1
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Cui YH, Liu CQ, Song XL, Yi WZ, Liu Q, Liu JM, Wu YN, Chen JY, Yang LJ, He HY, Meng J, Pan HW. Integrative Analysis of miRNA and circRNA Expression Profiles and Interaction Network in HSV-1-Infected Primary Corneal Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:368-379. [PMID: 38164922 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2297345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are products of alternative splicing with roles as competitive endogenous RNAs or microRNA sponges, regulating gene expression and biological processes. However, the involvement of circRNAs in herpes simplex keratitis remains largely unexplored. METHODS This study examines circRNA and miRNA expression profiles in primary human corneal epithelial cells infected with HSV-1, compared to uninfected controls, using microarray analysis. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the potential function of the dysregulated circRNAs and microRNA response elements (MREs) in these circRNAs, forming an interaction network between dysregulated circRNAs and miRNAs. RESULTS A total of 332 circRNAs and 16 miRNAs were upregulated, while 80 circRNAs and six miRNAs were downregulated (fold change ≥2.0 and p < 0.05). Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on parental genes of dysregulated circRNAs to uncover potential functions in HSV-1 infection. Notably, miR-181b-5p, miR-338-3p, miR-635, and miR-222-3p emerged as pivotal miRNAs interacting with multiple dysregulated circRNAs. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive study offers insights into differentially expressed circRNAs and miRNAs during HSV-1 infection in corneal epithelial cells, shedding light on circRNA-miRNA interactions' potential role in herpes simplex keratitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Qun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xi-Ling Song
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Zhao Yi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ni Wu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Chen
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lv-Jun Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ying He
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Wang S, Jaggi U, Ghiasi H. Knockout of signal peptide peptidase in the eye reduces HSV-1 replication and eye disease in ocularly infected mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010898. [PMID: 36215312 PMCID: PMC9584536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that knocking out signal peptide peptidase (SPP), a glycoprotein K (gK) binding partner, in mouse peripheral sensory neurons reduced latency-reactivation in infected mice without affecting primary virus replication or eye disease. Since virus replication in the eye plays an essential role in eye disease, we generated a conditional knockout mouse lacking SPP expression in the eye by crossing Pax6 (paired box 6)-Cre mice that have intact Pax6 expression with SPPflox/flox mice. Significantly less SPP protein expression was detected in the eyes of Pax6-SPP-/- mice than in WT control mice. HSV-1 replication in the eyes of Pax6-SPP-/- mice was significantly lower than in WT control mice. Levels of gB, gK, and ICP0 transcripts in corneas, but not trigeminal ganglia (TG), of Pax6-SPP-/- infected mice were also significantly lower than in WT mice. Corneal scarring and angiogenesis were significantly lower in Pax6-SPP-/- mice than in WT control mice, while corneal sensitivity was significantly higher in Pax6-SPP-/- mice compared with WT control mice. During acute viral infection, absence of SPP in the eye did not affect CD4 expression but did affect CD8α and IFNγ expression in the eye. However, in the absence of SPP, latency-reactivation was similar in Pax6-SPP-/- and WT control groups. Overall, our results showed that deleting SPP expression in the eyes reduced primary virus replication in the eyes, reduced CD8α and IFNγ mRNA expression, reduced eye disease and reduced angiogenesis but did not alter corneal sensitivity or latency reactivation to HSV-1 infection. Thus, blocking gK binding to SPP in the eye may have therapeutic potential by reducing both virus replication in the eye and eye disease associated with virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Li Y, Wei Y, Li G, Huang S, Xu J, Ding Q, Hong J. Targeting NECTIN-1 Based on CRISPR/Cas9 System Attenuated the Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:8. [PMID: 35119473 PMCID: PMC8819356 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Viral keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong recurring disease and an unignored cause of blindness worldwide. Current antiviral therapy cannot eliminate the transcriptionally silent HSV-1 in latently infected patients. With the explosive applications of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) 9 gene-editing system in recent years, we aim to develop a CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting down the major HSV receptor, NECTIN-1 on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), to provide a novel strategy for herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) treatment. METHODS The selected single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting human nectin cell adhesion molecule 1 (NECTIN-1), together with Cas-9, were assembled into lentivirus. HCECs were infected with Lenti-Cas9-gRNAs to establish NECTIN-1 knockdown cells. Following HSV-green fluorescent protein (GFP) infection, cell survival and virus infection were determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Relative HSV DNA amount was also compared through quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Lentivirus packaged with the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the two selected sgRNAs both successfully edited down the protein levels of NECTIN-1 of HCECs. After HSV-GFP infection, the infection rate of HCECs in knockdown groups dramatically decreased, especially in the NECTIN-1 knockdown group 1. In addition, the relative HSV DNA amount of both knockdown groups was only 30% when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS We successfully knocked down the NECTIN-1 expression in vitro by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which alleviated the HSV infection in HCECs. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE This study offered a promising target for the cure of HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuda Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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Ramsey NLM, Visciano M, Hunte R, Loh LN, Burn Aschner C, Jacobs WR, Herold BC. A Single-Cycle Glycoprotein D Deletion Viral Vaccine Candidate, ΔgD-2, Elicits Polyfunctional Antibodies That Protect against Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e00335-20. [PMID: 32295919 PMCID: PMC7307146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00335-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of infectious blindness, highlighting the need for effective vaccines. A single-cycle HSV-2 strain with the deletion of glycoprotein D, ΔgD-2, completely protected mice from HSV-1 and HSV-2 skin or vaginal disease and prevented latency following active or passive immunization in preclinical studies. The antibodies functioned primarily by activating Fc receptors to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The ability of ADCC to protect the immune-privileged eye, however, may differ from skin or vaginal infections. Thus, the current studies were designed to compare active and passive immunization with ΔgD-2 versus an adjuvanted gD subunit vaccine (rgD-2) in a primary lethal ocular murine model. ΔgD-2 provided significantly greater protection than rgD-2 following a two-dose vaccine regimen, although both vaccines were protective compared to an uninfected cell lysate. However, only immune serum from ΔgD-2-vaccinated, but not rgD-2-vaccinated, mice provided significant protection against lethality in passive transfer studies. The significantly greater passive protection afforded by ΔgD-2 persisted after controlling for the total amount of HSV-specific IgG in the transferred serum. The antibodies elicited by rgD-2 had significantly higher neutralizing titers, whereas those elicited by ΔgD-2 had significantly more C1q binding and Fc gamma receptor activation, a surrogate for ADCC function. Together, the findings suggest ADCC is protective in the eye and that nonneutralizing antibodies elicited by ΔgD-2 provide greater protection than neutralizing antibodies elicited by rgD-2 against primary ocular HSV disease. The findings support advancement of vaccines, including ΔgD-2, that elicit polyfunctional antibody responses.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 is the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness in the United States and Europe. Developing vaccines to prevent ocular disease is challenging because the eye is a relatively immune-privileged site. In this study, we compared a single-cycle viral vaccine candidate, which is unique in that it elicits predominantly nonneutralizing antibodies that activate Fc receptors and bind complement, and a glycoprotein D subunit vaccine that elicits neutralizing but not Fc receptor-activating or complement-binding responses. Only the single-cycle vaccine provided both active and passive protection against a lethal ocular challenge. These findings greatly expand our understanding of the types of immune responses needed to protect the eye and will inform future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Eye/immunology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus Vaccines/immunology
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L M Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Maria Visciano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Richard Hunte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lip Nam Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Clare Burn Aschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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5
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Tormanen K, Wang S, Ghiasi H. CD80 Plays a Critical Role in Increased Inflammatory Responses in Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Mouse Corneas. J Virol 2020; 94:e01511-19. [PMID: 31619558 PMCID: PMC6955247 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01511-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection suppresses CD80 but not CD86 expression in vitro and in vivo This suppression required the HSV-1 ICP22 gene. We also reported that overexpression of CD80 by HSV-1 exacerbated corneal scarring in BALB/c mice. We now show that this recombinant virus (HSV-CD80) expressed high levels of CD80 both in vitro in cultured rabbit skin cells and in vivo in infected mouse corneas. CD80 protein was detected on the surface of infected cells. The virulence of the recombinant HSV-CD80 virus was similar to that of the parental strain, and the replication of HSV-CD80 was similar to that of control virus in vitro and in vivo Transcriptome analysis detected 75 known HSV-1 genes in the corneas of mice infected with HSV-CD80 or parental virus on day 4 postinfection. Except for significantly higher CD80 expression in HSV-CD80-infected mice, levels of HSV-1 gene expression were similar in corneas from HSV-CD80-infected and parental virus-infected mice. The number of CD8+ T cells was higher, and the number of CD4+ T cells was lower, in the corneas of HSV-CD80-infected mice than in mice infected with parental virus. HSV-CD80-infected mice displayed a transient increase in dendritic cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed mild differences in dendritic cell maturation and interleukin-1 signaling pathways and increased expression of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (Ifit2). Together, these results suggest that increased CD80 levels promote increased CD8+ T cells, leading to exacerbated eye disease in HSV-1-infected mice.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 ocular infections are the leading cause of corneal blindness. Eye disease is the result of a prolonged immune response to the replicating virus. HSV-1, on the other hand, has evolved several mechanisms to evade clearance by the host immune system. We describe a novel mechanism of HSV-1 immune evasion via ICP22-dependent downregulation of the host T cell costimulatory molecule CD80. However, the exact role of CD80 in HSV-1 immune pathology is not clear. In this study, we show that eye disease is independent of the level of HSV-1 replication and that viral expression of CD80 has a detrimental role in corneal scarring, likely by increasing CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC-SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC-SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC-SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Danileviciene V, Zemaitiene R, Gintauskiene VM, Nedzelskiene I, Zaliuniene D. The Role of C21orf91 in Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55120753. [PMID: 31757016 PMCID: PMC6956000 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55120753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This paper aims to describe the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of C21orf91 rs1062202 and rs10446073 in patients with herpetic keratitis by evaluating corneal sub-basal nerves, as well as the density of Langerhans cells (LC) and endothelium cells (EC) during the acute phase of the disease. Materials and Methods: A prospective clinical study included 260 subjects: 70 with herpetic eye disease, 101 with previous history of herpes labialis—but no history of herpetic eye disease—and 89 with no history of any herpes simplex virus (HSV) diseases. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmological examination including in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) of the central cornea. C21orf91 rs1062202 and rs10446073 were genotyped using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with the Rotor-Gene Q real-time PCR quantification system. SNPs were determined using TaqMan genotyping assay, according to the manufacturer’s manual. Results: The C21orf91 rs10446073 genotype GT was more frequent in the HSV keratitis group, compared with healthy controls (20.0% vs. 7.9%), OR 2.929[1.11–7.716] (p < 0.05). The rs10446073 genotype TT was more frequent in healthy controls (12.4% vs. 1.4%), OR 22.0[2.344–260.48] (p < 0.05). The rs10446073 genotype GT increased the risk of EC density being less than 2551.5 cell/mm2, OR 2.852[1.248–6.515] (p < 0.05). None of the SNPs and their genotypes influenced the LC density and corneal sub-basal nerve parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study reports a new association between herpetic keratitis and human gene C21orf91, with the rs10446073 genotype GT being more common in herpetic keratitis patients and increasing the risk for the disease by a factor of 2.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilija Danileviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.Z.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6709-6084
| | - Reda Zemaitiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.Z.); (D.Z.)
| | - Vilte Marija Gintauskiene
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Irena Nedzelskiene
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Dalia Zaliuniene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.Z.); (D.Z.)
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Borivoje S, Svetlana S, Milan HM, Nela Đ, Olivera MĐ, Filip M, Milenko S, Srbislav P. IL28B Genetic Variations in Patients with Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019; 55:E642. [PMID: 31561422 PMCID: PMC6843532 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Recurrent herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the developed world. A relationship between host gene polymorphisms and the recurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has previously been proposed. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate a potential association between the IL28B host genotype and recurrent HSK. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients older than 18 years of age of both genders with a history of recurrent herpes simplex labialis (HSL) were considered for inclusion. Seventy-five of these patients were found to be seropositive for HSV-1 and were subsequently enrolled in the study. Twenty-four of the enrolled patients also had a history of recurrent HSK associated with severe corneal scarring and visual acuity deterioration. Total DNA was isolated from whole blood samples. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12979860 near the IL28B gene on chromosome 19 was genotyped. Results: A significant association was observed between recurrent HSK and two SNPs of the IL28B genotype (CCrs12979860 and CTrs12979860, p < 0.01). The variation CCrs12979860 showed a significantly greater association with HSK (16 out of 26 patients) compared with CTrs12979860 (8 out of 34 patients). Conclusion: Seropositive individuals with a history of recurrent HSK are likely to have the CC IL28B genotype. This genotype may be related to incomplete control of the infection and more frequent periodical viral shedding along the first nerve branch of the trigeminal ganglion, which clinically manifests as recurrent herpes keratitis. The clinical manifestation of recurrent HSV-1 infection seems to be influenced by polymorphism of the IL28B genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savić Borivoje
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Stanojlović Svetlana
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Hadži-Milić Milan
- Department of Surgery, Orthopedics and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Đonović Nela
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Milošević-Đorđević Olivera
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | | | - Stojković Milenko
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Pajić Srbislav
- Emergency Center, Clinic for Emergency surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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8
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Abstract
The cornea is a complex tissue that must preserve its transparency to maintain optimal vision. However, in some circumstances, damage to the eye can result in neovascularization that impairs vision. This outcome can occur when herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes the immunoinflammatory lesion stromal keratitis (SK). Potentially useful measures to control the severity of SK are to target angiogenesis which with herpetic SK invariably involves VEGF. One such way to control angiogenesis involves the endothelial receptor Robo4 (R4), which upon interaction with another protein activates an antiangiogenic pathway that counteracts VEGF downstream signaling. In this study we show that mice unable to produce R4 because of gene knockout developed significantly higher angiogenesis after HSV-1 ocular infection than did infected wild type (WT) controls. Moreover, providing additional soluble R4 (sR4) protein by subconjunctival administration to R4 KO HSV-1 infected mice substantially rescued the WT phenotype. Finally, administration of sR4 to WT HSV-1 infected mice diminished the extent of corneal angiogenesis compared to WT control animals. Our results indicate that sR4 could represent a useful therapeutic tool to counteract corneal angiogenesis and help control the severity of SK.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corneal Neovascularization/drug therapy
- Corneal Neovascularization/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Herpesvirus 1, Human
- Keratitis, Herpetic/drug therapy
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gimenez
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tamara Veiga-Parga
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Siddheshvar Bhela
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Bhela S, Mulik S, Gimenez F, Reddy PBJ, Richardson RL, Varanasi SK, Jaggi U, Xu J, Lu PY, Rouse BT. Role of miR-155 in the pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:1073-84. [PMID: 25700796 PMCID: PMC4380872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus 1 can result in a chronic immunoinflammatory stromal keratitis (SK) lesion that is a significant cause of human blindness. A key to controlling SK lesion severity is to identify cellular and molecular events responsible for tissue damage and to manipulate them therapeutically. Potential targets for therapy are miRNAs, but these are minimally explored especially in responses to infection. Here, we demonstrated that Mir155 expression was up-regulated after ocular herpes simplex virus 1 infection, with the increased Mir155 expression occurring mainly in macrophages and CD4(+) T cells and to a lesser extent in neutrophils. In vivo studies indicated that Mir155 knockout mice were more resistant to herpes SK with marked suppression of T helper cells type 1 and 17 responses both in the ocular lesions and the lymphoid organs. The reduced SK lesion severity was reflected by increased phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 and interferon-γ receptor α-chain levels in activated CD4(+) T cells in the lymph nodes. Finally, in vivo silencing of miR-155 by the provision of antagomir-155 nanoparticles to herpes simplex virus 1-infected mice led to diminished SK lesions and corneal vascularization. In conclusion, our results indicate that miR-155 contributes to the pathogenesis of SK and represents a promising target to control SK severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshvar Bhela
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fernanda Gimenez
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raphael L Richardson
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - John Xu
- Sirnaomics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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10
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Thompson RL, Williams RW, Kotb M, Sawtell NM. A forward phenotypically driven unbiased genetic analysis of host genes that moderate herpes simplex virus virulence and stromal keratitis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92342. [PMID: 24651695 PMCID: PMC3961320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viral and host genetics affect the outcome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in humans and experimental models. Little is known about specific host gene variants and molecular networks that influence herpetic disease progression, severity, and episodic reactivation. To identify such host gene variants we have initiated a forward genetic analysis using the expanded family of BXD strains, all derived from crosses between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains of mice. One parent is highly resistant and one highly susceptible to HSV-1. Both strains have also been fully sequenced, greatly facilitating the search for genetic modifiers that contribute to differences in HSV-1 infection. We monitored diverse disease phenotypes following infection with HSV-1 strain 17syn+ including percent mortality (herpes simplex encephalitis, HSE), body weight loss, severity of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), spleen weight, serum neutralizing antibody titers, and viral titers in tear films in BXD strains. A significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome (Chr) 16 was found to associate with both percent mortality and HSK severity. Importantly, this QTL maps close to a human QTL and the gene proposed to be associated with the frequency of recurrent herpetic labialis (cold sores). This suggests that a single host locus may influence these seemingly diverse HSV-1 pathogenic phenotypes by as yet unknown mechanisms. Additional suggestive QTLs for percent mortality were identified—one on Chr X that is epistatically associated with that on Chr 16. As would be anticipated the Chr 16 QTL also modulated weight loss, reaching significance in females. A second significant QTL for maximum weight loss in male and female mice was mapped to Chr 12. To our knowledge this is the first report of a host genetic locus that modulates the severity of both herpetic disease in the nervous system and herpetic stromal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLT); (NMS)
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLT); (NMS)
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11
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Chereshnev VA, Gankovskaya LV, Koval'chuk LV, Chereshneva MV, Gankovskaya OA, Gavrilova TV. Expression of TLR9 and BD-2 protein genes in corneal cells of mice of different strains with herpetic keratitis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:236-9. [PMID: 22816092 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of gene expression of two proteins, TLR9 (one of the key receptors recognizing CpG repeats of herpes virus DNA) and β-defensin 2 (antibacterial peptide), was studied on the model of herpetic keratitis in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice. New data on differences in TLR9 gene expression in mice of the two strains infected with the virus were obtained. Reduced TLR9 gene expression in the cornea of C57Bl/6 mice was associated with their high sensitivity to infection caused by herpes simplex 1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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12
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Mulik S, Xu J, Reddy PBJ, Rajasagi NK, Gimenez F, Sharma S, Lu PY, Rouse BT. Role of miR-132 in angiogenesis after ocular infection with herpes simplex virus. Am J Pathol 2012; 181:525-34. [PMID: 22659469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that control diverse biological processes that include angiogenesis. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes a chronic immuno-inflammatory response in the eye that may result in corneal neovascularization during blinding immunopathological lesion stromal keratitis (SK). miR-132 is a highly conserved miRNA that is induced in endothelial cells in response to growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we show that miR-132 expression was up-regulated (10- to 20-fold) after ocular infection with HSV, an event that involved the production of both VEGF-A and IL-17. Consequently, blockade of VEGF-A activity using soluble VEGF receptor 1 resulted in significantly lower levels of corneal miR-132 after HSV infection. In addition, low levels of corneal miR-132 were detected in IL-17 receptor knockout mice after HSV infection. In vivo silencing of miR-132 by the provision of anti-miR-132 (antagomir-132) nanoparticles to HSV-infected mice led to reduced corneal neovascularization and diminished SK lesions. The anti-angiogenic effect of antagomir-132 was reflected by a reduction in angiogenic Ras activity in corneal CD31-enriched cells (presumably blood vessel endothelial cells) during SK. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports of miRNA involvement in an infectious ocular disease. Manipulating miRNA expression holds promise as a therapeutic approach to control an ocular lesion that is an important cause of human blindness.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cornea/blood supply
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Corneal Neovascularization/complications
- Corneal Neovascularization/metabolism
- Corneal Neovascularization/pathology
- Corneal Neovascularization/virology
- Eye Infections/complications
- Eye Infections/genetics
- Eye Infections/pathology
- Eye Infections/virology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Silencing/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Keratitis, Herpetic/complications
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Nanoparticles
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/complications
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Oligoribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligoribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Simplexvirus/drug effects
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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13
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Araki-Sasaki K, Tanaka T, Ebisuno Y, Kanda H, Umemoto E, Hayashi K, Miyasaka M. Dynamic Expression of Chemokines and the Infiltration of Inflammatory Cells in the HSV-Infected Cornea and its Associated Tissues. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2009; 14:257-66. [PMID: 17056459 DOI: 10.1080/09273940600943581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemotactic signals regulating cell trafficking in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected cornea are well documented, however, those in the cornea-associated tissues, such as the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and draining lymph nodes (LNs), are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine chemokine expression and subsequent cell infiltration in the HSV-1 infected cornea and its associated tissues. STUDY DESIGN Eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were infected with 10 mu l HSV-1 (CHR3 strain: 5 x 106 PFU/ml) by corneal scarification. Total RNAs were extracted from the corneas, TGs, and LNs at pre-inoculation, 3 days post-inoculation (P.I.) and 7 days P.I. The mRNA for 28 different chemokines in the extracts was amplified by RT-PCR. Infiltrating cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. RESULT After the HSV-1 infection, the corneal stroma became edematous by infiltrated cells under the eroded epithelium. The TG and LNs were markedly swollen. The cornea was infiltrated with granulocytes and CD11b+ cells at 3 days P.I., followed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at 12 days P.I. In the TG, CD11b+ cells, but no granulocytes, infiltrated throughout the observation period. T cells migrated into the TG earlier than into the cornea. Gene expressions of neutrophil-attracting chemokines (CXCL1, 2, 3, and 5) increased in the cornea, but they did not enhance in the TG or LNs. On the other hand, gene expressions of chemokines which attract CD11b+ cells such as CCL2, 8, 7, 12, CCL3, 4, and CCL5, increased in the cornea and TG with its peak at 3 days P.I. Gene expressions of chemokines those work on T cells and B cells, such as CCL19, CCL21, CXCL9, CXCL13, CXCL10, XCL1, and CXCL16, were up-regulated and peaked at 3 days P.I. in the cornea and in the TG. Thus, pattern of chemokine gene expression was similar in the cornea and in the TG. On the contrary, gene expressions of chemokines in the draining LNs affecting CD11b+ cells and T cells were temporarily down-regulated. CONCLUSION Upon HSV-1 infection, dynamic gene expression of chemokines was observed not only in the inoculated cornea but also in its associated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Araki-Sasaki
- Molecular and Cellular Recognition, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in healthy corneas and corneas with active or nonactive herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). METHODS Eight corneas with HSK (including 5 active and 3 nonactive cases) and 8 healthy corneas were evaluated for TLR1-10 mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and relative real-time PCR. The proteins of TLR2, 9 in 3 different groups, were also compared by immunofluorescence staining. The data were analyzed with SPSS 11.5. RESULTS TLR1-10 mRNA was expressed in both healthy and HSK corneas. In the healthy cornea, the mRNA expression of TLR1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 was higher, whereas the expression of TLR7, 8, and 9 was lower relative to TLR 5 and 10. All the TLRs mRNA expression in the active HSK corneas were upregulated, especially TLR4, 7, 8, and 9, compared with the healthy corneas. However, in nonactive HSK corneas, only TLR7 mRNA expression upregulated, whereas the others downregulated. The immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of TLR 9 was slightly stronger in the cornea with active HSK than that of nonactive and healthy corneas. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are expressed diversely in the healthy cornea and could have an important role in innate corneal immunity. TLR4, 8, and 9 may be implicated in the pathogenesis of active HSV infection in the cornea, whereas TLR7 may play a key role in HSK whether it is active or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejing University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Lundberg P, Openshaw H, Wang M, Yang HJ, Cantin E. Effects of CXCR3 Signaling on Development of Fatal Encephalitis and Corneal and Periocular Skin Disease in HSV-Infected Mice Are Mouse-Strain Dependent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 48:4162-70. [PMID: 17724202 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The host inflammatory response to ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be either protective, with disease-free survival, or it can promote diseases such as HSV corneal disease (or herpes stromal keratitis [HSK] in humans) and encephalitis (HSE), depending on mouse strain. The role of CXCR3 chemokine signaling in HSV-induced central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and corneal disease was evaluated, and responses in genetically susceptible and resistant strains of mice were contrasted. METHODS Resistant C57BL/6J (B6) and susceptible 129S6 (129) mice were given monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to neutralize the CXCR3 ligands monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG, CXCL9) and interferon inducible protein-10 (IP-10, CXCL10) during HSV infection. In addition, the development of HSV disease was monitored in CXCR3-null mutant mice derived from resistant (B6) and susceptible (BALB/c) strains. Inflammatory cells infiltrating the cornea and brain stem were isolated and stained for flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS MIG and IP-10 were induced in nervous system tissue after HSV inoculation by the corneal route. HSV-infected 129 mice treated with MIG- or IP-10-neutralizing mAbs showed significantly enhanced survival compared with mice treated with control isotype antibody, whereas survival of the B6 mice was unaltered. Similarly, greater survival was observed for BALB.CXCR3(-/-) mice compared with control BALB/c mice. Reduced CNS inflammation was documented that extended to the cornea, such that HSV corneal disease severity was reduced in susceptible BALB.CXCR3(-/-). In contrast, although survival of B6 and B6.CXCR3(-/-) mice was indistinguishable, B6.CXCR3(-/-) mice developed more severe corneal and periocular skin disease. CONCLUSIONS The effects of CXCR3 signaling in HSV infection are strongly dependent on mouse strain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Stem/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL9
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Cornea/virology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/mortality
- Keratitis, Herpetic/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Skin Diseases, Viral/genetics
- Skin Diseases, Viral/mortality
- Skin Diseases, Viral/physiopathology
- Trigeminal Ganglion/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Lundberg
- Division of Virology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE Susceptibility to herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is strongly influenced by genetic factors, as shown by multiple rodent models using human herpes simplex virus. A single gene, encoding the immunoglobulin G (IgG) 2a heavy chain protein, confers susceptibility or resistance through a mechanism involving molecular mimicry in one mouse model. However, other rodent studies have produced contradictory results. This study tested the hypothesis that the GM23 gene (the human IgG2a homolog) influences susceptibility to HSK in humans. METHODS The study population consisted of all consenting patients diagnosed with HSK (25 whites, 2 African Americans) at the Medical University of South Carolina Storm Eye Institute Clinic in Charleston, SC, between August 2000 and June 2004. Healthy controls (23 white adults with no history of HSK) were recruited from the same local population. Genomic DNA from subjects was genotyped at the GM23 locus, which has been implicated as an HSK resistance gene in animal models, by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. RESULTS No difference in GM23 genotype frequency was observed between patients with HSK and controls. CONCLUSION Susceptibility to HSK in whites is not predicted by GM23 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kasman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.
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17
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Hill JM, Bhattacharjee PS, Neumann DM. Apolipoprotein E alleles can contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous clinical conditions including HSV-1 corneal disease. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:801-11. [PMID: 17007837 PMCID: PMC2217677 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) alleles have been reported to affect the clinical outcome of numerous cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and viral infectious diseases, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), hepatitis C, and HIV. The major alleles of ApoE are 2, 3, and 4. ApoE genotypes have been hypothesized to regulate many biological functions, resulting in significant changes in the onset and/or outcome (severity and duration) of several clinical conditions. Based on genetic analyses in human and animal studies using knockout (ApoE -/-) mice and mice transgenic for human 3 and 4, we present evidence that strongly suggests that the ApoE alleles can regulate the pathogenesis of ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. This review will summarize the major studies that support this hypothesis. Significant gender based differences in HSV-1 pathogenesis have also been reported, suggesting that hormonal regulation combined with ApoE genotype plays a significant role in HSV-1 pathogenesis. Identification of specific mechanisms in ocular HSV-1 infections related to the ApoE alleles and gender could lead to therapeutic intervention based on the properties of the apoE isoforms. While many clinical investigations have been reported and, to a lesser extent, transgenic mouse studies have been conducted, no specific mechanisms of how ApoE induces or alters clinical disease are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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18
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Kim B, Sarangi PP, Lee Y, Deshpande Kaistha S, Lee S, Rouse BT. Depletion of MCP-1 increases development of herpetic stromal keratitis by innate immune modulation. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1405-15. [PMID: 16997857 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0406295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are important chemoattractant inflammatory molecules, but their interdependent network in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Studies in mouse models have shown that herpetic stromal keratitis (SK) is produced by the consequence of a tissue-destructive immunoinflammatory reaction involving herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) infection. Here we found that ocular HSV infection leads to increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), one of the major chemoattractants for immune cells that express CCR2, in the SK cornea. However, MCP-1 is unlikely to be a chemoattractant for infiltrating Gr-1(+), CD11b(+) cells in SK, as these cells are found to be CCR2 negative. Nevertheless, infection of MCP-1(-/-) mice resulted in more severe SK lesion severity compared with WT mice (P<0.01). We demonstrated that the loss of MCP-1 in the SK cornea caused a significant overexpression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) (P<0.01) on days 2 and 4 postinfection and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells (Gr-1-high and CD11b(+)) expressing CXCR2, a receptor for MIP-2, into the cornea. Subsequently, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells accelerated by MIP-2 overexpression might result in the high production of inflammatory molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IL-1beta in SK, as well as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-implanted eyes of MCP-1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that MCP-1 in the SK cornea might regulate the expression of other chemokines, as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells and control development of SK.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- Chemokine CCL2/deficiency
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL2
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/immunology
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/virology
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/virology
- Interleukin-1beta/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/metabolism
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotides/immunology
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumseok Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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19
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus infection of the eye is the leading cause of blindness due to infection in the US despite the availability of several antiviral drugs. Studies with animal models have shown that three factors, innate host resistance, the host adaptive immune response, and the strain of virus interact to determine whether an infection is asymptomatic or proceeds to the development of blinding keratitis (HSK). Of these, the role of adaptive immunity has received the most attention. This work has clearly shown that stromal keratitis is an immunopathological disease, most likely due to the induction of a delayed type hypersensitivity response. Substantially less is known about the role of specific host genes in resistance to HSK. The fact that different strains of virus display different disease phenotypes indicates that viral 'virulence' genes are critical. Of the 80 plus HSV genes, few have been formally tested for their role in HSV keratitis. Most studies of virulence genes to date have focused on a single gene or protein and large changes in disease phenotypes are usually measured. Large changes in the ability to cause disease are likely to reduce the fitness of the virus, thus such studies, although useful, do not mimic the natural situation. Viral gene products are known to interact with each other, and with host proteins and these interactions are critical in determining the outcome of infection. In reality, the 'constellation' of genes encoded by each particular strain is critical, and how this constellation of genes works together and with host proteins determines the outcome of an infection. The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the role of host and viral genes in HSV keratitis. The roles of specific genes that have been shown to influence keratitis are discussed. Recent data showing that different viral genes cooperate to influence disease severity and confirming that the constellation of genes within a particular strain determines the disease phenotype are also discussed, as are the methods used to test the role of viral genes in virulence. It will become apparent that there is a paucity of information regarding the function of many viral genes in keratitis. Improving our knowledge of the role of viral genes is critical for devising more effective treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 6630 MSC, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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20
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Bauer D, Lu M, Wasmuth S, Li H, Yang Y, Roggendorf M, Steuhl KP, Heiligenhaus A. Immunomodulation by topical particle-mediated administration of cytokine plasmid DNA suppresses herpetic stromal keratitis without impairment of antiviral defense. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 244:216-25. [PMID: 16047184 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the course of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) in BALB/c mice could be altered by topical gene-gun-mediated administration of interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-10 plasmid DNA. METHODS Corneas of BALB/c mice were transfected with plasmids expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), IL-4, IL-10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and pCR3.1 (control) 2 days before Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1; KOS) infection. Development of keratitis and cell infiltration were studied. HSV-1 replication was monitored by plaque assay. Expression of cytokines was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HSV-specific proliferation in the regional lymph nodes and spleens was measured. HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titers and IgG2A/IgG1 ratios were determined. RESULTS Expression of beta-gal was found in the treated corneas, but not in other tissues. IL-4 or IL-10 plasmid administration induced cytokine production in the corneas. After treatment with 300 psi, the severity of HSK was attenuated (each P<0.05), and the numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells were lower than in the pCR3.1-treated controls (P<0.001). IL-6, but not IL-1alpha, expression in the cornea was reduced after treatment with IL-4 or IL-10 plasmid DNA. The HSV-1-specific DTH response, corneal Th1 cytokine profile, IgG/IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, neutralizing antibody titers, and virus clearance did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Thus, topically administered IL-4 and IL-10 plasmid DNA can lead to a milder course of HSK without impeding viral clearance. The gene gun technique for corneal delivery of plasmid cytokine DNA may be useful for modulating local immune responses without affecting antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha-Lab at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
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21
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Cavalieri H, Gamba G, Courreges MC, Massouh EJ, Benencia F. Expression of IL-15, IL-18 and NOS-II in contralateral eyes of BALB/c mice during the development of HSV-induced keratitis. Immunol Lett 2005; 96:295-8. [PMID: 15585336 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Cavalieri
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Piso 4, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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22
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Lang A, Nikolich-Zugich J. Development and migration of protective CD8+ T cells into the nervous system following ocular herpes simplex virus-1 infection. J Immunol 2005; 174:2919-25. [PMID: 15728503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
After infection of epithelial surfaces, HSV-1 elicits a multifaceted antiviral response that controls the virus and limits it to latency in sensory ganglia. That response encompasses the CD8(+) T cells, whose precise role(s) is still being defined; immune surveillance in the ganglia and control of viral spread to the brain were proposed as the key roles. We tracked the kinetics of the CD8(+) T cell response across lymphoid and extralymphoid tissues after ocular infection. HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells first appeared in the draining (submandibular) lymph node on day 5 and were detectable in both nondraining lymphoid and extralymphoid tissues starting on day 6. However, although lymphoid organs contained both resting (CD43(low)CFSE(high)) and virus-specific cells at different stages of proliferation and activation, extralymphoid sites (eye, trigeminal ganglion, and brain) contained only activated cells that underwent more than eight proliferations (CD43(high)CFSE(neg)) and promptly secreted IFN-gamma upon contact with viral Ags. Regardless of the state of activation, these cells appeared too late to prevent HSV-1 spread, which was seen in the eye (from day 1), trigeminal ganglia (from day 2), and brain (from day 3) well before the onset of a detectable CD8(+) T cell response. However, CD8(+) T cells were critical in reducing viral replication starting on day 6 and for its abrogation between days 8 and 10; CD8-deficient animals failed to control the virus, exhibited persisting high viral titers in the brain after day 6, and died of viral encephalitis between days 7 and 12. Thus, CD8(+) T cells do not control HSV-1 spread from primary to tertiary tissues, but, rather, attack the virus in infected organs and control its replication in situ.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/mortality
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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23
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Banerjee K, Biswas PS, Kumaraguru U, Schoenberger SP, Rouse BT. Protective and pathological roles of virus-specific and bystander CD8+ T cells in herpetic stromal keratitis. J Immunol 2005; 173:7575-83. [PMID: 15585885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), resulting from corneal HSV-1 infection, represents a T cell-mediated immunopathologic lesion. In T cell transgenic mice on a SCID or RAG knockout background, the T cells mediating lesions are unreactive to viral Ags. In these bystander models, animals develop ocular lesions but are unable to control infection. Transfer of HSV-immune cells into a CD8(+) T cell bystander model resulted in clearance of virus from eyes, animals survived, and lesions developed to greater severity. However, the adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells were not evident in lesions, although they were readily detectable in the lymphoid tissues as well as in the peripheral and CNS. Our results indicate that viral-induced tissue damage can be caused by bystander cells, but these fail to control infection. Immune CD8(+) T cells trigger clearance of virus from the eye, but this appears to result by the T cells acting at sites distal to the cornea. A case is made that CD8(+) T cell control is expressed in the trigeminal ganglion, serving to curtail a source of virus to the cornea.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Bystander Effect/genetics
- Bystander Effect/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Chronic Disease
- Corneal Stroma/immunology
- Corneal Stroma/pathology
- Corneal Stroma/virology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/prevention & control
- Female
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Simplexvirus/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Banerjee
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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24
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Biswas PS, Banerjee K, Kim B, Rouse BT. Mice Transgenic for IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein Are Resistant to Herpetic Stromal Keratitis: Possible Role for IL-1 in Herpetic Stromal Keratitis Pathogenesis. J Immunol 2004; 172:3736-44. [PMID: 15004178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infection with HSV may result in the blinding immunoinflammatory lesion stromal keratitis (SK). This represents a CD4+ T cell-mediated immunopathologic lesion in both humans and a mouse model. Early events in the pathogenesis that set the stage for SK are poorly understood. The present study evaluates the role of IL-1 using a transgenic mouse that overexpresses the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) protein. Such transgenic mice were markedly resistant to SK compared with IL-1ra(-/-) and C57BL/6 control animals. The resistance was shown to be the consequence of reduced expression of molecules such as IL-6, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, normally up-regulated directly or indirectly by IL-1. A critical event impaired in IL-1ra transgenic mice was vascular endothelial growth factor production with a consequent marked reduction in angiogenesis, an essential step in SK pathogenesis. Targeting IL-1 could prove to be a worthwhile therapeutic approach to control SK, an important cause of human blindness.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Corneal Neovascularization/genetics
- Corneal Neovascularization/immunology
- Corneal Neovascularization/prevention & control
- Corneal Stroma/immunology
- Corneal Stroma/pathology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- Sialoglycoproteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha S Biswas
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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25
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Banerjee K, Biswas PS, Kim B, Lee S, Rouse BT. CXCR2−/−Mice Show Enhanced Susceptibility to Herpetic Stromal Keratitis: A Role for IL-6-Induced Neovascularization. J Immunol 2004; 172:1237-45. [PMID: 14707102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocular infection with HSV results in a blinding immunoinflammatory lesion known as herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). Early preclinical events include inflammatory cell, mainly neutrophils, infiltration of the stroma, and neovascularization. To further evaluate the role of neutrophils in pathogenesis, HSV infection was compared in BALB/c and mice of the same background, but lacking CXCR2, the receptor for chemokines involved in neutrophil recruitment. Our results show clear differences in the outcome of ocular HSV infection in CXCR2-/- compared with control BALB/c mice. Thus, CXCR2-/- animals had minimal PMN influx during the first 7 days postinfection, and this correlated with a longer duration of virus infection in the eye compared with BALB/c mice. The CXCR2-/- mice were also more susceptible to HSV-induced lesions and developed HSK upon exposure to a dose of HSV that was minimally pathogenic to BALB/c mice. The basis for the greater HSK lesion susceptibility of CXCR2-/- mice was associated with an elevated IL-6 response, which appeared in turn to induce the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor. Our results serve to further demonstrate the critical role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of ocular lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Topical
- Animals
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Interleukin-6/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Stromal Cells/virology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Banerjee
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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26
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Lee S, Zheng M, Kim B, Rouse BT. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in angiogenesis caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1105-11. [PMID: 12393846 PMCID: PMC150797 DOI: 10.1172/jci15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the cornea results in the upregulation of the matrix-degrading metalloproteinase enzyme MMP-9. This enzyme was shown to contribute to the neovascularization process that occurs in the corneal stroma in response to HSV infection. The likely source of MMP-9, at least initially after infection, was neutrophils that were signaled to invade the cornea soon after infection. Corneal infiltrating neutrophils were shown to express MMP-9, and preventing the neutrophil response with specific mAb diminished MMP-9 expression as well as the extent of angiogenesis. Further supporting a role for MMP-9 in HSV-induced corneal angiogenesis was the observation that inhibition of MMP-9 with the specific inhibitor TIMP-1 resulted in reduced angiogenesis. In addition, angiogenesis was diminished in ocularly infected MMP-9 knockout mice. Our results demonstrate that MMP-9 is involved in angiogenesis caused by HSV. Since angiogenesis appears to represent a vital step in the pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis, these results indicate that targeting MMP-9 for inhibition should prove useful for the therapy of herpetic stromal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845, USA
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27
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Keadle TL, Morris JL, Pepose JS, Stuart PM. CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells are key participants in the development of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. Microb Pathog 2002; 32:255-62. [PMID: 12137752 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2002.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection results in an immune-mediated inflammation of the corneal stroma known as herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). Recurrent HSK is a common cause of virus-induced corneal blindness in humans. The role of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets in the disease pathogenesis is ill defined and varies with the virus strain and host genetic background. To examine the contribution of T cell subsets to corneal disease, we studied the development of recurrent HSK in CD4 or CD8 gene knockout (KO) mice ocularly infected with HSV-1 McKrae strain. Following UV-B induced viral reactivation, corneal opacity in latently infected BALB/c (HSV sensitive) CD4 and CD8 KO mice was reduced compared to infected BALB/c mice with normal genotype. In contrast, opacity in C57BL/6 (HSV resistant) CD4 and CD8 KO latent mice did not differ from genetically normal latent mice. Virus-induced corneal opacity was not demonstrable in C57BL/6 CD4/CD8 double KO mice. Increased viral shedding, measured by reactivation rate, days shedding or viral titers, occurred in CD4 KO mice of both strains. Our findings indicate that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells play a role in the immunopathogenesis of recurrent HSK, and their role is dependent upon the host genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Keadle
- Washington University School Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Box 8096, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO, 63110, US.
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28
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Norose K, Yano A, Zhang XM, Blankenhorn E, Heber-Katz E. Mapping of genes involved in murine herpes simplex virus keratitis: identification of genes and their modifiers. J Virol 2002; 76:3502-10. [PMID: 11884574 PMCID: PMC136007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.7.3502-3510.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is an inflammatory response to viral infection and self antigens in the cornea and is a major cause of blindness. Using two strains of mice which are susceptible (129/SVEV) and resistant (C57BL/6) to herpes simplex virus (HSV) strain KOS, (129/SVEV x C57BL/6)F(2) mice were generated and examined for their disease susceptibility in terms of clinical symptoms, ocular disease, and antibody production following corneal scarification with HSV (KOS). A genome-wide screen was carried out using microsatellite markers to determine the genetic loci involved in this response. Loci on chromosomes 4, 5, 12, 13, and 14 were shown to be involved in general susceptibility to clinical disease, whereas loci on chromosomes 10 and 17 were shown to be unique to ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Norose
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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29
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Lee S, Zheng M, Deshpande S, Eo SK, Hamilton TA, Rouse BT. IL-12 suppresses the expression of ocular immunoinflammatory lesions by effects on angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71:469-76. [PMID: 11867684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical application of plasmid DNA encoding IL-12 to the cornea of mice prior to ocular infection with Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) results in diminished corneal immunoinflammatory lesions. Such herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) reactions in humans represent an important cause of blindness. The effect of IL-12 pretreatment acted via inhibitory effects on corneal neovascularization rather than by inhibiting viral replication or the function of CD4(+) T cells that mediate HSK. The antiangiogenesis induced by IL-12 DNA application was mediated indirectly via the cytokine IFN-gamma and one or both of two chemokine molecules, IP-10 and MIG. Thus IL-12 DNA administration lacked modulatory effects on HSK in GKO mice, indicating the necessary involvement of IFN-gamma induction for antiangiogenesis. In contrast, exposure of GKO mice to IP-10 DNA did suppress the severity of HSK. Furthermore, treatment with specific antisera to IP-10 and MIG in HSV-infected mice abrogated the IL-12-induced inhibitory effect on lesion severity. Taken together, our data indicate that the HSV-induced ocular immunoinflammatory lesions can be modulated by IL-12 and that this effect results from chemokine inhibition of angiogenesis. The use of antiangiogenesis therapy might represent a useful control measure against HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Walters Life Sciences Building, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a major cause of stromal keratitis and blindness in humans. Understanding of the role of host genes in the pathogenesis of herpes stromal keratitis is limited. We used a transgenic mouse model to examine the effect of a host gene, Hox A5 (which binds to the TAATGARAT sequence in the promoter regions of HSV-1 immediate early genes and increases HSV-1 replication), on the pathogenesis of HSV-1 induced stromal keratitis. METHODS Corneas of wildtype and Hox A5 transgenic mice were infected with HSV-1 strain F following corneal scarification. Clinical severity of keratitis was evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Histologic severity of keratitis was determined by light microscopic evaluation and by computerized morphometry. Ocular viral replication was measured via plaque assay. RESULTS Clinical lesions of stromal keratitis were more severe at 17 and 23 days post infection in Hox A5 transgenic mice than in wildtype mice. Histological evaluation and morphometric analysis confirmed that keratitis lesions were more severe in the transgenic mice. HSV-1 replication was approximately100-fold greater in the corneas of transgenic mice than in wildtype mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that a host gene (Hox A5) can increase ocular replication of HSV-1 and alter the pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Galle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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31
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Marquart ME, Zheng X, Tran RK, Thompson HW, Bloom DC, Hill JM. A cAMP response element within the latency-associated transcript promoter of HSV-1 facilitates induced ocular reactivation in a mouse hyperthermia model. Virology 2001; 284:62-9. [PMID: 11352668 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) recombinant strain 17CRE contains a site-directed mutation in the 7-bp CRE consensus sequence located 38 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site. Scarified mouse corneas received inoculations of 17syn+ (parent), 17CRE, and rescue 17CREr. Slit lamp examination of herpetic lesions and tear film swabs containing infectious virus showed that 17CRE had the same acute phenotype as 17syn+ and 17CREr. At 4 weeks, when the corneas had healed and latency was established, mice received hyperthermic shock. Eye swabs taken 24 h after hyperthermia showed that 17CRE reactivated significantly less than 17syn+ and 17CREr, while no significant differences were found in HSV-1 DNA genome copy numbers and latent virus in the trigeminal ganglia. These results are evidence that this CRE site in the LAT promoter facilitates ocular HSV-1 reactivation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Marquart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
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32
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Abstract
Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is an inflammatory disease of the cornea that often results in blindness. It is mediated by a host immune response which is triggered by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Immune effector mechanisms are hypothesized to be important in disease development. We investigated, in a mouse model, whether perforin-dependent cytotoxicity is an important effector mechanism in the production of HSK. Wild-type (C57BL/6) and perforin-deficient (PKO) mice were infected intracorneally with HSV-1 strain F. Clinical disease and histologic lesions of the cornea at 23 days postinfection (p.i.) were significantly less severe in HSV-1-infected PKO mice than in infected wild-type mice. mRNA for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in the corneas of infected wild-type mice but not in the corneas of infected PKO mice at 23 days p.i. Adoptive transfer of wild-type HSV-1 immune T-cell-enriched splenocytes into HSV-1-infected PKO mice restored the disease phenotype which was seen in infected wild-type mice. In contrast, mice carrying a null-function mutation in the Fas ligand, which is involved in an alternative cytotoxic mechanism, developed clinical disease and histologic lesions which were comparable to those in wild-type mice. Viral clearance from the eyes of PKO mice was not impaired. There was no significant difference between the infectious viral titers isolated from the eyes of PKO and wild-type mice. Our findings show that perforin is important in the pathogenesis of HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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33
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Noisakran S, Carr DJ. Plasmid DNA encoding IFN-alpha 1 antagonizes herpes simplex virus type 1 ocular infection through CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2000; 164:6435-43. [PMID: 10843699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to further characterize the anti-viral efficacy of a plasmid DNA encoding IFN-alpha1 against ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. In mice ocularly treated with plasmid DNA encoding IFN-alpha 1, the efficacy of the transgene was inversely proportional to the amount of virus used to infect the mice. Ocular treatment of mice with the IFN-alpha 1 transgene was the only mucosal route tested that showed efficacy against ocular HSV-1 infection compared with vaginal or intranasal delivery. Mice treated with the plasmid DNA encoding IFN-alpha 1 showed a significant reduction in viral Ag expression in the eyes and trigeminal ganglion that correlated with a reduction in immune cell infiltration into the cornea and iris on days 3 and 6 postinfection, as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining. Depleting mice of either CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes completely blocked the resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1-induced mortality in mice treated with the IFN-alpha 1 transgene. In the absence of infection, the application of naked DNA encoding IFN-alpha 1 significantly increased the levels of IL-6- and IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 transcript expression in the corneas 24 h post-treatment. Expression of the plasmid construct following topical application in the eye included the rectus muscles proximal to the cornea as well as the spleen. Collectively, the protective efficacy of the IFN-alpha 1 transgene against ocular HSV-1 infection is dependent upon the local or distal participation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes early in the course of the infection, suggesting an indirect effect of the transgene against HSV-1-induced mortality.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Noisakran
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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34
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Heiligenhaus A, Bauer D, Zheng M, Mrzyk S, Steuhl KP. CD4+ T-cell type 1 and type 2 cytokines in the HSV-1 infected cornea. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1999; 237:399-406. [PMID: 10333107 DOI: 10.1007/s004170050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been previously shown that CD4+ T-lymphocytes are critical mediators in HSV-1 stromal keratitis (HSK). CD4+ T cell subpopulations (type 1, type 2) can be defined by their capabilities of producing different sets of cytokines. This study was performed to determine the role of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in murine HSK. METHODS BALB/c mice (n = 20) were inoculated with 10(5) PFU of HSV-1 (KOS strain) and were followed clinically. At various time points post-infection (p.i.), the conjunctival and corneal tissues were analyzed histologically (n = 2 each time point), and immunohistochemically (n = 5 each time point) for the presence of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), type 1 cytokines (IL-2, interferon-gamma) and a type 2 cytokine (IL-4). The expression of cytokine mRNA was tested in eye samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Stromal keratitis clinically progressed after day 9. In 15% of the mice, disease regressed until day 14 p.i. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells infiltrated the conjunctiva by day 2 and rapidly expanded to the central cornea between days 7 and 14. IL-1alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-2 mRNA were found in the eyes at days 1 and 2 p.i. IL-1alpha protein was detected in the conjunctiva, limbus and corneal epithelium at day 2. The IL-1alpha staining intensities increased with disease progression. This was paralleled by IL-2 and IFN-gamma staining intensities. In contrast, IL-4 mRNA and protein were detected at days 7 through 14 after HSV-1 infection; compared to IL-2 and IFN-gamma, IL-4 staining intensities were lower. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the lymphocytic infiltrate during the development of HSV-1 keratitis is predominantly composed of type 1 cells expressing IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Type 2 cytokines participate in the late stage of inflammation and might be useful to improve the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Essen, Germany.
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Abstract
Our previous studies showed that herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV1) is present in a high proportion of the brain of elderly normal people and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We subsequently discovered that the combination of HSV1 in brain and carriage of the type 4 allele of the gene for apolipoprotein E (apoE-epsilon 4) is a strong risk factor for AD, and also that apoE-epsilon 4 is a strong risk factor for herpes labialis. In this study we have examined apoE genotypes of sufferers from another disorder caused by HSV1, namely, herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), to find if an apoE allele is involved in the disorder. In 46 HSK patients the apoE-epsilon 4 allele frequency was 15%-the same as that found in 238 unaffected controls. The apoE-epsilon 2 allele frequency was 13%-higher than the value of 7% for unaffected people, but the difference is not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Lin
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, Manchester, UK
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Carr DJ, Veress LA, Noisakran S, Campbell IL. Astrocyte-targeted expression of IFN-alpha1 protects mice from acute ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Immunol 1998; 161:4859-65. [PMID: 9794419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs (i.e., IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) play a key role in the host's innate defense against viral pathogens. To examine the biologic relevance of IFN-alpha to a viral pathogen within the confines of the nervous system, IFN-alpha1 transgenic mice whose transgene is under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (GFAP-IFN-alpha, astrocyte specific) were examined for resistance to an ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. GFAP-IFN-alpha mice expressed significantly higher levels of IFN-alphabeta (533 U) in the trigeminal ganglion compared with nontransgenic mice (70 U) 72 h postinfection that corresponded with a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of the HSV-1 immediate early gene infected cell polypeptide 27 and late gene VP16, as well as the chemokines monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 and cytokine response gene-2 in the eye and trigeminal ganglion. Six days postinfection, the viral load and the expression of infected cell polypeptide 27, CD8, RANTES, IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha mRNA levels were reduced in the trigeminal ganglion of GFAP-IFN-alpha mice compared with the wild-type mice. Following the establishment of HSV-1 latency (i.e., 30 days postinfection), only one of nine (11%) GFAP-IFN-alpha mice was found to be latent compared with seven of eight (88%) of the wild-type mice, as determined by the expression of the latency-associated transcript RNAs. Likewise, only three of nine GFAP-IFN-alpha mice screened showed seroconversion by day 30 postinfection compared with nine of ten wild-type mice screened. Collectively, the results show that the IFN-alpha1 transgenic mice are less susceptible to acute HSV-1 infection and the establishment of viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Carr
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112-1393, USA
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Pedroza-Seres M, Goei S, Merayo-Lloves J, Dutt JE, Lee SJ, Arrunategui-Correa V, Foster CS. T cell receptor V beta gene expression in experimental herpes stromal keratitis. Eye (Lond) 1995; 9 ( Pt 5):599-604. [PMID: 8543080 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1995.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study examined T cell receptor (TCR) V beta mRNA expression in a murine model of experimental herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). We employed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to detect TCR V beta mRNA expression in the inoculated eyes of both HSK-susceptible and HSK-resistant mice at different time points after corneal inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), followed by Southern blotting and densitometry analysis. In eyes from HSK-susceptible C.AL-20 mice, a more diverse TCR V beta transcript usage pattern was detected as compared with that seen in HSK-resistant C.B-17 mice. V beta 8 family members were expressed in both strains of mice at days 11, 14 and 21 post-inoculation. By densitometry, at day 11, the intensity of expression of V beta 8.2 and V beta 8.3 message was significantly greater in the eyes of C.AL-20 mice; V beta 8.1 was expressed only in C.B-17 mice. There were obvious differences in the TCR V beta expression between HSK-susceptible and HSK-resistant mice. The differences in the intensity of the message expressed by V beta 8 family members between the two strains could be correlated to previous experiments that showed V beta 8.1,2+ T cells as the main infiltrating cells in the corneas of HSK-susceptible mice by day 11 and 14 after challenge with HSV-1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pedroza-Seres
- Hilles Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Nicholls SM, Benylles A, Shimeld C, Easty DL, Hill TJ. Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus in several strains of rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35:3260-7. [PMID: 8045717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the suitability of the rat for studies of ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). METHODS LEW, AO, DA, PVG, and (DAxLEW)F1 x LEW backcross generation rats, 7 to 9 weeks of age, were inoculated with HSV-1 McKrae. The course of primary disease was assessed by clinical observation using a slit lamp. Infectious virus was assayed in ocular and nervous tissue, and the incidence of latent infection was determined. RESULTS LEW and AO strains were the most susceptible. All LEW rats died after an inoculum of 4 x 10(2) plaque-forming units (pfu) and developed severe corneal disease and uveitis. In contrast, all PVG rats survived 10(4) pfu, 60% survived 4 x 10(4) pfu, and eye disease was restricted to epithelial lesions, sometimes accompanied by mild stromal haze. This resolved, even in animals that developed central nervous system disease. The DA strain showed intermediate susceptibility. Resistance was dominant because disease in backcross generation (DA x LEW)F1 x LEW rats resembled that of the DA rather than the LEW strain. Resistance appeared to be linked to coat color (P < 0.001) rather than to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) type. Chronic stromal disease did not occur in survivors (DA, PVG, and hybrid strains only). CONCLUSIONS The susceptibility of rat strains to infection of the cornea with HSV varies, and, as with mice, resistance seems to be controlled by non-MHC genes. Rats may prove useful for immunologic studies. Virus reactivation will be the subject of a future report.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Nicholls
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol Eye Hospital, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latent infection in the sensory neuron and possibly in non-neuronal tissue, particularly the cornea. During latency only one region of the HSV genome is transcribed, producing RNAs known as latency associated transcripts (LAT). The gene for LAT overlaps with the HSV gene for the protein ICPO in the downstream regions of both genes. Latency can occur in the absence of LAT. This study reports the detection of ICPO/LAT and thymidine kinase (TK) gene fragments by the polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from the corneas and trigeminal ganglia of latently infected rabbits. Both genes were detected in four of four trigeminal ganglia tested and in three of five corneas tested. More importantly, this study reports the first detection of LAT in RNA extracted from 9% of corneas from latently infected rabbits (n = 22) by the polymerase chain reaction. LAT was detected in RNA from 100% of the corresponding trigeminal ganglia (n = 22). Although LAT is not essential for latency, it remains the only known molecular marker for latent HSV infections. Detection of LAT in these rabbit corneas suggests that HSV latency may occur in this non-neuronal tissue and that reactivation from non-neuronal tissue may occur at a low frequency in animals in which HSV latency has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State, University Medical Center School of Medicine, New Orleans
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