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Müller SM, Jücker M. The Functional Roles of the Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Inositol 5-Phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5254. [PMID: 38791291 PMCID: PMC11121230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 are two proteins involved in intracellular signaling pathways and have been linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases. Both protein paralogs are well known for their involvement in the formation of various kinds of cancer. SHIP1, which is expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells, has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in leukemogenesis especially in myeloid leukemia, whereas SHIP2, which is expressed ubiquitously, has been implicated as an oncogene in a wider variety of cancer types and is suggested to be involved in the process of metastasis of carcinoma cells. However, there are numerous other diseases, such as inflammatory diseases as well as allergic responses, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, in which SHIP1 can play a role. Moreover, SHIP2 overexpression was shown to correlate with opsismodysplasia and Alzheimer's disease, as well as metabolic diseases. The SHIP1-inhibitor 3-α-aminocholestane (3AC), and SHIP1-activators, such as AQX-435 and AQX-1125, and SHIP2-inhibitors, such as K161 and AS1949490, have been developed and partly tested in clinical trials, which indicates the importance of the SHIP-paralogs as possible targets in the therapy of those diseases. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the involvement of SHIP proteins in the pathogenesis of cancer and other human diseases and to create awareness that SHIP1 and SHIP2 are more than just tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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Guyénard L, Tauber M, Debord-Peguet S, Berard F, Nosbaum A, Hacard F, Castells M, Nicolas JF. Case Report: Mast cell anergy: absence of symptoms after accidental re-exposure to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 3 days after anaphylaxis. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1366922. [PMID: 38529125 PMCID: PMC10961332 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1366922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Empty mast cell syndrome, also named post anaphylaxis mast cell anergy (PAMA), is a temporary state of loss of mast cell responsiveness after a severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction. In this study, we describe a case of PAMA after accidental re-exposure to amoxicillin in a patient who developed severe anaphylaxis to this drug three days earlier in the operating room. To our knowledge, this report is the second to document this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Guyénard
- Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Tauber
- Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Debord-Peguet
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
- Service d’Anesthésie-Réanimation Civilo-Militaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Berard
- Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Hacard
- Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Mariana Castells
- Drug Hypersensitivity and Desensitization Center, Mastocytosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- TeamEpidermal Immunity and Allergy, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1—Inserm U1111—CNRS—ENS, Lyon, France
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Green TRF, Zamani A, Dill LK, Sharma R, Raftery AL, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Regulation of microglial responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury: exploring the role of SHIP-1. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1276495. [PMID: 37901420 PMCID: PMC10603304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1276495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the world's leading cause of permanent neurological disability in children. TBI-induced neurological deficits may be driven by neuroinflammation post-injury. Abnormal activity of SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) has been associated with dysregulated immunological responses, but the role of SHIP-1 in the brain remains unclear. The current study investigated the immunoregulatory role of SHIP-1 in a mouse model of moderate-severe pediatric TBI. Methods SHIP-1+/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent experimental TBI or sham surgery at post-natal day 21. Brain gene expression was examined across a time course, and immunofluorescence staining was evaluated to determine cellular immune responses, alongside peripheral serum cytokine levels by immunoassays. Brain tissue volume loss was measured using volumetric analysis, and behavior changes both acutely and chronically post-injury. Results Acutely, inflammatory gene expression was elevated in the injured cortex alongside increased IBA-1 expression and altered microglial morphology; but to a similar extent in SHIP-1-/- mice and littermate SHIP-1+/- control mice. Similarly, the infiltration and activation of CD68-positive macrophages, and reactivity of GFAP-positive astrocytes, was increased after TBI but comparable between genotypes. TBI increased anxiety-like behavior acutely, whereas SHIP-1 deficiency alone reduced general locomotor activity. Chronically, at 12-weeks post-TBI, SHIP-1-/- mice exhibited reduced body weight and increased circulating cytokines. Pro-inflammatory gene expression in the injured hippocampus was also elevated in SHIP-1-/- mice; however, GFAP immunoreactivity at the injury site in TBI mice was lower. TBI induced a comparable loss of cortical and hippocampal tissue in both genotypes, while SHIP-1-/- mice showed reduced general activity and impaired working memory, independent of TBI. Conclusion Together, evidence does not support SHIP-1 as an essential regulator of brain microglial morphology, brain immune responses, or the extent of tissue damage after moderate-severe pediatric TBI in mice. However, our data suggest that reduced SHIP-1 activity induces a greater inflammatory response in the hippocampus chronically post-TBI, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - April L. Raftery
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Tsantikos E, Raftery AL, L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Dill LK, Semple BD, Hibbs ML. Regulation of Microglial Signaling by Lyn and SHIP-1 in the Steady-State Adult Mouse Brain. Cells 2023; 12:2378. [PMID: 37830592 PMCID: PMC10571795 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation and glial activation are associated with the development of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the protein tyrosine kinase Lyn and the lipid phosphatase SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) regulate neuroimmunological responses, but their homeostatic roles remain unclear. The current study investigated the roles of Lyn and SHIP-1 in microglial responses in the steady-state adult mouse brain. Young adult Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent a series of neurobehavior tests and postmortem brain analyses. The microglial phenotype and activation state were examined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, and neuroimmune responses were assessed using gene expression analysis. Lyn-/- mice had an unaltered behavioral phenotype, neuroimmune response, and microglial phenotype, while SHIP-1-/- mice demonstrated reduced explorative activity and exhibited microglia with elevated activation markers but reduced granularity. In addition, expression of several neuroinflammatory genes was increased in SHIP-1-/- mice. In response to LPS stimulation ex vivo, the microglia from both Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- showed evidence of hyper-activity with augmented TNF-α production. Together, these findings demonstrate that both Lyn and SHIP-1 have the propensity to control microglial responses, but only SHIP-1 regulates neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the steady-state adult brain, while Lyn activity appears dispensable for maintaining brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - April L. Raftery
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (E.T.); (A.L.R.); (E.L.-S.)
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Nagata K, Araumi S, Ando D, Ito N, Ando M, Ikeda Y, Takahashi M, Noguchi S, Yasuda Y, Nakano N, Ando T, Hara M, Yashiro T, Hachisu M, Nishiyama C. Kaempferol Suppresses the Activation of Mast Cells by Modulating the Expression of FcεRI and SHIP1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065997. [PMID: 36983066 PMCID: PMC10059252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of kaempferol on bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Kaempferol treatment significantly and dose-dependently inhibited IgE-induced degranulation, and cytokine production of BMMCs under the condition that cell viability was maintained. Kaempferol downregulated the surface expression levels of FcεRI on BMMCs, but the mRNA levels of FcεRIα, β, and γ-chains were not changed by kaempferol treatment. Furthermore, the kaempferol-mediated downregulation of surface FcεRI on BMMCs was still observed when protein synthesis or protein transporter was inhibited. We also found that kaempferol inhibited both LPS- and IL-33-induced IL-6 production from BMMCs, without affecting the expression levels of their receptors, TLR4 and ST2. Although kaempferol treatment increased the protein amount of NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-a master transcription factor of antioxidant stress-in BMMCs, the inhibition of NRF2 did not alter the suppressive effect of kaempferol on degranulation. Finally, we found that kaempferol treatment increased the levels of mRNA and protein of a phosphatase SHIP1 in BMMCs. The kaempferol-induced upregulation of SHIP1 was also observed in peritoneal MCs. The knockdown of SHIP1 by siRNA significantly enhanced IgE-induced degranulation of BMMCs. A Western blotting analysis showed that IgE-induced phosphorylation of PLCγ was suppressed in kaempferol-treated BMMCs. These results indicate that kaempferol inhibited the IgE-induced activation of BMMCs by downregulating FcεRI and upregulating SHIP1, and the SHIP1 increase is involved in the suppression of various signaling-mediated stimulations of BMMCs, such as those associated with TLR4 and ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Sanae Araumi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikeda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Miki Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Sakura Noguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yasuda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuya Yashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hachisu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Selective deletion of SHIP-1 in hematopoietic cells in mice leads to severe lung inflammation involving ILC2 cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9220. [PMID: 33911168 PMCID: PMC8080607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) regulates the intracellular levels of phosphotidylinositol-3, 4, 5-trisphosphate, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) product. Emerging evidence suggests that the PI3K pathway is involved in allergic inflammation in the lung. Germline or induced whole-body deletion of SHIP-1 in mice led to spontaneous type 2-dominated pulmonary inflammation, demonstrating that SHIP-1 is essential for lung homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which SHIP-1 regulates lung inflammation and the responsible cell types are still unclear. Deletion of SHIP-1 selectively in B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages did not lead to spontaneous allergic inflammation in mice, suggesting that innate immune cells, particularly group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) may play an important role in this process. We tested this idea using mice with deletion of SHIP-1 in the hematopoietic cell lineage and examined the changes in ILC2 cells. Conditional deletion of SHIP-1 in hematopoietic cells in Tek-Cre/SHIP-1 mice resulted in spontaneous pulmonary inflammation with features of type 2 immune responses and airway remodeling like those seen in mice with global deletion of SHIP-1. Furthermore, when compared to wild-type control mice, Tek-Cre/SHIP-1 mice displayed a significant increase in the number of IL-5/IL-13 producing ILC2 cells in the lung at baseline and after stimulation by allergen Papain. These findings provide some hints that PI3K signaling may play a role in ILC2 cell development at baseline and in response to allergen stimulation. SHIP-1 is required for maintaining lung homeostasis potentially by restraining ILC2 cells and type 2 inflammation.
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7
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Brassard J, Marsolais D, Blanchet MR. Mutant Mice and Animal Models of Airway Allergic Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2241:59-74. [PMID: 33486728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic airway inflammation, and eosinophils represent an integral effector leukocyte through their release of various granule-stored cytokines and proteins. Numerous mouse models have been developed to mimic clinical disease and they have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of the role of eosinophils in disease. Most of these models consist of intranasal (i.n.) administration of antigenic proteases including papain and house dust mite (HDM) or the neo-antigen ovalbumin, with a resulting Th2-biased immune response and airway eosinophilia. These models have been particularly informative when combined with the numerous transgenic mice available that modulate eosinophil frequency or the mechanisms involved in their migration. Here, we describe the current models of allergic airway inflammation and outline some of the transgenic mice available to study eosinophil disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyanne Brassard
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Renee Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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8
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Mohamed OE, Baretto RL, Walker I, Melchior C, Heslegrave J, Mckenzie R, Hullur C, Ekbote A, Krishna MT. Empty mast cell syndrome: fallacy or fact? J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:250-256. [PMID: 31831575 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-anaphylaxis mast cell anergy (PAMA), commonly referred to as 'empty mast cell (MC) syndrome', is a state of temporary loss of cutaneous MC reactivity in the immediate aftermath of anaphylaxis. Data relating to this condition are sparse and the incidence rate is currently unknown. PAMA has been described only in a few published case reports in the context of hymenoptera venom allergy and perioperative anaphylaxis. Best practice guidelines regarding optimal timing for performing skin tests postanaphylaxis are largely based on expert opinion, and allergy work-up has been recommended after 4-6 weeks postanaphylaxis to avoid false-negative results.This article provides a review of clinical literature surrounding PAMA, critically evaluates intracellular events in MCs from in vitro data and hypothesises regarding plausible immune mechanisms. There are no published data to directly explain molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Although not evidence based, PAMA has been attributed to depletion of MC granules following anaphylaxis. It is also plausible that exposure to high allergen concentrations in anaphylaxis can induce a temporary shift in MCs towards dominance of inhibitory signalling pathways, thus contributing to a state of transient hyporesponsiveness observed in some patients. Other potential contributory factors for reduced MC reactivity include downregulation of FcεRI expression, cross-linking of FcεRI to the inhibitory, low-affinity IgG receptors and administration of pharmacotherapeutic agents for anaphylaxis treatment. It is likely that this interesting phenomenon can be explained by a combination of these proposed mechanisms in addition to other genetic/host factors that have not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar E Mohamed
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard L Baretto
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Walker
- Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cathryn Melchior
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Heslegrave
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Mckenzie
- Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chidanand Hullur
- Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anjali Ekbote
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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9
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Simonowski A, Wilhelm T, Habib P, Zorn CN, Huber M. Differential use of BTK and PLC in FcεRI- and KIT-mediated mast cell activation: A marginal role of BTK upon KIT activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118622. [PMID: 31837347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In mast cells (MCs), the TEC family kinase (TFK) BTK constitutes a central regulator of antigen (Ag)-triggered, FcεRI-mediated PLCγ phosphorylation, Ca2+ mobilization, degranulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Less is known about the function of BTK in the context of stem cell factor (SCF)-induced KIT signaling. In bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs), Ag stimulation caused intense phosphorylation of BTK at Y551 in its active center and at Y223 in its SH3-domain, whereas in response to SCF only Y223 was significantly phosphorylated. Further data using the TFK inhibitor Ibrutinib indicated that BTK Y223 is phosphorylated by a non-BTK TFK upon SCF stimulation. In line, SCF-induced PLCγ1 phosphorylation was stronger attenuated by Ibrutinib than by BTK deficiency. Subsequent pharmacological analysis of PLCγ function revealed a total block of SCF-induced Ca2+ mobilization by PLC inhibition, whereas only the sustained phase of Ca2+ flux was curtailed in Ag-stimulated BMMCs. Despite this severe stimulus-dependent difference in inducing Ca2+ mobilization, PLCγ inhibition suppressed Ag- and SCF-induced degranulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production to comparable extents, suggesting involvement of additional TFK(s) or PLCγ-dependent signaling components. In addition to PLCγ, the MAPKs p38 and JNK were activated by Ag in a BTK-dependent manner; this was not observed upon SCF stimulation. Hence, FcεRI and KIT employ different mechanisms for activating PLCγ, p38, and JNK, which might strengthen their cooperation regarding pro-inflammatory MC effector functions. Importantly, our data clearly demonstrate that analyzing BTK Y223 phosphorylation is not sufficient to prove BTK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Simonowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin N Zorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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10
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Huber M, Cato ACB, Ainooson GK, Freichel M, Tsvilovskyy V, Jessberger R, Riedlinger E, Sommerhoff CP, Bischoff SC. Regulation of the pleiotropic effects of tissue-resident mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S31-S45. [PMID: 30772496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are best known for their detrimental role in patients with allergic diseases, act in a diverse array of physiologic and pathologic functions made possible by the plurality of MC types. Their various developmental avenues and distinct sensitivity to (micro-) environmental conditions convey extensive heterogeneity, resulting in diverse functions. We briefly summarize this heterogeneity, elaborate on molecular determinants that allow MCs to communicate with their environment to fulfill their tasks, discuss the protease repertoire stored in secretory lysosomes, and consider different aspects of MC signaling. Furthermore, we describe key MC governance mechanisms (ie, the high-affinity receptor for IgE [FcεRI]), the stem cell factor receptor KIT, the IL-4 system, and both Ca2+- and phosphatase-dependent mechanisms. Finally, we focus on distinct physiologic functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, host defense, and the regulation of MC functions at the mucosal barriers of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. A deeper knowledge of the pleiotropic functions of MC mediators, as well as the molecular processes of MC regulation and communication, should enable us to promote beneficial MC traits in physiology and suppress detrimental MC functions in patients with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George K Ainooson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Riedlinger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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IVIG activates FcγRIIB-SHIP1-PIP3 Pathway to stabilize mast cells and suppress inflammation after ICH in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15583. [PMID: 29138419 PMCID: PMC5686215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the activation of mast cell contributes to brain inflammation and brain injury. The mast cell activation is negatively regulated by an inhibitory IgG-receptor. It's signals are mediated by SHIP (Src homology 2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase), in particular SHIP1, which activation leads to hydrolyzation of PIP3 (Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, leading to the inhibition of calcium mobilization and to the attenuation of mast cell activation. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a FDA-approved drug containing IgG. We hypothesized that IVIG will attenuate the ICH-induced mast cell activation via FcγRIIB/SHIP1 pathway, resulting in a decrease of brain inflammation, protection of the blood-brain-barrier, and improvement of neurological functions after ICH. To prove this hypothesis we employed the ICH collagenase mouse model. We demonstrated that while ICH induced mast cell activation/degranulation, IVIG attenuated post-ICH mast cell activation. Mast cell deactivation resulted in reduced inflammation, consequently attenuating brain edema and improving of neurological functions after ICH. Furthermore using siRNA-induced in vivo knockdown approach we demonstrated that beneficial effects of IVIG were mediated, at least partly, via SHIP1/PIP3 pathway. We conclude that IVIG treatment represents a promising therapeutic approach potentially able to decrease mortality and morbidity after ICH in experimental models.
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12
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Pauls SD, Marshall AJ. Regulation of immune cell signaling by SHIP1: A phosphatase, scaffold protein, and potential therapeutic target. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:932-945. [PMID: 28480512 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP is a critical regulator of immune cell activation. Despite considerable study, the mechanisms controlling SHIP activity to ensure balanced cell activation remain incompletely understood. SHIP dampens BCR signaling in part through its association with the inhibitory coreceptor Fc gamma receptor IIB, and serves as an effector for other inhibitory receptors in various immune cell types. The established paradigm emphasizes SHIP's inhibitory receptor-dependent function in regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 ; however, substantial evidence indicates that SHIP can be activated independently of inhibitory receptors and can function as an intrinsic brake on activation signaling. Here, we integrate historical and recent reports addressing the regulation and function of SHIP in immune cells, which together indicate that SHIP acts as a multifunctional protein controlled by multiple regulatory inputs, and influences downstream signaling via both phosphatase-dependent and -independent means. We further summarize accumulated evidence regarding the functions of SHIP in B cells, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, and macrophages, and data suggesting defective expression or activity of SHIP in autoimmune and malignant disorders. Lastly, we discuss the biological activities, therapeutic promise, and limitations of small molecule modulators of SHIP enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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13
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Hamilton MJ, Halvorsen EC, LePard NE, Bosiljcic M, Ho VW, Lam V, Banáth J, Bennewith KL, Krystal G. SHIP represses lung inflammation and inhibits mammary tumor metastasis in BALB/c mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3677-91. [PMID: 26683227 PMCID: PMC4826161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2-containing-inositol-5'-phosphatase (SHIP) is a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway in hematopoietic cells and limits the development of leukemias and lymphomas. The potential role of SHIP in solid tumor development and metastasis remains unknown. While SHIP restricts the aberrant development of myeloid cells in C57BL/6 mice, there are conflicting reports regarding the effect of SHIP deletion in BALB/c mice with important consequences for determining the influence of SHIP in different model tumor systems. We generated SHIP-/- BALB/c mice and challenged them with syngeneic non-metastatic 67NR or metastatic 4T1 mammary tumors. We demonstrate that SHIP restricts the development, alternative-activation, and immunosuppressive function of myeloid cells in tumor-free and tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Tumor-free SHIP-/- BALB/c mice exhibited pulmonary inflammation, myeloid hyperplasia, and M2-polarized macrophages and this phenotype was greatly exacerbated by 4T1, but not 67NR, tumors. 4T1-bearing SHIP-/- mice rapidly lost weight and died from necrohemorrhagic inflammatory pulmonary disease, characterized by massive infiltration of pulmonary macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells that were more M2-polarized and immunosuppressive than wild-type cells. Importantly, while SHIP loss did not affect primary tumor growth, 4T1-bearing SHIP-/- mice had 7.5-fold more metastatic tumor cells in their lungs than wild-type mice, consistent with the influence of immunosuppressive myeloid cells on metastatic growth. Our findings identify the hematopoietic cell-restricted protein SHIP as an intriguing target to influence the development of solid tumor metastases, and support development of SHIP agonists to prevent the accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells and tumor metastases in the lungs to improve treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Hamilton
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nancy E LePard
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Momir Bosiljcic
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor W Ho
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Judit Banáth
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin L Bennewith
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ, Nilsson G, Daëron M, Levi-Schaffer F, Landolina N, Blank U, Marone G, Varricchi G, Prevete N, Melillo RM, Roediger B, Weninger W, Maurer M. FRT - FONDATION RENE TOURAINE. Exp Dermatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; 17176 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marc Daëron
- Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Marseille France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- The Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- The Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Inserm UMRS-1149; 75018 Paris France
- CNRS ERL 8252; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite; 75018 Paris France
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite; 75018 Paris France
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; University of Naples; Naples Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI); University of Naples; Naples Italy
- CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology ‘G. Salvatore’; Naples Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology ‘G. Salvatore’; Naples Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute; Newton NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute; Newton NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergie-Centrum-Charité/ECARF, Charité - Universitätsmedizin; 10117 Berlin Germany
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15
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Abdala-Valencia H, Bryce PJ, Schleimer RP, Wechsler JB, Loffredo LF, Cook-Mills JM, Hsu CL, Berdnikovs S. Tetraspanin CD151 Is a Negative Regulator of FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1377-87. [PMID: 26136426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are critical in the pathogenesis of allergic disease due to the release of preformed and newly synthesized mediators, yet the mechanisms controlling mast cell activation are not well understood. Members of the tetraspanin family are recently emerging as modulators of FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation; however, mechanistic understanding of their function is currently lacking. The tetraspanin CD151 is a poorly understood member of this family and is specifically induced on mouse and human mast cells upon FcεRI aggregation but its functional effects are unknown. In this study, we show that CD151 deficiency significantly exacerbates the IgE-mediated late phase inflammation in a murine model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Ex vivo, FcεRI stimulation of bone marrow-derived mast cells from CD151(-/-) mice resulted in significantly enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α compared with wild-type controls. However, FcεRI-induced mast cell degranulation was unaffected. At the molecular signaling level, CD151 selectively regulated IgE-induced activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K, associated with cytokine production, but had no effect on the phospholipase Cγ1 signaling, associated with degranulation. Collectively, our data indicate that CD151 exerts negative regulation over IgE-induced late phase responses and cytokine production in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Paul J Bryce
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Joshua B Wechsler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lucas F Loffredo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
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16
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Draber P, Halova I, Polakovicova I, Kawakami T. Signal transduction and chemotaxis in mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:11-23. [PMID: 25941081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Along with basophils, mast cells are essential effector cells for allergic inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Mast cells are usually increased in inflammatory sites of allergy and, upon activation, release various chemical, lipid, peptide and protein mediators of allergic reactions. Since antigen/immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation of these cells is a central event to trigger allergic reactions, innumerable studies have been conducted on how these cells are activated through cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Development of mature mast cells from their progenitor cells is under the influence of several growth factors, of which the stem cell factor (SCF) seems to be the most important. Therefore, how SCF induces mast cell development and activation via its receptor, KIT, has been studied extensively, including a cross-talk between KIT and FcεRI signaling pathways. Although our understanding of the signaling mechanisms of the FcεRI and KIT pathways is far from complete, pharmaceutical applications of the knowledge about these pathways are underway. This review will focus on recent progresses in FcεRI and KIT signaling and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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17
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Nakano N, Nishiyama C, Yagita H, Hara M, Motomura Y, Kubo M, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Notch signaling enhances FcεRI-mediated cytokine production by mast cells through direct and indirect mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4535-44. [PMID: 25821223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Th2-type cytokines and TNF-α secreted by activated mast cells upon cross-linking of FcεRI contribute to the development and maintenance of Th2 immunity to parasites and allergens. We have previously shown that cytokine secretion by mouse mast cells is enhanced by signaling through Notch receptors. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which Notch signaling enhances mast cell cytokine production induced by FcεRI cross-linking. FcεRI-mediated production of cytokines, particularly IL-4, was significantly enhanced in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells by priming with Notch ligands. Western blot analysis showed that Notch signaling augmented and prolonged FcεRI-mediated phosphorylation of MAPKs, mainly JNK and p38 MAPK, through suppression of the expression of SHIP-1, a master negative regulator of FcεRI signaling, resulting in the enhanced production of multiple cytokines. The enhancing effect of Notch ligand priming on multiple cytokine production was abolished by knockdown of Notch2, but not Notch1, and FcεRI-mediated production of multiple cytokines was enhanced by retroviral transduction with the intracellular domain of Notch2. However, only IL-4 production was enhanced by both Notch1 and Notch2. The enhancing effect of Notch signaling on IL-4 production was lost in bone marrow-derived mast cells from mice lacking conserved noncoding sequence 2, which is located at the distal 3' element of the Il4 gene locus and contains Notch effector RBP-J binding sites. These results indicate that Notch2 signaling indirectly enhances the FcεRI-mediated production of multiple cytokines, and both Notch1 and Notch2 signaling directly enhances IL-4 production through the noncoding sequence 2 enhancer of the Il4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Motomura
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; and Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; and Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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18
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Gold MJ, Hughes MR, Antignano F, Hirota JA, Zaph C, McNagny KM. Lineage-specific regulation of allergic airway inflammation by the lipid phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP-1). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:725-736.e2. [PMID: 25746967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inpp5d (Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase [Ship1])-deficient mice experience spontaneous airway inflammation and have enhanced sensitivity to allergen-induced airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that lineage-specific deletion of Ship1 expression in cells known to be crucial for adaptive TH2 responses would uncover distinct roles that could either positively or negatively regulate susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation (AAI). METHODS Ship1 expression was deleted in B cells, T cells, or dendritic cells (DCs), and the resulting Ship1(ΔB cell), Ship1(ΔT cell), Ship1(ΔDC), or Ship1(F/F) (wild-type) control mice were evaluated in a model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced AAI. RESULTS Unlike germline panhematopoietic Ship1 deletion, deletion of Ship1 selectively in either the B-cell, T-cell, or DC lineages did not result in spontaneous airway inflammation. Strikingly, although loss of Ship1 in the B-cell lineage did not affect HDM-induced AAI, loss of Ship1 in either of the T-cell or DC lineages protected mice from AAI by skewing the typical TH2 immune response toward a TH1 response. CONCLUSIONS Although panhematopoietic deletion of Ship1 leads to spontaneous lung inflammation, selective deletion of Ship1 in T cells or DCs impairs the formation of an adaptive TH2 response and protects animals from HDM-induced AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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19
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Bernatchez E, Gold MJ, Langlois A, Lemay AM, Brassard J, Flamand N, Marsolais D, McNagny KM, Blanchet MR. Pulmonary CD103 expression regulates airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L816-26. [PMID: 25681437 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00319.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD103(+) cells recently emerged as key regulatory cells in the gut, the role of CD103 ubiquitous expression in the lung and development of allergic airway disease has never been studied. To answer this important question, we evaluated the response of Cd103(-/-) mice in two separate well-described mouse models of asthma (ovalbumin and house dust mite extract). Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage content, histology, and cytokine response. CD103 expression was analyzed on lung dendritic cells and T cell subsets by flow cytometry. Cd103(-/-) mice exposed to antigens developed exacerbated lung inflammation, characterized by increased eosinophilic infiltration, severe tissue inflammation, and altered cytokine response. In wild-type mice exposed to house dust mite, CD103(+) dendritic cells are increased in the lung and an important subset of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and T regulatory cells express CD103. Importantly, Cd103(-/-) mice presented a deficiency in the resolution phase of inflammation, which supports an important role for this molecule in the control of inflammation severity. These results suggest an important role for CD103 in the control of airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bernatchez
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
| | - Matthew J Gold
- The Biomedical Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anick Langlois
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
| | - Anne-Marie Lemay
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
| | - Julyanne Brassard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
| | - David Marsolais
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Renee Blanchet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; and
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20
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Molecular targets on mast cells and basophils for novel therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:530-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic airway inflammation, and eosinophils represent an integral effector leukocyte through their release of various granule-stored cytokines and proteins. Numerous mouse models have been developed to mimic clinical disease and they have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of the role of eosinophils in disease. Most of these models consist of intranasal (i.n.) administration of antigenic proteases including papain and house dust mite (HDM) or the neo-antigen ovalbumin, with a resulting Th2-biased immune response and airway eosinophilia. These models have been particularly informative when combined with the numerous transgenic mice available that modulate eosinophil frequency or the mechanisms involved in their migration. Here, we describe the current models or allergic airway inflammation and outline some of the transgenic mice available to study eosinophils in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G5,
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22
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident sentinels of hematopoietic origin that play a prominent role in allergic diseases. They express the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI), which when cross-linked by multivalent antigens triggers the release of preformed mediators, generation of arachidonic acid metabolites, and the synthesis of cytokines and chemokines. Stimulation of the FcεRI with increasing antigen concentrations follows a characteristic bell-shaped dose-responses curve. At high antigen concentrations, the so-called supra-optimal conditions, repression of FcεRI-induced responses is facilitated by activation and incorporation of negative signaling regulators. In this context, the SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase, SHIP1, has been demonstrated to be of particular importance. SHIP1 with its catalytic and multiple protein interaction sites provides several layers of control for FcεRI signaling. Regulation of SHIP1 function occurs on various levels, e.g., protein expression, receptor and membrane recruitment, competition for protein-protein interaction sites, and activating modifications enhancing the phosphatase function. Apart from FcεRI-mediated signaling, SHIP1 can be activated by diverse unrelated receptor systems indicating its involvement in the regulation of antigen-dependent cellular responses by autocrine feedback mechanisms or tissue-specific and/or (patho-) physiologically determined factors. Thus, pharmacologic engagement of SHIP1 may represent a beneficial strategy for patients suffering from acute or chronic inflammation or allergies.
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Viernes DR, Choi LB, Kerr WG, Chisholm JD. Discovery and development of small molecule SHIP phosphatase modulators. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:795-824. [PMID: 24302498 DOI: 10.1002/med.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inositol phospholipids play an important role in the transfer of signaling information across the cell membrane in eukaryotes. These signals are often governed by the phosphorylation patterns on the inositols, which are mediated by a number of inositol kinases and phosphatases. The src homology 2 (SH2) containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP) plays a central role in these processes, influencing signals delivered through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. SHIP modulation by small molecules has been implicated as a treatment in a number of human disease states, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, alteration of SHIP phosphatase activity may provide a means to facilitate bone marrow transplantation and increase blood cell production. This review discusses the cellular signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions that provide the molecular basis for targeting the SHIP enzyme in these disease states. In addition, a comprehensive survey of small molecule modulators of SHIP1 and SHIP2 is provided, with a focus on the structure, potency, selectivity, and solubility properties of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Viernes
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
| | - Lydia B Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
| | - William G Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210.,Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
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Stenton GR, Mackenzie LF, Tam P, Cross JL, Harwig C, Raymond J, Toews J, Wu J, Ogden N, MacRury T, Szabo C. Characterization of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator: Part 1. Effects on inflammatory cell activation and chemotaxis in vitro and pharmacokinetic characterization in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1506-18. [PMID: 23121445 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) metabolizes PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(3,4)P2. SHIP1-deficient mice exhibit progressive inflammation. Pharmacological activation of SHIP1 is emerging as a potential therapy for pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Here we characterize the efficacy of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator currently in clinical development. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of AQX-1125 were tested in several in vitro assays: on enzyme catalytic activity utilizing recombinant human SHIP1, on Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1-proficient and SHIP1-deficient cell lines, on cytokine release in murine splenocytes, on human leukocyte chemotaxis using modified Boyden chambers and on β-hexosaminidase release from murine mast cells. In addition, pharmacokinetic and drug distribution studies were performed in rats and dogs. RESULTS AQX-1125 increased the catalytic activity of human recombinant SHIP1, an effect, which was absent after deletion of the C2 region. AQX-1125 inhibited Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1-proficient but not in SHIP1-deficient cells, reduced cytokine production in splenocytes, inhibited the activation of mast cells and inhibited human leukocyte chemotaxis. In vivo, AQX-1125 exhibited >80% oral bioavailability and >5 h terminal half-life. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the role of SHIP1 in cell activation and chemotaxis, the SHIP1 activator AQX-1125 inhibits Akt phosphorylation, inflammatory mediator production and leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. The in vitro effects and the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound make it a suitable candidate for in vivo testing in various models of inflammation.
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Stenton GR, Mackenzie LF, Tam P, Cross JL, Harwig C, Raymond J, Toews J, Chernoff D, MacRury T, Szabo C. Characterization of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator: Part 2. Efficacy studies in allergic and pulmonary inflammation models in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1519-29. [PMID: 23121409 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) activator and clinical development candidate, is investigated in rodent models of inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AQX-1125 was administered orally in a mouse model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and a number of rodent models of respiratory inflammation including: cigarette smoke, LPS and ovalbumin (OVA)-mediated airway inflammation. SHIP1 dependency of the AQX-1125 mechanism of action was investigated by comparing the efficacy in wild-type and SHIP1-deficient mice subjected to an intrapulmonary LPS challenge. RESULTS AQX-1125 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in all of the models studied. AQX-1125 decreased the PCA response at all doses tested. Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts as an end point, oral or aerosolized AQX-1125 dose dependently decreased the LPS-mediated pulmonary neutrophilic infiltration at 3-30 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.15-15 μg kg⁻¹ respectively. AQX-1125 suppressed the OVA-mediated airway inflammation at 0.1-10 mg kg⁻¹. In the smoke-induced airway inflammation model, AQX-1125 was tested at 30 mg kg⁻¹ and significantly reduced the neutrophil infiltration of the BAL fluid. AQX-1125 (10 mg kg⁻¹) decreased LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia in wild-type mice but not in SHIP1-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS The SHIP1 activator, AQX-1125, suppresses leukocyte accumulation and inflammatory mediator release in rodent models of pulmonary inflammation and allergy. As shown in the mouse model of LPS-induced lung inflammation, the efficacy of the compound is dependent on the presence of SHIP1. Pharmacological SHIP1 activation may have clinical potential for the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Bounab Y, Getahun A, Cambier JC, Daëron M. Phosphatase regulation of immunoreceptor signaling in T cells, B cells and mast cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:313-20. [PMID: 23684445 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress has begun to reveal the often complex and changing roles of phosphotyrosine and phosphoinositide phosphatases in regulation of immunoreceptor signaling. The resultant confusion has been further increased by discoveries of new players. Here we provide a review of recent progress in defining the roles of these enzymes in immunoreceptor-dependent mast cell, T cell and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Bounab
- Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Paris, France
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27
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide signalling molecules interact with a plethora of effector proteins to regulate cell proliferation and survival, vesicular trafficking, metabolism, actin dynamics and many other cellular functions. The generation of specific phosphoinositide species is achieved by the activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate, respectively, the inositol headgroup of phosphoinositide molecules. The phosphoinositide phosphatases can be classified as 3-, 4- and 5-phosphatases based on their specificity for dephosphorylating phosphates from specific positions on the inositol head group. The SAC phosphatases show less specificity for the position of the phosphate on the inositol ring. The phosphoinositide phosphatases regulate PI3K/Akt signalling, insulin signalling, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Mouse knockout models of several of the phosphoinositide phosphatases have revealed significant physiological roles for these enzymes, including the regulation of embryonic development, fertility, neurological function, the immune system and insulin sensitivity. Importantly, several phosphoinositide phosphatases have been directly associated with a range of human diseases. Genetic mutations in the 5-phosphatase INPP5E are causative of the ciliopathy syndromes Joubert and MORM, and mutations in the 5-phosphatase OCRL result in Lowe's syndrome and Dent 2 disease. Additionally, polymorphisms in the 5-phosphatase SHIP2 confer diabetes susceptibility in specific populations, whereas reduced protein expression of SHIP1 is reported in several human leukaemias. The 4-phosphatase, INPP4B, has recently been identified as a tumour suppressor in human breast and prostate cancer. Mutations in one SAC phosphatase, SAC3/FIG4, results in the degenerative neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Indeed, an understanding of the precise functions of phosphoinositide phosphatases is not only important in the context of normal human physiology, but to reveal the mechanisms by which these enzyme families are implicated in an increasing repertoire of human diseases.
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Foster JG, Blunt MD, Carter E, Ward SG. Inhibition of PI3K signaling spurs new therapeutic opportunities in inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 64:1027-54. [PMID: 23023033 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/protein kinase B (PI3K/mTOR/Akt) signaling pathway is central to a plethora of cellular mechanisms in a wide variety of cells including leukocytes. Perturbation of this signaling cascade is implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as hematological malignancies. Proteins within the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. There has been a remarkable evolution of PI3K inhibitors in the past 20 years from the early chemical tool compounds to drugs that are showing promise as anticancer agents in clinical trials. The use of animal models and pharmacological tools has expanded our knowledge about the contribution of individual class I PI3K isoforms to immune cell function. In addition, class II and III PI3K isoforms are emerging as nonredundant regulators of immune cell signaling revealing potentially novel targets for disease treatment. Further complexity is added to the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway by a number of novel signaling inputs and feedback mechanisms. These can present either caveats or opportunities for novel drug targets. Here, we consider recent advances in 1) our understanding of the contribution of individual PI3K isoforms to immune cell function and their relevance to inflammatory/autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoma and 2) development of small molecules with which to inhibit the PI3K pathway. We also consider whether manipulating other proximal elements of the PI3K signaling cascade (such as class II and III PI3Ks or lipid phosphatases) are likely to be successful in fighting off different immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Foster
- Inflammatory Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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Mouse models to evaluate the function of genes associated with allergic airway disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 12:467-74. [PMID: 22885889 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328357cc17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, considerable effort has been invested in developing mouse models of allergic airway disease, as a means of evaluating the role of select genes in its pathophysiology. Here, we review the principal models used in this field, including models of allergic asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. As an example of how these models can reveal novel functional roles for genes, we review our work showing a role for the stem-cell-associated gene, Cd34. Through this example, we illustrate the genetic and immunological strategies available in the field to better understand allergic airway inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS CD34 was found to play an important role in the development of two different models of allergic disease, that is, Th2-driven allergic asthma and Th17-driven hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Using a combination of genetically modified mice as well as cell transfers and chimeric mice, we showed that CD34 is important for the efficient trafficking of hematopoietic subsets into and out of the lung, including mast cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. SUMMARY The currently available array of mutant mice and animal models of allergic disease now offers an opportunity to make profound insights into these diseases and provide preclinical models for the development of therapeutics.
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Bowen WS, Gandhapudi SK, Kolb JP, Mitchell TC. Immunopharmacology of Lipid A Mimetics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 66:81-128. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tu J, Xing Y, Guo Y, Tang F, Guo L, Xi T. TanshinoneIIA ameliorates inflammatory microenvironment of colon cancer cells via repression of microRNA-155. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:353-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Myeloid cell-specific expression of Ship1 regulates IL-12 production and immunity to helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:535-43. [PMID: 22535180 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infection leads to the local proliferation and accumulation of macrophages in tissues. However, the function of macrophages during helminth infection remains unclear. SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase 1 (Ship1, Inpp5d) is a lipid phosphatase that has been shown to play a critical role in macrophage function. Here, we identify a critical role for Ship1 in the negative regulation of interleukin (IL)-12/23p40 production by macrophages during infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris. Mice with myeloid cell-specific deletion of Ship1 (Ship1(ΔLysM) mice) develop a non-protective T-helper type 1 cell response and fail to expel parasites. Ship1-deficient macrophages produce heightened levels of IL-12/23p40 in vitro and in vivo and antibody blockade of IL-12/23p40 renders Ship1(ΔLysM) mice resistant to Trichuris infection. Our results identify a critical role for the negative regulation of IL-12/23p40 production by macrophages in the development of a protective T(H)2 cell response.
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Loss-of-function of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase reversibly increases the severity of allergic airway inflammation. Nat Commun 2012; 3:877. [PMID: 22673904 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate phosphatases regulate the magnitude of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signalling output. Although inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase is known to regulate phosphoinositide-3 kinase signalling, little is known regarding its role in asthma pathogenesis. Here we show that modulation of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase alters the severity of asthma. Allergic airway inflammation in mice led to calpain-mediated degradation of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase. In allergic airway inflammation models, preventing inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase degradation by inhibiting calpain activity, or overexpression of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase in mouse lungs, led to attenuation of the asthma phenotype. Conversely, knockdown of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase severely aggravated the allergic airway inflammation and the asthma phenotype. Interestingly, inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase knockdown in lungs of naive mice led to spontaneous airway hyper-responsiveness, suggesting that inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase could be vital in maintaining the lung homeostasis. We suggest that inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase has an important role in modulating inflammatory response in asthma, and thus, uncover a new understanding of the complex interplay between inositol signalling and asthma, which could provide alternative strategies in asthma management.
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34
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Halova I, Draberova L, Draber P. Mast cell chemotaxis - chemoattractants and signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2012; 3:119. [PMID: 22654878 PMCID: PMC3360162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of mast cells is essential for their recruitment within target tissues where they play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. These processes rely on the ability of mast cells to recognize appropriate chemotactic stimuli and react to them by a chemotactic response. Another level of intercellular communication is attained by production of chemoattractants by activated mast cells, which results in accumulation of mast cells and other hematopoietic cells at the sites of inflammation. Mast cells express numerous surface receptors for various ligands with properties of potent chemoattractants. They include the stem cell factor (SCF) recognized by c-Kit, antigen, which binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE) anchored to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), highly cytokinergic (HC) IgE recognized by FcεRI, lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which binds to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Other large groups of chemoattractants are eicosanoids [prostaglandin E2 and D2, leukotriene (LT) B4, LTD4, and LTC4, and others] and chemokines (CC, CXC, C, and CX3C), which also bind to various GPCRs. Further noteworthy chemoattractants are isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1–3, which are sensitively recognized by TGF-β serine/threonine type I and II β receptors, adenosine, C1q, C3a, and C5a components of the complement, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neuroendocrine peptide catestatin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and others. Here we discuss the major types of chemoattractants recognized by mast cells, their target receptors, as well as signaling pathways they utilize. We also briefly deal with methods used for studies of mast cell chemotaxis and with ways of how these studies profited from the results obtained in other cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Hu P, Carlesso N, Xu M, Liu Y, Nebreda AR, Takemoto C, Kapur R. Genetic evidence for critical roles of P38α protein in regulating mast cell differentiation and chemotaxis through distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20258-69. [PMID: 22518842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells mediate a range of immune responses. However, the mechanisms that contribute to their development remain poorly understood. Here, using a P38α conditional knockout system, we provide evidence to suggest that P38α plays critical roles in regulating mast cell differentiation and migration via distinct mechanisms. Induced deletion of P38α in bone marrow cells retards the maturation of mast cells in part by inhibiting the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, which encourages the generation of basophils over mast cells. In fully differentiated mast cells, absence of P38α inhibits stem cell factor-induced activation of Akt and ERK, which is associated with reduced chemotaxis. In vivo, conditional deletion of P38α results in reduced numbers of mast cells in certain tissues and a failure to reconstitute these cells in W(sh) mice transplanted with P38α(-/-) Lin(-)c-kit(+)Sca-1(+) (LKS(+)) cells. Our findings suggest that P38α plays a dual role in mast cell development by regulating IL-3-induced differentiation of mast cell progenitor cells as well as by regulating stem cell factor-induced migration of fully differentiated mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Ruschmann J, Antignano F, Lam V, Snyder K, Kim C, Essak M, Zhang A, Lin AHA, Mali RS, Kapur R, Krystal G. The role of SHIP in the development and activation of mouse mucosal and connective tissue mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3839-50. [PMID: 22430739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although SHIP is a well-established suppressor of IgE plus Ag-induced degranulation and cytokine production in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), little is known about its role in connective tissue (CTMCs) or mucosal (MMCs) mast cells. In this study, we compared SHIP's role in the development as well as the IgE plus Ag and TLR-induced activation of CTMCs, MMCs, and BMMCs and found that SHIP delays the maturation of all three mast cell subsets and, surprisingly, that it is a positive regulator of IgE-induced BMMC survival. We also found that SHIP represses IgE plus Ag-induced degranulation of all three mast cell subsets and that TLR agonists do not trigger their degranulation, whether SHIP is present or not, nor do they enhance IgE plus Ag-induced degranulation. In terms of cytokine production, we found that in MMCs and BMMCs, which are poor producers of TLR-induced cytokines, SHIP is a potent negative regulator of IgE plus Ag-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production. Surprisingly, however, in splenic or peritoneal derived CTMCs, which are poor producers of IgE plus Ag-induced cytokines, SHIP is a potent positive regulator of TLR-induced cytokine production. Lastly, cell signaling and cytokine production studies with and without LY294002, wortmannin, and PI3Kα inhibitor-2, as well as with PI3K p85α(-/-) BMMCs and CTMCs, are consistent with SHIP positively regulating TLR-induced cytokine production via an adaptor-mediated pathway while negatively regulating IgE plus Ag-induced cytokine production by repressing the PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ruschmann
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Busch M, Zernecke A. microRNAs in the regulation of dendritic cell functions in inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:877-85. [PMID: 22307520 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been established as a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall. Among the mononuclear cell types recruited to the lesions, specialized dendritic cells (DCs) have gained increasing attention, and their secretory products and interactions shape the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The regulation of DC functions by microRNAs (miRNAs) may thus be of primary importance in disease. We here systematically summarize the biogenesis and functions of miRNAs and provide an overview of miRNAs in DCs, their targets, and potential implications for atherosclerosis, with a particular focus on the best characterized miRNAs in DCs, namely, miR-155 and miR-146. MiRNA functions in DCs range from regulation of lipid uptake to cytokine production and T cell responses with a complex picture emerging, in which miRNAs cooperate or antagonize DC behavior, thereby promoting or counterbalancing inflammatory responses. As miRNAs regulate key functions of DCs known to control atherosclerotic vascular disease, their potential as a therapeutic target holds promise and should be attended to in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Busch
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 2, Haus D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Dyson JM, Fedele CG, Davies EM, Becanovic J, Mitchell CA. Phosphoinositide phosphatases: just as important as the kinases. Subcell Biochem 2012; 58:215-279. [PMID: 22403078 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3012-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide phosphatases comprise several large enzyme families with over 35 mammalian enzymes identified to date that degrade many phosphoinositide signals. Growth factor or insulin stimulation activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase that phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] to form phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)], which is rapidly dephosphorylated either by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) to PtdIns(4,5)P(2), or by the 5-phosphatases (inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases), generating PtdIns(3,4)P(2). 5-phosphatases also hydrolyze PtdIns(4,5)P(2) forming PtdIns(4)P. Ten mammalian 5-phosphatases have been identified, which regulate hematopoietic cell proliferation, synaptic vesicle recycling, insulin signaling, and embryonic development. Two 5-phosphatase genes, OCRL and INPP5E are mutated in Lowe and Joubert syndrome respectively. SHIP [SH2 (Src homology 2)-domain inositol phosphatase] 2, and SKIP (skeletal muscle- and kidney-enriched inositol phosphatase) negatively regulate insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. SHIP2 polymorphisms are associated with a predisposition to insulin resistance. SHIP1 controls hematopoietic cell proliferation and is mutated in some leukemias. The inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatases, INPP4A and INPP4B degrade PtdIns(3,4)P(2) to PtdIns(3)P and regulate neuroexcitatory cell death, or act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer respectively. The Sac phosphatases degrade multiple phosphoinositides, such as PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P and PtdIns(3,5)P(2) to form PtdIns. Mutation in the Sac phosphatase gene, FIG4, leads to a degenerative neuropathy. Therefore the phosphatases, like the lipid kinases, play major roles in regulating cellular functions and their mutation or altered expression leads to many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, 3800, Clayton, Australia
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Maxwell MJ, Duan M, Armes JE, Anderson GP, Tarlinton DM, Hibbs ML. Genetic segregation of inflammatory lung disease and autoimmune disease severity in SHIP-1-/- mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:7164-75. [PMID: 21572033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternatively activated M2 macrophages are implicated as both regulators and agents of lung disease, but their control is poorly understood. SHIP-1 is a 5' inositol phosphatase that negatively regulates the PI3K signaling pathway implicated in inflammation. SHIP-1-deficient mice have defects in hematopoiesis and B cell development, and die prematurely due to consolidation of lungs with M2-skewed macrophages. SHIP-1 is thought to restrain M2 macrophage polarization, with deregulated M2 skewing coinciding with severe lung disease in SHIP-1-deficient mice. To determine the influence of genetic background on the lung phenotype in SHIP-1(-/-) mice, we backcrossed the SHIP-1 null mutation onto C57BL/6 (Th2-resistant) and BALB/c (Th2-prone) backgrounds. Remarkably, we found that inflammatory lung disease was severe in C57.SHIP-1(-/-) mice, but absent in BALB.SHIP-1(-/-) mice. C57.SHIP-1(-/-), but not BALB.SHIP-1(-/-) mice had greatly increased myeloid progenitors, myeloid hyperplasia, markedly enhanced numbers of activated alveolar macrophages, and elevated amounts of Th2 and proinflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum, suggesting that deregulated cytokine production induced disease. C57.SHIP-1(-/-) mice also developed severe B cell-dependent autoimmune disease, which was markedly attenuated on the BALB/c background. These data demonstrate that, contrary to current concepts, loss of SHIP-1 alone is not sufficient to cause lung inflammation, with disease only manifest on a permissive genetic background. This finding questions the nature of the lung disease in SHIP-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that its M2 classification is not strictly correct. Future identification of disease-promoting loci might reveal determinants of comorbid lung disease and autoimmunity and uncover potentially useful therapeutic targets.
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Activation of the PI3K pathway increases TLR-induced TNF-α and IL-6 but reduces IL-1β production in mast cells. Cell Signal 2011; 23:866-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ulivieri C, Fanigliulo D, Masi G, Savino MT, Gamberucci A, Pelicci PG, Baldari CT. p66Shc Is a Negative Regulator of FcεRI-Dependent Signaling in Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5095-106. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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An ENU-induced mouse mutant of SHIP1 reveals a critical role of the stem cell isoform for suppression of macrophage activation. Blood 2011; 117:5362-71. [PMID: 21421839 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-331041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recessive ENU mutagenesis screen for embryonic lethality, we identified a mouse pedigree with a missense mutation of SHIP1 (SHIP1(el20)) leading to an amino acid substitution I641T in the inositol-5'-phosphatase domain that represses phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling. Despite detectable expression of functional SHIP1 protein, the phenotype of homozygous SHIP1(el20/el20) mice was more severe than gene-targeted SHIP1-null (SHIP1(-/-)) mice. Compared with age-matched SHIP1(-/-) mice, 5-week-old SHIP1(el20/el20) mice had increased myeloid cells, serum IL-6 levels, marked reductions in lymphoid cells, and died by 7 weeks of age with infiltration of the lungs by activated macrophages. Bone marrow transplantation demonstrated that these defects were hematopoietic-cell-autonomous. We show that the el20 mutation reduces expression in SHIP1(el20/el20) macrophages of both SHIP1 and s-SHIP, an isoform of SHIP1 generated by an internal promoter. In contrast, SHIP1(-/-) macrophages express normal levels of s-SHIP. Compound heterozygous mice (SHIP1(-/el20)) had the same phenotype as SHIP1(-/-) mice, thus providing genetic proof that the more severe phenotype of SHIP1(el20/el20) mice is probably the result of concomitant loss of SHIP1 and s-SHIP. Our results suggest that s-SHIP synergizes with SHIP1 for suppression of macrophage activation, thus providing the first evidence for a role of s-SHIP in adult hematopoiesis.
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Cekic C, Casella CR, Sag D, Antignano F, Kolb J, Suttles J, Hughes MR, Krystal G, Mitchell TC. MyD88-dependent SHIP1 regulates proinflammatory signaling pathways in dendritic cells after monophosphoryl lipid A stimulation of TLR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3858-65. [PMID: 21339365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) activates TLR4 in dendritic cells (DCs) in a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-biased manner: MLA produced from Salmonella minnesota Re595 induced signaling events and expression of gene products that were primarily TRIF dependent, whereas MyD88-dependent signaling was impaired. Moreover, when tested in TRIF-intact/MyD88-deficient DCs, synthetic MLA of the Escherichia coli chemotype (sMLA) showed the same activity as its diphosphoryl, inflammatory counterpart (synthetic diphosphoryl lipid A), indicating that TRIF-mediated signaling is fully induced by sMLA. Unexpectedly, we found that the transcript level of one proinflammatory cytokine was increased in sMLA-treated cells by MyD88 deficiency to the higher level induced by synthetic diphosphoryl lipid A, which suggested MyD88 may paradoxically help restrain proinflammatory signaling by TRIF-biased sMLA. In this article, we demonstrate that sMLA induces MyD88 recruitment to TLR4 and activates the anti-inflammatory lipid phosphatase SHIP1 in an MyD88-dependent manner. At the same time, MyD88-dependent signaling activity at the level of IL-1R-associated kinase 1 is markedly reduced. Increased SHIP1 activity is associated with reductions in sMLA-induced IκB kinase α/β and IFN regulatory factor 3 activation and with restrained expression of their downstream targets, endothelin-1 and IFN-β, respectively. Results of this study identify a pattern that is desirable in the context of vaccine adjuvant design: TRIF-biased sMLA can stimulate partial MyD88 activity, with MyD88-dependent SHIP1 helping to reduce proinflammatory signaling in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Abstract
SHIP1 is at the nexus of intracellular signaling pathways in immune cells that mediate bone marrow (BM) graft rejection, production of inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines, immunoregulatory cell formation, the BM niche that supports development of the immune system, and immune cancers. This review summarizes how SHIP participates in normal immune physiology or the pathologies that result when SHIP is mutated. This review also proposes that SHIP can have either inhibitory or activating roles in cell signaling that are determined by whether signaling pathways distal to PI3K are promoted by SHIP's substrate (PI(3,4,5)P(3) ) or its product (PI(3,4)P(2) ). This review also proposes the "two PIP hypothesis" that postulates that both SHIP's product and its substrate are necessary for a cancer cell to achieve and sustain a malignant state. Finally, due to the recent discovery of small molecule antagonists and agonists for SHIP, this review discusses potential therapeutic settings where chemical modulation of SHIP might be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Kerr
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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Kuroda E, Antignano F, Ho VW, Hughes MR, Ruschmann J, Lam V, Kawakami T, Kerr WG, McNagny KM, Sly LM, Krystal G. SHIP Represses Th2 Skewing by Inhibiting IL-4 Production from Basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:323-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Roongapinun S, Oh SY, Wu F, Panthong A, Zheng T, Zhu Z. Role of SHIP-1 in the adaptive immune responses to aeroallergen in the airway. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14174. [PMID: 21151496 PMCID: PMC2994819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Th2-dominated inflammatory response in the airway is an integral component in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Accumulating evidence supports the notion that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is involved in the process. We previously reported that SHIP-1, a negative regulator of the PI3K pathway, is essential in maintaining lung immunohomeostasis, potentially through regulation of innate immune cells. However, the function of SHIP-1 in adaptive immune response in the lung has not been defined. We sought to determine the role of SHIP-1 in adaptive immunity in response to aeroallergen stimulation in the airway. Methodology/Principal Findings SHIP-1 knockout (SHIP-1−/−) mice on BALB/c background were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus aluminum hydroxide, a strong Th2-inducing immunization, and challenged with OVA. Airway and lung inflammation, immunoglobulin response, Th2 cytokine production and lymphocyte response were analyzed and compared with wild type mice. Even though there was mild spontaneous inflammation in the lung at baseline, SHIP-1−/− mice showed altered responses, including less cell infiltration around the airways but more in the parenchyma, less mucus production, decreased Th2 cytokine production, and diminished serum OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, but not IgG2a. Naïve and OVA sensitized SHIP-1−/− T cells produced a lower amount of IL-4. In vitro differentiated SHIP-1−/− Th2 cells produced less IL-4 compared to wild type Th2 cells upon T cell receptor stimulation. Conclusions/Significance These findings indicate that, in contrast to its role as a negative regulator in the innate immune cells, SHIP-1 acts as a positive regulator in Th2 cells in the adaptive immune response to aeroallergen. Thus any potential manipulation of SHIP-1 activity should be adjusted according to the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukit Roongapinun
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fan Wu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ampai Panthong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tao Zheng
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hamilton MJ, Ho VW, Kuroda E, Ruschmann J, Antignano F, Lam V, Krystal G. Role of SHIP in cancer. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:2-13. [PMID: 21056081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase, SHIP (or SHIP1), is a hematopoietic-restricted phosphatidylinositide phosphatase that translocates to the plasma membrane after extracellular stimulation and hydrolyzes the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-generated second messenger PI-3,4,5-P(3) to PI-3,4-P(2). As a result, SHIP dampens down PI-3,4,5-P(3)-mediated signaling and represses the proliferation, differentiation, survival, activation, and migration of hematopoietic cells. There are multiple lines of evidence suggesting that SHIP may act as a tumor suppressor during leukemogenesis and lymphomagenesis. Because of its ability to skew macrophage progenitors toward M1 macrophages and naïve T cells toward T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells, SHIP may play a critical role in activating the immune system to eradicate solid tumors. In this review, we will discuss the role of SHIP in hematopoietic cells and its therapeutic potential in terms of suppressing leukemias and lymphomas and manipulating the immune system to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Hamilton
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Antignano F, Ibaraki M, Kim C, Ruschmann J, Zhang A, Helgason CD, Krystal G. SHIP is required for dendritic cell maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2805-13. [PMID: 20154203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although several groups have investigated the role of SHIP in macrophage (M) development and function, SHIP's contribution to the generation, maturation, and innate immune activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is poorly understood. We show herein that SHIP negatively regulates the generation of DCs from bone marrow precursors in vitro and in vivo, as illustrated by the enhanced expansion of DCs from SHIP(-/-) GM-CSF cultures, as well as increased numbers of DCs in the spleens of SHIP-deficient mice. Interestingly, however, these SHIP(-/-) DCs display a relatively immature phenotype and secrete substantially lower levels of IL-12 after TLR ligand stimulation than wild type DCs. This, in turn, leads to a dramatically reduced stimulation of Ag-specific T cell proliferation and Th1 cell responses in vitro and in vivo. This immature phenotype of SHIP(-/-) DCs could be reversed with the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, suggesting that SHIP promotes DC maturation by reducing the levels of the PI3K second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. These results are consistent with SHIP being a negative regulator of GM-CSF-derived DC generation but a positive regulator of GM-CSF-derived DC maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zhang L, Oh SY, Wu X, Oh MH, Wu F, Schroeder JT, Takemoto CM, Zheng T, Zhu Z. SHP-1 deficient mast cells are hyperresponsive to stimulation and critical in initiating allergic inflammation in the lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1180-90. [PMID: 20042576 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-deficient mice display an allergic asthma phenotype that is largely IL-13 and STAT6 dependent. The cell types responsible for the Th2 phenotype have not been identified. We hypothesized that SHP-1 deficiency leads to mast cell dysregulation and increased production and release of mediators and Th2 cytokines, leading to the allergic asthma phenotype. We examined SHP-1 regulation of mast cell differentiation, survival, and functional responses to stimulation using bone marrow-derived mast cells from viable motheaten (mev) mice. We assessed pulmonary phenotypical changes in mev mice on the mast cell-deficient Kit(W-Sh) genetic background. The results showed that SHP-1 deficiency led to increased differentiation and survival, but reduced proliferation, of mast cells. SHP-1-deficient mast cells produced and released increased amounts of mediators and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and -13 spontaneously and in response to H(2)O(2), LPS, and Fc epsilonI cross-linking, involving c-Kit-dependent and -independent processes. The Fc epsilonRI signaling led to binding of SHP-1 to linker for activation of T cells 2 and enhanced linker for activation of T cells 2 phosphorylation in mev bone marrow-derived mast cells. Furthermore, the number of mast cells in the lung tissue of mev mice was increased and mast cell production and release of Th2 cytokines were distinctly increased upon Fc epsilonRI stimulation. When backcrossed to the Kit(W-Sh) background, mev mice had markedly reduced pulmonary inflammation and Th2 cytokine production. These findings demonstrate that SHP-1 is a critical regulator of mast cell development and function and that SHP-1-deficient mast cells are able to produce increased Th2 cytokines and initiate allergic inflammatory responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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