1
|
Yin Y, Favoreel HW. Herpesviruses and the Type III Interferon System. Virol Sin 2021; 36:577-587. [PMID: 33400088 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) represent the most recently discovered group of IFNs. Together with type I IFNs (e.g. IFN-α/β), type III IFNs (IFN-λ) are produced as part of the innate immune response to virus infection, and elicit an anti-viral state by inducing expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). It was initially thought that type I IFNs and type III IFNs perform largely redundant functions. However, it has become evident that type III IFNs particularly play a major role in antiviral protection of mucosal epithelial barriers, thereby serving an important role in the first-line defense against virus infection and invasion at contact areas with the outside world, versus the generally more broad, potent and systemic antiviral effects of type I IFNs. Herpesviruseses are large DNA viruses, which enter their host via mucosal surfaces and establish lifelong, latent infections. Despite the importance of mucosal epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses, our current knowledge on the interaction of herpesviruses with type III IFN is limited and largely restricted to studies on the alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus (HSV). This review summarizes the current understanding about the role of IFN-λ in the immune response against herpesvirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rujescu D, Herrling M, Hartmann AM, Maul S, Giegling I, Konte B, Strupp M. High-risk Allele for Herpes Labialis Severity at the IFNL3/4 Locus is Associated With Vestibular Neuritis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:570638. [PMID: 33133009 PMCID: PMC7579408 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.570638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Vestibular neuritis (VN) is a peripheral vestibular disorder leading to a sudden loss of unilateral vestibular function. Although the underlying etiological mechanisms for disease development are not yet known, there is evidence that a latent infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) might be involved. The polymorphism rs12979860 has been associated with the severity of recurrent herpes labialis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance and treatment outcome and is located within the first intron of the IFNL4 gene on chromosome 19.q13.2. This case control study was conducted to evaluate the association of rs12979860 with VN occurrence. Methods: DNA was extracted from EDTA blood of 151 VN patients and 1,775 healthy controls. Genotyping of rs12979860 was performed using iPLEX and MassARRAY Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization—Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. For association analyses, an additive, dominant and recessive logistic regression model was calculated, using age and sex as covariates. Results: A significant association of rs12979860 with VN was obtained for the additive [OR = 1.51 (1.18–1.92); p = 9.23 × 10−4] and dominant models [OR = 2.15 (1.48–3.13); p = 5.86 × 10−5], with the T allele being more frequent in the VN group. Conclusion: By detecting a significant association of the rs12979860-T risk allele for herpes labialis severity with susceptibility to VN, this study gives further indirect evidence for an involvement of HSV-1 in VN pathology, thereby strengthening the virus hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marko Herrling
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Maul
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva Cezar RD, da Silva Castanha PM, Matos Freire N, Mola C, Feliciano do Carmo R, Tenório Cordeiro M, Baptista P, Silva Vasconcelos LR, Moura P, da Silva Teixeira VG. Association between interferon lambda 3 rs12979860 polymorphism and clinical outcome in dengue virus-infected children. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:351-358. [PMID: 32065450 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune-related genes have been shown to play a role in driving the development of the severe phenotypes of dengue virus (DENV) infection. We assessed the association between IFNL3 gene SNP (rs12979860) and dengue clinical outcomes in children. Patients with dengue-related symptoms (aged 1-15 years) admitted at a public hospital in Northeast Brazil were invited to participate. The association between rs12979860 polymorphism and dengue classification and clinical signs and symptoms were analysed. A total of 206 DENV-infected children were included: 53.4% of the infections were classified as severe dengue. The T allele carriers had higher risk of developing severe dengue when compared to CC genotype carriers (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 0.98-3.32 p = .054). The T allele carriers also showed longer fever episodes when compared to patients with the CC genotype (OR: 1.90; 95%CI: 1.07-3.38; p = .027). On the other hand, the ones carrying the CT/TT genotype had 70% lower chance of developing thrombocytopenia when compared to those with the CC genotype (OR: 0.30; 95%CI: 0.08-0.88; p = .042). Our findings demonstrated that the T allele carriers of the IFNL3 gene had higher risk of developing severe dengue, suggesting a link between IFN-λ expression and DENV immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carla Mola
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | | | | | - Paulo Baptista
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | - Luydson Richardson Silva Vasconcelos
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brasil
- Instituto do Fígado, Recife, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Moura
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Recife, Brasil
- Campus Arcoverde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borivoje S, Svetlana S, Milan HM, Nela Đ, Olivera MĐ, Filip M, Milenko S, Srbislav P. IL28B Genetic Variations in Patients with Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E642. [PMID: 31561422 PMCID: PMC6843532 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Recurrent herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the developed world. A relationship between host gene polymorphisms and the recurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has previously been proposed. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate a potential association between the IL28B host genotype and recurrent HSK. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients older than 18 years of age of both genders with a history of recurrent herpes simplex labialis (HSL) were considered for inclusion. Seventy-five of these patients were found to be seropositive for HSV-1 and were subsequently enrolled in the study. Twenty-four of the enrolled patients also had a history of recurrent HSK associated with severe corneal scarring and visual acuity deterioration. Total DNA was isolated from whole blood samples. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12979860 near the IL28B gene on chromosome 19 was genotyped. Results: A significant association was observed between recurrent HSK and two SNPs of the IL28B genotype (CCrs12979860 and CTrs12979860, p < 0.01). The variation CCrs12979860 showed a significantly greater association with HSK (16 out of 26 patients) compared with CTrs12979860 (8 out of 34 patients). Conclusion: Seropositive individuals with a history of recurrent HSK are likely to have the CC IL28B genotype. This genotype may be related to incomplete control of the infection and more frequent periodical viral shedding along the first nerve branch of the trigeminal ganglion, which clinically manifests as recurrent herpes keratitis. The clinical manifestation of recurrent HSV-1 infection seems to be influenced by polymorphism of the IL28B genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savić Borivoje
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Stanojlović Svetlana
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Hadži-Milić Milan
- Department of Surgery, Orthopedics and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Đonović Nela
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Milošević-Đorđević Olivera
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | | | - Stojković Milenko
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Pajić Srbislav
- Emergency Center, Clinic for Emergency surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Interferon lambda4 polymorphism is not associated with human papillomavirus infection outcome. Virus Genes 2017; 54:319-322. [PMID: 29243064 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) lambdas are important specific components of the mucosal innate immune response. The IFN lambda 4 (IFNL4) dinucleotide polymorphism (ΔG/TT) determines the IFN lambdas and related Interferon-stimulated genes activation, in HCV and other chronic infections. Our group first reported that IFN Lambda response was impaired in high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) cervical infections and in precancerous lesions. Accordingly, we sought to evaluate the possible role of the IFNL4 polymorphism in determining HPV infection outcome. The ΔG/TT alleles were not differently distributed in 221 women with high- or low-risk HPV infection, with HPV infection clearance or persistence, and with abnormal cytology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hemann EA, Gale M, Savan R. Interferon Lambda Genetics and Biology in Regulation of Viral Control. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1707. [PMID: 29270173 PMCID: PMC5723907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons, also known as interferon lambdas (IFNλs), are the most recent addition to the IFN family following their discovery in 2003. Initially, IFNλ was demonstrated to induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes and exert antiviral properties in a similar manner to type I IFNs. However, while IFNλ has been described to have largely overlapping expression and function with type I IFNs, it has become increasingly clear that type III IFNs also have distinct functions from type I IFNs. In contrast to type I IFNs, whose receptor is ubiquitously expressed, type III IFNs signal and function largely at barrier epithelial surfaces, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as the blood–brain barrier. In further support of unique functions for type III IFNs, single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFNL genes in humans are strongly associated with outcomes to viral infection. These biological linkages have also been more directly supported by studies in mice highlighting roles of IFNλ in promoting antiviral immune responses. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of type III IFNs, and how their functions are similar to, and different from, type I IFN in various immune cell subtypes and viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hemann
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Expression of IFN-Inducible Genes with Antiviral Function OAS1 and MX1 in Health and under Conditions of Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:370-373. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Syedbasha M, Egli A. Interferon Lambda: Modulating Immunity in Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28293236 PMCID: PMC5328987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambdas (IFN-λs; IFNL1-4) modulate immunity in the context of infections and autoimmune diseases, through a network of induced genes. IFN-λs act by binding to the heterodimeric IFN-λ receptor (IFNLR), activating a STAT phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascade. Thereby hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes are induced, which modulate various immune functions via complex forward and feedback loops. When compared to the well-characterized IFN-α signaling cascade, three important differences have been discovered. First, the IFNLR is not ubiquitously expressed: in particular, immune cells show significant variation in the expression levels of and susceptibilities to IFN-λs. Second, the binding affinities of individual IFN-λs to the IFNLR varies greatly and are generally lower compared to the binding affinities of IFN-α to its receptor. Finally, genetic variation in the form of a series of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to genes involved in the IFN-λ signaling cascade has been described and associated with the clinical course and treatment outcomes of hepatitis B and C virus infection. The clinical impact of IFN-λ signaling and the SNP variations may, however, reach far beyond viral hepatitis. Recent publications show important roles for IFN-λs in a broad range of viral infections such as human T-cell leukemia type-1 virus, rotaviruses, and influenza virus. IFN-λ also potentially modulates the course of bacterial colonization and infections as shown for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the immunological processes involved in controlling viral and bacterial infections are distinct, IFN-λs may interfere at various levels: as an innate immune cytokine with direct antiviral effects; or as a modulator of IFN-α-induced signaling via the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 inhibitory feedback loops. In addition, the modulation of adaptive immune functions via macrophage and dendritic cell polarization, and subsequent priming, activation, and proliferation of pathogen-specific T- and B-cells may also be important elements associated with infectious disease outcomes. This review summarizes the emerging details of the IFN-λ immunobiology in the context of the host immune response and viral and bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedyaseen Syedbasha
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Griffiths SJ, Dunnigan CM, Russell CD, Haas JG. The Role of Interferon-λ Locus Polymorphisms in Hepatitis C and Other Infectious Diseases. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:231-42. [PMID: 25634147 PMCID: PMC6738896 DOI: 10.1159/000369902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2003, the type III interferon-λ (IFN-λ) family has been found to contribute significantly to the host response to infection. Whilst IFN-λ shares many features with type I IFN induction and signalling pathways, the tissue-specific restricted expression of its receptor, IL28RA, makes IFN-λ a major mediator of host innate immunity in tissues and organs with a high epithelial cell content. Host susceptibility and responses to infection are known to be heterogeneous, and the identification of common genetic variants linked to disease outcome by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has underscored the significance of host polymorphisms in responses to infection. Several such GWAS have highlighted the IFN-λ locus on chromosome 19q13 as an area of genetic variation significantly associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and the rs12979860 genotype can be used in clinical practice as a biomarker for predicting a successful response to treatment with pegylated IFN and ribavarin. Here, we discuss IFN-λ genetic polymorphisms and their role in HCV and other infectious diseases as well as their potential impact on clinical diagnostics, patient stratification and therapy. Finally, the broader role of IFN-λ in the immunopathogenesis of non-infectious inflammatory diseases is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Russell CD, Griffiths SJ, Haas J. Interferon lambda genetic polymorphisms and viral infection: the tip of the iceberg? DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:60-3. [PMID: 24329419 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-host interaction studies have demonstrated the importance of host factors in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. An emerging theme is that polymorphisms in the genes encoding these factors can influence the host response to infection and the course of disease. Genetic variation affecting interferon lambda (IFN-λ) expression is now known to influence the outcome of both hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in humans. IFN-λ is expressed at higher levels in organs with high epithelial cell content such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Interestingly, data from animal models show that IFN-λ contributes to host control of viruses infecting these sites, including influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and rotavirus. Furthermore, defective IFN-λ production by humans with asthma impairs the control of rhinovirus infection. We hypothesize that genetic variation of IFN-λ could potentially influence the course of disease during infection with many viruses that infect epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Griffiths SJ, Koegl M, Boutell C, Zenner HL, Crump CM, Pica F, Gonzalez O, Friedel CC, Barry G, Martin K, Craigon MH, Chen R, Kaza LN, Fossum E, Fazakerley JK, Efstathiou S, Volpi A, Zimmer R, Ghazal P, Haas J. A systematic analysis of host factors reveals a Med23-interferon-λ regulatory axis against herpes simplex virus type 1 replication. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003514. [PMID: 23950709 PMCID: PMC3738494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus causing vesicular oral or genital skin lesions, meningitis and other diseases particularly harmful in immunocompromised individuals. To comprehensively investigate the complex interaction between HSV-1 and its host we combined two genome-scale screens for host factors (HFs) involved in virus replication. A yeast two-hybrid screen for protein interactions and a RNA interference (RNAi) screen with a druggable genome small interfering RNA (siRNA) library confirmed existing and identified novel HFs which functionally influence HSV-1 infection. Bioinformatic analyses found the 358 HFs were enriched for several pathways and multi-protein complexes. Of particular interest was the identification of Med23 as a strongly anti-viral component of the largely pro-viral Mediator complex, which links specific transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. The anti-viral effect of Med23 on HSV-1 replication was confirmed in gain-of-function gene overexpression experiments, and this inhibitory effect was specific to HSV-1, as a range of other viruses including Vaccinia virus and Semliki Forest virus were unaffected by Med23 depletion. We found Med23 significantly upregulated expression of the type III interferon family (IFN-λ) at the mRNA and protein level by directly interacting with the transcription factor IRF7. The synergistic effect of Med23 and IRF7 on IFN-λ induction suggests this is the major transcription factor for IFN-λ expression. Genotypic analysis of patients suffering recurrent orofacial HSV-1 outbreaks, previously shown to be deficient in IFN-λ secretion, found a significant correlation with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the IFN-λ3 (IL28b) promoter strongly linked to Hepatitis C disease and treatment outcome. This paper describes a link between Med23 and IFN-λ, provides evidence for the crucial role of IFN-λ in HSV-1 immune control, and highlights the power of integrative genome-scale approaches to identify HFs critical for disease progression and outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Koegl
- Preclinical Target Development and Genomics and Proteomics Core Facilities, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L. Zenner
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin M. Crump
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Orland Gonzalez
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Caroline C. Friedel
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Gerald Barry
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Martin
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie H. Craigon
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Chen
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmi N. Kaza
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Even Fossum
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John K. Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Efstathiou
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralf Zimmer
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Al-Dujaili LJ, Clerkin PP, Clement C, McFerrin HE, Bhattacharjee PS, Varnell ED, Kaufman HE, Hill JM. Ocular herpes simplex virus: how are latency, reactivation, recurrent disease and therapy interrelated? Future Microbiol 2011; 6:877-907. [PMID: 21861620 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans are infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 in early childhood and remain latently infected throughout life. While most individuals have mild or no symptoms, some will develop destructive HSV keratitis. Ocular infection with HSV-1 and its associated sequelae account for the majority of corneal blindness in industrialized nations. Neuronal latency in the peripheral ganglia is established when transcription of the viral genome is repressed (silenced) except for the latency-associated transcripts and microRNAs. The functions of latency-associated transcripts have been investigated since 1987. Roles have been suggested relating to reactivation, establishment of latency, neuronal protection, antiapoptosis, apoptosis, virulence and asymptomatic shedding. Here, we review HSV-1 latent infections, reactivation, recurrent disease and antiviral therapies for the ocular HSV diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Al-Dujaili
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pica F, Volpi A. Public awareness and knowledge of herpes labialis. J Med Virol 2011; 84:132-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|