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Quan S, Wen M, Xu P, Chu C, Zhang H, Yang K, Tong S. Efficient screening of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Rheum palmatum by affinity ultrafiltration-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution inhibition profiling. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:540-551. [PMID: 38053479 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic lipase is one of the most important key targets in the treatment of obesity. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase can effectively reduce lipid absorption and treat obesity and other related metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study is the efficient screening of pancreatic lipase inhibitors in the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum using affinity ultrafiltration-high-performance liquid chromatography (AUF-HPLC) combined with high-resolution inhibition profiling (HRIP). METHODS Potential pancreatic lipase ligands and pancreatic lipase inhibitors in ethyl acetate fraction of R. palmatum were screened using AUF-HPLC and HRIP, respectively. All screened compounds were identified by HPLC- quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF)/MS. Eight compounds were screened out by both AUF-HPLC and HRIP, and six compounds were screened out by either AUF-HPLC or HRIP alone. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of all screened compounds were verified by enzyme inhibition assay and molecular docking. RESULTS Five new potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors were discovered, namely procyanidin B5 3,3'-di-O-gallate (IC50 = 0.06 ± 0.01 μM), 1,6-di-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucoside (IC50 = 12.83 ± 0.67 μM), 1-O-(1,3,5-trihydroxy)phenyl-2-O-galloyl-6-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucoside (IC50 = 17.84 ± 1.33 μM), 1,2-di-O-galloyl-6-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucoside (IC50 = 18.39 ± 1.52 μM), and 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone-4'-O-β-D-(2"-O-galloyl-6"-O-cinnamoyl)-glucoside (IC50 = 2.91 ± 0.40 μM). It was found that procyanidin B5 3,3'-di-O-gallate showed higher pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity than the positive control orlistat (IC50 = 0.12 ± 0.02 μM). CONCLUSION The combination of affinity ultrafiltration-high-performance liquid chromatography (AUF-HPLC) and high-resolution inhibition profiling (HRIP) could reduce the risk of false-negative screening and missed screening and could achieve more efficient screening of bioactive compounds in complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Quan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Wen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
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Zhao X, Yan F, Li YM, Tang J, Hu XC, Feng Z, Gao J, Peng L, Zhang G. Comparative transcriptome analysis and identification of candidate R2R3-MYB genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis in Rheum palmatum L. Chin Med 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38317158 PMCID: PMC10845799 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheum palmatum L. has important medicinal value because it contains biologically active anthraquinones. However, the key genes and TFs involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis and regulation in R. palmatum remain unclear. METHODS Based on full length transcriptome data, in this study, we screened the differentially expressed genes in the anthraquinone biosynthesis pathway. The R2R3-MYB family genes of R. palmatum were systematically identified based on full-length transcriptome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses. The correlation analysis was carried out by using co-expression analysis, protein interaction analysis, and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis after MeJA treatment. The RpMYB81 and RpMYB98 genes were amplified by RT-PCR, and their subcellular localization and self-activation characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Comparative transcriptome analysis results revealed a total of 3525 upregulated and 6043 downregulated DEGs in the CK versus MeJA group; 28 DEGs were involved in the anthraquinone pathway. Eleven CHS genes that belonged to the PKS family were differentially expressed and involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis. Twelve differentially expressed MYBs genes were found to be co-expressed and interact with CHS genes. Furthermore, 52 MYB genes were identified as positive regulators of anthraquinone biosynthesis and were further characterized. Three MYB genes including RpMYB81, RpMYB98, and RpMYB100 responded to MeJA treatment in R. palmatum, and the levels of these genes were verified by qRT-PCR. RpMYB81 was related to anthraquinone biosynthesis. RpMYB98 had an interaction with genes in the anthraquinone biosynthesis pathway. RpMYB81 and RpMYB98 were mainly localized in the nucleus. RpMYB81 had self-activation activity, while RpMYB98 had no self-activation activity. CONCLUSION RpMYB81, RpMYB98, and RpMYB100 were significantly induced by MeJA treatment. RpMYB81 and RpMYB98 are located in the nucleus, and RpMYB81 has transcriptional activity, suggesting that it might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of anthraquinone biosynthesis in R. palmatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yi-Min Li
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712083, China.
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Garcia PJB, Huang SKH, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai PW. In Silico Neuroprotective Effects of Specific Rheum palmatum Metabolites on Parkinson's Disease Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13929. [PMID: 37762232 PMCID: PMC10530814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the large-scale health issues detrimental to human quality of life, and current treatments are only focused on neuroprotection and easing symptoms. This study evaluated in silico binding activity and estimated the stability of major metabolites in the roots of R. palmatum (RP) with main protein targets in Parkinson's disease and their ADMET properties. The major metabolites of RP were subjected to molecular docking and QSAR with α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase isoform B, catechol o-methyltransferase, and A2A adenosine receptor. From this, emodin had the greatest binding activity with Parkinson's disease targets. The chemical stability of the selected compounds was estimated using density functional theory analyses. The docked compounds showed good stability for inhibitory action compared to dopamine and levodopa. According to their structure-activity relationship, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, and rhein exhibited good inhibitory activity to specific targets. Finally, mediocre pharmacokinetic properties were observed due to unexceptional blood-brain barrier penetration and safety profile. It was revealed that the major metabolites of RP may have good neuroprotective activity as an additional hit for PD drug development. Also, an association between redox-mediating and activities with PD-relevant protein targets was observed, potentially opening discussion on electrochemical mechanisms with biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jay B. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Rhoda B. Leron
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
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Xiong Y, Kim HK, Özer ÖÇ, van Duijn B, Korthout HAAJ, Zi L, Cai A. Synergistic Inhibiting Effect of Phytochemicals in Rheum palmatum on Tyrosinase Based on Metabolomics and Isobologram Analyses. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36770612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) plays a key role in the enzymatic reaction that is responsible for a range of unwanted discoloration effects, such as food browning and skin hyperpigmentation. TYR inhibitors could, therefore, be candidates for skin care products that aim to repair pigmentation problems. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach combined with the isobologram analysis to identify anti-TYR compounds within natural resources, and evaluate their possible synergism with each other. Rheum palmatum was determined to be a model plant for observing the effect, of which seven extracts with diverse phytochemicals were prepared by way of pressurized solvent extraction. Each Rheum palmatum extract (RPE) was profiled using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its activity of tyrosinase inhibition was evaluated. According to the orthogonal partial least square analysis used to correlate phytochemicals in RPE with the corresponding activity, the goodness of fit of the model (R2 = 0.838) and its predictive ability (Q2 = 0.711) were high. Gallic acid and catechin were identified as the active compounds most relevant to the anti-TYR effect of RPE. Subsequently, the activity of gallic acid and catechin were evaluated individually, and when combined in various ratios by using isobologram analysis. The results showed that gallic acid and catechin in the molar ratios of 9:5 and 9:1 exhibited a synergistic inhibition on TYR, with a combination index lower than 0.77, suggesting that certain combinations of these compounds may prove effective for use in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
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Chen D, Wang Y, Shi W, Zhao J, Hou Q, Zhang H, Jia L, Sun K. Analysis of endophyte diversity of Rheum palmatum among different tissues and ages. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:14. [PMID: 36469126 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Rheum palmatum, a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), has been used for medical purposes for thousand years in China. However, endophyte diversity of R. palmatum among different tissues and ages is still not revealed. In this study, we used 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing and combined with PICRUSt and FUNGuild to compare endophyte diversity and ecological function among different tissues and ages of R. palmatum. The results showed that the diversity and OTUs (Operational taxonomic units) abundance of endophytic fungi and bacteria of R. palmatum differed among different tissues and ages. The predictive function analysis showed that metabolism was main function of endophytic bacteria in different tissue and year samples, while saprotroph was dominant trophic mode of endophytic fungi in different year samples. The dominant trophic modes of endophytic fungi were saprotroph, pathotroph-symbiotroph and symbiotroph, and relative abundances differed in the different tissue samples. Our results elucidated the comprehensive diversity and composition profiles of endophytes in different tissues and year of R. palmatum. Our data offered pivotal information to clarify the role of endophytes in the production of R. palmatum and its important metabolites.
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Huo X, Liu S, Li Y, Wei H, Gao J, Yan Y, Zhang G, Liu M. Analysis of synonymous codon usage of transcriptome database in Rheum palmatum. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10450. [PMID: 33505783 PMCID: PMC7789865 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheum palmatum is an endangered and important medicinal plant in Asian countries, especially in China. However, there is little knowledge about the codon usage bias for R. palmatum CDSs. In this project, codon usage bias was determined based on the R. palmatum 2,626 predicted CDSs from R. palmatum transcriptome. Methods In this study, all codon usage bias parameters and nucleotide compositions were calculated by Python script, Codon W, DNA Star, CUSP of EMBOSS. Results The average GC and GC3 content are 46.57% and 46.6%, respectively, the results suggested that there exists a little more AT than GC in the R. palmatum genes, and the codon bias of R. palmatum genes preferred to end with A/T. We concluded that the codon bias in R. palmatum was affect by nucleotide composition, mutation pressure, natural selection, gene expression levels, and the mutation pressure is the prominent factor. In addition, we figured out 28 optimal codons and most of them ended with A or U. The project here can offer important information for further studies on enhancing the gene expression using codon optimization in heterogeneous expression system, predicting the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms in R. palmatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Huo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine Basis & New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Wei
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine Basis & New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine Basis & New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine Basis & New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine Basis & New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Park YJ, Lee KH, Jeon MS, Lee YH, Ko YJ, Pang C, Kim B, Chung KH, Kim KH. Hepatoprotective Potency of Chrysophanol 8-O-Glucoside from Rheum palmatum L. against Hepatic Fibrosis via Regulation of the STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9044. [PMID: 33261209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb is a well-known herb worldwide and includes approximately 60 species of the Rheum genus. One of the representative plants is Rheum palmatum, which is prescribed as official rhubarb due to its pharmacological potential in the Korean and Chinese pharmacopoeia. In our bioactive screening, we found out that the EtOH extract of R. palmatum inhibited hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Chemical investigation of the EtOH extract led to the isolation of chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside, which was determined by structural analysis using NMR spectroscopic techniques and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). To elucidate the effects of chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside on HSC activation, activated LX-2 cells were treated for 48 h with chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside, and α-SMA and collagen, HSC activation markers, were measured by comparative quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting analysis. Chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside significantly inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of α-SMA and collagen compared with that in TGF-β1-treated LX-2 cells. Next, the expression of phosphorylated SMAD2 (p-SMAD2) and p-STAT3 was measured and the translocation of p-STAT3 to the nucleus was analyzed by western blotting analysis. The expression of p-SMAD2 and p-STAT3 showed that chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside strongly downregulated STAT3 phosphorylation by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p-STAT3, which is an important mechanism in HSC activation. Moreover, chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside suppressed the expression of p-p38, not that of p-JNK or p-Erk, which can activate STAT3 phosphorylation and inhibit MMP2 expression, the downstream target of STAT3 signaling. These findings provided experimental evidence concerning the hepatoprotective effects of chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside against liver damage and revealed the molecular basis underlying its anti-fibrotic effects through the blocking of HSC activation.
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Yamada A, Kondo-Kaneko M, Ishiuchi K, Makino T, Terasaka K. Isolation and characterization of a novel glucosyltransferase involved in production of emodin-6- O-glucoside and rhaponticin in Rheum palmatum. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2020; 37:293-299. [PMID: 33088192 PMCID: PMC7557662 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones are widely distributed in various organisms and known as bioactive ingredients. Some of the anthraquinones accumulate as glycosides in higher plants. Plant secondary product glycosyltransferases (PSPGs) are the well-characterized enzymes producing plant secondary metabolite glycosides. However, PSPGs involved in the formation of anthraquinone glycosides remains unclear. The rhizome of Rheum palmatum contains anthraquinones as laxative agents, some of which are accumulated as glucosides. We isolated a glucosyltransferase, R. palmatum UDP-glycosyltransferase (RpUGT) 1 from the rhizome of R. palmatum, and characterized functionally. RpUGT1 glucosylated emodin yielding emodin-6-O-glucoside, and it also glucosylated rhapontigenin, a compound belonging to stilbenes, yielding rhaponticin. The expression patterns of RpUGT1 and the accumulation of the metabolites revealed that RpUGT1 contributes to the production of these glucosides in R. palmatum. These results may provide important information for the substrate recognition of the PSPGs for anthraquinones and stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Miku Kondo-Kaneko
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kan’ichiro Ishiuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Terasaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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Zhang XH, Long Y, Yu QH, Cao T, Chen XX, Yu JA, Gao XX. Characterisation of the complete chloroplast genome of an endemic herb plant species, Rheum palmatum (Polygonaceae) in China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:3725-3726. [PMID: 33366161 PMCID: PMC7707442 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1681319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheum palmatum has a long history in medicine, which is one of the main export medicinal herb in China. The complete chloroplast genome of R. palmatum was assembled and reported in this study. The R. palmatum chloroplast genome was 161,541 bp in length as the circular and consisted a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,519 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 13,112 bp and a pair of inverted-repeat (IR) regions of 30,955 bp. The nucleotide composition was asymmetric 31.2% A (Adenine), 31.5% T (Thymine), 19.0% C (Cytosine), and 18.3% G (Guanine) with an overall G + C content of 37.3%. It encoded 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes (76 PCG species), 37 transfer RNA genes (26 tRNAs species), and eight ribosomal RNA genes (four rRNAs species). The Phylogenetic relationships used neighbour-joining (NJ) method and the result showed that R. palmatum and Rheum officinale are phylogenetically related to each other in the family Polygonaceae. This study will be very important for Chinese medicinal herb research value and clinical drug development for future in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hang Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Long
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing-Hua Yu
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Cao
- Zhejiang Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Ao Yu
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Xin Gao
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Jang J, Park Y, Lee D, Lee H, Lim J, Yoon SA, Lee H, Ahn J, Jeong S, Shin SS, Yoon M. The polyherbal composition Gyeongshingangjeehwan 18 attenuates glucose intolerance and pancreatic steatosis in C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 240:111943. [PMID: 31075382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ethnopharmacologic relevance: Gyeongshingangjeehwan 18 (GGEx18) is a polyherbal composition derived from Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae), Laminaria japonica Aresch (Laminariaceae), and Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae) that is used as an antiobesity drug in Korean clinics. Its constituents are traditionally known to combat obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of GGEx18 on glucose metabolism and pancreatic steatosis in obese C57BL/6 J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and to examine the related cellular and molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were grouped and fed for 13 weeks as follows: 1) low-fat diet, 2) HFD, or 3) HFD supplemented with GGEx18 (500 mg/kg/day). Various factors affecting insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function were then assessed via blood analysis, histology, immunohistochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS GGEx18 treatment of obese mice reduced body weight, total fat, and visceral fat mass. GGEx18 inhibited hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and improved glucose and insulin tolerance. GGEx18 also decreased serum leptin levels and concomitantly increased adiponectin levels. Furthermore, GGEx18-treated mice exhibited reduced pancreatic fat accumulation and normalized insulin-secreting β-cell area. GGEx18 increased pancreatic expression of genes promoting fatty acid β-oxidation (i.e., MCAD and VLCAD), whereas expression levels of lipogenesis-related genes (i.e., PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and FAS) declined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION GGEx18 curtailed impaired glucose metabolism and pancreatic steatosis in our mouse model by regulating pancreatic genes that govern lipid metabolism and improving insulin sensitivity. This composition may benefit patients with impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and pancreatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonseong Jang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Yonghyun Park
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Dongju Lee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Haerim Lee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Jonghoon Lim
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Seol Ah Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Hyunghee Lee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Jiwon Ahn
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Sunhyo Jeong
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, 47340, South Korea.
| | - Michung Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Engineering & Health Science Management, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, South Korea.
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11
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Tan ZB, Fan HJ, Wu YT, Xie LP, Bi YM, Xu HL, Chen HM, Li J, Liu B, Zhou YC. Rheum palmatum extract exerts anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 232:62-72. [PMID: 30553869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common malignancies. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with abnormal expression and constitutive activation, has been reported to promote proliferation, metastasis, survival and angiogenesis of HCC cells. Rheum palmatum (RP), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, exhibited tumor-suppressing effects in multiple human cancers, but its potential functions in HCC remain unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to examine the involvement of STAT3 signaling in the anti-HCC effects of RP extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS SMMC-7721 and HepG2 HCC cell lines were treated with RP extract for 24 h, and then viability, migration, and invasion of HCC cells and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were analyzed using MTS, wound-healing, Transwell invasion and tube formation assays, respectively. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to examine the activation of key molecules in STAT3 signaling, including STAT3, JAK2, and Src. Additionally, we explored the in vivo antitumor effects of RP extract in a xenograft tumor nude mouse model of HCC. RESULTS The result showed that RP extract reduced viability, migration, and invasion of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells and angiogenesis of HUVECs. It suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 and its upstream kinases including JAK2 and Src. In addition, RP extract treatment downregulated STAT3 target genes, including survivin, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, Cyclin D1, CDK4, c-Myc, and VEGF-C. Furthermore, RP extract suppressed the xenograft tumor growth and activation of STAT3 in xenograft tumor mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, the results showed that RP extract prevented HCC progression by inhibiting STAT3, and might be useful for the treatment of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Rheum
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Bin Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hui-Jie Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ling-Peng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hong-Lin Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Ying-Chun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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12
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Epifano F, Preziuso F, Taddeo VA, Fiorito S, Genovese S. An Example of a Novel Efficient Plant Extraction Technique: Electromagnetic Induction Heating. Molecules 2018; 23:E3048. [PMID: 30469428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and easy to handle extraction procedure based on the use of electromagnetic induction heating is described. To assess the potential, scopes, and limitations of this novel process, extraction and subsequent HPLC quantification of emodin from an hydroalcoholic extract of rhizome of Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb) was selected as the reference experiment. Maceration at room temperature and by heating, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-assisted extractions were also carried out for comparison. Results obtained with electromagnetic induction heating showed that this methodology performed largely better both in terms of time process and extraction yields.
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13
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Lim J, Lee H, Ahn J, Kim J, Jang J, Park Y, Jeong B, Yang H, Shin SS, Yoon M. The polyherbal drug GGEx18 from Laminaria japonica, Rheum palmatum, and Ephedra sinica inhibits hepatic steatosis and fibroinflammtion in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 225:31-41. [PMID: 29958960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The herbal composition Gyeongshingangjeehwan 18 (GGEx18), composed of Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), Laminaria japonica Aresch (Laminariaceae), and Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae), is used as an antiobesity drug in Korean clinics. The constituents of GGEx18 have traditionally been reported to inhibit obesity and related metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of GGEx18 on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD), an HFD, or an HFD supplemented with GGEx18 (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of body weight/day). After 13 weeks, blood analyses, histology, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR were performed to assess NAFLD development in these mice. RESULTS Mice fed an HFD had increases in body weight, epididymal adipose tissue mass, adipocyte size, and adipose expression of inflammation-related genes compared with those fed an LFD. These increases were ameliorated in mice treated with 500 mg/kg/day GGEx18 without affecting food consumption profiles. GGEx18 not only decreased serum levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and alanine aminotransferase, but also decreased hepatic lipid accumulation, numbers of mast cells and α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, and collagen levels induced by an HFD. Consistent with the histological data, the hepatic expression of lipogenesis-, inflammation-, and fibrosis-related genes was lower, while hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation-related gene expression was higher, in mice receiving GGEx18 compared to mice fed only the HFD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results indicate that GGEx18 attenuates visceral obesity and NAFLD, in part by altering the expression of genes involved in hepatic steatosis and fibroinflammation in HFD-induced obese mice. These findings suggest that GGEx18 may be effective for preventing and treating NAFLD associated with visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerim Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Ahn
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonseong Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Birang Jeong
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Ge Y, Sun M, Salomé-Abarca LF, Wang M, Choi YH. Investigation of species and environmental effects on rhubarb roots metabolome using 1H NMR combined with high performance thin layer chromatography. Metabolomics 2018; 14:137. [PMID: 30830440 PMCID: PMC6208752 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pharmacological activities of medicinal plants are reported to be due to a wide range of metabolites, therein, the concentrations of which are greatly affected by many genetic and/or environmental factors. In this context, a metabolomics approach has been applied to reveal these relationships. The investigation of such complex networks that involve the correlation between multiple biotic and abiotic factors and the metabolome, requires the input of information acquired by more than one analytical platform. Thus, development of new metabolomics techniques or hyphenations is continuously needed. OBJECTIVES Feasibility of high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were investigated as a supplementary tool for medicinal plants metabolomics supporting 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. METHOD The overall metabolic difference of plant material collected from two species (Rheum palmatum and Rheum tanguticum) in different geographical locations and altitudes were analyzed by 1H NMR- and HPTLC-based metabolic profiling. Both NMR and HPTLC data were submitted to multivariate data analysis including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square analysis. RESULTS The NMR and HPTLC profiles showed that while chemical variations of rhubarb are in some degree affected by all the factors tested in this study, the most influential factor was altitude of growth. The metabolites responsible for altitude differentiation were chrysophanol, emodin and sennoside A, whereas aloe emodin, catechin, and rhein were the key species-specific markers. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the potential of HTPLC as a supporting tool for metabolomics due to its high profiling capacity of targeted metabolic groups and preparative capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Ge
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Luis F Salomé-Abarca
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mei Wang
- LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- SU Biomedicine, Postbus 546, 2300 AM, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Jeong B, Roh JS, Yoon M, Yoon Y, Shin SS, Cho HJ, Kwon YS, Yang H. Determination of Five Chemical Markers in DF Formula, the Herbal Composition of Ephedra intermedia, Rheum palmatum, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Using High-performance Liquid Chromatography-ultraviolet Detection. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14:162-166. [PMID: 29720825 PMCID: PMC5909309 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_189_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DF formula is a herbal preparation comprised three medicinal herbs, namely, Ephedra intermedia, Rheum palmatum, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which is being used for the treatment of obesity and liver fibrosis in Korean local clinics. Objective: Since the abovementioned three herbs exist with different proportions in DF formula and their chemical markers have different physiochemical properties; it is quite challenging to develop an analytical methodology for the determination of these chemical markers. Materials and Methods: For the analysis of the three herbs, five chemicals, (+)-pseudoephedrine (1) and (−)-ephedrine (2) for E. intermedia, aloe-emodin (3), and chrysophanol (4) for R. palmatum, and shikonin (5) for L. erythrorhizon, were selected for method validation of DF formula, and the analytical conditions were optimized and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). Results: The specificities for the five compounds 1–5 were determined by their UV absorption spectra (1–4: 215 nm and 5: 520 nm). Their calibration curves showed good linear regressions with high correlation coefficient values (R2 > 0.9997). The limits of detection of these five markers were in the range 0.4–2.1 ng/mL, with the exception of 5 (12.7 ng/mL). The intraday variability for all the chemical markers was less than a Relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3%, except for 5 (RSD = 12.6%). In the case of interday analysis, 1 (1.0%), 2 (3.1%), and 4 (3.7%) showed much lower variabilities (RSD < 5%) than 3 (7.6%) and 5 (8.2%). Moreover, the five chemical markers showed good recoveries with good accuracies in the range of 90%–110%. Conclusions: The developed HPLC-UV method for the determination of the five chemical markers of the components of DF formula was validated. SUMMARY DF formula, the herbal composition of Ephedra intermedia, Rheum palmatum and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Five chemical markers in DF formula were (+)-pseudoephedrine (1) and (-)-ephedrine (2) for E. intermedia, aloe-emodin (3) and chrysopanol (4) for R. palmatum, and shikonin (5) for L. erythrorhizon, with quite different physico-chemical properties Five chemical markers in DF formula were determined by HPLC-UV
Abbreviations used: EP: (−)-ephedrine; PSEP: (+)-pseudoephedrine; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; UV: Ultraviolet; LOD: Limit of detection; LOQ: Limit of quantification; RSD: Relative standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birang Jeong
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Roh
- Department of Formula Sciences and Research Center of Korean Medicine for Diabetes and Obesity, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mok-Won University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoosik Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences and Research Center of Korean Medicine for Diabetes and Obesity, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Cho
- Department of Research and Development, Hamsoa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kwon
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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16
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Roh JS, Lee H, Lim J, Kim J, Yang H, Yoon Y, Shin SS, Yoon M. Effect of Gangjihwan on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 206:315-326. [PMID: 28602867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gangjihwan (DF), a polyherbal drug composed of Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mayer (Ephedraceae), Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold et Zuccarini (Borraginaceae), and Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), is used to treat obesity in local Korean clinics. The constituents of DF have traditionally been reported to exert anti-obesity and anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) effects. Thus, we investigated the effects of DF on obesity and NAFLD and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS DF was extracted with water (DF-FW), 30% ethyl alcohol (DF-GA30), or 70% ethyl alcohol (DF-GA70). The chemical profile of DF was monitored using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet analysis. The effects of DF on indices of obesity and NAFLD in high fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 cells were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Oil red O staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, toluidine blue staining, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The presence of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, aloe-emodin, and emodin in DF was determined by 3D chromatography using HPLC. Administration of DF-GA70 to HFD-fed obese mice decreased body weight, epididymal adipose tissue mass, and epididymal adipocyte size. DF-GA70 reduced serum levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides. All three DF extracts lowered serum alanine transaminase levels, hepatic lipid accumulation, and infiltration of macrophages, with the largest effects observed for DF-GA70. DF-GA70 increased mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation genes and decreased mRNA levels of genes for lipogenesis and inflammation in the liver of obese mice. Treatment of HepG2 cells with a mixture of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid induced significant lipid accumulation, whereas all three DF extracts inhibited lipid accumulation. DF-GA70 also altered the expression of lipolytic and lipogenic genes in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that DF inhibits obesity and obesity-induced severe hepatic steatosis and inflammation without any adverse effects and that these effects may be mediated by regulation of the hepatic expression of lipid metabolism and inflammatory genes. These findings suggest that DF is a safe and efficient anti-obesity and anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatosis drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Roh
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerim Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooshik Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Appiah S, Revitt M, Jones H, Vu M, Simmonds M, Bell C. Antiinflammatory and Hepatoprotective Medicinal Herbs as Potential Substitutes for Bear Bile. Int Rev Neurobiol 2017; 135:149-180. [PMID: 28807157 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) commonly prescribe medicinal formulations relying on the purported synergism of a combination of plant species, sometimes incorporating animal parts and minerals. Bear bile, obtained from either wild or farmed bears, is a commonly used constituent of traditional medicine formulations. With several bear species now listed under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora as threatened with extinction and with bear farming being actively campaigned against on ethical grounds, it is important to seek and promote alternatives to the use of bear bile as medicine. This chapter describes and evaluates the scientific data relating to the efficacy of bear bile and potential alternatives to its use, including the use of bile from other animal species, the use of synthetic chemical alternatives, and the use of herbal substitutes. Scientific studies have confirmed the efficacy of bear bile as an antiinflammatory and a hepatoprotective agent. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the active component of bear bile is used in a synthetic form in Western medicine and can serve as an alternative to bear bile in the treatment and management of certain cholestatic liver conditions. In TCM practice, bile from domesticated animal species (such as cattle, chicken, and pig) has been used as a substitute for bear bile. Following evaluation of TCM literature and pharmacological/clinical data, the authors propose six plant species, either as single herbs or in combination, Gardenia jasminoides (zhī zi; ), Scutellaria baicalensis (huáng qín; ), Coptis chinensis (huáng lián, ), Phellodendron amurense (huáng băi; ), Andrographis paniculata (chuan xin lian; ), and Rheum palmatum (dà huang; ), two medicinal Kampo formulations, Orengedokuto, Dia-Orengedokuto (which originated from traditional Chinese herbal formula Huanglian Jiedu Tang, ), and two individual phytochemicals (berberine and andrographolide) as alternatives to bear bile. The proposed herbal alternatives are frequently found listed in traditional formulations also containing bear bile, usually with different therapeutic roles ascribed to them. The existing evidence base for the effectiveness of herbal alternatives is sufficiently strong for TCM practitioners and consumers to consider using these without the addition of bear bile. This consideration is driven by the imperative to protect populations of bears from overexploitation in the wild and when farmed. However, for the identified alternatives to be accepted by users, it is essential that researchers and TCM practitioners collaborate effectively to initiate consumer behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Appiah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mike Revitt
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Jones
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milan Vu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Celia Bell
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Wang Y, Charkowski AO, Zeng C, Zhu T, Wang H, Chen H. Phylogenetic and Morphological Identification of the Novel Pathogen of Rheum palmatum Leaf Spot in Gansu, China. Mycobiology 2016; 44:93-98. [PMID: 27433119 PMCID: PMC4945543 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2016.44.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new leaf spot disease was observed on leaves of Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb) in Northwest China (Gansu Province) starting in 2005. A Septoria-like fungus was isolated and completion of Koch's postulates confirmed that the fungus was the casual agent of the leaf spot disease. Morphology and molecular methods were combined to identify the pathogen. The fungus produced conidiomata pycnidia and the conidia were 2~5 septate, 61.2~134.1 µm in length and 3.53~5.3 µm in width, which is much larger than the known Spetoria species that infects Polygonaceae species. Phylogenic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region confirmed that this Spetoria-like fungus is within the Spetoria genus but distinct from known Spetoria species. Together, these morphological and phylogenetic data support that the R. palmatum infecting Spetoria strain is a newly-described plant pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Amy O Charkowski
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cuiyun Zeng
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Honggang Chen
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
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19
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Wei B, Yang ZD, Shi DF, Yao XJ, Wang MG. Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase by Stilbenes from Rheum palmatum. Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15:885-892. [PMID: 28243286 PMCID: PMC5316268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven stilbenes and one catechin were bioactivity-guidedly isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum palmatem. Their structures were identified as piceatannol (1), resveratrol (2), piceid (3), rhapontigenin (4), piceatannol-3´-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), rhaponticin (6), catechin (7) and desoxyrhapontigenin (8). Anti-monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities of compounds 1-8 were tested. Compounds 1 and 8 showed significant MAO inhibitory activities with IC50 values 16.4 ± 1.5 μM and 11.5 ± 1.1, respectively, when the IC50 value of iproniazid as a standard was 6.5 ± 0.5 μM. The selectivity of compounds 1-8 against MAO-A and MAO-B were also evaluated. The results showed that compounds 4˴6˴8 preferred to inhibit MAO-A rather than MAO-B with selectivity values ([IC50 of MAO-B]/ [IC50 of MAO-A]) of 4.74, 10.01 and 9.42, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these compounds were discussed and the molecular modeling was also performed to explore the binding mode of inhibitors at the active site of MAO-A and MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
| | - Zhong-Duo Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.,Wenzhou Research Institute of Pump and Valve Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325105, PR China. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Dan-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Ming-Gang Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
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Kongstad KT, Özdemir C, Barzak A, Wubshet SG, Staerk D. Combined use of high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition profiling and high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for investigation of antidiabetic principles in crude plant extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2257-2263. [PMID: 25652946 DOI: 10.1021/jf506297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide, and new drug leads or functional foods containing selective α-glucosidase inhibitors are needed. Crude extract of 24 plants were assessed for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Methanol extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark, Rheum rhabarbarum peel, and Rheum palmatum root and ethyl acetate extracts of C. zeylanicum bark, Allium ascalonicum peel, and R. palmatum root showed IC50 values below 20 μg/mL. Subsequently, high-resolution α-glucosidase profiling was used in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for identification of metabolites responsible for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Quercetin (1) and its dimer (2), trimer (3), and tetramer (4) were identified as main α-glucosidase inhibitors in A. ascalonicum peel, whereas (E)-piceatannol 3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (E)-rhapontigenin 3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), (E)-piceatannol (8), and emodin (12) were identified as main α-glucosidase inhibitors in R. palmatum root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Kongstad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li A, Dong L, Duan ML, Sun K, Liu YY, Wang MX, Deng JN, Fan JY, Wang BE, Han JY. Emodin improves lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery. Microcirculation 2014; 20:617-28. [PMID: 23551520 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Emodin is a major ingredient of Rheum Palmatum, a Chinese herb that is widely used in China for treatment of endotoxemia-related diseases. This study intended to examine the effect of Emodin on LPS-induced rat mesenteric microcirculatory disturbance and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The male Wistar rats received LPS (5 mg/kg/hr) for 90 min, with or without administration of Emodin (10 mg/kg/hr) by enema 30 min before (pre-treatment) or after (post-treatment) LPS infusion, and the dynamics of mesenteric microcirculation were determined by inverted intravital microscopy. Expression of adhesion molecules and TLR4, NF-κB p65, ICAM-1, MPO, and AP-1 in mesentery tissue was evaluated by flow cytometry and Western-blot, respectively. RESULTS Pre or post-treatment with Emodin significantly ameliorated LPS-induced leukocyte emigration, reactive oxygen species production and albumin leakage, and the expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65, ICAM-1, MPO and AP-1 in mesentery. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the beneficial role of Emodin in attenuating the LPS-induced microcirculatory disturbance, and support the use of Emodin for patients with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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