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Marques Casanova J, Cardoso D, Barros CF, de Lima HC, De Toni KL. Floral ontogeny of Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae) species. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13975. [PMID: 36101879 PMCID: PMC9464433 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present ontogenetic study reveals variations throughout floral development in three morphologically representative species from the genus Tachigali, allowing a better understanding of floral organs diversity, flower symmetry and their homologies, especially in Fabaceae, a diverse family that exhibits a wide variation in floral architecture. Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae) corresponds to an important Neotropical legumes tree genus with 58 species in Brazil. Species of the genus Sclerolobium Vogel were incorporated in its circumscription, increasing the diversity of its floral morphology. Methods This work aims to perform an ontogenetic study of T. denudata, T. paratyensis and T. spathulipetala, morphologically representative species of Tachigali, in order to describe the floral development and to better comprehend the floral morphology varieties among the species, using scanning electron microscopy. Results We found the studied species to have floral buds with acropetal and helical development along the inflorescence axis; sepals and petals with helical development, varying the position of the primordia in the bud, according to the different species; stamens with unilateral development and carpel with adaxial curvature. These data correspond to original records of Tachigali ontogeny and contribute to an improved understanding of floral morphology and symmetry with data related to the zygomorphic and early development of the sepals and petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile Marques Casanova
- Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Domingos Cardoso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Claudia Franca Barros
- Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima
- Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen L.G. De Toni
- Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhou T, Zhang W, Zhang D, El-Kassaby YA, Fan J, Jiang H, Wang G, Cao F. A Binary-Based Matrix Model for Malus Corolla Symmetry and Its Variational Significance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:416. [PMID: 32457766 PMCID: PMC7198884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Floral symmetry (corolla symmetry) has important biological significance in plant genetics and evolution. However, it is often multi-dimensional and difficult to quantify. Here, we constructed a multi-dimensional data matrix [X Y Z] by extracting three qualitative variables with binary properties (X: corolla regularity of interval and coplanarity; Y: petal regularity of shape and size; Z: petal local regularity of curling and wrinkle) from different dimensions of petals (overall to individual, and then to the local): all petals (corolla), individual petals, and local areas of petals. To quantitatively express the degree of Malus corolla symmetry, these variables were then combined with weight assignments (X: 22 > Y: 21 > Z: 20) based on their contributions to the corolla symmetry and the algorithm rule of converting binary to decimal values, which facilitated the unification of qualitative and quantitative analyses. Our results revealed significant reduction in degrees of Malus corolla symmetry along the direction of local to overall. Species showed higher degree of corolla symmetry than cultivars; however, taxa with stronger corolla symmetry might not necessarily be species. These findings provide new insights into the circumscription of Malus controversial species. The matrix model should be reference for future evaluation of angiosperm flower symmetry (lack of corolla fusion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Wangxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Yangzhou Crabapple Horticulture Company Limited, Yangzhou, China
| | - Donglin Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yousry A. El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Junjun Fan
- College of Horticulture Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Dellinger AS, Chartier M, Fernández‐Fernández D, Penneys DS, Alvear M, Almeda F, Michelangeli FA, Staedler Y, Armbruster WS, Schönenberger J. Beyond buzz-pollination - departures from an adaptive plateau lead to new pollination syndromes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1136-1149. [PMID: 30368819 PMCID: PMC6492237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pollination syndromes describe recurring adaptation to selection imposed by distinct pollinators. We tested for pollination syndromes in Merianieae (Melastomataceae), which contain bee- (buzz-), hummingbird-, flowerpiercer-, passerine-, bat- and rodent-pollinated species. Further, we explored trait changes correlated with the repeated shifts away from buzz-pollination, which represents an 'adaptive plateau' in Melastomataceae. We used random forest analyses to identify key traits associated with the different pollinators of 19 Merianieae species and estimated the pollination syndromes of 42 more species. We employed morphospace analyses to compare the morphological diversity (disparity) among syndromes. We identified three pollination syndromes ('buzz-bee', 'mixed-vertebrate' and 'passerine'), characterized by different pollen expulsion mechanisms and reward types, but not by traditional syndrome characters. Further, we found that 'efficiency' rather than 'attraction' traits were important for syndrome circumscription. Contrary to syndrome theory, our study supports the pooling of different pollinators (hummingbirds, bats, rodents and flowerpiercers) into the 'mixed-vertebrate' syndrome, and we found that disparity was highest in the 'buzz-bee' syndrome. We conclude that the highly adaptive buzz-pollination system may have prevented shifts towards classical pollination syndromes, but provided the starting point for the evolution of a novel set of distinct syndromes, all having retained multifunctional stamens that provide pollen expulsion, reward and attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S. Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - Diana Fernández‐Fernández
- Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE)Instituto Nacional de BiodiversidadRío Coca E06‐115 e Isla FernandinaQuitoEcuador
| | - Darin S. Penneys
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington601 S. College RoadWilmingtonNC28403USA
| | - Marcela Alvear
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and SustainabilityCalifornia Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCA94118‐4503USA
| | - Frank Almeda
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and SustainabilityCalifornia Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCA94118‐4503USA
| | - Fabián A. Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic BotanyThe New York Botanical Garden2900 Southern BlvdBronxNY10458‐5126USA
| | - Yannick Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthKing Henry 1 StreetPortsmouthP01 2DYUK
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAK99775USA
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
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Mesquita-Neto JN, Costa BKP, Schlindwein C. Heteranthery as a solution to the demand for pollen as food and for pollination - Legitimate flower visitors reject flowers without feeding anthers. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:942-950. [PMID: 28762598 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heteranthery, the presence of feeding and pollinating anthers in the same flower, seems to mediate the evolutionary dilemma for plants to protect their gametes and yet provide food for pollinators. This study aims to elucidate the role of heteranthery in the buzz-pollinated Senna reniformis. The fecundity of pollen from long-, medium- and short-sized anthers was determined by hand cross-pollination experiments, and the quantity, size, ornamentation and viability of pollen of different anthers were compared. Rates of flower rejection by bees were measured in anther removal experiments to assess the preferences of flower visitors for feeding or pollinating anthers. Large bees, which were the effective pollinators of self-incompatible S. reniformis, avoided flowers without short feeding anthers, but not those without medium or long anthers. Illegitimate small and medium-sized bees were unresponsive to anther exclusion experiments. Long anthers deposited pollen on the back and short anthers on the venter of large bees. Pollen from long anthers had higher in vitro viability and higher fruit and seed set after cross-pollination than pollen from other sized anthers. Short anthers produce feeding pollen to effective pollinators and long anthers are related to pollination of S. reniformis. Bee behaviour and size was found to directly influence the role of anthers in the 'division of labour'. Only large bee pollinators that carry the pollinating pollen from long anthers in 'safe sites' associated short anthers with the presence of food. In the absence of these larger bee pollinators, the role of heteranthery in S. reniformis would be strongly compromised and its function would be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Mesquita-Neto
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B K P Costa
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Amorim T, Marazzi B, Soares AA, Forni-Martins ER, Muniz CR, Westerkamp C. Ricochet pollination in Senna (Fabaceae) - petals deflect pollen jets and promote division of labour among flower structures. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:951-962. [PMID: 28749609 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Naturalists Fritz and Hermann Müller hypothesised that heteranthery often leads to a division of labour into 'feeding' and 'pollinating' stamens; the latter often being as long as the pistil so as to promote successful pollination on the bees' back. In many buzz-pollinated species of Senna, however, the so-called pollinating stamens are short and not level with the stigma, raising the question of how pollen is shed on the bees' back. Here we explore a mechanism called 'ricochet pollination'. We test whether division of labour is achieved through the interaction between short lower stamens and strongly concave 'deflector petals'. We studied the arrangement and morphology of the floral organs involved in the ricochet pollination, functioning of the flowers through artificial sonication and observed the interactions between bees and flowers in the field. The middle stamens are adapted to eject pollen downwards, which can be readily collected on the bee mid legs. Most of the pollen is ejected towards the deflector petal(s). Pollen from this set of stamens is more likely to contribute to pollination. The pollen grains seem to ricochet multiple times against the deflector petals to eventually reach the bee's back. The pollen ricochet mechanism promotes a division of labour by involving additional floral organs, such as petals, reinforcing the Müllers' division-of-labour hypothesis. However, alternative, non-multiexclusive hypotheses could be explored in genus Senna and other angiosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - B Marazzi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste - IBONE (UNNE - CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - A A Soares
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - E R Forni-Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - C R Muniz
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - C Westerkamp
- Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
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Prenner G, Cardoso D. Flower development of Goniorrhachis marginata reveals new insights into the evolution of the florally diverse detarioid legumes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:417-432. [PMID: 28025284 PMCID: PMC5314645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The study of floral morphology and ontogeny and the re-investigation of existing data help to uncover potential synapomorphic characters and foster our understanding of phylogenetic relationships that rely primarily on molecular analyses. Goniorrhachis marginata is a monotypic caesalpinioid legume (Leguminosae) that shows some interesting floral features, such as a long hypanthium and regular Rosaceae-like flowers. We studied the ontogeny and morphology of the flowers in detail and present our results in a broad phylogenetic context. METHODS Flower buds were collected in the field, fixed in 70 % ethanol and investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Older buds in spirit were carefully opened to investigate the direction of style bending. Characters of the style from 131 taxa from the main legume lineages were analysed and mapped on a Bayesian molecular phylogeny. KEY RESULTS The tetramerous calyx is the result of complete loss of one sepal. The formation of the radially symmetrical corolla starts in a typical caesalpinioid pattern with the adaxial petal innermost (ascending aestivation). The young style bends in the abaxial direction, which is a character found exclusively in all studied detarioid legumes and therefore a newly described synapomorphy for the clade. CONCLUSIONS We show that investigation of unstudied taxa and reinvestigation of published data can uncover new, previously overlooked and important characters. Curvature of the style can be detected in young buds with a hand lens and therefore is an important character for field botanists. Our study reveals the importance of including poorly studied and/or phylogenetically enigmatic taxa in molecular phylogenies and in detailed morphological and ontogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Prenner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Domingos Cardoso
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Luo Z, Hu J, Zhao Z, Zhang D. Transcriptomic analysis of heteromorphic stamens in Cassia biscapsularis L. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31600. [PMID: 27527392 PMCID: PMC4985808 DOI: 10.1038/srep31600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermaphroditic flowers have evolved primarily under the selection on male function. Evolutionary modification often leads to stamen differentiation within flowers, or “heteranthery”, a phenomenon intrigued scientists since the 18th century until recently. However, the genetic basis and molecular regulation mechanism has barely been touched. Here we conducted comparative transcriptome profiling in Cassia biscapsularis L., a heterantherous species with representative patterns of stamen differentiation. Numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the staminodes (the degenerated stamens) and fertile stamens, while much fewer genes differentially expressed among the three sets of fertile stamens. GO term enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis characterized functional properties of DEGs in different stamen types. Transcripts showing close correlation between expression pattern and stamen types were identified. Transcription factors from the bHLH family were suggested to have taken crucial part in the formation of staminodes. This first global transcriptomic analysis focusing on stamen differentiation opens the door toward a more comprehensive understanding on the molecular regulation of floral organ evolution. Especially, the generated unigene resource would be valuable for developing male sterile lines in agronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.,Shenzhen Park Service, Shenzhen 51800, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Almeida NM, Cotarelli VM, Souza DP, Novo RR, Siqueira Filho JA, Oliveira PE, Castro CC. Enantiostylous types of Cassiinae species (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:740-745. [PMID: 25363754 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Species of the subtribe Cassiinae present a wide diversity of floral types. Until recently it was considered that this diversity did not extend to their reproductive mechanisms. However, studies have recorded some variations in the enantiostylous pattern in this plant group. This study aims to investigate the morphological and functional variations of enantiostyly in species of the subtribe Cassiinae. Additionally, it proposes the recognition of enantiostylous types (ET) based on pollen deposition and capture mode. Morphological data were collected in fresh and fixed (alcohol 70%) buds and flowers, and also using photos and rehydrated material from herbarium sheets, for a total of 59 species. The parameters used to establish the ETs were pollination type, nature of pollen deposition on the pollinator body, deposition type, number of petals involved in pollen deposition, and pollen pathway. Morpho-functional features allowed the recognition of seven enantiostylous types (Flexuosa, Cana, Macranthera, Martiana, Amiciella, Repens and Ramosa) that present several levels of complexity. The type Ramosa was the most common and the Cana type was the least common. The types Repens, Martiana and Flexuosa do not have reciprocal pollen deposition, thus species with these types may be considered atypical. The groups resulting from similarity analysis partially coincide with the clades proposed in phylogenetic studies of Cassiinae. The recognition of functional ETs is important for understanding the evolution of reproductive strategies of Cassiinae species, and indicates an interesting line of investigation of enantiostyly in other plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Savriama Y, Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Klingenberg CP. Geometric morphometrics of corolla shape: dissecting components of symmetric and asymmetric variation in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:945-954. [PMID: 22988918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry is an important feature of floral structure, and floral symmetries are diverse and often complex. We use a new morphometric approach for analysing shapes with complex types of symmetry, which partitions shape variation into a component of symmetric variation and different components of asymmetry. This approach, based on the mathematical theory of symmetry groups, can be used for landmark configurations with any type of symmetry and is therefore promising as a general framework for morphometric analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry. We demonstrate this approach by quantifying floral shape variation in a wild population of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). Flowers of this species are disymmetric, so that the symmetry in the left-right and adaxial-abaxial directions can be considered separately and in combination. Both principal component analysis and Procrustes ANOVA indicate that symmetric variation accounts for most of the total variance and that adaxial-abaxial asymmetry is the dominant component of fluctuating asymmetry. Each component is associated with specific patterns of shape variation. These results illustrate the potential of the new method and suggest new areas for future research. The new morphometric approach is promising for further analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry in evolutionary and developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Savriama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- UMR 7205 CP 50 Entomologie/service Hyménoptères, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences St. Albert Hall, Rm 272 St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - José María Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Vallejo-Marín M, Da Silva EM, Sargent RD, Barrett SCH. Trait correlates and functional significance of heteranthery in flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:418-25. [PMID: 20819173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
• Flowering plants display extraordinary diversity in the morphology of male sexual organs, yet the functional significance of this variation is not well understood. Here, we conducted a comparative analysis of floral correlates of heteranthery - the morphological and functional differentiation of anthers within flowers - among angiosperm families to identify traits associated with this condition. • We performed a phylogenetic analysis of correlated evolution between heteranthery and several floral traits commonly reported from heterantherous taxa. In addition, we quantified the effect of phylogenetic uncertainty in the observed patterns of correlated evolution by comparing trees in which polytomous branches were randomly resolved. • Heteranthery is reported from 12 angiosperm orders and is phylogenetically associated with the absence of floral nectaries, buzz-pollination and enantiostyly (mirror-image flowers). These associations are robust to particularities of the underlying phylogenetic hypothesis. • Heteranthery has probably evolved as a result of pollinator-mediated selection and appears to function to reduce the conflict of relying on pollen both as food to attract pollinators and as the agent of male gamete transfer. The relative scarcity of heteranthery among angiosperm families suggests that the conditions permitting its evolution are not easily met despite the abundance of pollen-collecting bees and nectarless flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marín
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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Marazzi B, Sanderson MJ. LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS OF DIVERSIFICATION IN THE WIDESPREAD LEGUME GENUS SENNA AND THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES. Evolution 2010; 64:3570-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wolowski M, Freitas L. Sistema reprodutivo e polinização de Senna multijuga (Fabaceae) em Mata Atlântica Montana. RODRIGUÉSIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva e polinização de árvores neotropicais vêm aumentando nas últimas décadas. No entanto, ainda é incipiente para a Mata Atlântica e muitas questões persistem, por exemplo, sobre a prevalência de autoincompatibilidade. A biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo e os visitantes florais de Senna multijuga foram estudados, com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de autoincompatibilidade e determinar seus polinizadores. A espécie apresenta características florais típicas do gênero, como flores assimétricas, enantiostilia, heteranteria e deiscência poricida. A antese é diurna e a viabilidade do pólen não diferiu entre os morfos de anteras. Os polinizadores foram abelhas dos gêneros Bombus, Epicharis, Centris e Xylocopa e abelhas menores atuaram como pilhadores de pólen. A reprodução sexual em S. multijuga depende da transferência de pólen pelos polinizadores, pois não foram formados frutos por apomixia ou autopolinização. Este último resultado pode ser devido à depressão por endogamia ou a um mecanismo de autoincompatibilidade de ação tardia, uma vez que houve aborto uniforme de pistilos e penetração de tubos polínicos nos óvulos após autopolinização. Diferença na fecundidade após polinização manual e em condições naturais indica que a limitação polínica afeta o sucesso reprodutivo feminino, assim como a disponibilidade de recursos.
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Specht CD, Bartlett ME. Flower Evolution: The Origin and Subsequent Diversification of the Angiosperm Flower. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D. Specht
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; ,
| | - Madelaine E. Bartlett
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; ,
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Ojeda I, Francisco-Ortega J, Cronk QCB. Evolution of petal epidermal micromorphology in Leguminosae and its use as a marker of petal identity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1099-110. [PMID: 19789174 PMCID: PMC2766202 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The legume flower is highly variable in symmetry and differentiation of petal types. Most papilionoid flowers are zygomorphic with three types of petals: one dorsal, two lateral and two ventral petals. Mimosoids have radial flowers with reduced petals while caesalpinioids display a range from strongly zygomorphic to nearly radial symmetry. The aims are to characterize the petal micromorphology relative to flower morphology and evolution within the family and assess its use as a marker of petal identity (whether dorsal, lateral or ventral) as determined by the expression of developmental genes. METHODS Petals were analysed using the scanning electron microscope and light microscope. A total of 175 species were studied representing 26 tribes and 89 genera in all three subfamilies of the Leguminosae. KEY RESULTS The papilionoids have the highest degree of variation of epidermal types along the dorsiventral axis within the flower. In Loteae and genistoids, in particular, it is common for each petal type to have a different major epidermal micromorphology. Papillose conical cells are mainly found on dorsal and lateral petals. Tabular rugose cells are mainly found on lateral petals and tabular flat cells are found only in ventral petals. Caesalpinioids lack strong micromorphological variation along this axis and usually have only a single major epidermal type within a flower, although the type maybe either tabular rugose cells, papillose conical cells or papillose knobby rugose cells, depending on the species. CONCLUSIONS Strong micromorphological variation between different petals in the flower is exclusive to the subfamily Papilionoideae. Both major and minor epidermal types can be used as micromorphological markers of petal identity, at least in papilionoids, and they are important characters of flower evolution in the whole family. The molecular developmental pathway between specific epidermal micromorphology and the expression of petal identity genes has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ojeda
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Prenner G, Klitgaard BB. Towards unlocking the deep nodes of Leguminosae: Floral development and morphology of the enigmatic Duparquetia orchidacea (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:1349-1365. [PMID: 21628144 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Duparquetia orchidacea (Caesalpinioideae-Cassieae-Duparquetiinae) is a monotypic liana from tropical West Africa. Its highly unusual, zygomorphic flowers, the unique pollen morphology, and the lack of vestured pits in the wood correspond with previous phylogenetic studies that resolved the position of the species to an isolated position among the early-branching Leguminosae. Here we present a detailed analysis of floral morphology and development to clarify open questions of its floral organization. We provide new data that can be useful in clarifying phylogenetic relationships among early branching Leguminosae and improve our understanding of floral evolution in this large and important plant family. For comparison, we also present developmental data for other Fabales. Our analysis reveals some unusual and in parts unique developmental patterns, such as strict acropetal organ formation, loss and suppression of floral organs, and early petal enlargement. We interpret alternating left-right symmetries in floral development as clues to a spiral organ formation in ancestral taxa. Early asymmetry of the young carpel helps to interpret enantiostyly of other Leguminosae as an example of imprinted shape. Finally, we show that cochlear-descending petal aestivation in Duparquetia and in Papilionoideae is based on different ontogenetic patterns and therefore is most probably nonhomologous.
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