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Yao Y, Lin S, He Z, Kim JE. Impact of other macronutrient composition within high-protein diet on body composition and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2025:10.1038/s41366-025-01806-5. [PMID: 40360850 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-025-01806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBEJCTIVE Although the high-protein diets (HPDs) on weight control and body composition management are well investigated, mix results have been reported across studies and this variability may be attributed to differences in the composition of other macronutrients within HPDs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of HPDs with varied macronutrient compositions on body composition and cardiometabolic health outcomes through a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis. METHODS A comprehensive search of four databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. A total of 83 articles were selected for systematic review and both meta-analyses. RESULTS Significant reduction in body mass (BM) (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.11), body mass index (BMI) (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.38, -0.15), waist circumference (WC) (SMD = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.04), fat mass (FM) (mean difference [MD] = -0.64 kg; 95% CI: -0.98, -0.29), along with increase in lean body mass (LBM) (MD = 0.34 kg; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.57) were observed with HPDs regiments compared to normal-protein diets. Specifically, the high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate and high-fat diet ranked the best in reducing BM, BMI, WC, FM, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and increasing LBM; while the high-protein, low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet obtained the highest score in reducing triglyceride and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION HPDs effectively reduce FM and increase LBM, and offers potential cardiometabolic benefits. Additionally, the manipulation of carbohydrate content in HPDs may further influence these outcomes. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42023483907).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Yao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ziqi He
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Ranjbar M, Fallah M, Djafarian K, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi Farsani G, Shab-Bidar S. The effects of protein supplementation on body composition after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2025. [PMID: 40312971 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the effect of protein supplementation on anthropometric measures and body composition in patients after metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS). METHODS We performed a systematic search up to January 2024 including randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of protein or amino acid supplementation on the body composition of patients who underwent MBS. The overall effect was presented as the weighted mean difference (WMD) at a 95% CI. RESULTS Ten trials were included in this meta-analysis. Our results indicate that there was a statistically greater change in weight (WMD, -1.31 kg, 95% CI: -1.93 to -0.69, p < 0.001; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation [GRADE] = moderate), muscle mass (WMD, 1.33 kg, 95% CI: 0.1 to 2.57, p = 0.035; GRADE = low), fat-free mass (WMD, 1.74 kg, 95% CI: 0.46 to 3.01, p = 0.01; GRADE = low), and fat mass (WMD, -3.91 kg, 95% CI: -4.10 to -0.59, p = 0.01; GRADE = low) in the protein group compared to the control group. However, protein supplementation did not significantly change BMI and lean body mass. CONCLUSIONS Based on moderate- to low-certainty evidence, our findings suggest that although protein supplementation may improve weight and some body composition metrics, it does not influence overall BMI and lean body mass. More research is needed to recommend protein supplementation after MBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ranjbar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Fallah
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mohammadi Farsani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Ostrowska J, Szostak-Węgierek D. The Influence of Lifestyle Factors on Resting Energy Expenditure and Its Role in Cardiometabolic Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2025; 17:1044. [PMID: 40292474 PMCID: PMC11944740 DOI: 10.3390/nu17061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2025] [Revised: 03/14/2025] [Accepted: 03/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, and sleep) and resting energy expenditure (REE) in a group of 75 healthy adults aged 30-45 years without obesity, and to explore its relationship with body composition parameters and selected biochemical markers that could positively influence cardiometabolic disease prevention. METHODS For this purpose, indirect calorimetry, accelerometers, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were used. RESULTS We found that fat-free mass (FFM) showed the strongest association with REE, along with related metrics such as total body water, body cell mass, and muscle mass (p < 0.0001, adj. R2 > 0.5). In univariable models, all physical activity intensities were significantly associated with REE, but only moderate physical activity (MPA) remained significant after adjusting for sex and FFM (β = 2.1 ± 1.0, p < 0.05, adj. R2 = 0.589). Similarly, a positive association between HDL-C and REE persisted after adjustments (β = 4.8 ± 2.3 kcal/d, p < 0.05, adj. R2 = 0.590). Further analyses confirmed that MPA and HDL-C independently contributed to REE (ΔR2 = 0.02, p < 0.05; Partial r = 0.233 and 0.236, respectively, both p < 0.05), highlighting their role beyond the effects of FFM and sex. Other biochemical and lifestyle factors, including HOMA-IR, insulin levels, triglycerides, and total energy intake, showed positive associations with REE in the crude model. However, these relationships diminished after adjustment, suggesting that their influence is likely mediated by factors such as body composition, body size, and sex. Finally, no significant relationship between sleep and REE was observed in our cohort under naturalistic conditions, possibly due to the alignment of participants' sleep durations with recommended guidelines. CONCLUSIONS These potential direct links between MPA-REE and REE-HDL may be partially explained by habitual, spontaneous physical activity, which contributes to post-exercise metabolic elevation and may promote adipose tissue browning, potentially resulting in favorable metabolic effects, that support cardiometabolic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ostrowska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland;
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4
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Afsar N, Ozdogan Y. Protein supplementation preserves muscle mass in persons against sleeve gastrectomy. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1476258. [PMID: 39444573 PMCID: PMC11496275 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1476258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sleeve gastrectomy surgery can lead to deficiencies in both macro and micronutrients, with protein being particularly crucial due to its role in muscle mass, physiological, and metabolic functions. Inadequate protein intake due to physiological, psychological, or financial reasons may prevent achieving the recommended intake levels. The significance of this issue is often underappreciated. Aim This study evaluates the impact of protein supplementation on muscle mass in individuals undergoing sleeve gastrectomy and emphasizes the need for more comprehensive dietary training by expert dietitians. Method Data were collected from 60 participants (15 male, 45 female, aged 20-54) who visited the surgery clinic. Participants were divided into two groups: those receiving the recommended protein supplement (15 g/day) with post-bariatric surgery diet training (BSD + PS), and those receiving only the post-bariatric surgery diet (BSD). A pre-surgery questionnaire gathered health and general information. Daily energy and nutrient intakes were recorded using 24-h food consumption logs on the day before surgery and at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Anthropometric measurements, including muscle and fat mass, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) data were also collected. Findings The characteristics of participants in both groups were similar, although there were more females in the BSD + PS group (86.7%) compared to the BSD group (63.3%). Despite an increase in energy and nutrient intake over time, levels remained below the recommended amounts in both groups. A significant difference was found in protein supplement consumption between the groups (p = 0.000). Repeated measures showed significant differences in body muscle mass percentage over time (F = 202.784; p = 0.000). Conclusion In individuals who underwent sleeve gastrectomy surgery, deficiencies in macro and micronutrient intake were observed below reference levels. For this reason, the first approach in the treatment of obesity should always be medical nutrition therapy accompanied by a dietician. When designing post-bariatric surgery nutrition programs, it should be taken into consideration that nutrition protocols and trainings should be followed more closely and given in more detail under the supervision of a specialist before supplements are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahya Ozdogan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Anyiam O, Abdul Rashid RS, Bhatti A, Khan-Madni S, Ogunyemi O, Ardavani A, Idris I. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Caloric Restriction on Skeletal Muscle Mass in Individuals with, and without, Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:3328. [PMID: 39408294 PMCID: PMC11479040 DOI: 10.3390/nu16193328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe caloric restriction interventions (such as very-low-calorie diets) are effective for inducing significant weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, suggestions of associated significant muscle mass (MM) loss create apprehension regarding their widespread use. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a quantitative assessment of their effect on measures of MM in individuals with, or without, T2DM. METHODS EMBASE, Medline, Pubmed, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were systematically searched for studies involving caloric restriction interventions up to 900 kilocalories per day reporting any measure of MM, in addition to fat mass (FM) or body weight (BW). RESULTS Forty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion, involving 4785 participants. Individuals with T2DM experienced significant reductions in MM (WMD -2.88 kg, 95% CI: -3.54, -2.22; p < 0.0001), although this was significantly less than the reduction in FM (WMD -7.62 kg, 95% CI: -10.87, -4.37; p < 0.0001). A similar pattern was observed across studies involving individuals without T2DM. MM constituted approximately 25.5% of overall weight loss in individuals with T2DM, and 27.5% in individuals without T2DM. Subgroup analysis paradoxically revealed greater BW and FM reductions with less restrictive interventions. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests that caloric restriction interventions up to 900 kilocalories per day are associated with a significant reduction in MM, albeit in the context of a significantly greater reduction in FM. Furthermore, MM constituted approximately a quarter of the total weight loss. Finally, our data support the use of less restrictive interventions, which appear to be more beneficial for BW and FM loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Anyiam
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | | | - Aniqah Bhatti
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Saif Khan-Madni
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Olakunmi Ogunyemi
- Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Arash Ardavani
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
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Dash S. Opportunities to optimize lifestyle interventions in combination with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 4:3-15. [PMID: 39157881 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic multi-system disease and major driver of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Nutritional interventions form the cornerstone of obesity and type 2 diabetes management. Some interventions such as Mediterranean diet can reduce incident cardiovascular disease, probably independently of weight loss. Weight loss of 5% or greater can improve many adiposity-related comorbidities. Although this can be achieved with lifestyle intervention, it is often difficult to sustain in the longer term due to adaptive endocrine changes. In recent years glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have emerged as effective treatments for both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Newer GLP-1RAs can achieve average weight loss of 15% or greater and improve cardiometabolic health. There is heterogeneity in the weight loss response to GLP-1RAs, with a substantial number of patients unable to achieve 5% or greater weight. Weight loss, on average, is lower in older adults, male patients and people with type 2 diabetes. Mechanistic studies are needed to understand the aetiology of this variable response. Gastrointestinal side effects leading to medication discontinuation are a concern with GLP-1RA treatment, based on real-world data. With weight loss of 20% or higher with newer GLP-1RAs, nutritional deficiency and sarcopenia are also potential concerns. Lifestyle interventions that may potentially mitigate the side effects of GLP-1RA treatment and enhance weight loss are discussed here. The efficacy of such interventions awaits confirmation with well-designed randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Dash
- Division of Endocrinology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Farkas GJ, Berg AS, Sneij A, Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Gater DR. The comparison of total energy and protein intake relative to estimated requirements in chronic spinal cord injury. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:489-499. [PMID: 37726106 PMCID: PMC10843126 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), individuals experience dietary inadequacies complicated by an understudied research area. Our objectives were to assess (1) the agreement between methods of estimating energy requirement (EER) and estimated energy intake (EEI) and (2) whether dietary protein intake met SCI-specific protein guidelines. Persons with chronic SCI (n = 43) completed 3-day food records to assess EEI and dietary protein intake. EER was determined with the Long and Institute of Medicine (IOM) methods and the SCI-specific Farkas method. Protein requirements were calculated as 0·8-1·0 g/kg of body weight (BW)/d. Reporting accuracy and bias were calculated and correlated to body composition. Compared with IOM and Long methods (P < 0·05), the SCI-specific method did not overestimate the EEI (P = 0·200). Reporting accuracy and bias were best for SCI-specific (98·9 %, -1·12 %) compared with Long (94·8 %, -5·24 %) and IOM (64·1 %, -35·4 %) methods. BW (r = -0·403), BMI (r = -0·323) and total fat mass (r = -0·346) correlated with the IOM reporting bias (all, P < 0·05). BW correlated with the SCI-specific and Long reporting bias (r = -0·313, P = 0·041). Seven (16 %) participants met BW-specific protein guidelines. The regression of dietary protein intake on BW demonstrated no association between the variables (β = 0·067, P = 0·730). In contrast, for every 1 kg increase in BW, the delta between total and required protein intake decreased by 0·833 g (P = 0·0001). The SCI-specific method for EER had the best agreement with the EEI. Protein intake decreased with increasing BW, contrary to protein requirements for chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Arthur S. Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alicia Sneij
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David R. Dolbow
- Department of Physical Therapy, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David R. Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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8
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Di Rosa C, Di Francesco L, Spiezia C, Khazrai YM. Effects of Animal and Vegetable Proteins on Gut Microbiota in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:2675. [PMID: 37375578 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the balance between host health and obesity. The composition of the gut microbiota can be influenced by external factors, among which diet plays a key role. As the source of dietary protein is important to achieve weight loss and gut microbiota modulation, in the literature there is increasing evidence to suggest consuming more plant proteins than animal proteins. In this review, a literature search of clinical trials published until February 2023 was conducted to examine the effect of different macronutrients and dietary patterns on the gut microbiota in subjects with overweight and obesity. Several studies have shown that a higher intake of animal protein, as well as the Western diet, can lead to a decrease in beneficial gut bacteria and an increase in harmful ones typical of obesity. On the other hand, diets rich in plant proteins, such as the Mediterranean diet, lead to a significant increase in anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing bacteria, bacterial diversity and a reduction in pro-inflammatory bacteria. Therefore, since diets rich in fiber, plant protein, and an adequate amount of unsaturated fat may help to beneficially modulate the gut microbiota involved in weight loss, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Rosa
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Ludovica Di Francesco
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Spiezia
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Yeganeh Manon Khazrai
- Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Nutrition and Prevention, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Lesgards JF. Benefits of Whey Proteins on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Parameters and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051294. [PMID: 36904293 PMCID: PMC10005124 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is a major risk factor for the early onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). More than genetics, food, physical activity, walkability, and air pollution are lifestyle factors, which have the greatest impact on T2DM. Certain diets have been shown to be associated with lower T2DM and cardiovascular risk. Diminishing added sugar and processed fats and increasing antioxidant-rich vegetable and fruit intake has often been highlighted, as in the Mediterranean diet. However, less is known about the interest of proteins in low-fat dairy and whey in particular, which have great potential to improve T2DM and could be used safely as a part of a multi-target strategy. This review discusses all the biochemical and clinical aspects of the benefits of high-quality whey, which is now considered a functional food, for prevention and improvement of T2DM and CVDs by insulin- and non-insulin-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lesgards
- Ingénierie des Peptides Thérapeutiques, Ambrilia-Cellpep, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Aix-Marseille University, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13015 Marseille, France
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10
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Ribeiro AS, Pereira LC, Schoenfeld BJ, Nunes JP, Kassiano W, Nabuco HCG, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Antunes M, Aguiar AF, Cyrino ES. Moderate and Higher Protein Intakes Promote Superior Body Recomposition in Older Women Performing Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:807-813. [PMID: 35019903 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training (RT) combined with appropriate dietary intake can promote a concomitant increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and reduction in fat mass, a condition termed body recomposition. This study's primary purpose was to explore the effects of protein ingestion on body recomposition after 24 wk of RT in older women. METHODS Data from 130 untrained older women (68.7 ± 5.6 yr, 66.5 ± 11.5 kg, 155.5 ± 6.0 cm, and 27.4 ± 4.0 kg·m-2) across six studies were retrospectively analyzed. The participants were divided into tertiles according to their customary protein intake (g·kg-1·d-1): lower (LP; n = 45), moderate (MP; n = 42), and higher (HP; n = 43) protein intake. Participants performed a whole-body RT program carried out over 24 wk (eight exercises, three sets, 8-15 repetitions, three sessions a week). SMM and fat mass were determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS All groups increased SMM from baseline (P < 0.05), with the HP and MP groups showing greater increases than the LP group (LP, 2.3%; MP, 5.4%; and HP, 5.1%; P < 0.05). Reductions in fat mass were similar for all three groups (LP, 1.7%; MP, 3.7%; and HP, 3.1%; P > 0.05). The composite z-score of the percentage changes from pretraining to posttraining indicated greater positive body recomposition values for HP and MP compared with LP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that protein intake is a moderating variable for body recomposition in older women undergoing RT, with a low protein intake having a less favorable effect on body recomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Hellen C G Nabuco
- Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, BRAZIL
| | - Paulo Sugihara Junior
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Rodrigo R Fernandes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Melissa Antunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | | | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
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11
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Beyond the Calorie Paradigm: Taking into Account in Practice the Balance of Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081605. [PMID: 35458167 PMCID: PMC9027421 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature shows that exercise is not simply a way to generate a calorie deficit as an add-on to restrictive diets but exerts powerful additional biological effects via its impact on mitochondrial function, the release of chemical messengers induced by muscular activity, and its ability to reverse epigenetic alterations. This review aims to summarize the current literature dealing with the hypothesis that some of these effects of exercise unexplained by an energy deficit are related to the balance of substrates used as fuel by the exercising muscle. This balance of substrates can be measured with reliable techniques, which provide information about metabolic disturbances associated with sedentarity and obesity, as well as adaptations of fuel metabolism in trained individuals. The exercise intensity that elicits maximal oxidation of lipids, termed LIPOXmax, FATOXmax, or FATmax, provides a marker of the mitochondrial ability to oxidize fatty acids and predicts how much fat will be oxidized over 45–60 min of low- to moderate-intensity training performed at the corresponding intensity. LIPOXmax is a reproducible parameter that can be modified by many physiological and lifestyle influences (exercise, diet, gender, age, hormones such as catecholamines, and the growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor I axis). Individuals told to select an exercise intensity to maintain for 45 min or more spontaneously select a level close to this intensity. There is increasing evidence that training targeted at this level is efficient for reducing fat mass, sparing muscle mass, increasing the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise, lowering blood pressure and low-grade inflammation, improving insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the circulating cholesterol level. Training protocols based on this concept are easy to implement and accept in very sedentary patients and have shown an unexpected efficacy over the long term. They also represent a useful add-on to bariatric surgery in order to maintain and improve its weight-lowering effect. Additional studies are required to confirm and more precisely analyze the determinants of LIPOXmax and the long-term effects of training at this level on body composition, metabolism, and health.
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12
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The Role of Intermittent Energy Restriction Diet on Metabolic Profile and Weight Loss among Obese Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071509. [PMID: 35406122 PMCID: PMC9002823 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disease defined by an elevated body mass index (BMI), which is the result of excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat. Dietary intervention is fundamental and essential as the first-line treatment for obese patients, and the main rule of every dietary modification is calorie restriction and consequent weight loss. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is a special type of diet consisting of intermittent pauses in eating. There are many variations of IER diets such as alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF). In the literature, the IER diet is known as an effective method for bodyweight reduction. Furthermore, IER diets have a beneficial effect on systolic or diastolic pressure, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, IER diets are presented as being as efficient as a continuous energy restriction diet (CER) in losing weight and improving metabolic parameters. Thus, the IER diet could present an alternative option for those who cannot accept a constant food regimen.
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13
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Godala M, Sewerynek E, Maślach D, Krzyżak M, Gaszyńska E. Resting Metabolic Rate in Women with Endocrine and Osteoporotic Disorders in Relation to Nutritional Status, Diet and 25(OH)D Concentration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053118. [PMID: 35270809 PMCID: PMC8910149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There are speculations that vitamin D may be an important regulator of the energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of serum 25(OH)D concentration and nutritional status on the resting metabolic rate. The study group consisted of 223 women with endocrine and/or osteoporotic disorders. The control group consisted of 108 women, clinically healthy. The total 25(OH)D concentration level was measured with an assay using chemiluminescent immunoassay technology. Indirect calorimetry was applied to assess the resting metabolic rate. The mean resting metabolic rate was significantly lower in the group of women with metabolic disorders than in the control group. A correlation was found between serum 25(OH)D levels in healthy subjects and the resting metabolic rate. Significantly higher resting metabolic rate was found in women with normal serum 25(OH)D levels in comparison to subjects with deficient vitamin D levels. The control group demonstrated a relationship between body fat tissue and fat-free body mass and the resting metabolic rate. Both 25(OH)D concentration and body composition were factors influencing the resting metabolic rate in the group of healthy subjects. More research is needed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic rate in individuals with endocrine and osteoporotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Godala
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, No.7/9 Żeligowskiego St., 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Sewerynek
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Medical University of Lodz, No.7/9 Żeligowskiego St., 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Dominik Maślach
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Bialystok, No.37 Szpitalna St., 15-295 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Michalina Krzyżak
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, No.2c Mickiewicza St., 15-022 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Gaszyńska
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, No.7/9 Żeligowskiego St., 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
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14
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Lim JJ, Liu Y, Lu LW, Barnett D, Sequeira IR, Poppitt SD. Does a Higher Protein Diet Promote Satiety and Weight Loss Independent of Carbohydrate Content? An 8-Week Low-Energy Diet (LED) Intervention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030538. [PMID: 35276894 PMCID: PMC8838013 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both higher protein (HP) and lower carbohydrate (LC) diets may promote satiety and enhance body weight (BW) loss. This study investigated whether HP can promote these outcomes independent of carbohydrate (CHO) content. 121 women with obesity (BW: 95.1 ± 13.0 kg, BMI: 35.4 ± 3.9 kg/m2) were randomised to either HP (1.2 g/kg BW) or normal protein (NP, 0.8 g/kg BW) diets, in combination with either LC (28 en%) or normal CHO (NC, 40 en%) diets. A low-energy diet partial diet replacement (LEDpdr) regime was used for 8 weeks, where participants consumed fixed-energy meal replacements plus one ad libitum meal daily. Four-day dietary records showed that daily energy intake (EI) was similar between groups (p = 0.744), but the difference in protein and CHO between groups was lower than expected. Following multiple imputation (completion rate 77%), decrease in mean BW, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) at Week 8 in all was 7.5 ± 0.7 kg (p < 0.001), 5.7 ± 0.5 kg (p < 0.001), and 1.4 ± 0.7 kg (p = 0.054) respectively, but with no significant difference between diet groups. LC (CHO×Week, p < 0.05), but not HP, significantly promoted postprandial satiety during a preload challenge. Improvements in blood biomarkers were unrelated to LEDpdr macronutrient composition. In conclusion, HP did not promote satiety and BW loss compared to NP LEDpdr, irrespective of CHO content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Yutong Liu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weiwei Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Barnett
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Ivana R. Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sally D. Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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15
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Ning H, Shi D, Tian Z, Liu Z, Wang X, Yan X, Sun C, Niu Y. Metabolomics analysis of urine from rats given long-term high-protein diet using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1190:123082. [PMID: 35032889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated high-protein diet (HPD) promotes weight loss and improves metabolic parameters, but most of these studies have focused on the impact of short-term, long-term effects remain unclear. In this study, male Wistar rats were fed two diets for 88 weeks: normal control diet (NCD, 20.5% of energy as protein) or HPD (30.5% of energy as protein). At 88 weeks intervention, compared to NCD rats, HPD rats had lower fat tissue and higher skeletal muscle to body weight ratio, but there were no significantly differences in body weight and food intake. To explore the mechanism underlying metabolism and diet, we further collected rat urine samples at 16, 40, 64 and 88 weeks diet treatment and analyzed metabolomics profiles using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) scores plots from ESI- or ESI+ model revealed a perfect separation between two diets at four time points. We identified 11 dramatically different metabolites (with VIP cut-off value > 1) in HPD, including 3 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated. And these 11 metabolites were identified as effective biomarkers, which were significantly related to HPD-induced metabolism related outcomes (fat tissue and skeletal muscle to body weight ratio). Our results provided vital information regarding metabolism in long-term HPD and more importantly, a few potentially promising metabolites were firstly identified which may related to metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ning
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhen Tian
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xuemin Yan
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Yucun Niu
- National Key Discipline Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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16
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Gillis C, Phillips SM. Protein for the Pre-Surgical Cancer Patient: a Narrative Review. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-021-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Drummen M, Adam TC, Macdonald IA, Jalo E, Larssen TM, Martinez JA, Handjiev-Darlenska T, Brand-Miller J, Poppitt SD, Stratton G, Pietiläinen KH, Taylor MA, Navas-Carretero S, Handjiev S, Muirhead R, Silvestre MP, Swindell N, Huttunen-Lenz M, Schlicht W, Lam T, Sundvall J, Raman L, Feskens E, Tremblay A, Raben A, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Associations of changes in reported and estimated protein and energy intake with changes in insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin, and BMI during the PREVIEW lifestyle intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1847-1858. [PMID: 34375397 PMCID: PMC8574694 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observed associations of high-protein diets with changes in insulin resistance are inconclusive. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess associations of changes in both reported and estimated protein (PRep; PEst) and energy intake (EIRep; EIEst) with changes in HOMA-IR, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and BMI (in kg/m2), in 1822 decreasing to 833 adults (week 156) with overweight and prediabetes, during the 3-y PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle intervention and population studies In Europe and around the World) study on weight-loss maintenance. Eating behavior and measurement errors (MEs) of dietary intake were assessed. Thus, observational post hoc analyses were applied. METHODS Associations of changes in EIEst, EIRep, PEst, and PRep with changes in HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and BMI were determined by linear mixed-model analysis in 2 arms [high-protein-low-glycemic-index (GI) diet and moderate-protein-moderate-GI diet] of the PREVIEW study. EIEst was derived from energy requirement: total energy expenditure = basal metabolic rate × physical activity level; PEst from urinary nitrogen, and urea. MEs were calculated as [(EIEst - EIRep)/EIEst] × 100% and [(PRep - PEst)/PEst] × 100%. Eating behavior was determined using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, examining cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. RESULTS Increases in PEst and PRep and decreases in EIEst and EIRep were associated with decreases in BMI, but not independently with decreases in HOMA-IR. Increases in PEst and PRep were associated with decreases in HbA1c. PRep and EIRep showed larger changes and stronger associations than PEst and EIEst. Mean ± SD MEs of EIRep and PRep were 38% ± 9% and 14% ± 4%, respectively; ME changes in EIRep and En% PRep were positively associated with changes in BMI and cognitive dietary restraint and inversely with disinhibition and hunger. CONCLUSIONS During weight-loss maintenance in adults with prediabetes, increase in protein intake and decrease in energy intake were not associated with decrease in HOMA-IR beyond associations with decrease in BMI. Increases in PEst and PRep were associated with decrease in HbA1c.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01777893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM—School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University,
Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM—School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University,
Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, ARUK Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elli Jalo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas M Larssen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN),
Madrid, Spain,IdisNA Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain,Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jennie Brand-Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise, and Medicine (A-STEM), College of Engineering Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Moira A Taylor
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, ARUK Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,IdisNA Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Svetoslav Handjiev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roslyn Muirhead
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marta P Silvestre
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services (CINTESIS), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nils Swindell
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise, and Medicine (A-STEM), College of Engineering Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Maija Huttunen-Lenz
- Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Institute of Nursing Science, Schwäbisch Gmünd University of Education, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schlicht
- Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tony Lam
- NetUnion sarl, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Government Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Raman
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Government Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edith Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark,Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Lewgood J, Oliveira B, Korzepa M, Forbes SC, Little JP, Breen L, Bailie R, Candow DG. Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2378. [PMID: 34371888 PMCID: PMC8308746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, which creates a large economic burden. Diet is a critical factor in the treatment and management of T2D; however, there are a large number of dietary approaches and a general lack of consensus regarding the efficacy of each. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to critically evaluate the effects of various dietary strategies on diabetes management and treatment, such as Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, low-calorie and very low-calorie diets, intermittent fasting, low-carbohydrate and very low-carbohydrate diets, and low glycemic diets and (2) to examine several purported supplements, such as protein, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and vitamin D to improve glucose control and body composition. This review can serve as a resource for those wanting to evaluate the evidence supporting the various dietary strategies and supplements that may help manage T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lewgood
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Barbara Oliveira
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Bailie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
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19
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Zhu R, Fogelholm M, Larsen TM, Poppitt SD, Silvestre MP, Vestentoft PS, Jalo E, Navas-Carretero S, Huttunen-Lenz M, Taylor MA, Stratton G, Swindell N, Kaartinen NE, Lam T, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Handjiev S, Schlicht W, Martinez JA, Seimon RV, Sainsbury A, Macdonald IA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Brand-Miller J, Raben A. A High-Protein, Low Glycemic Index Diet Suppresses Hunger but Not Weight Regain After Weight Loss: Results From a Large, 3-Years Randomized Trial (PREVIEW). Front Nutr 2021; 8:685648. [PMID: 34141717 PMCID: PMC8203925 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown an increase in hunger during weight-loss maintenance (WLM) after diet-induced weight loss. Whether a combination of a higher protein, lower glycemic index (GI) diet and physical activity (PA) can counteract this change remains unclear. Aim: To compare the long-term effects of two diets [high protein (HP)-low GI vs. moderate protein (MP)-moderate GI] and two PA programs [high intensity (HI) vs. moderate intensity (MI)] on subjective appetite sensations during WLM after ≥8% weight loss (WL). Methods: Data derived from the 3-years PREVIEW randomized intervention study. An 8-weeks WL phase using a low-energy diet was followed by a 148-weeks randomized WLM phase. For the WLM phase, participants were assigned to one of the four groups: HP-MI, HP-HI, MP-MI, and MP-HI. Available data from 2,223 participants with overweight or obesity (68% women; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Appetite sensations including satiety, hunger, desire to eat, and desire to eat something sweet during the two phases (at 0, 8 weeks and 26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks) were assessed based on the recall of feelings during the previous week using visual analogue scales. Differences in changes in appetite sensations from baseline between the groups were determined using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Results: There was no significant diet × PA interaction. From 52 weeks onwards, decreases in hunger were significantly greater in HP-low GI than MP-moderate GI (P time × diet = 0.018, P dietgroup = 0.021). Although there was no difference in weight regain between the diet groups (P time × diet = 0.630), hunger and satiety ratings correlated with changes in body weight at most timepoints. There were no significant differences in appetite sensations between the two PA groups. Decreases in hunger ratings were greater at 52 and 104 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-HI, and greater at 104 and 156 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-MI. Conclusions: This is the first long-term, large-scale randomized intervention to report that a HP-low GI diet was superior in preventing an increase in hunger, but not weight regain, during 3-years WLM compared with a MP-moderate GI diet. Similarly, HP-HI outperformed MP-HI in suppressing hunger. The role of exercise intensity requires further investigation. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01777893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marta P Silvestre
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Center for Health Technology Services Research, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pia S Vestentoft
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elli Jalo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Department of Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Precision Nutrition Program, IMDEA Food, Campus de Excelencia Internacional, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maija Huttunen-Lenz
- Institute for Nursing Science, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Moira A Taylor
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Swindell
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Niina E Kaartinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tony Lam
- NetUnion sarl, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Svetoslav Handjiev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Wolfgang Schlicht
- Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Precision Nutrition Program, IMDEA Food, Campus de Excelencia Internacional, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Radhika V Seimon
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, ARUK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jennie Brand-Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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20
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Katsarou AL, Katsilambros NL, Koliaki CC. Intermittent Energy Restriction, Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Critical Appraisal of Evidence in Humans. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:495. [PMID: 33922103 PMCID: PMC8143449 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns with intermittent energy restriction (IER) have been proposed as an attractive alternative to continuous energy restriction (CER) for the management of obesity and its associated comorbidities. The most widely studied regimens of IER comprise energy restriction on two days per week (5:2), alternate-day energy restriction by 60-70% (ADF), and timely restriction of energy intake during a specific time window within the day (TRF; time-restricted feeding). Although there is some evidence to suggest that IER can exert beneficial effects on human cardiometabolic health, yet is apparently not superior compared to CER, there are still some critical issues/questions that warrant further investigation: (i) high-quality robust scientific evidence regarding the long-term effects of IER (safety, efficacy, compliance) is limited since the vast majority of intervention studies had a duration of less than 6 months; (ii) whether the positive effects of IER are independent of or actually mediated by weight loss remains elusive; (iii) it remains unknown whether IER protocols are a safe recommendation for the general population; (iv) data concerning the impact of IER on ectopic fat stores, fat-free mass, insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility are inconclusive; (v) the cost-effectiveness of IER dietary regimens has not been adequately addressed; (vi) direct head-to-head studies comparing different IER patterns with variable macronutrient composition in terms of safety and efficacy are scarce; and (vii) evidence is limited with regard to the efficacy of IER in specific populations, including males, the elderly and patients with morbid obesity and diabetes mellitus. Until more solid evidence is available, individualization and critical perspective are definitely warranted to determine which patients might benefit the most from an IER intervention, depending on their personality traits and most importantly comorbid health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas L. Katsilambros
- Research Laboratory Christeas Hall, Medical Faculty, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Laiko University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi C. Koliaki
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Laiko University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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21
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Ooi DSQ, Ling JQR, Sadananthan SA, Velan SS, Ong FY, Khoo CM, Tai ES, Henry CJ, Leow MKS, Khoo EYH, Tan CS, Lee YS, Chong MFF. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Does Not Preserve Lean Mass or Affect Metabolic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity in a Randomized Controlled Weight Loss Intervention. J Nutr 2021; 151:911-920. [PMID: 33537760 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has been shown to increase muscle mass or prevent muscle loss during weight loss. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of a BCAA-supplemented hypocaloric diet on lean mass preservation and insulin sensitivity. METHODS A total of 132 Chinese adults (63 men and 69 women aged 21-45 y, BMI 25-36 kg/m2) were block randomly assigned by gender and BMI into 3 hypocaloric diet (deficit of 500 kcal/d) groups: standard-protein (14%) with placebo (control, CT) or BCAA supplements at 0.1 g · kg-1 body weight · d-1 (BCAA) or high-protein (27%) with placebo (HP). The subjects underwent 16 wk of dietary intervention with provision of meals and supplements, followed by 8 wk of weight maintenance with provision of supplements only. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to analyze the primary (lean mass and insulin sensitivity) and secondary outcomes (anthropometric and metabolic parameters) among the 3 groups. Paired t-test was used to analyze the change in each group. RESULTS The 3 groups demonstrated similar significant reductions in body weight (7.97%), fat mass (13.8%), and waist circumference (7.27%) after 16 wk of energy deficit. Lean mass loss in BCAA (4.39%) tended to be lower than in CT (5.39%) and higher compared with HP (3.67%) (P = 0.06). Calf muscle volume increased 3.4% in BCAA and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) decreased in BCAA (17%) and HP (18%) (P < 0.05) over 16 wk. During the 8 wk weight maintenance period, lean mass gain in BCAA (1.03%) tended to be lower compared with CT (1.58%) and higher than in HP (-0.002%) (P = 0.04). Lean mass gain differed significantly between CT and HP (P = 0.03). Insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles did not differ among the groups throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS BCAA supplementation does not preserve lean mass or affect insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults during weight loss. A higher protein diet may be more advantageous for lean mass preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delicia S Q Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Q R Ling
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fang Yi Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Melvin K S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eric Y H Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Waliłko E, Napierała M, Bryśkiewicz M, Fronczyk A, Majkowska L. High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet-Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program? Nutrients 2021; 13:1086. [PMID: 33810414 PMCID: PMC8066419 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no crossover studies have compared the effects of high-protein (HP) and low glycemic index (LGI) diets applied as starting energy-restricted diets. METHODS Thirty-five overweight or obese volunteers with sedentary lifestyles aged 41.4 ± 11.0 years, with body mass index (BMI) of 33.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2, without diabetes, completed an 8-week randomized crossover study of an energy-restricted diet (reduction of 30%; approximately 600 kcal/day). The anthropometric parameters, body composition, 24 h blood pressure, and basic metabolic profile were measured at baseline and after completing the two 4-week diets; i.e., the HP (protein at 30% of the daily energy intake) or LGI diet, followed by the opposite diet. All subjects maintained food diaries and attended six counselling sessions with a clinical dietitian. RESULTS The final weight loss was not significantly different when the HP diet was used first but was associated with a greater loss of fat mass: 4.6 kg (5.8; 3.0 kg) vs. 2.2 (4.5; 0.8); p < 0.025, preserved muscle mass, and reduced LDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS A short-term HP diet applied as a jump-start diet appeared to be more beneficial than an LGI diet, as indicated by the greater fat mass loss, preservation of muscle mass, and better effects on the lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liliana Majkowska
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin-Police, Poland; (E.W.); (M.N.); (M.B.); (A.F.)
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23
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Buso MEC, Seimon RV, McClintock S, Muirhead R, Atkinson FS, Brodie S, Dodds J, Zibellini J, Das A, Wild-Taylor AL, Burk J, Fogelholm M, Raben A, Brand-Miller JC, Sainsbury A. Can a Higher Protein/Low Glycemic Index vs. a Conventional Diet Attenuate Changes in Appetite and Gut Hormones Following Weight Loss? A 3-Year PREVIEW Sub-study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:640538. [PMID: 33829034 PMCID: PMC8019730 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.640538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous research showed that weight-reducing diets increase appetite sensations and/or circulating ghrelin concentrations for up to 36 months, with transient or enduring perturbations in circulating concentrations of the satiety hormone peptide YY. Objective: This study assessed whether a diet that is higher in protein and low in glycemic index (GI) may attenuate these changes. Methods: 136 adults with pre-diabetes and a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 underwent a 2-month weight-reducing total meal replacement diet. Participants who lost ≥8% body weight were randomized to one of two 34-month weight-maintenance diets: a higher-protein and moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diet with low GI, or a moderate-protein and higher-CHO diet with moderate GI. Both arms involved recommendations to increase physical activity. Fasting plasma concentrations of total ghrelin and total peptide YY, and appetite sensations, were measured at 0 months (pre-weight loss), at 2 months (immediately post-weight loss), and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Results: There was a decrease in plasma peptide YY concentrations and an increase in ghrelin after the 2-month weight-reducing diet, and these values approached pre-weight-loss values by 6 and 24 months, respectively (P = 0.32 and P = 0.08, respectively, vs. 0 months). However, there were no differences between the two weight-maintenance diets. Subjective appetite sensations were not affected by the weight-reducing diet nor the weight-maintenance diets. While participants regained an average of ~50% of the weight they had lost by 36 months, the changes in ghrelin and peptide YY during the weight-reducing phase did not correlate with weight regain. Conclusion: A higher-protein, low-GI diet for weight maintenance does not attenuate changes in ghrelin or peptide YY compared with a moderate-protein, moderate-GI diet. Clinical Trial Registry:ClinicalTrials.gov registry ID NCT01777893 (PREVIEW) and ID NCT02030249 (Sub-study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E C Buso
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Radhika V Seimon
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally McClintock
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Roslyn Muirhead
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona S Atkinson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon Brodie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarron Dodds
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Zibellini
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Arpita Das
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Wild-Taylor
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Burk
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennie C Brand-Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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24
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WILSON REBEKAHL, NEWTON ROBERTU, TAAFFE DENNISR, HART NICOLASH, LYONS-WALL PHILIPPA, GALVÃO DANIELA. Weight Loss for Obese Prostate Cancer Patients on Androgen Deprivation Therapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:470-478. [PMID: 33009195 PMCID: PMC7886363 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excess fat mass (FM) contributes to poor prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis and comorbidity. However, FM gain is a common side effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). We examined the efficacy of a 12-wk weight loss intervention to reduce FM and maintain lean mass (LM) in ADT-treated obese PCa patients. METHODS Fourteen ADT-treated obese PCa patients (72 ± 9 yr, 39.7% ± 5.4% body fat) were recruited for a self-controlled prospective study, with 11 completing the 6-wk control period, followed by a 12-wk intervention comprising 300 min·wk-1 of exercise including supervised resistance training and home-based aerobic exercise, and dietitian consultations advising a daily energy deficit (2100-4200 kJ) and protein supplementation. Body composition was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Secondary outcomes included muscle strength (one-repetition maximum), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption), and blood biomarkers. RESULTS There were no significant changes during the control period. Patients attended 89% of supervised exercise sessions and 100% of dietitian consultations. No changes in physical activity or energy intake were observed. During the intervention, patients experienced significant reductions in weight (-2.8 ± 3.2 kg, P = 0.016), FM (-2.8 ± 2.6 kg, P < 0.001), and trunk FM (-1.8 ± 1.4 kg, P < 0.001), with LM preserved (-0.05 ± 1.6 kg, P = 0.805). Muscle strength (4.6%-24.7%, P < 0.010) and maximal oxygen consumption (3.5 ± 4.7 mL·min-1·kg-1, P = 0.041) significantly improved. Leptin significantly decreased (-2.2 (-2.7 to 0.5) ng·mL-1, P = 0.016) with no other changes in blood biomarkers such as testosterone and lipids (P = 0.051-0.765); however, C-reactive protein (rs = -0.670, P = 0.024) and triglycerides (r = -0.667, P = 0.025) were associated with individual changes in LM. CONCLUSIONS This study shows preliminary efficacy for an exercise and nutrition weight loss intervention to reduce FM, maintain LM, and improve muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in ADT-treated obese PCa patients. The change in body composition may affect blood biomarkers associated with obesity and PCa progression; however, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- REBEKAH L. WILSON
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
| | - ROBERT U. NEWTON
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | - DENNIS R. TAAFFE
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
| | - NICOLAS H. HART
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | - PHILIPPA LYONS-WALL
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
| | - DANIEL A. GALVÃO
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA
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25
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Bertoni L, Valentini R, Zattarin A, Belligoli A, Bettini S, Vettor R, Foletto M, Spinella P, Busetto L. Assessment of Protein Intake in the First Three Months after Sleeve Gastrectomy in Patients with Severe Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:771. [PMID: 33673465 PMCID: PMC7997257 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate protein intake prevents the loss of fat-free mass during weight loss. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) jeopardizes protein intake due to post-operative dietary restriction and intolerance to protein-rich foods. The purpose of this study is to evaluate protein intake in the first three months after SG. We evaluated, 1 month and 3 months after surgery, 47 consecutive patients treated with SG. Protein intake, both from foods and from protein supplementation, was assessed through a weekly dietary record. Patients consumed 30.0 ± 10.2 g of protein/day on average from foods in the first month, with a significant increase to 34.9 ± 4.8 g of protein/day in the third month (p = 0.003). The use of protein supplementation significantly increased total protein intake to 42.3 ± 15.9 g protein/day (p < 0.001) in the first month and to 39.6 ± 14.2 g of protein/day (p = 0.002) in the third one. Compliance with supplement consumption was 63.8% in the first month and only 21.3% in the third month. In conclusion, both one and three months after SG, protein intake from foods was not sufficient. The use of modular supplements seems to have a significant impact on protein intake, but nevertheless it remains lower than recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Bertoni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Romina Valentini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Alessandra Zattarin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Anna Belligoli
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mirto Foletto
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Paolo Spinella
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (R.V.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.V.); (P.S.)
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Clinica Medica 3, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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26
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Raben A, Vestentoft PS, Brand‐Miller J, Jalo E, Drummen M, Simpson L, Martinez JA, Handjieva‐Darlenska T, Stratton G, Huttunen‐Lenz M, Lam T, Sundvall J, Muirhead R, Poppitt S, Ritz C, Pietiläinen KH, Westerterp‐Plantenga M, Taylor MA, Navas‐Carretero S, Handjiev S, McNarry MA, Hansen S, Råman L, Brodie S, Silvestre MP, Adam TC, Macdonald IA, San‐Cristobal R, Boyadjieva N, Mackintosh KA, Schlicht W, Liu A, Larsen TM, Fogelholm M. The PREVIEW intervention study: Results from a 3-year randomized 2 x 2 factorial multinational trial investigating the role of protein, glycaemic index and physical activity for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:324-337. [PMID: 33026154 PMCID: PMC8120810 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the impact of two long-term weight-maintenance diets, a high protein (HP) and low glycaemic index (GI) diet versus a moderate protein (MP) and moderate GI diet, combined with either high intensity (HI) or moderate intensity physical activity (PA), on the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) after rapid weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3-year multicentre randomized trial in eight countries using a 2 x 2 diet-by-PA factorial design was conducted. Eight-week weight reduction was followed by a 3-year randomized weight-maintenance phase. In total, 2326 adults (age 25-70 years, body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 ) with prediabetes were enrolled. The primary endpoint was 3-year incidence of T2D analysed by diet treatment. Secondary outcomes included glucose, insulin, HbA1c and body weight. RESULTS The total number of T2D cases was 62 and the cumulative incidence rate was 3.1%, with no significant differences between the two diets, PA or their combination. T2D incidence was similar across intervention centres, irrespective of attrition. Significantly fewer participants achieved normoglycaemia in the HP compared with the MP group (P < .0001). At 3 years, normoglycaemia was lowest in HP-HI (11.9%) compared with the other three groups (20.0%-21.0%, P < .05). There were no group differences in body weight change (-11% after 8-week weight reduction; -5% after 3-year weight maintenance) or in other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Three-year incidence of T2D was much lower than predicted and did not differ between diets, PA or their combination. Maintaining the target intakes of protein and GI over 3 years was difficult, but the overall protocol combining weight loss, healthy eating and PA was successful in markedly reducing the risk of T2D. This is an important clinically relevant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Pia Siig Vestentoft
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Jennie Brand‐Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Elli Jalo
- Department of Food and NutritionUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mathjis Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Liz Simpson
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical CentreMRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, ARUK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottinghamUK
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- Centre for Nutrition ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion (CIBEROBN)MadridSpain
- IdisNA Instituto for Health ResearchPamplonaSpain
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program. IMDEA‐Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), CEI UAM + CSICMadridSpain
| | | | - Gareth Stratton
- College of EngineeringApplied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A‐STEM) Research CentreSwanseaUK
| | - Maija Huttunen‐Lenz
- Exercise and Health SciencesUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Institute of Nursing ScienceUniversity of Education Schwäbisch GmündSchwäbisch GmündGermany
| | - Tony Lam
- NetUnion sarlLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- Department of Government Services, Forensic Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry LaboratoryNational Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Roslyn Muirhead
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sally Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of MedicineUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Obesity Centre, Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Margriet Westerterp‐Plantenga
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Moira A. Taylor
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical CentreNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottinghamUK
| | - Santiago Navas‐Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion (CIBEROBN)MadridSpain
- IdisNA Instituto for Health ResearchPamplonaSpain
| | - Svetoslav Handjiev
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical University of SofiaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Melitta A. McNarry
- College of EngineeringApplied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A‐STEM) Research CentreSwanseaUK
| | - Sylvia Hansen
- Exercise and Health SciencesUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Laura Råman
- Department of Government Services, Forensic Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry LaboratoryNational Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Shannon Brodie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Marta P. Silvestre
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of MedicineUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- CINTESIS ‐ Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde NOVA Medical SchoolNOVA University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Tanja C. Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Ian A. Macdonald
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical CentreMRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, ARUK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottinghamUK
| | - Rodrigo San‐Cristobal
- Centre for Nutrition ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program. IMDEA‐Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), CEI UAM + CSICMadridSpain
| | - Nadka Boyadjieva
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical University of SofiaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Kelly A. Mackintosh
- College of EngineeringApplied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A‐STEM) Research CentreSwanseaUK
| | | | - Amy Liu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of MedicineUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Thomas M. Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and NutritionUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Chao AM, Quigley KM, Wadden TA. Dietary interventions for obesity: clinical and mechanistic findings. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140065. [PMID: 33393504 PMCID: PMC7773341 DOI: 10.1172/jci140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary modification is central to obesity treatment. Weight loss diets are available that include various permutations of energy restriction, macronutrients, foods, and dietary intake patterns. Caloric restriction is the common pathway for weight reduction, but different diets may induce weight loss by varied additional mechanisms, including by facilitating dietary adherence. This narrative Review of meta-analyses and select clinical trials found that lower-calorie diets, compared with higher-calorie regimens, reliably induced larger short-term (<6 months) weight losses, with deterioration of this benefit over the long term (>12 months). Few significant long-term differences in weight loss were observed for diets of varying macronutrient composition, although some regimens were found to have short-term advantages (e.g., low carbohydrate versus low fat). Progress in improving dietary adherence, which is critical to both short- and long-term weight loss, could result from greater efforts to identify behavioral and metabolic phenotypes among dieters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Chao
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kerry M. Quigley
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas A. Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Altashina MV, Ivannikova EV, Troshina EA. High protein diet: benefits and risks. OBESITY AND METABOLISM 2020; 17:393-400. [DOI: 10.14341/omet12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
Abstract
The nature of human nutrition has become increasingly important as an effective element in the prevention and treatment of many pathologies, especially obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. High protein diets are some of the most popular eating patterns and the Dukan diet has taken the lead in popularity among the diets of this type. An increase of protein in the diet is effective in reducing body weight, primarily due to the loss of adipose tissue, without a significant effect on muscle mass. Another advantage of a high-protein diet is earlier and longer satiety compared to other diets, which makes it comfortable for use. Besides obesity, high protein diets are presumably effective for treating such diseases as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases However, despite the important advantages, this nutritional model is not universal and is contraindicated in patients with diseases of liver, kidneys and osteoporosis. Besides, the prolonged use of a high protein diet may increase the risks of urolithiasis and reduced mineral bone density even for healthy individuals. Thus, the increase in the proportion of protein in the diet should take place exclusively under the supervision of a physician.
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Challenging energy balance - during sensitivity to food reward and modulatory factors implying a risk for overweight - during body weight management including dietary restraint and medium-high protein diets. Physiol Behav 2020; 221:112879. [PMID: 32199999 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is a key concept in the etiology and prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities, as well as in the development of possible treatments. If energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, a positive energy balance develops and the risk for overweight, obesity, and its co-morbidities increases. Energy balance is determined by energy homeostasis, and challenged by sensitivity to food reward, and to modulatory factors such as circadian misalignment, high altitude, environmental temperature, and physical activity. Food reward and circadian misalignment increase the risk for overweight and obesity, while high altitude, changes in environmental temperature, or physical activity modulate energy balance in different directions. Modulations by hypobaric hypoxia, lowering environmental temperature, or increasing physical activity have been hypothesized to contribute to body weight loss and management, yet no clear evidence has been shown. Dietary approach as part of a lifestyle approach for body weight management should imply reduction of energy intake including control of food reward, thereby sustaining satiety and fat free body mass, sustaining energy expenditure. Green tea catechins and capsaicin in red pepper in part meet these requirements by sustaining energy expenditure and increasing fat oxidation, while capsaicin also suppresses hunger and food intake. Protein intake of at least 0,8 g/kg body weight meets these requirements in that it, during decreased energy intake, increases food intake control including control of food reward, and counteracts adaptive thermogenesis. Prevention of overweight and obesity is underscored by dietary restraint, implying control of sensitivity to challenges to energy balance such as food reward and circadian misalignment. Treatment of overweight and obesity may be possible using a medium-high protein diet (0,8-1,2 g/kg), together with increased dietary restraint, while controlling challenges to energy balance.
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30
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Effects of a High-Protein Diet on Cardiometabolic Health, Vascular Function, and Endocannabinoids-A PREVIEW Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051512. [PMID: 32455987 PMCID: PMC7284520 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An unfavorable lipid profile and being overweight are known mediators in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The effect of diet, particularly high in protein, remains under discussion. Therefore, this study examines the effects of a high-protein (HP) diet on cardiometabolic health and vascular function (i.e., endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and retinal microvascular structure), and the possible association with plasma endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds in overweight participants. Thirty-eight participants (64.5 ± 5.9 (mean ± SD) years; body mass index (BMI) 28.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2) were measured for 48 h in a respiration chamber after body-weight maintenance for approximately 34 months following weight reduction. Diets with either a HP (n = 20) or moderate protein (MP; n = 18) content (25%/45%/30% vs. 15%/55%/30% protein/carbohydrate/fat) were provided in energy balance. Validated markers for cardiometabolic health (i.e., office blood pressure (BP) and serum lipoprotein concentrations) and vascular function (i.e., brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation, pulse wave analysis and velocity, and retinal microvascular calibers) were measured before and after those 48 h. Additionally, 24 h ambulatory BP, plasma anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and pregnenolone (PREG) were analyzed throughout the day. Office and ambulatory BP, serum lipoprotein concentrations, and vascular function markers were not different between the groups. Only heart rate (HR) was higher in the HP group. HR was positively associated with OEA, while OEA and PEA were also positively associated with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. Vascular function markers were not associated with endocannabinoids (or endocannabinoid-related substances). In conclusion, the HP diet did not affect cardiometabolic health and vascular function in overweight participants after completing a weight-loss intervention. Furthermore, our data indicate a possible association between OEA and PEA with TC and LDL cholesterol.
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Sultana S, Lina NN, Hasan MT, Ferdaus MJ, Dash BK, Ahmad T, Roy RK. Dietary Diversity and Associated Health Status of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Jashore Region of Bangladesh. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.8.2.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lack of adequate dietary diversity may contribute to the deterioration of health and nutritional status of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This cross-sectional study was designed to assess the dietary diversity and related health status of 110 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. The diabetes history of the subjects was collected from the hospital’s e-database. IDDS (individual dietary diversity score) was measured based on the FFQ (food frequency questionnaire) according to the FAO guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. BMI (body mass index), FBG (fasting blood glucose) level, 2h-PG (two-hour plasma glucose) level, serum creatinine level, and any signs of macro and microvascular diseases were recorded. The mean±SD of IDDS was moderate, 5.74±0.85. About half of the newly diagnosed diabetic patients consumed foods with high diversity. All respondents consumed starchy foods and about half of them did not consume any green leafy vegetables. Younger patients had a lower tendency to take high IDDS diets than the older. About half of individuals were overweight or obese. Higher IDDS and lower BMI, hypertension, serum creatinine, FBG, and 2-HPG were found among males than that of the females. Approximately 35% and 20% patients had microvascular and macrovascular complications respectively.The BMI and serum creatinine level of newly diagnosed diabetic patients were negatively affected by the IDDS. Dietary diversity and varied socio-demographic determinants were found to be related to the health status of diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Nazia Nawshad Lina
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tarek Hasan
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jannatul Ferdaus
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Biplab Kumar Dash
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Ahmad
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Kanti Roy
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
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Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, Wang Q, Hodges JS, Esch N, Malaeb S, Harindhanavudhi T, Nair KS, Panda S, Mashek DG. Time-Restricted Eating Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Measures in Humans who are Overweight: A Feasibility Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:860-869. [PMID: 32270927 PMCID: PMC7180107 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In contrast to intentionally restricting energy intake, restricting the eating window may be an option for treating obesity. By comparing time-restricted eating (TRE) with an unrestricted (non-TRE) control, it was hypothesized that TRE facilitates weight loss, alters body composition, and improves metabolic measures. METHODS Participants (17 women and 3 men; mean [SD]: 45.5 [12.1] years; BMI 34.1 [7.5] kg/m2 ) with a prolonged eating window (15.4 [0.9] hours) were randomized to TRE (n = 11: 8-hour window, unrestricted eating within window) versus non-TRE (n = 9: unrestricted eating) for 12 weeks. Weight, body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry), lipids, blood pressure, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance, 2-week continuous glucose monitoring, and 2-week physical activity (actigraphy assessed) were measured during the pre- and end-intervention periods. RESULTS The TRE group significantly reduced the eating window (end-intervention window: 9.9 [2.0] hours) compared with the non-TRE group (end-intervention window: 15.1 [1.1] hours) (P < 0.01). Compared with non-TRE, TRE decreased the number of eating occasions, weight, lean mass, and visceral fat (all P ≤ 0.05). Compared with preintervention measures, the TRE group reduced the number of eating occasions (-21.9% [30.1%]) and reduced weight (-3.7% [1.8%]), fat mass (-4% [2.9%]), lean mass (-3.0% [2.7%]), and visceral fat (-11.1% [13.4%]) (all P ≤ 0.05). Physical activity and metabolic measures remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of a randomized trial, TRE presents a simplified view of food intake that reduces weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Chow
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Alison Alvear
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Honoree Thor
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katrina Dietsche
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James S Hodges
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas Esch
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samar Malaeb
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tasma Harindhanavudhi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Douglas G Mashek
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Bo S, Fadda M, Fedele D, Pellegrini M, Ghigo E, Pellegrini N. A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1161. [PMID: 32331288 PMCID: PMC7231187 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mass media has increasingly frequently suggested to the general population that specific foods or nutritional schemes are able to affect both human metabolism and energy expenditure, thus facilitating weight loss. This critical review is aimed at assessing available evidence on the roles of nutrients, food and dietary regimens in energy intake and energy expenditure. We queried the National Library of Medicine, the Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASEand the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, and a search strategy was performed by using database-specific subject headings and keywords. We found that available scientific evidence on these topics is scarce, and that the limited number of available studies often have poor methodological quality. Only a few foods show beneficial effects on metabolism and energy expenditure, as the human energy balance is complex and multifactorial. Finally, microbiota may interfere with the intake, use and expenditure of energy in the human body. Conclusive evidence is still lacking, and, at present, it is not possible to identify a food or a diet with a significant impact on human energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Maurizio Fadda
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.F.); (D.F.)
| | - Debora Fedele
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.F.); (D.F.)
| | - Marianna Pellegrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
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Drummen M, Tischmann L, Gatta-Cherifi B, Fogelholm M, Raben A, Adam TC, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. High Compared with Moderate Protein Intake Reduces Adaptive Thermogenesis and Induces a Negative Energy Balance during Long-term Weight-Loss Maintenance in Participants with Prediabetes in the Postobese State: A PREVIEW Study. J Nutr 2020; 150:458-463. [PMID: 31754687 PMCID: PMC7056617 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss has been associated with adaptations in energy expenditure. Identifying factors that counteract these adaptations are important for long-term weight loss and weight maintenance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased protein/carbohydrate ratio would reduce adaptive thermogenesis (AT) and the expected positive energy balance (EB) during weight maintenance after weight loss in participants with prediabetes in the postobese state. METHODS In 38 participants, the effects of 2 diets differing in protein/carbohydrate ratio on energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed during 48-h respiration chamber measurements ∼34 mo after weight loss. Participants consumed a high-protein (HP) diet (n = 20; 13 women/7 men; age: 64.0 ± 6.2 y; BMI: 28.9 ± 4.0 kg/m 2) with 25:45:30% or a moderate-protein (MP) diet (n = 18; 9 women/9 men; age: 65.1 ± 5.8 y; BMI: 29.0 ± 3.8 kg/m 2) with 15:55:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Predicted resting energy expenditure (REEp) was calculated based on fat-free mass and fat mass. AT was assessed by subtracting measured resting energy expenditure (REE) from REEp. The main outcomes included differences in components of energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and AT between groups. RESULTS EB (MP = 0.2 ± 0.9 MJ/d; HP = -0.5 ± 0.9 MJ/d) and RQ (MP = 0.84 ± 0.02; HP = 0.82 ± 0.02) were reduced and REE (MP: 7.3 ± 0.2 MJ/d compared with HP: 7.8 ± 0.2 MJ/d) was increased in the HP group compared with the MP group (P < 0.05). REE was not different from REEp in the HP group, whereas REE was lower than REEp in the MP group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, EB was positively related to AT (rs = 0.74; P < 0.001) and RQ (rs = 0.47; P < 0.01) in the whole group of participants. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, an HP diet compared with an MP diet led to a negative EB and counteracted AT ∼34 mo after weight loss, in participants with prediabetes in the postobese state. These results indicate the relevance of compliance to an increased protein/carbohydrate ratio for long-term weight maintenance after weight loss. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01777893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to MD (e-mail: )
| | - Lea Tischmann
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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35
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Phillips SM. Maintaining It after Losing It: Advantage Protein! J Nutr 2020; 150:425-426. [PMID: 31875478 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Fasting as a Therapy in Neurological Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102501. [PMID: 31627405 PMCID: PMC6836141 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is deeply entrenched in evolution, yet its potential applications to today’s most common, disabling neurological diseases remain relatively unexplored. Fasting induces an altered metabolic state that optimizes neuron bioenergetics, plasticity, and resilience in a way that may counteract a broad array of neurological disorders. In both animals and humans, fasting prevents and treats the metabolic syndrome, a major risk factor for many neurological diseases. In animals, fasting probably prevents the formation of tumors, possibly treats established tumors, and improves tumor responses to chemotherapy. In human cancers, including cancers that involve the brain, fasting ameliorates chemotherapy-related adverse effects and may protect normal cells from chemotherapy. Fasting improves cognition, stalls age-related cognitive decline, usually slows neurodegeneration, reduces brain damage and enhances functional recovery after stroke, and mitigates the pathological and clinical features of epilepsy and multiple sclerosis in animal models. Primarily due to a lack of research, the evidence supporting fasting as a treatment in human neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration, stroke, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, is indirect or non-existent. Given the strength of the animal evidence, many exciting discoveries may lie ahead, awaiting future investigations into the viability of fasting as a therapy in neurological disease.
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Tischmann L, Drummen M, Gatta-Cherifi B, Raben A, Fogelholm M, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Matias I, Cota D, Mensink RP, Joris PJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Adam TC. Effects of a High-Protein/Moderate-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Gut Peptides, and Endocannabinoids-A Preview Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2269. [PMID: 31546629 PMCID: PMC6835833 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Favorable effects of a high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate (HP/MCHO) diet after weight loss on body weight management have been shown. To extend these findings, associations between perception of hunger and satiety with endocannabinoids, and with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) were assessed. At approximately 34 months after weight loss, 22 female and 16 male participants (mean age 64.5 ± 5.9 years; body mass index (BMI) 28.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) completed a 48 h respiration chamber study. Participants were fed in energy balance with a HP/MCHO diet with 25%:45%:30% or a moderate-protein/high-carbohydrate (MP/HCHO) diet with 15%:55%:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Endocannabinoids and related compounds, relevant postprandial hormones (GLP-1, PYY), hunger, satiety, and ad libitum food intake were assessed. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO reduced hunger perception. The lower decremental area under the curve (dAUC) for hunger in the HP/MCHO diet (-56.6% compared to MP, p < 0.05) was associated with the higher AUC for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations (p < 0.05). Hunger was inversely associated with PYY in the HP/MCHO group (r = -0.7, p < 0.01). Ad libitum food intake, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and incremental AUCs for gut peptides were not different between conditions. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO diet-induced reduction in hunger was present after 34 months weight maintenance in the post-obese state. HP/MCHO diet-induced decrease of hunger is suggested to interact with increased 2-AG and PYY concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tischmann
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33607 Pessac, France.
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK1017 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Isabelle Matias
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Ribeiro AS, Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ. Should Competitive Bodybuilders Ingest More Protein than Current Evidence-Based Recommendations? Sports Med 2019; 49:1481-1485. [PMID: 31028659 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is an aesthetic sport whereby competitors aspire to achieve a combination of high levels of muscularity combined with low levels of body fat. Protein is an important macronutrient for promoting muscle growth, and meeting daily needs is necessary to optimize the accretion of lean mass. Current recommendations for muscle hypertrophy suggest a relative protein intake ranging from 1.4 g/kg/day up to 2.0 g/kg/day is required for those involved in resistance training. However, research indicates that the actual ingestion of protein in competitive bodybuilders is usually greater than advocated in guidelines. The purpose of this current opinion article is to critically evaluate the evidence on whether higher intakes of protein are warranted in competitive bodybuilders. We conclude that competitive bodybuilders may benefit from consuming a higher protein intake than what is generally prescribed for recreationally trained lifters; however, the paucity of direct research in this population makes it difficult to draw strong conclusions on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Health Sciences Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
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Mulliniks JT, Beard JK. BEEF SPECIES-RUMINANT NUTRITION CACTUS BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Sustainable and economically viable management options for cow/calf production through enhanced beef cow metabolic efficiency1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1398-1406. [PMID: 30561668 PMCID: PMC6396245 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef cow herds are expected to be metabolically and reproductively efficient in varied and ever changing environmental conditions. Therefore, selection and management of grazing beef cows provides unique and diverse challenges in achieving optimal production efficiency for any environment. Beef cows face dynamic and highly variable nutritional environments that periodically are inadequate in meeting nutrient and energy requirements. Nutritional management during high metabolically stressed and key physiological states can lead to increased or decreased metabolic efficiency. Conversely, cow metabolic efficiency may be reduced in many production systems due to surplus nutritional inputs and reduced exposure to environmental stressors. Alternatively, metabolically potent supplementation strategies targeting enhanced energy metabolism and endocrine mechanisms would increase beef cow metabolic and economic efficiency. Metabolic efficient beef cows adapt to environmental changes by adjusting their metabolic energy utilization in order to match current environmental conditions and remain reproductively competent. This mechanism involves adaptive processes that drive adjustments in nutrient partitioning and energy utilization efficiency. However, the variation in metabolic and reproductive efficiency among beef cows within cow/calf production systems is substantial, suggesting a lack of complete integration of nutrition, genetics, and reproduction with environmental constraints and conditions. Better integration and understanding of the interactions may lead to advancements in metabolic efficiency of the cowherd. Metabolic flexibility is recognized as an important trait in dairy production but has received little attention thus far in beef cattle. Overall, management and supplementation strategies in cow/calf systems from a mechanistic, targeted nutritional approach during key physiological periods would hasten improvements in metabolic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Travis Mulliniks
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE
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Drummen M, Dorenbos E, Vreugdenhil ACE, Raben A, Fogelholm M, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Adam TC. Long-term effects of increased protein intake after weight loss on intrahepatic lipid content and implications for insulin sensitivity: a PREVIEW study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E885-E891. [PMID: 30086649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00162.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a weight maintenance period comprising two diets differing in protein intake, after weight loss, on intrahepatic lipid content and implications for insulin sensitivity. A total of 25 participants [body mass index (BMI): 31.1 (3.5 kg/m2; intrahepatic lipid (IHL): 8.7 (8.3%; fasting glucose: 6.4 (0.6 mmol/l; homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR): 3.7 (1.6; Matsuda index: 3.4 (2.9] started an 8-wk low-energy diet followed by a 2-yr weight maintenance period with either high protein or medium protein dietary guidelines. At baseline, after 6 mo, and after 2 yr, IHL, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy/imaging. Glucose and insulin concentrations, determined during an oral glucose challenge, were used to assess the HOMA-IR and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI). Protein intake was measured with 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion. Protein intake, BMI, IHL, VAT, SAT, HOMA-IR, and ISI did not change differently between the groups during the intervention. In the whole group, BMI, IHL, VAT, SAT, HOMA-IR, and ISI were favorably changed at 6 mo and 2 yr compared with baseline ( P < 0.05). Mixed-model analysis showed that independent of BMI, protein intake (g/d) at 6 mo was inversely related to IHL (coefficient: -0.04; P < 0.05) and VAT (coefficient: -0.01; P < 0.05). Overall, IHL was positively related to HOMA-IR (coefficient: 0.10; P < 0.01) and inversely related to ISI (coefficient: -0.17; P < 0.01), independent of BMI. A 2-yr medium- to high-protein energy-restricted diet reduced IHL and VAT. Independently of changes in BMI, IHL was inversely related to insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - E Dorenbos
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Centre for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health Care, Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - A C E Vreugdenhil
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Centre for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health Care, Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - A Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - M Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - M S Westerterp-Plantenga
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - T C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Pre-sleep protein in casein supplement or whole-food form has no impact on resting energy expenditure or hunger in women. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:988-994. [PMID: 30249314 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a whole-food protein (cottage cheese, CC) consumed before sleep on next-morning resting energy expenditure (REE), RER and appetite compared with an isoenergetic/isonitrogenous casein protein (CP) supplement and placebo (PL) in active women. In a beverage-blinded, randomised, cross-over design, ten active women (age, 23·1 (sd 1·9) years; body fat, 22·0 (sd 4·6) %) consumed pre-sleep CC (30 g of protein, 10 g of carbohydrate and 0 g of fat) or energy- and protein-matched liquid CP or PL (0 kJ). Participants arrived at 18.00 hours for an overnight stay in the laboratory. At 30-60 min before normal bed time (2 h post standard meal), participants consumed CC, CP or PL before measurement of REE. Upon waking (05.00-08.00 hours), REE was repeated and subjective appetite was recorded. Statistical analyses were conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA (SPSS). Significance was accepted at P≤0·05. There were no significant differences in acute REE (CC, 7217 (sd 1368); CP, 7188 (SD 895); PL, 7075 (sd 1108) kJ/d, P=0·95), acute RER (0·79 (sd 0·05), P=0·56), morning REE (CC, 5840 (sd 1225); CP, 5694 (sd 732); PL, 5991 (sd 903) kJ/d, P=0·79) or morning RER (0·77 (sd 0·03), P=0·52). Subjective measures of appetite were not different between groups. In active women, pre-sleep consumption of CC does not alter REE or RER more than a CP or PL beverage. These data suggest that the metabolic response from whole-food protein do not differ from the metabolic response of liquid protein.
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Malhotra R, Lipworth L, Cavanaugh KL, Young BA, Tucker KL, Carithers TC, Taylor HA, Correa A, Kabagambe EK, Ikizler TA. Protein Intake and Long-term Change in Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Jackson Heart Study. J Ren Nutr 2018; 28:245-250. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Successful and unsuccessful weight-loss maintainers: strategies to counteract metabolic compensation following weight loss. J Nutr Sci 2018; 7:e20. [PMID: 29988905 PMCID: PMC6033771 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis and reduced fat oxidative capacity may accompany weight loss, continuing in weight maintenance. The present study aimed (1) to determine whether weight-reduced and weight-loss relapsed women are at greater metabolic risk for weight gain compared with BMI-matched controls with no weight-loss history, and (2) to identify protective strategies that might attenuate weight loss-associated adaptive thermogenesis and support successful weight-loss maintenance. Four groups of women were recruited: reduced-overweight/obese (RED, n 15), controls (low-weight stable weight; LSW, n 19) BMI <27 kg/m2; relapsed-overweight/obese (REL, n 11), controls (overweight/obese stable weight; OSW, n 11) BMI >27 kg/m2. Body composition (bioelectrical impedance), 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, fasting and postprandial metabolic rate (MR) and substrate utilisation (RER) and physical activity (accelerometer (7 d)) were measured. Sociobehavioural questionnaires and 3 × 24 h diet recalls were completed. Fasting and postprandial MR, RER and total daily energy intake (TDEI) were not different between RED and REL v. controls (P > 0·05). RED consumed less carbohydrate (44·8 (sd 10·3) v. 53·4 (sd 10·0) % TDEI, P = 0·020), more protein (19·2 (sd 6·0) v. 15·6 (sd 4·2) % TDEI, P = 0·049) and increased physical activity, but behaviourally reported greater dietary restraint (P = 0·002) compared with controls. TDEI, macronutrient intake and physical activity were similar between OSW and REL. REL reported higher subjective fasting and lower postprandial ratings of prospective food consumption compared with OSW. Weight-reduced women had similar RMR (adjusted for fat-free mass) compared with controls with no weight-loss history. Increased physical activity, higher protein intake and greater lean muscle mass may have counteracted weight loss-associated metabolic compensation and highlights their importance in weight-maintenance programmes.
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Key Words
- Energy expenditure
- FFM, fat-free mass
- FM, fat mass
- LSW, low-weight stable weight
- NREE, non-resting energy expenditure
- OSW, overweight/obese stable weight
- RED, reduced-overweight/obese
- REL, relapsed-overweight/obese
- Substrate utilisation
- TDEE, total daily energy expenditure
- TDEI, total daily energy intake
- TEF, thermic effect of feeding
- Weight-loss maintenance
- Weight-loss relapse
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Stubbs RJ, Hopkins M, Finlayson GS, Duarte C, Gibbons C, Blundell JE. Potential effects of fat mass and fat-free mass on energy intake in different states of energy balance. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:698-709. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Giezenaar C, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hutchison AT, Standfield S, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:78. [PMID: 29329233 PMCID: PMC5793306 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of malnutrition in older people. We have reported that healthy older, compared to younger, adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey-protein-effects on appetite-related hormones are unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered whey-protein on glucose, gut hormone, and amino acid concentrations, and their relation to subsequent ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal, in healthy older and younger men. Hydrolyzed whey-protein (30 kcal, 90 kcal, and 180 kcal) and a saline control (~0 kcal) were infused intraduodenally for 60 min in 10 younger (19-29 years, 73 ± 2 kg, 22 ± 1 kg/m²) and 10 older (68-81 years, 79 ± 2 kg, 26 ± 1 kg/m²) healthy men in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and amino acid concentrations, but not blood glucose, increased, while ghrelin decreased during the whey-protein infusions. Plasma GIP concentrations were greater in older than younger men. Energy intake correlated positively with plasma ghrelin and negatively with insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acids concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, intraduodenal whey-protein infusions resulted in increased GIP and comparable ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acid responses in healthy older and younger men, which correlated to subsequent energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Scott Standfield
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Chapman
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
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Drummen M, Tischmann L, Gatta-Cherifi B, Adam T, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Dietary Protein and Energy Balance in Relation to Obesity and Co-morbidities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:443. [PMID: 30127768 PMCID: PMC6087750 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is effective for body-weight management, in that it promotes satiety, energy expenditure, and changes body-composition in favor of fat-free body mass. With respect to body-weight management, the effects of diets varying in protein differ according to energy balance. During energy restriction, sustaining protein intake at the level of requirement appears to be sufficient to aid body weight loss and fat loss. An additional increase of protein intake does not induce a larger loss of body weight, but can be effective to maintain a larger amount of fat-free mass. Protein induced satiety is likely a combined expression with direct and indirect effects of elevated plasma amino acid and anorexigenic hormone concentrations, increased diet-induced thermogenesis, and ketogenic state, all feed-back on the central nervous system. The decline in energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate as a result of body weight loss is less on a high-protein than on a medium-protein diet. In addition, higher rates of energy expenditure have been observed as acute responses to energy-balanced high-protein diets. In energy balance, high protein diets may be beneficial to prevent the development of a positive energy balance, whereas low-protein diets may facilitate this. High protein-low carbohydrate diets may be favorable for the control of intrahepatic triglyceride IHTG in healthy humans, likely as a result of combined effects involving changes in protein and carbohydrate intake. Body weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance usually shows favorable effects in relation to insulin sensitivity, although some risks may be present. Promotion of insulin sensitivity beyond its effect on body-weight loss and subsequent body-weight maintenance seems unlikely. In conclusion, higher-protein diets may reduce overweight and obesity, yet whether high-protein diets, beyond their effect on body-weight management, contribute to prevention of increases in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lea Tischmann
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tanja Adam
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
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47
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Vu JP, Luong L, Parsons WF, Oh S, Sanford D, Gabalski A, Lighton JR, Pisegna JR, Germano PM. Long-Term Intake of a High-Protein Diet Affects Body Phenotype, Metabolism, and Plasma Hormones in Mice. J Nutr 2017; 147:2243-2251. [PMID: 29070713 PMCID: PMC5697971 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.257873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-protein diets (HPDs) recently have been used to obtain body weight and fat mass loss and expand muscle mass. Several studies have documented that HPDs reduce appetite and food intake.Objective: Our goal was to determine the long-term effects of an HPD on body weight, energy intake and expenditure, and metabolic hormones.Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice (8 wk old) were fed either an HPD (60% of energy as protein) or a control diet (CD; 20% of energy as protein) for 12 wk. Body composition and food intakes were determined, and plasma hormone concentrations were measured in mice after being fed and after overnight feed deprivation at several time points.Results: HPD mice had significantly lower body weight (in means ± SEMs; 25.73 ± 1.49 compared with 32.5 ± 1.31 g; P = 0.003) and fat mass (9.55% ± 1.24% compared with 15.78% ± 2.07%; P = 0.05) during the first 6 wk compared with CD mice, and higher lean mass throughout the study starting at week 2 (85.45% ± 2.25% compared with 75.29% ± 1.90%; P = 0.0001). Energy intake, total energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient were significantly lower in HPD compared with CD mice as shown by cumulative energy intake and eating rate. Water vapor was significantly higher in HPD mice during both dark and light phases. In HPD mice, concentrations of leptin [feed-deprived: 41.31 ± 11.60 compared with 3041 ± 683 pg/mL (P = 0.0004); postprandial: 112.5 ± 102.0 compared with 8273 ± 1415 pg/mL (P < 0.0001)] and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) [feed-deprived: 5.664 ± 1.44 compared with 21.31 ± 1.26 pg/mL (P = <0.0001); postprandial: 6.54 ± 2.13 compared with 50.62 ± 11.93 pg/mL (P = 0.0037)] were significantly lower, whereas postprandial glucagon concentrations were higher than in CD-fed mice.Conclusions: In male mice, the 12-wk HPD resulted in short-term body weight and fat mass loss, but throughout the study preserved body lean mass and significantly reduced energy intake and expenditure as well as leptin and GLP-1 concentrations while elevating postprandial glucagon concentrations. This study suggests that long-term use of HPDs may be an effective strategy to decrease energy intake and expenditure and to maintain body lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vu
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Leon Luong
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - William F Parsons
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Suwan Oh
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Daniel Sanford
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Arielle Gabalski
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | | | - Joseph R Pisegna
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Patrizia M Germano
- CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; and
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Haidari F, Aghamohammadi V, Mohammadshahi M, Ahmadi-Angali K. Effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids and some of metabolic risk factors in obese women on a weight-loss diet: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:70. [PMID: 29061179 PMCID: PMC5654050 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides the effects of dietary long chain PUFA on circulating endocannabinoids concentrations, the impact of other nutrients on these system is not known and, whether changes in plasma endocannabinoids levels correlated with changes in body composition and biochemical metabolic risk factors in obese individuals, however, still remains to be characterized. Methods We will conduct a 2 months’ open label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids, glycemic and lipid profile, inflammatory factors, adipocytokines and body composition in 60 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet. Conclusion Due to strong relationship between endocannabinoids level and insulin resistance and obesity, in this trial, we will illustrate the other benefits of weight loss diet on health and metabolic risk factors. Also for the first, the effects of simultaneous weight loss diet and whey protein supplementation on these variables will be determined. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 39:46-58. [PMID: 27810402 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans in modern societies typically consume food at least three times daily, while laboratory animals are fed ad libitum. Overconsumption of food with such eating patterns often leads to metabolic morbidities (insulin resistance, excessive accumulation of visceral fat, etc.), particularly when associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Because animals, including humans, evolved in environments where food was relatively scarce, they developed numerous adaptations that enabled them to function at a high level, both physically and cognitively, when in a food-deprived/fasted state. Intermittent fasting (IF) encompasses eating patterns in which individuals go extended time periods (e.g., 16-48h) with little or no energy intake, with intervening periods of normal food intake, on a recurring basis. We use the term periodic fasting (PF) to refer to IF with periods of fasting or fasting mimicking diets lasting from 2 to as many as 21 or more days. In laboratory rats and mice IF and PF have profound beneficial effects on many different indices of health and, importantly, can counteract disease processes and improve functional outcome in experimental models of a wide range of age-related disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease and stroke. Studies of IF (e.g., 60% energy restriction on 2days per week or every other day), PF (e.g., a 5day diet providing 750-1100kcal) and time-restricted feeding (TRF; limiting the daily period of food intake to 8h or less) in normal and overweight human subjects have demonstrated efficacy for weight loss and improvements in multiple health indicators including insulin resistance and reductions in risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which IF improves health and counteracts disease processes involve activation of adaptive cellular stress response signaling pathways that enhance mitochondrial health, DNA repair and autophagy. PF also promotes stem cell-based regeneration as well as long-lasting metabolic effects. Randomized controlled clinical trials of IF versus PF and isoenergetic continuous energy restriction in human subjects will be required to establish the efficacy of IF in improving general health, and preventing and managing major diseases of aging.
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Kjølbæk L, Sørensen LB, Søndertoft NB, Rasmussen CK, Lorenzen JK, Serena A, Astrup A, Larsen LH. Protein supplements after weight loss do not improve weight maintenance compared with recommended dietary protein intake despite beneficial effects on appetite sensation and energy expenditure: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:684-697. [PMID: 28679554 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.129528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-protein diets increase weight loss (WL) during energy restriction; therefore, it has been suggested that additional protein intake may improve weight maintenance (WM) after WL.Objective: We investigated the effect of protein supplements from either whey with or without calcium or soy on WM success after WL compared with that of a control.Design: In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial, 220 participants aged 18-60 y with body mass index (in kg/m2) from 27.6 to 40.4 were included. The study was initiated with an 8-wk WL period followed by a 24-wk WM period. During WM, participants consumed the following isocaloric supplements (45-48 g/d): whey and calcium (whey+), whey, soy, or maltodextrin (control). Data were collected at baseline, before WM, and after WM (weeks 0, 8, and 32, respectively) and included body composition, blood biochemistry, and blood pressure. Meal tests were performed to investigate diet-induced-thermogenesis (DIT) and appetite sensation. Compliance was tested by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion.Results: A total of 151 participants completed the WM period. The control and 3 protein supplements did not result in different mean ± SD weight regains (whey+: 2.19 ± 4.6 kg; whey: 2.01 ± 4.6 kg; soy: 1.76 ± 4.7 kg; and control: 2.23 ± 3.8 kg; P = 0.96), fat mass regains (whey+: 0.46 ± 4.5 kg; whey: 0.11 ± 4.1 kg; soy: 0.15 ± 4.1 kg; and control: 0.54 ± 3.3 kg; P = 0.96), or improvements in lean body mass (whey+: 1.87 ± 1.7 kg; whey: 1.94 ± 1.3 kg; soy: 1.58 ± 1.4 kg; and control: 1.74 ± 1.4 kg; P = 0.50) during WM. Changes in blood pressure and blood biochemistry were not different between groups. Compared with the control, protein supplementation resulted in higher DIT (∼30 kJ/2.5 h) and resting energy expenditure (243 kJ/d) and an anorexigenic appetite-sensation profile.Conclusion: Protein supplementation does not result in improved WM success, or blood biochemistry after WL compared with the effects of normal dietary protein intake (0.8-1.0 g · kg-1 · d-1). This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01561131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and
| | | | - Nadja Buus Søndertoft
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | | | | | - Anja Serena
- Global Nutrition and Clinicals, Arla Foods amba, Brabrand, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and
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