification in the Colorado Plateau. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1647-1658. [PMID: 26453596 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Investigations of recently derived and edaphically (soil) defined plant systems have provided insight into important mechanisms of ecological divergence. We investigated the impact of edaphic adaptation on recent divergence between two Colorado Plateau endemics: the gypsum facultative Oreocarya revealii (Boraginaceae) and its more generalist sister species O. paradoxa. We assessed morphological stability, genetic identity, and soil chemistry to determine whether O. revealii is a distinct lineage edaphically adapted from O. paradoxa, as has been described in the literature. METHODS We genotyped 21 populations throughout the ranges of both species using 11 microsatellite markers and three plastid regions (trnL-F, trnT-L, trnQ-rps16) for haplotype analysis. We compared these data with soil chemistry (Ca and S concentrations, indicating gypsum levels), location, and morphological identity of populations. KEY RESULTS Soil chemistry failed to explain genetic or morphological identity in either taxon. Haplotype analysis suggests ancestral variation in the more geographically restricted O. revealii, along with regional geographic isolation. A discontinuity was identified between the morphological and genetic identity in several populations, suggesting incomplete lineage sorting and the nonfixation of identifying morphological traits. CONCLUSIONS Oreocarya revealii is unlikely to have arisen via edaphic selection, because soil chemistry of population sites, morphology of individuals, and genetic identity are not strongly correlated. The nonfixation of identifying traits is likely a result of recent divergence in this system, and the potentiality of such discrepancies should be considered when investigating recently diversified gypsum-associated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald E Bresowar
- Biology Department, Emory and Henry College, Emory, Virginia 24327, USA School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA
| | - Mitchell E McGlaughlin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA
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Kraichak E, Lücking R, Aptroot A, Beck A, Dornes P, John V, Lendemer JC, Nelsen MP, Neuwirth G, Nutakki A, Parnmen S, Sohrabi M, Tønsberg T, Lumbsch HT. Hidden diversity in the morphologically variable script lichen (Graphis scripta) complex (Ascomycota, Ostropales, Graphidaceae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Li Y, Maki M. Variation in the frequency and extent of hybridization between Leucosceptrum japonicum and L. stellipilum (Lamiaceae) in the Central Japanese Mainland. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116411. [PMID: 25738505 PMCID: PMC4349587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the frequency and extent of hybridization among mixed populations located in the same contact zone provide natural laboratories for the study of extrinsic reproductive isolation maintaining species integrity. In this study, we examined the pattern of hybridization between L. japonicum and L. stellipilum among mixed populations in different localities of a contact zone. The genetic structures from three sympatric populations and six mixed populations in the hybrid zone, and five reference populations far from the contact zone, were characterized using 10 neutral nuclear microsatellite markers. Evidence from genetic distance-based clustering analysis, the frequency distribution of admixture proportion values, and the hybrid category assignment approaches indicated that the frequency and extent of hybridization varied considerably among populations in the contact zone between L. japonicum and L. stellipilum. One likely explanation is that variation in exogenous (ecological) selection among populations might contribute to differences in frequency and extent of hybridization. The present study will facilitate future research exploring the evolution of reproductive isolation between L. japonicum and L. stellipilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Division of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980–8578, Japan
- Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Kawauchi 12–2, Aoba, Sendai 980–0862, Japan
| | - Masayuki Maki
- Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Kawauchi 12–2, Aoba, Sendai 980–0862, Japan
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Baldwin BG. Origins of Plant Diversity in the California Floristic Province. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent biogeographic and evolutionary studies have led to improved understanding of the origins of exceptionally high plant diversity in the California Floristic Province (CA-FP). Spatial analyses of Californian plant diversity and endemism reinforce the importance of geographically isolated areas of high topographic and edaphic complexity as floristic hot spots, in which the relative influence of factors promoting evolutionary divergence and buffering of lineages against extinction has gained increased attention. Molecular phylogenetic studies spanning the flora indicate that immediate sources of CA-FP lineages bearing endemic species diversity have been mostly within North America—especially within the west and southwest—even for groups of north temperate affinity, and that most diversification of extant lineages in the CA-FP has occurred since the mid-Miocene, with the transition toward summer-drying. Process-focused studies continue to implicate environmental heterogeneity at local or broad geographic scales in evolutionary divergence within the CA-FP, often associated with reproductive or life-history shifts or sometimes hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2465
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Misiewicz TM, Fine PVA. Evidence for ecological divergence across a mosaic of soil types in an Amazonian tropical tree: Protium subserratum (Burseraceae). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2543-58. [PMID: 24703227 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soil heterogeneity is an important driver of divergent natural selection in plants. Neotropical forests have the highest tree diversity on earth, and frequently, soil specialist congeners are distributed parapatrically. While the role of edaphic heterogeneity in the origin and maintenance of tropical tree diversity is unknown, it has been posited that natural selection across the patchwork of soils in the Amazon rainforest is important in driving and maintaining tree diversity. We examined genetic and morphological differentiation among populations of the tropical tree Protium subserratum growing parapatrically on the mosaic of white-sand, brown-sand and clay soils found throughout western Amazonia. Nuclear microsatellites and leaf morphology were used to (i) quantify the extent of phenotypic and genetic divergence across habitat types, (ii) assess the importance of natural selection vs. drift in population divergence, (iii) determine the extent of hybridization and introgression across habitat types, (iv) estimate migration rates among populations. We found significant morphological variation correlated with soil type. Higher levels of genetic differentiation and lower migration rates were observed between adjacent populations found on different soil types than between geographically distant populations on the same soil type. PST -FST comparisons indicate a role for natural selection in population divergence among soil types. A small number of hybrids were detected suggesting that gene flow among soil specialist populations may occur at low frequencies. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization has occurred multiple times in P. subserratum and that divergent natural selection across edaphic boundaries may be a general mechanism promoting and maintaining Amazonian tree diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Misiewicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Anacker BL, Strauss SY. The geography and ecology of plant speciation: range overlap and niche divergence in sister species. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132980. [PMID: 24452025 PMCID: PMC3906944 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the roles of geography and ecology in speciation. The recent shared ancestry of sister species can leave a major imprint on their geographical and ecological attributes, possibly revealing processes involved in speciation. We examined how ecological similarity, range overlap and range asymmetry are related to time since divergence of 71 sister species pairs in the California Floristic Province (CFP). We found that plants exhibit strikingly different age-range correlation patterns from those found for animals; the latter broadly support allopatric speciation as the primary mode of speciation. By contrast, plant sisters in the CFP were sympatric in 80% of cases and range sizes of sisters differed by a mean of 10-fold. Range overlap and range asymmetry were greatest in younger sisters. These results suggest that speciation mechanisms broadly grouped under 'budding' speciation, in which a larger ranged progenitor gives rise to a smaller ranged derivative species, are probably common. The ecological and reproductive similarity of sisters was significantly greater than that of sister-non-sister congeners for every trait assessed. However, shifts in at least one trait were present in 93% of the sister pairs; habitat and soil shifts were especially common. Ecological divergence did not increase with range overlap contrary to expectations under character displacement in sympatry. Our results suggest that vicariant speciation is more ubiquitous in animals than plants, perhaps owing to the sensitivity of plants to fine-scale environmental heterogeneity. Despite high levels of range overlap, ecological shifts in the process of budding speciation may result in low rates of fine-scale spatial co-occurrence. These results have implications for ecological studies of trait evolution and community assembly; despite high levels of sympatry, sister taxa and potentially other close relatives, may be missing from local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Anacker
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Serpentine soils are a model system for the study of plant adaptation, speciation, and species interactions. Serpentine soil is an edaphically stressful, low productivity soil type that hosts stunted vegetation and a spectacular level of plant endemism. One of the first papers on serpentine plant endemism was by Arthur Kruckeberg, titled "Intraspecific variability in the response of certain native plant species to serpentine soil." Published in the American Journal of Botany in 1951, it has been cited over 100 times. Here, I review the context and content of the paper, as well as its impact. On the basis of the results of reciprocal transplant experiments in the greenhouse, Kruckeberg made three important conclusions on the nature of serpentine plant endemism: (1) Plants are locally adapted to serpentine soils, forming distinct soil ecotypes; (2) soil ecotypes are the first stage in the evolutionary progression toward serpentine endemism; and (3) serpentine endemics are restricted from more fertile nonserpentine soils by competition. Kruckeberg's paper inspired a substantial amount of research, especially in the three areas reviewed here: local adaptation and plant traits, speciation, and the interaction of climate and soil in plant endemism. In documenting soil ecotypes, Kruckeberg identified serpentine soils as a potent selective factor in plant evolution and helped establish serpentine soils as a model system in evolution and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Anacker
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
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Lu CT, Lin HW, Liou WT, Wang JC. Sedum tarokoense (Crassulaceae), a new species from a limestone area in Taiwan. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2013; 54:57. [PMID: 28510892 PMCID: PMC5430354 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unknown Sedum was found from the limestone region in Taiwan. After a detailed comparison with other congeners in Taiwan and neighboring countries, we identified this plant as a new species. RESULTS This new taxon resembles S. nokoense Yamamoto, S. alfredii Hance, and S. uniflorum Hook. & Arn. subsp. oryzifolium (Makino) H. Ohba, but differs in leaf shape, sepal morphology, and seed testa micro-morphology. Ecologically, this new taxon occurs exclusively on limestone, while S. nokoense and S. alfredii grow in non-limestone areas and S. uniflorum subsp. oryzifolium is only found on sandy seashores. CONCLUSIONS Sedum tarokoense H.W. Lin & J.C. Wang is described as a new species. We provide a description, line drawing, and distribution map, as well as photograph, a key and a table to distinguish S. tarokoense from its related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tse Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec. 4, Wenshan, Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec. 4, Wenshan, Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec. 4, Wenshan, Taipei 11677 Taiwan
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 12, Sec. 1, Chien-Shan Rd, Chushan, Nantou 55750 Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Che Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Ting-Chow Rd, Sec. 4, Wenshan, Taipei 11677 Taiwan
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Haller BC, Mazzucco R, Dieckmann U. Evolutionary branching in complex landscapes. Am Nat 2013; 182:E127-41. [PMID: 24021409 DOI: 10.1086/671907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Divergent adaptation to different environments can promote speciation, and it is thus important to consider spatial structure in models of speciation. Earlier theoretical work, however, has been limited to particularly simple types of spatial structure (linear environmental gradients and spatially discrete metapopulations), leaving unaddressed the effects of more realistic patterns of landscape heterogeneity, such as nonlinear gradients and spatially continuous patchiness. To elucidate the consequences of such complex landscapes, we adapt an established spatially explicit individual-based model of evolutionary branching. We show that branching is most probable at intermediate levels of various types of heterogeneity and that different types of heterogeneity have, to some extent, additive effects in promoting branching. In contrast to such additivity, we find a novel refugium effect in which refugia in hostile environments provide opportunities for colonization, thus increasing the probability of branching in patchy landscapes. Effects of patchiness depend on the scale of patches relative to dispersal. Providing a needed connection to empirical research on biodiversity and conservation policy, we introduce empirically accessible spatial environmental metrics that quantitatively predict a landscape's branching propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Haller
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C4, Canada
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Abstract
Most mineral elements found in plant tissues come exclusively from the soil, necessitating that plants adapt to highly variable soil compositions to survive and thrive. Profiling element concentrations in genetically diverse plant populations is providing insights into the plant-environment interactions that control elemental accumulation, as well as identifying the underlying genes. The resulting molecular understanding of plant adaptation to the environment both demonstrates how soils can shape genetic diversity and provides solutions to important agricultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baxter
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA.
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