Gardenia jasminoides protects against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis

Co-Treatments of Gardeniae Fructus and Silymarin Ameliorates Excessive Oxidative Stress-Driven Liver Fibrosis by Regulation of Hepatic Sirtuin1 Activities Using Thioacetamide-Induced Mice Model

Gardeniae Fructus (GF, the dried ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) has traditionally been used to treat various diseases in East Asian countries, such as liver disease. Silymarin is a well-known medicine used to treat numerous liver diseases globally. The present study was purposed to evaluate the synergistic effects of GF and silymarin on the thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis of a mouse model. Mice were orally administered with distilled water, GF (100 mg/kg, GF 100), silymarin (100 mg/kg, Sily 100), and GF and silymarin mixtures (50 and 100 mg/kg, GS 50 and 100). The GS group showed remarkable amelioration of liver injury in the serum levels and histopathology by observing the inflamed cell infiltrations and decreases in necrotic bodies through the liver tissue. TAA caused liver tissue oxidation, which was evidenced by the abnormal statuses of lipid peroxidation and deteriorations in the total glutathione in the hepatic protein levels; moreover, the immunohistochemistry supported the increases in the positive signals against 4-hydroxyneal and 8-OHdG through the liver tissue. These alterations corresponded well to hepatic inflammation by an increase in F4/80 positive cells and increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hepatic protein levels; however, administration with GS, especially the high dose group, not only remarkably reduced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the liver cells but also considerably diminished pro-inflammatory cytokines, which were driven by Kupffer cell activations, as compared with each of the single treatment groups. The pharmacological properties of GS prolonged liver fibrosis by the amelioration of hepatic stellate cells’ (HSCs’) activation that is dominantly expressed by huge extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules including α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type1 and 3, respectively. We further figured out that GS ameliorated HSCs activated by the regulation of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) activities in the hepatic protein levels, and this finding excellently reenacted the transforming growth factor-β-treated LX-2-cells-induced cell death signals depending on the Sirt1 activities. Future studies need to reveal the pharmacological roles of GS on the specific cell types during the liver fibrosis condition.

Chaiqin chengqi decoction ameliorates acute pancreatitis in mice via inhibition of neuron activation-mediated acinar cell SP/NK1R signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chaiqin chengqi decoction (CQCQD) and its derivatives have been widely used in China for the early management of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Numerous studies demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of CQCQD and derivatives, but whether these effects can be attributed to suppressing neurogenic inflammation, has never been studied.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effects of CQCQD on substance P (SP)-neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) based neurogenic inflammation in an experimental AP model.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

For AP patients on admission, pain score was accessed by visual analog scale (VAS); the levels of serum SP and expressions of pancreatic SP and NK1R were also determined. For in vivo study, mice received 7 intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg) at hourly intervals to induce AP, whilst controls received normal saline injections. In the treatment groups, CQCQD (10 g/kg, 200 μl) was intragastrically given at the third, fifth, and seventh of the cerulein injection or the NK1R antagonist CP96345 (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before the first cerulein administration. The von Frey test was performed to evaluate pain behavior. Animals were sacrificed at 12 h from the first cerulein/saline injection for severity assessment. Pharmacology network analysis was used to identify active ingredients of CQCQD for AP and pain. In vitro, freshly isolated pancreatic acinar cells were pre-treated with CQCQD (5 mg/ml), CP96345 (1 μM), or selected active compounds of CQCQD (12.5, 25, and 50 μM) for 30 min, followed by SP incubation for another 30 min.

RESULTS

The VAS score as well as the levels of serum SP and expressions of pancreatic SP-NK1R were up-regulated in moderately severe and severe patients compared with those with mild disease. CQCQD, but not CP96345, consistently and significantly ameliorated pain, pancreatic necrosis, and systemic inflammation in cerulein-induced AP as well as inhibited NK1R internalization of pancreatic acinar cells. These effects of CQCQD were associated with reduction of pancreatic SP-NK1R and neuron activity in pancreas, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord. Baicalin, emodin, and magnolol, the top 3 active components of CQCQD identified via pharmacology network analysis, suppressed NK1R internalization and NF-κB signal pathway activation in isolated pancreatic acinar cells.

CONCLUSIONS

CQCQD ameliorated cerulein-induced AP and its associated pain via inhibiting neuron activation-mediated pancreatic acinar cell SP-NK1R signaling pathways and its active compounds baicalin, emodin, and magnolol contributed to this effect.

Chaiqin chengqi decoction alleviates severity of acute pancreatitis via inhibition of TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome: Identification of bioactive ingredients via pharmacological sub-network analysis and experimental validation

BACKGROUND

Chaiqin chengqi decoction (CQCQD) is a Chinese herbal formula derived from dachengqi decoction. CQCQD has been used for the management of acute pancreatitis (AP) in the West China Hospital for more than 30 years. Although CQCQD has a well-established clinical efficacy, little is known about its bioactive ingredients, how they interact with different therapeutic targets and the pathways to produce anti-inflammatory effects.

PURPOSE

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, play a central role in AP in determining the extent of pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation. In this study, we screened the bioactive ingredients using a pharmacological sub-network analysis based on the TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathways followed by experimental validation.

METHODS

The main CQCQD bioactive compounds were identified by UPLC-QTOF/MS. The TLR4/NLRP3 targets in AP for CQCQD active ingredients were confirmed through a pharmacological sub-network analysis. Mice received 7 intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg; hourly) to induce AP (CER-AP), while oral gavage of CQCQD (5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg; 3 doses, 2 hourly) was commenced at the 3rd injection of cerulein. Histopathology and biochemical indices were used for assessing AP severity, while polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to study the mechanisms. Identified active CQCQD compounds were further validated in freshly isolated mouse pancreatic acinar cells and cultured RAW264.7 macrophages.

RESULTS

The main compounds from CQCQD belonged to flavonoids, iridoids, phenols, lignans, anthraquinones and corresponding glycosides. The sub-network analysis revealed that emodin, rhein, baicalin and chrysin were the compounds most relevant for directly regulating the TLR4/NLRP3-related proteins TLR4, RelA, NF-κB and TNF-α. In vivo, CQCQD attenuated the pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation of CER-AP and was associated with reduced expression of TLR4/NLRP3-related mRNAs and proteins. Emodin, rhein, baicalin and chrysin significantly diminished pancreatic acinar cell necrosis with varied effects on suppressing the expression of TLR4/NLRP3-related mRNAs. Emodin, rhein and chrysin also decreased nitric oxide production in macrophages and their combination had synergistic effects on alleviating cell death as well as expression of TLR4/NLRP3-related proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

CQCQD attenuated the severity of AP at least in part by inhibiting the TLR4/NLRP3 pro-inflammatory pathways. Its active ingredients, emodin, baicalin, rhein and chrysin contributed to these beneficial effects.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a popular shrub in the Rubiaceae family. The desiccative ripe fruits of this plant (called Zhizi in China) are well known and frequently used not only as an excellent natural colourant, but also as an important traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases, such as reducing fire except vexed, clearing away heat evil, and cooling blood and eliminating stasis to activate blood circulation. It has also been declared as the first batch of dual-purpose plants used for food and medical functions in China.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review aims to provide a critical and systematic summary of the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and industrial applications of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and briefly proposes several suggestions for future application prospects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The related information on Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was obtained from internationally recognized scientific databases through the Internet (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, Medline Plus, ACS, Elsevier and Flora of China) and libraries.

RESULTS

Approximately 162 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from this herb. Among them, iridoid glycosides and yellow pigment are generally considered the main bioactive and characteristic ingredients. Various pharmacological properties, such as a beneficial effect on the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems, hepatoprotective activity, antidepressant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity, were also validated in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, geniposide and genipin are the most important iridoid compounds isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and genipin is the aglycone of geniposide. As the predominant active ingredient with a distinct pharmacological activity, genipin is also an outstanding biological crosslinking agent. Gardenia yellow pigment has also been widely used as an excellent natural dye-stuff. Hence, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has been applied to many other fields, including the food industry, textile industry and chemical industry, in addition to its predominant medicinal uses.

CONCLUSIONS

According to this review, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is outstanding traditional medical plant used in medicine and food. Pharmacological investigations support the traditional use of this herb and may validate the folk medicinal use of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis to treat different diseases. Iridoid glycosides are potential medicines. Gardenia yellow pigment has been the most important source of a natural colourant for food, cloth and paint for thousands of years. This herb has made great contributions to human survival and development. Moreover, it has also achieved outstanding progress in human life and even in art. Although Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has extremely high and comprehensive utilization values, it is still far from being completely explored. Therefore, the comprehensive development of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis deserves further analysis.

Preventive Effects of Gardenia jasminoides on Cerulein-Induced Chronic Pancreatitis

Our previous report revealed that Gardenia jasminoides (GJ) has protective effects against acute pancreatitis. So, we examined whether aqueous extract of GJ has anti-inflammation and antifibrotic effects even against cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis (CP). CP was induced in mice by an intraperitoneal injection of a stable cholecystokinin (CCK) analogue, cerulein, six times a day, four days per week for three weeks. GJ extract (0.1 or 1[Formula: see text]g/kg) or saline (control group) were intraperitoneally injected 1[Formula: see text]h before first cerulein injection. After three weeks of stimulation, the pancreas was harvested for the examination of several fibrotic parameters. In addition, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were isolated using gradient methods to examine the antifibrogenic effects of GJ. In the cerulein-induced CP mice, the histological features of the pancreas showed severe tissue damage such as enlarged interstitial spaces, inflammatory cell infiltrate and glandular atrophy, and tissue fibrosis. However, treatment of GJ reduced the severity of CP such as pancreatic edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, treatment of GJ increased pancreatic acinar cell survival, and reduced pancreatic fibrosis and activation of PSC in vivo and in vitro. In addition, GJ treatment inhibited the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the PSCs. These results suggest that GJ attenuated the severity of CP and the pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting JNK and ERK activation during CP.

Gardenia jasminoides Enhances CDDP-Induced Apoptosis of Glioblastoma Cells via AKT/mTOR Pathway While Protecting Death of Astrocytes

Gliomas are the most observed primary brain tumor, of which glioblastoma multiform (GBM) shows the highest incidence. Radiotherapy with temozolomide is the standard therapeutic method, but because of side effects, search for alternative therapies is required. Gardenia jasminoides (GJ) is flavonoid abundant with beneficial effects on inflammation, metabolic diseases, and cancers. In this study, we investigated the synergistic combination of GJ and cisplatin (CDDP) in U87MG and U373MG GBM cells. GJ and CDDP both showed cytotoxicity in U87MG cells, however GJ did not affect viability of normal astrocytes while CDDP displayed high toxicity. Cytotoxic effect of GJ and CDDP was related in apoptosis when confirmed by Western blot assays on cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP. Moreover, GJ and CDDP showed synergistic combination in cell death of GBM cells, which was further confirmed by Western blot assays of apoptosis factors and also flow cytometry of Annexin V. Analysis on autophagy factors showed that GJ/CDDP combination induced autophagy, and through inhibition of autophagy, we could confirm autophagy is crucial to cytotoxicity of GJ/CDDP in GBM cell lines. The autophagy-mediated apoptosis of GJ/CDDP was dependent on the AKT/mTOR pathway. Overall, our results suggest GJ/CDDP combination as an effective yet safe therapeutic approach to GBMs.

Therapeutic Potential and Effective Components of the Chinese Herb Gardeniae Fructus in the Treatment of Senile Disease

Gardeniae fructus (GF), an evergreen Rubiaceae shrub, is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used for over a thousand years. It is usually prescribed for the treatment of brain aging, vascular aging, bone and joint aging, and other age-related diseases. It has been demonstrated that several effective compounds of GF, such as geniposide, genipin and crocin, have neuroprotective or related activities which are involved in senile disease treatment. These bioactivities include the mitochondrion dysfunction, antioxidative activity, apoptosis regulation and an anti-inflammatory activity, which related to multiple signaling pathways such as the nuclear factor-κB pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. To lay the ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of GF in treating age-related pathologies, we summarized the available research conducted in the last fifteen years about GF and its effective components, which have been studied in vivo and in vitro

Crocin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms by down Regulation of Th2 Response via Blocking of NF-κB/STAT6 Signaling Pathways in Mice

Crocin, a major constituent of Gardenia jasminoides, is a natural colorant carotenoid compound that has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of crocin on mice with atopic dermatitis induced by Dermatophagoides farinae crude extract, which is a common environmental allergen in house dust that causes atopic dermatitis in humans. Crocin application ameliorated Dermatophagoides farinae crude extract-induced atopic dermatitis symptoms by inhibiting the dermatitis severity score, ear thickness, and serum immunoglobulin E levels in NC/Nga mice. The increases in epidermal thickness and dermal inflammatory cells (eosinophil and mast cells) infiltrations observed on the dorsal back skin of atopic dermatitis control mice were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by topical application of crocin in atopic dermatitis treatment mice. Crocin inhibited the Dermatophagoides farinae crude extract-induced increase of thymus and activation-regulated chemokines, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 on the dorsal skin of mice. Crocin also inhibited Dermatophagoides farinae crude extract-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6. These results show that crocin ameliorates atopic dermatitis symptoms by down regulation of the Th2 cells-mediated immune response via blocking of NF-κB/STAT6 signaling pathways.

Antiinflammatory and Hepatoprotective Medicinal Herbs as Potential Substitutes for Bear Bile

Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) commonly prescribe medicinal formulations relying on the purported synergism of a combination of plant species, sometimes incorporating animal parts and minerals. Bear bile, obtained from either wild or farmed bears, is a commonly used constituent of traditional medicine formulations. With several bear species now listed under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora as threatened with extinction and with bear farming being actively campaigned against on ethical grounds, it is important to seek and promote alternatives to the use of bear bile as medicine. This chapter describes and evaluates the scientific data relating to the efficacy of bear bile and potential alternatives to its use, including the use of bile from other animal species, the use of synthetic chemical alternatives, and the use of herbal substitutes. Scientific studies have confirmed the efficacy of bear bile as an antiinflammatory and a hepatoprotective agent. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the active component of bear bile is used in a synthetic form in Western medicine and can serve as an alternative to bear bile in the treatment and management of certain cholestatic liver conditions. In TCM practice, bile from domesticated animal species (such as cattle, chicken, and pig) has been used as a substitute for bear bile. Following evaluation of TCM literature and pharmacological/clinical data, the authors propose six plant species, either as single herbs or in combination, Gardenia jasminoides (zhī zi; ), Scutellaria baicalensis (huáng qín; ), Coptis chinensis (huáng lián, ), Phellodendron amurense (huáng băi; ), Andrographis paniculata (chuan xin lian; ), and Rheum palmatum (dà huang; ), two medicinal Kampo formulations, Orengedokuto, Dia-Orengedokuto (which originated from traditional Chinese herbal formula Huanglian Jiedu Tang, ), and two individual phytochemicals (berberine and andrographolide) as alternatives to bear bile. The proposed herbal alternatives are frequently found listed in traditional formulations also containing bear bile, usually with different therapeutic roles ascribed to them. The existing evidence base for the effectiveness of herbal alternatives is sufficiently strong for TCM practitioners and consumers to consider using these without the addition of bear bile. This consideration is driven by the imperative to protect populations of bears from overexploitation in the wild and when farmed. However, for the identified alternatives to be accepted by users, it is essential that researchers and TCM practitioners collaborate effectively to initiate consumer behavior change.

Learning and memory improvement and neuroprotection of Gardenia jasminoides (Fructus gardenia) extract on ischemic brain injury rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that containing a variety of effective active ingredients and exhibits diverse pharmacological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and nerve protection.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigated the effect of Gardenia jasminoides extract (GJE) and Geniposide on learning and memory improvement and neuroprotection in a rat model with chronic cerebral ischemia, as well as explore the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The crude GJE was prepared using the methods of water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and refined by macroporous adsorption resin. The chronic cerebral ischemia model was simulated by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in rats. GJE was taken at three doses groups (150mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 50mg/kg), Geniposide group (50mg/kg), and oral administration for 30 days. Memory function was assessed using Morris water maze test. The morphological changes of hippocampus and related parts of brain in rats by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining were observed. Moreover, the levels of Acetylcholin Esterase (AchE), Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in the brain tissue were quantified.

RESULTS

GJE contained 27% gardenoside and 72% total iridoid glycoside. The chronic cerebral ischemia rat model has been proved successfully. The memory function of the rats assessed using Morris water maze test showed that GJE significantly shortened the escape latency of rats, but had no significant improvement on the number of times crossing the platform and the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant. HE staining showed that the apoptosis and necrosis of the cortex and hippocampus in the GJE group were significantly reduced. In addition, it was found that GJE could significantly improved the content of SOD, inhibited NOS and AchE activity in brain tissue, but did not show a significant reduction in the content of MDA. The effect of medium dosage of GJE was the best among these three dose groups and also better than Geniposide according to the results of all the detection index.

CONCLUSIONS

GJE had the functions of learning and memory improvement and the neuroprotection on chronic cerebral ischemia model rats. The mechanisms were found to be strongly correlated with antioxygen free radical, reduction of NO toxicity and AChE activity, and brain neuron protective effect. GJE could be able to play a better effect on improving chronic cerebral ischemia than Geniposide.

Changes in gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 in a canine model of caerulein-induced pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process that frequently involves peripancreatic tissues and remote organ systems. It has high morbidity and mortality rates in both human and veterinary patients. The severity of pancreatitis is generally determined by events that occur after acinar cell injury in the pancreas, resulting in elevated levels of various proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL) 1β and 6, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). When these mediators are excessively released into the systemic circulation, severe pancreatitis occurs with systemic complications. This pathophysiological process is similar to that of sepsis; thus, there are many striking clinical similarities between patients with septic shock and those with severe acute pancreatitis. We induced acute pancreatitis using caerulein in dogs and measured the change in the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA peaked at 3 h, at twice the baseline levels, and the serum concentrations of amylase and lipase also increased. Histopathological examination revealed severe hyperemia of the pancreas and hyperemia in the duodenal villi and the hepatic sinusoid. Thus, pancreatitis can be considered an appropriate model to better understand the development of naturally occurring sepsis and to assist in the effective treatment and management of septic patients.

Berberine inhibits inflammatory mediators and attenuates acute pancreatitis through deactivation of JNK signaling pathways

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening disease. Berberine (BBR), a well-known plant alkaloid, is reported to have anti-inflammatory activity in many diseases. However, the effects of BBR on AP have not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of BBR on cerulein-induced AP in mice. AP was induced by either cerulein or l-arginine. In the BBR treated group, BBR was administered intraperitoneally 1h before the first cerulein or l-arginine injection. Blood samples were obtained to determine serum amylase and lipase activities and nitric oxide production. The pancreas and lung were rapidly removed for examination of histologic changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the regulating mechanisms of BBR were evaluated. Treatment of mice with BBR reduced pancreatic injury and activities of amylase, lipase, and pancreatitis-associated lung injury, as well as inhibited several inflammatory parameters such as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS). Furthermore, BBR administration significantly inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in the cerulein-induced AP. Deactivation of JNK resulted in amelioration of pancreatitis and the inhibition of inflammatory mediators. These results suggest that BBR exerts anti-inflammatory effects on AP via JNK deactivation on mild and severe acute pancreatitis model, and could be a beneficial target in the management of AP.

Loganin protects against pancreatitis by inhibiting NF-κB activation

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, which, in its most severe form, is associated with multi-organ failure and death. Loganin, a major iridoid glycoside obtained from Corni fructus, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects. However, the effects of loganin on AP have not been determined. Pre-treatment of loganin reduced pancreatic damage and AP-associated lung injury and attenuated the severity of AP, as evidenced by (1) a reduction in several biochemical parameters (pancreatic weight to body weight ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, and level of amylase) and (2) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. However, post-treatment of loganin failed to improve pancreatic damage and biochemical parameters of AP, but could inhibit the AP-induced elevation of IL-1β and TNF-α significantly. In addition, cerulein-induced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was inhibited in the pancreas by administration of loganin. In conclusion, these results suggest that loganin exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in cases of AP and its pulmonary complications through inhibition of NF-κB activation.

The Gardenia jasminoides extract and its constituent, geniposide, elicit anti-allergic effects on atopic dermatitis by inhibiting histamine in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of inflammation, edema, and dermaitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which Gardenia jasminoides extract (GJE) elicits anti-allergic effects in mast cells and in mice with atopic dermatitis (AD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated the effects of GJE and its fractions on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from MC/9 cells and Dermatophagoides farinae-exposed NC/Nga mice. The effects of its constituents on histamine release from MC/9 cells were also investigated.

RESULTS

GJE and its ethyl acetate fraction (GJE-EA) inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine release from MC/9 mast cells. The topical application of GJE or GJE-EA to Dermatophagoides farinae-exposed NC/Nga mice reduced the symptoms of AD, inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and lowered the serum levels of immunoglobulin E and histamine. Both GJE and GJE-EA reduced the expression of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in ear lesions. In addition, the quantitative analysis of GJE and GJE-EA by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of crocin and geniposide. Geniposide, but not crocin, inhibited the release of histamine from mast cells, which may contribute to the anti-allergic effect of GJE and GJE-EA.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that GJE and GJE-EA can suppress mast cell degranulation-induced histamine release, and geniposide may be potential therapeutic candidates for AD.

Effect of Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction on cholecystokinin receptor 1-mediated signal transduction of pancreatic acinar cells in acute necrotizing pancreatitis rats

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction (,CQCQD) on cholecystokinin receptor 1 (CCKR1)-mediated signal transduction of pancreatic acinar cell in rats with acute necrotic pancreatitis (ANP).

METHODS

Twenty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: the control group, the ANP group, and the CQCQD group (9 in each group). ANP rats were induced by two intraperitoneal injections of 8% L-arginine (pH=7.0, 4.4 g/kg) over a 2-h period. Rats were treated with 1.5 mL/100 g body weight of CQCQD (CQCQD group) or physiological saline (control and ANP groups) at 2 h interval. And 6 h after induction, pancreatic tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Pancreatic acinar cells were isolated for determination of CCKR1 mRNA and protein expression, phospholipase C (PLC) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), and determination of fluorescence intensity (FI) as a measure of intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca(2+)]i.

RESULTS

The pancreatic histopathological score (6.2 ± 1.1) and the levels of PLC (1,187.2 ± 228.2 μg/mL) and IP3 (872.2 ± 88.4 μg/mL) of acinar cells in the ANP group were higher than those in the control (2.8 ± 0.4, 682.5 ± 121.8 μg/mL, 518.4 ± 115.8 μg/mL) and the CQCQD (3.8 ± 0.8, 905.3 ± 78.5 μg/mL, 611.0 ± 42.5 μg/mL) groups (P<0.05). [Ca(2+)]i FI for the ANP group (34.8±27.0) was higher than that in the control (5.1 ± 2.2) and CQCQD (12.6 ± 2.5) groups (P<0.05). The expression of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA in the ANP group was up-regulated (expression ratio=1.761; P=0.024) compared with the control group. The expression of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA in the CQCQD group was down-regulated (expression ratio=0.311; P=0.035) compared with the ANP group. The ratio of gray values of the CCKR1 and β-actin in the ANP group (1.43 ± 0.17) was higher than those in the control (0.70 ± 0.15) and CQCQD (0.79 ± 0.11) groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic acinar cell calcium overload of ANP induced by L-arginine was related to the up-regulated expressions of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA and protein. CQCQD can down-regulate expressions of pancreatic acinar cell CCKR1 mRNA and protein to reduce the PLC and IP3 of pancreatic acinar cells, relieving the calcium overload and reducing the pathological changes in rats with ANP.

Safety Evaluation of Crocin (a constituent of saffron) Tablets in Healthy Volunteers

OBJECTIVE(S)

Crocin is the chemical ingredient primarily responsible for the color of saffron. It has different pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anticancer and memory improving activities. Crocin tablets were evaluated for short-term safety and tolerability in healthy adult volunteers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design consisting of one month treatment of crocin tablets. Volunteers who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized into 2 groups of 22 each (males and females) and received 20 mg crocin tablets or placebo. General measures of health were recorded during the study such as hematological, biochemical, hormonal and urinary parameters in pre and post-treatment periods.

RESULTS

No major adverse events were reported during the trial. Crocin tablets did not change the above parameters except that it decreased amylase, mixed white blood cells and PTT in healthy volunteers after one month.

CONCLUSION

This clinical safety evaluation showed a relatively safe and normal profile for crocin in healthy volunteers at the given doses within the trial period.

Protective effects of alpha-pinene in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis

AIMS

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complicated inflammatory disease that has an unknown underlying pathogenesis. Because alpha-pinene can modulate inflammation, we examined whether alpha-pinene plays a role in AP.

MAIN METHODS

Alpha-pinene was administered intraperitoneally 1h prior to the first injection of cerulein. Once AP developed, cerulein, a stable cholecystokinin analog, was injected hourly over a 6-h period. Blood samples were taken 6h later to determine serum amylase and lipase levels. The pancreas and lungs were rapidly removed for morphological examination, myeloperoxidase assay, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also isolated the pancreatic acinar cells using a collagenase solution. Cell viability, and cytokine productions were measured in pancreatic acini.

KEY FINDINGS

Intraperitoneal administration of alpha-pinene reduced the pancreatic weight (PW) to body weight (BW) ratio and the serum levels of amylase and lipase. Alpha-pinene treatment also reduced histological damage and myeloperoxidase activity in the pancreas and lungs. Furthermore, alpha-pinene pretreatment reduced the production of pancreatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 during cerulein-induced AP. In vitro, alpha-pinene inhibited cerulein-induced cell death and cytokine production in isolated cerulein-treated pancreatic acinar cells.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings suggest that alpha-pinene has an anti-inflammatory effect during cerulein-induced AP.

Effect of biologically active fraction of Nardostachys jatamansi on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis

AIM: To determine if the fraction of Nardostachys jatamansi (NJ) has the potential to ameliorate the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP).

METHODS: Mice were administered the biologically active fraction of NJ, i.e., the 4th fraction (NJ4), intraperitoneally, and then injected with the stable cholecystokinin analogue cerulein hourly for 6 h. Six hours after the last cerulein injection, the pancreas, lung, and blood were harvested for morphological examination, measurement of cytokine expression, and examination of neutrophil infiltration.

RESULTS: NJ4 administration attenuated the severity of AP and lung injury associated with AP. It also reduced cytokine production and neutrophil infiltration and resulted in the in vivo up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, NJ4 and its biologically active fraction, NJ4-2 inhibited the cerulein-induced death of acinar cells by inducing HO-1 in isolated pancreatic acinar cells.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that NJ4 may be a candidate fraction offering protection in AP and NJ4 might ameliorate the severity of pancreatitis by inducing HO-1 expression.

2',4',6'-Tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone (TMMC) attenuates the severity of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease involving acinar cell injury and rapid production and release of inflammatory cytokines, which play a dominant role in local pancreatic inflammation and systemic complications. 2',4',6'-Tris (methoxymethoxy) chalcone (TMMC), a synthetic chalcone derivative, displays potent anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether TMMC might affect the severity of AP and pancreatitis-associated lung injury in mice. We used the cerulein hyperstimulation model of AP. Severity of pancreatitis was determined in cerulein-injected mice by histological analysis and neutrophil sequestration. The pretreatment of mice with TMMC reduced the severity of AP and pancreatitis-associated lung injury and inhibited several biochemical parameters (activity of amylase, lipase, trypsin, trypsinogen, and myeloperoxidase and production of proinflammatory cytokines). In addition, TMMC inhibited pancreatic acinar cell death and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 by inhibiting NF-κB and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. Neutralizing antibodies for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 inhibited cerulein-induced cell death in isolated pancreatic acinar cells. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of NF-κB/ERK1/2 reduced acinar cell death and production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in isolated pancreatic acinar cells. In addition, posttreatment of mice with TMMC showed reduced severity of AP and lung injury. Our results suggest that TMMC may reduce the complications associated with pancreatitis.

Melittin inhibits cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis via inhibition of the JNK pathway

The major compound of bee venom, melittin, has been used as an anti-inflammatory reagent for decades. However, the potential of melittin to ameliorate acute pancreatitis (AP) is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the effect of melittin on cerulein-induced AP. Pre- and post-treatment with melittin inhibited histological changes in the pancreas and lungs during cerulein-induced AP. Pancreatic weight/body weight ratios; digestive enzymes, including amylase and lipase; serum and pancreatic cytokine expression; and myeloperoxidase activity were decreased. In addition, treatment with melittin inhibited the activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in the pancreas during cerulein-induced pancreatitis. In accordance with the results of in vivo experiments, melittin reduced cerulein-induced cell death, and production of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our results suggest that melittin attenuated AP and AP-associated lung injury through the inhibition of JNK activation.

Protective effect of Jinhuangyidan Granules on liver injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of Jinhuangyidan Granules on liver injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and to explore the possible mechanisms involved.

METHODS: Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group, SAP group and Jinhuangyidan Granules group. Each group was further divided into three subgroups for testing at different time points after treatment (2, 6 and 12 h). SAP was induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary pancreatic duct. Serum amylase (AMY), ALT, AST and the liver coefficient were measured. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and ET-1 were examined by ELISA, and the expression of NF-κB in the liver was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: Compared to the sham operation group, the levels of AMY, ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-6, ET-1 and NF-κB increased significantly in the SAP group. The liver coefficient also differed significantly between the sham operation group and SAP group at 6 and 12 h (both P < 0.05). Compared to the SAP group at 6 and 12 h, the levels of AMY, ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-6, ET-1 and NF-κB decreased significantly in the Jinhuangyidan Granules group (all P < 0.05). At 6 h, the expression of liver NF-κB was significantly higher in the SAP group than in the sham operation group at 6 and 12 h (6 h: 49.89 ± 3.53 vs 5.32 ± 0.24; 12 h: 54.73 ± 1.68 vs 6.38 ± 0.24, both P < 0.05), but was significantly lower in the Jinhuangyidan Granules group than in the SAP group (6 h: 19.18 ± 1.51 vs 49.89 ± 3.53; 31.15 ± 2.25 vs 54.73 ± 1.68, both P < 0.05). Compared to the SAP group, the levels of edema and inflammatory mediators ameliorated significantly in the Jinhuangyidan Granules group.

CONCLUSION: Jinhuangyidan Granules ameliorates liver injury and improve microcirculation in SAP rats possibly by inhibiting NF-κB activity and down-regulating inflammatory mediators.

Targeting BuChE-inflammatory pathway by SK0506 to manage type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) affect a large percent of the population worldwide. Experimental studies have revealed that T2DM and AD share several molecular processes that underlie their respective degenerative pathology. Based on this information, we quantified TNF-α, IL-6 levels, serum glucose, serum triglyceride, hepatic triglyceride, serum AST, serum ALT and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in various rat tissues. HFD was fed to rats resulting in increased body weight, fasting blood glucose, IL-6, TNF-α levels, hepatic triglyceride, serum AST, serum ALT and BuChE. SK0506 treatment significantly prevented weight gain induced by HFD feeding. SK0506, but not Rosiglitazone, significantly reduced serum and hepatic triglycerides levels. Treatment with SK0506 also ameliorated elevated levels of both inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) and serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST) significantly in HFD fed rats. BuChE activity also reduced in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues of rats treated by SK0506. In conclusion, current study has opened new potential avenues towards research for management of T2DM and AD by Chinese herbal extracts, ‘‘SK0506’’.

Therapeutic targeting of SPINK1-positive prostate cancer

Gene fusions involving ETS (erythroblastosis virus E26 transformation-specific) family transcription factors are found in ~50% of prostate cancers and as such can be used as a basis for the molecular subclassification of prostate cancer. Previously, we showed that marked overexpression of SPINK1 (serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1), which encodes a secreted serine protease inhibitor, defines an aggressive molecular subtype of ETS fusion-negative prostate cancers (SPINK1+/ETS⁻, ~10% of all prostate cancers). Here, we examined the potential of SPINK1 as an extracellular therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Recombinant SPINK1 protein (rSPINK1) stimulated cell proliferation in benign RWPE as well as cancerous prostate cells. Indeed, RWPE cells treated with either rSPINK1 or conditioned medium from 22RV1 prostate cancer cells (SPINK1+/ETS⁻) significantly increased cell invasion and intravasation when compared with untreated cells. In contrast, knockdown of SPINK1 in 22RV1 cells inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion, and tumor growth in xenograft assays. 22RV1 cell proliferation, invasion, and intravasation were attenuated by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to SPINK1 as well. We also demonstrated that SPINK1 partially mediated its neoplastic effects through interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Administration of antibodies to SPINK1 or EGFR (cetuximab) in mice bearing 22RV1 xenografts attenuated tumor growth by more than 60 and 40%, respectively, or ~75% when combined, without affecting PC3 xenograft (SPINK1⁻/ETS⁻) growth. Thus, this study suggests that SPINK1 may be a therapeutic target in a subset of patients with SPINK1+/ETS⁻ prostate cancer. Our results provide a rationale for both the development of humanized mAbs to SPINK1 and evaluation of EGFR inhibition in SPINK1+/ETS⁻ prostate cancers.

Gardenia jasminoides inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced vascular inflammation in endothelial cells

Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) enhance binding of low-density lipoprotein to endothelium and upregulate the expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules during atherogenesis. The present study examined the effect of ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides (EGJ) on vascular inflammation in primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). TNF-alpha-induced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial cell-selectin (E-selectin) expression was inhibited in HUVEC pretreated with EGJ. In a functional study, EGJ dose-dependently attenuated adhesion of HL-60 monocytes to endothelial monolayers. A further analysis indicated that EGJ attenuated TNF-alpha-induced nuclear p65 nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) translocation, suggesting that EGJ primarily affects the TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Taken together, we provided here the first evidence showing that EGJ is able to inhibit TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, adhesion molecule expression, and monocyte-endothelial interaction, suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of EGJ, which may be useful in preventing vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis.

α,β-amyrin, a natural triterpenoid ameliorates L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats

AIM: To study the beneficial effects of triterpene α,β-amyrin and the underlying mechanisms in an experimental pancreatitis model.

METHODS: Acute pancreatitis was induced in five groups of rats (n = 8) by L-arginine (2 × 2.5 g/kg, intraperitoneal, 1 h apart) and 1 h later, they received a single oral dose of α,β-amyrin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg), methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) and vehicle (3% Tween 80). A saline (0.9% NaCl) treated group served as a normal control. Efficacy was assessed at 24 h by determination of serum levels of amylase, lipase and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6], pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], nitrate/nitrite levels, and the wet weight/body weight ratio. Tissue histology and the immunoreactivity for TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were performed.

RESULTS: α,β-amyrin and methylprednisolone treatments significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the L-arginine-induced increases in pancreatic wet weight/body weight ratio, and decreased the serum levels of amylase and lipase, and TNF-α and IL-6, as compared to the vehicle control. Also, pancreatic levels of MPO activity, TBARS, and nitrate/nitrite were significantly lower. Histological findings and TNF-α and iNOS immunostaining further confirmed the amelioration of pancreatic injury by α,β-amyrin.

CONCLUSION: α,β-amyrin has the potential to combat acute pancreatitis by acting as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.

Nardostachys jatamansi protects against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVES

Nardostachys jatamansi belonging to the family Valerianaceae has been used as a remedy for stomach and skin ailments in Korea. The effect of N. jatamansi on acute pancreatitis (AP) has not been defined. Therefore, we investigated the effect of N. jatamansi on cerulein-induced AP.

METHODS

In the pretreatment group, N. jatamansi was administered orally to mice at 10 and 20 mg/kg for 5 days, and the mice were intraperitoneally injected with the stable cholecystokinin analogue cerulein hourly for 6 hours. In the posttreatment group, cerulein was injected hourly for 6 hours, and N. jatamansi was administered at the indicated time (1, 3, and 5 hours after the first cerulein injection) and dose (10 and 20 mg/kg) during the cerulein injection. Blood samples were taken 6 hours later to determine the serum amylase, the lipase, and the cytokine levels. The pancreas and the lung were rapidly removed for morphologic examination, myeloperoxidase assay, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Nardostachys jatamansi treatment attenuated the AP, as shown by the histological examination results of the pancreas and the lung, reductions in pancreatic edema, neutrophil infiltration, serum amylase and lipase levels, serum cytokine levels, and messenger RNA expressions of inflammatory mediators.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that N. jatamansi attenuates the severity of AP and pancreatitis-associated lung injury.

Effects of Danhong Injection on the expression of endothelin-1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNAs in the pancreas in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the effects of Danhong Injection on pancreatic injury and the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNAs in the pancreas in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

METHODS: Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n = 32), SAP model group (n = 32) and Danhong Injection treatment group (n =32). The expression of eNOS, iNOS and ET-1 mRNAs in the pancreas was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The contents of ET-1 and nitric oxide (NO) in the blood were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and nitrate reductase method (NRM), respectively. Pancreatic pathological changes were observed and scored.

RESULTS: Compared with the SAP model group, the expression levels of ET-1 and iNOS mRNAs decreased significantly (ET-1: 4 h: 0.31 ± 0.15 vs 0.58 ± 0.17, 8 h: 0.45 ± 0.16 vs 0.72 ± 0.31, 12 h: 0.73 ± 0.19 vs 1.19 ± 0.28, 24 h: 0.64 ± 0.26 vs 0.92 ± 0.36; iNOS: 4 h: 0.32 ± 0.10 vs 0.65 ± 0.11, 8 h: 0.36 ± 0.14 vs 0.73 ± 0.08, 12 h: 0.43 ± 0.07 vs 0.87 ± 0.15, 24 h: 0.32 ± 0.06 vs 0.82 ± 0.16, all P < 0.05), the expression levels of eNOS mRNA increased significantly (4 h: 0.55 ± 0.12 vs 0.25 ± 0.11, 8 h: 0.53 ± 0.10 vs 0.27 ± 0.12, 12 h: 0.60 ± 0.12 vs 0.24 ± 0.10, 24 h: 0.56 ± 0.13 vs 0.28 ± 0.16, all P < 0.05), and pancreatic pathological scores decreased significantly (12 h: 4.73 ± 1.29 vs 7.19 ± 1.28, 24 h: 5.64 ± 1.26 vs 8.92 ± 2.16, both P < 0.05) in the Danhong Injection treatment group.

CONCLUSION: Danhong Injection could decrease the expression of iNOS and ET-1 genes, increase the expression of eNOS gene in the pancreas, and alleviate pancreatic injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis.