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Carvalho Cabral P, Weinerman J, Olivier M, Cermakian N. Time of day and circadian disruption influence host response and parasite growth in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. iScience 2024; 27:109684. [PMID: 38680656 PMCID: PMC11053314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by infection with parasite Plasmodium spp. We studied the circadian regulation of host responses to the parasite, in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. The course of the disease was markedly affected by time of infection, with decreased parasitemia and increased inflammation upon infection in the middle of the night. At this time, there were fewer reticulocytes, which are target cells of the parasites. We next investigated the effects of desynchronization of host clocks on the infection: after 10 weeks of recurrent jet lags, mice showed decreased parasite growth and lack of parasite load rhythmicity, paralleled by a loss of glucose rhythm. Accordingly, disrupting host metabolic rhythms impacted parasite load rhythmicity. In summary, our findings of a circadian modulation of malaria parasite growth and infection shed light on aspects of the disease relevant to human malaria and could contribute to new therapeutic or prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Carvalho Cabral
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Joelle Weinerman
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
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Simião GM, Parreira KS, Klein SG, Ferreira FB, Freitas FDS, Silva EFD, Silva NM, Silva MVD, Lima WR. Involvement of Inflammatory Cytokines, Renal NaPi-IIa Cotransporter, and TRAIL Induced-Apoptosis in Experimental Malaria-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Pathogens 2024; 13:376. [PMID: 38787228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA was used to investigate the relationship among pro-inflammatory cytokines, alterations in renal function biomarkers, and the induction of the TRAIL apoptosis pathway during malaria-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). Renal function was evaluated through the measurement of plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The mRNA expression of several cytokines and NaPi-IIa was quantified. Kidney sections were examined and cytokine levels were assessed using cytometric bead array (CBA) assays. The presence of glomerular IgG deposits and apoptosis-related proteins were investigated using in situ immunofluorescence assays and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. NaPi-IIa downregulation in the kidneys provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of hypophosphatemia during CM. Histopathological analysis revealed characteristic features of severe malaria-associated nephritis, including glomerular collapse and tubular alterations. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were upregulated. The TRAIL apoptosis pathway was significantly activated, implicating its role in renal apoptosis. The observed alterations in renal biomarkers and the downregulation of NaPi-IIa shed light on potential mechanisms contributing to renal dysfunction in ECM. The intricate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, along with the activation of the TRAIL apoptosis pathway, highlights the complexity of malaria-associated AKI and provides new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Martins Simião
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonopolis, Rondonópolis 78736-900, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Gabriela Klein
- Laboratory of Biotechnology in Experimental Models, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38410-337, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Batista Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology in Experimental Models, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38410-337, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38405-318, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Neide Maria Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38405-318, MG, Brazil
| | - Murilo Vieira da Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology in Experimental Models, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38410-337, MG, Brazil
| | - Wânia Rezende Lima
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonopolis, Rondonópolis 78736-900, MT, Brazil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Catalao, Catalão 75706-881, GO, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biotechnology in Experimental Models, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38410-337, MG, Brazil
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3
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Goli VVN, Tatineni S, Hani U, Ghazwani M, Talath S, Sridhar SB, Alhamhoom Y, Fatima F, Osmani RAM, Shivaswamy U, Chandrasekaran V, Gurupadayya B. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Co-Encapsulating Artemether and miRNA for Mitigating Cerebral Malaria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:466. [PMID: 38675426 PMCID: PMC11053970 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), a severe neurological pathology caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection, poses a significant global health threat and has a high mortality rate. Conventional therapeutics cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently. Therefore, finding effective treatments remains challenging. The novelty of the treatment proposed in this study lies in the feasibility of intranasal (IN) delivery of the nanostructured lipid carrier system (NLC) combining microRNA (miRNA) and artemether (ARM) to enhance bioavailability and brain targeting. The rational use of NLCs and RNA-targeted therapeutics could revolutionize the treatment strategies for CM management. This study can potentially address the challenges in treating CM, allowing drugs to pass through the BBB. The NLC formulation was developed by a hot-melt homogenization process utilizing 3% (w/w) precirol and 1.5% (w/v) labrasol, resulting in particles with a size of 94.39 nm. This indicates an effective delivery to the brain via IN administration. The results further suggest the effective intracellular delivery of encapsulated miRNAs in the NLCs. Investigations with an experimental cerebral malaria mouse model showed a reduction in parasitaemia, preservation of BBB integrity, and reduced cerebral haemorrhages with the ARM+ miRNA-NLC treatment. Additionally, molecular discoveries revealed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were reduced in the treated groups in comparison to the CM group. These results support the use of nanocarriers for IN administration, offering a viable method for mitigating CM through the increased bioavailability of therapeutics. Our findings have far-reaching implications for future research and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Venkata Nishanth Goli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Spandana Tatineni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (U.H.); (M.G.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (U.H.); (M.G.); (Y.A.)
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Yahya Alhamhoom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (U.H.); (M.G.); (Y.A.)
| | - Farhat Fatima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | | | - Vichitra Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.N.G.); (S.T.)
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Oelschlegel AM, Bhattacharjee R, Wenk P, Harit K, Rothkötter HJ, Koch SP, Boehm-Sturm P, Matuschewski K, Budinger E, Schlüter D, Goldschmidt J, Nishanth G. Beyond the microcirculation: sequestration of infected red blood cells and reduced flow in large draining veins in experimental cerebral malaria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2396. [PMID: 38493187 PMCID: PMC10944460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in the microcirculation is a hallmark of cerebral malaria (CM) in post-mortem human brains. It remains controversial how this might be linked to the different disease manifestations, in particular brain swelling leading to brain herniation and death. The main hypotheses focus on iRBC-triggered inflammation and mechanical obstruction of blood flow. Here, we test these hypotheses using murine models of experimental CM (ECM), SPECT-imaging of radiolabeled iRBCs and cerebral perfusion, MR-angiography, q-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. We show that iRBC accumulation and reduced flow precede inflammation. Unexpectedly, we find that iRBCs accumulate not only in the microcirculation but also in large draining veins and sinuses, particularly at the rostral confluence. We identify two parallel venous streams from the superior sagittal sinus that open into the rostral rhinal veins and are partially connected to infected skull bone marrow. The flow in these vessels is reduced early, and the spatial patterns of pathology correspond to venous drainage territories. Our data suggest that venous efflux reductions downstream of the microcirculation are causally linked to ECM pathology, and that the different spatiotemporal patterns of edema development in mice and humans could be related to anatomical differences in venous anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Oelschlegel
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R Bhattacharjee
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Wenk
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K Harit
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - H-J Rothkötter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S P Koch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité 3R | Replace, Reduce, Refine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Boehm-Sturm
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité 3R | Replace, Reduce, Refine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Budinger
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center of Behavioural Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Goldschmidt
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center of Behavioural Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - G Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Fain CE, Zheng J, Jin F, Ayasoufi K, Wu Y, Lilley MT, Dropik AR, Wolf DM, Rodriguez RC, Aibaidula A, Tritz ZP, Bouchal SM, Pewe LL, Urban SL, Chen Y, Chang SY, Hansen MJ, Kachergus JM, Shi J, Thompson EA, Jensen HE, Harty JT, Parney IF, Sun J, Wu LJ, Johnson AJ. Discrete class I molecules on brain endothelium differentially regulate neuropathology in experimental cerebral malaria. Brain 2024; 147:566-589. [PMID: 37776513 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication that can arise from Plasmodium infection. CD8 T-cell engagement of brain vasculature is a putative mechanism of neuropathology in cerebral malaria. To define contributions of brain endothelial cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen-presentation to CD8 T cells in establishing cerebral malaria pathology, we developed novel H-2Kb LoxP and H-2Db LoxP mice crossed with Cdh5-Cre mice to achieve targeted deletion of discrete class I molecules, specifically from brain endothelium. This strategy allowed us to avoid off-target effects on iron homeostasis and class I-like molecules, which are known to perturb Plasmodium infection. This is the first endothelial-specific ablation of individual class-I molecules enabling us to interrogate these molecular interactions. In these studies, we interrogated human and mouse transcriptomics data to compare antigen presentation capacity during cerebral malaria. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we observed that H-2Kb and H-2Db class I molecules regulate distinct patterns of disease onset, CD8 T-cell infiltration, targeted cell death and regional blood-brain barrier disruption. Strikingly, ablation of either molecule from brain endothelial cells resulted in reduced CD8 T-cell activation, attenuated T-cell interaction with brain vasculature, lessened targeted cell death, preserved blood-brain barrier integrity and prevention of ECM and the death of the animal. We were able to show that these events were brain-specific through the use of parabiosis and created the novel technique of dual small animal MRI to simultaneously scan conjoined parabionts during infection. These data demonstrate that interactions of CD8 T cells with discrete MHC class I molecules on brain endothelium differentially regulate development of ECM neuropathology. Therefore, targeting MHC class I interactions therapeutically may hold potential for treatment of cases of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cori E Fain
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | | | - Yue Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Meredith T Lilley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Abigail R Dropik
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Delaney M Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | | | - Abudumijiti Aibaidula
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Zachariah P Tritz
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Samantha M Bouchal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242USA
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | | | | | - Ji Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224USA
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224USA
| | - Hadley E Jensen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905USA
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Wang Y, De Labastida Rivera F, Edwards CL, Frame TC, Engel JA, Bukali L, Na J, Ng SS, Corvino D, Montes de Oca M, Bunn PT, Soon MS, Andrew D, Loughland JR, Zhang J, Amante FH, Barber BE, McCarthy JS, Lopez JA, Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR. STING activation promotes autologous type I interferon-dependent development of type 1 regulatory T cells during malaria. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169417. [PMID: 37781920 PMCID: PMC10541195 DOI: 10.1172/jci169417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of highly effective malaria vaccines and improvement of drug-treatment protocols to boost antiparasitic immunity are critical for malaria elimination. However, the rapid establishment of parasite-specific immune regulatory networks following exposure to malaria parasites hampers these efforts. Here, we identified stimulator of interferon genes (STING) as a critical mediator of type I interferon production by CD4+ T cells during blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection. The activation of STING in CD4+ T cells by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) stimulated IFNB gene transcription, which promoted development of IL-10- and IFN-γ-coproducing CD4+ T (type I regulatory [Tr1]) cells. The critical role for type I IFN signaling for Tr1 cell development was confirmed in vivo using a preclinical malaria model. CD4+ T cell sensitivity to STING phosphorylation was increased in healthy volunteers following P. falciparum infection, particularly in Tr1 cells. These findings identified STING expressed by CD4+ T cells as an important mediator of type I IFN production and Tr1 cell development and activation during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith University, School of Environment and Science, Nathan, Australia
| | | | - Chelsea L. Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Teija C.M. Frame
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Luzia Bukali
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jinrui Na
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanna S. Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dillon Corvino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcela Montes de Oca
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick T. Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Megan S.F. Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jia Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fiona H. Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - James S. McCarthy
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Services, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J. Alejandro Lopez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith University, School of Environment and Science, Nathan, Australia
| | - Michelle J. Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Life Sciences Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Investigation of Plasma-Derived Lipidome Profiles in Experimental Cerebral Malaria in a Mouse Model Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010501. [PMID: 36613941 PMCID: PMC9820457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), a fatal complication of Plasmodium infection that affects children, especially under the age of five, in sub-Saharan Africa and adults in South-East Asia, results from incompletely understood pathogenetic mechanisms. Increased release of circulating miRNA, proteins, lipids and extracellular vesicles has been found in CM patients and experimental mouse models. We compared lipid profiles derived from the plasma of CBA mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA), which causes CM, to those from Plasmodium yoelii (Py), which does not. We previously showed that platelet-free plasma (18k fractions enriched from plasma) contains a high number of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we found that this fraction produced at the time of CM differed dramatically from those of non-CM mice, despite identical levels of parasitaemia. Using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), we identified over 300 lipid species within 12 lipid classes. We identified 45 and 75 lipid species, mostly including glycerolipids and phospholipids, with significantly altered concentrations in PbA-infected mice compared to Py-infected and uninfected mice, respectively. Total lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) levels were significantly lower in PbA infection compared to Py infection and controls. These results suggest that experimental CM could be characterised by specific changes in the lipid composition of the 18k fraction containing circulating EVs and can be considered an appropriate model to study the role of lipids in the pathophysiology of CM.
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8
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Daniyan MO, Fisusi FA, Adeoye OB. Neurotransmitters and molecular chaperones interactions in cerebral malaria: Is there a missing link? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965569. [PMID: 36090033 PMCID: PMC9451049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe and deadliest human malaria infection. The most serious complication of this infection is cerebral malaria. Among the proposed hypotheses that seek to explain the manifestation of the neurological syndrome in cerebral malaria is the vascular occlusion/sequestration/mechanic hypothesis, the cytokine storm or inflammatory theory, or a combination of both. Unfortunately, despite the increasing volume of scientific information on cerebral malaria, our understanding of its pathophysiologic mechanism(s) is still very limited. In a bid to maintain its survival and development, P. falciparum exports a large number of proteins into the cytosol of the infected host red blood cell. Prominent among these are the P. falciparum erythrocytes membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), P. falciparum histidine-rich protein II (PfHRP2), and P. falciparum heat shock proteins 70-x (PfHsp70-x). Functional activities and interaction of these proteins with one another and with recruited host resident proteins are critical factors in the pathology of malaria in general and cerebral malaria in particular. Furthermore, several neurological impairments, including cognitive, behavioral, and motor dysfunctions, are known to be associated with cerebral malaria. Also, the available evidence has implicated glutamate and glutamatergic pathways, coupled with a resultant alteration in serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine production. While seeking to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria, this article seeks to explore the possible links between host/parasite chaperones, and neurotransmitters, in relation to other molecular players in the pathology of cerebral malaria, to explore such links in antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan, ,
| | - Funmilola Adesodun Fisusi
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunso Bayo Adeoye
- Department of Biochemistry, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) College of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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9
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Mukherjee D, Chora ÂF, Lone JC, Ramiro RS, Blankenhaus B, Serre K, Ramirez M, Gordo I, Veldhoen M, Varga-Weisz P, Mota MM. Host lung microbiota promotes malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3747. [PMID: 35768411 PMCID: PMC9243033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria can manifest itself with a variety of well-recognized clinical phenotypes that are highly predictive of death - severe anaemia, coma (cerebral malaria), multiple organ failure, and respiratory distress. The reasons why an infected individual develops one pathology rather than another remain poorly understood. Here we use distinct rodent models of infection to show that the host microbiota is a contributing factor for the development of respiratory distress syndrome and host mortality in the context of malaria infections (malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, MA-ARDS). We show that parasite sequestration in the lung results in sustained immune activation. Subsequent production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by T cells compromises microbial control, leading to severe lung disease. Notably, bacterial clearance with linezolid, an antibiotic commonly used in the clinical setting to control lung-associated bacterial infections, prevents MA-ARDS-associated lethality. Thus, we propose that the host's anti-inflammatory response to limit tissue damage can result in loss of microbial control, which promotes MA-ARDS. This must be considered when intervening against life-threatening respiratory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukherjee
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Ferreira Chora
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jean-Christophe Lone
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Karine Serre
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário Ramirez
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gordo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrick Varga-Weisz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- São Paulo Excellence Chair, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
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10
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Yang J, Han X, Gao KN, Qi ZM. Listeria monocytogenes Inoculation Impedes the Development of Brain Pathology in Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Inhibition of Parasitemia. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:998-1009. [PMID: 35362944 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a serious central nervous system dysfunction caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) inoculation on experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) using Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected C57BL/6 mice. Live Lm inoculation inhibited the parasitemia and alleviated ECM symptoms. The protective effect against ECM symptoms was connected with improved brain pathology manifested as a less-damaged blood-brain barrier, decreased parasite sequestration, and milder local inflammation. Meanwhile, Lm inoculation decreased expression of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and accumulation of pathogenic CD8+ T cells in the brain. In keeping with the suppression of parasitemia, there was an upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-12, MCP-1, and NO expression in the spleen by Lm inoculation upon PbA infection. Early treatment with exogenous IFN-γ exhibited a similar effect to Lm inoculation on PbA infection. Taken together, Lm inoculation impedes the development of brain pathology in ECM, and early systemic IFN-γ production may play a critical role in these protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
- Department of Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
- Department of Medical Basic Experimental Teaching Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Kang-Ning Gao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zan-Mei Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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11
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Simwela NV, Waters AP. Current status of experimental models for the study of malaria. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-22. [PMID: 35357277 PMCID: PMC9378029 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection by malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in tropical regions of the world. Despite the availability of malaria control tools such as integrated vector management and effective therapeutics, these measures have been continuously undermined by the emergence of vector resistance to insecticides or parasite resistance to frontline antimalarial drugs. Whilst the recent pilot implementation of the RTS,S malaria vaccine is indeed a remarkable feat, highly effective vaccines against malaria remain elusive. The barriers to effective vaccines result from the complexity of both the malaria parasite lifecycle and the parasite as an organism itself with consequent major gaps in our understanding of their biology. Historically and due to the practical and ethical difficulties of working with human malaria infections, research into malaria parasite biology has been extensively facilitated by animal models. Animals have been used to study disease pathogenesis, host immune responses and their (dys)regulation and further disease processes such as transmission. Moreover, animal models remain at the forefront of pre-clinical evaluations of antimalarial drugs (drug efficacy, mode of action, mode of resistance) and vaccines. In this review, we discuss commonly used animal models of malaria, the parasite species used and their advantages and limitations which hinder their extrapolation to actual human disease. We also place into this context the most recent developments such as organoid technologies and humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson V. Simwela
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Scheunemann JF, Reichwald JJ, Korir PJ, Kuehlwein JM, Jenster LM, Hammerschmidt-Kamper C, Lewis MD, Klocke K, Borsche M, Schwendt KE, Soun C, Thiebes S, Limmer A, Engel DR, Mueller AK, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP, Schumak B. Eosinophils Suppress the Migration of T Cells Into the Brain of Plasmodium berghei-Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice and Protect Them From Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711876. [PMID: 34659202 PMCID: PMC8514736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a potentially lethal disease, which is caused by excessive inflammatory responses to Plasmodium parasites. Here we use a newly developed transgenic Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbAAma1OVA) parasite that can be used to study parasite-specific T cell responses. Our present study demonstrates that Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack type I interferon receptor-dependent signaling, are protected from experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) when infected with this novel parasite. Although CD8+ T cell responses generated in the spleen are essential for the development of ECM, we measured comparable parasite-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in ECM-protected Ifnar1-/- mice and wild type mice suffering from ECM. Importantly, CD8+ T cells were increased in the spleens of ECM-protected Ifnar1-/- mice and the blood-brain-barrier remained intact. This was associated with elevated splenic levels of CCL5, a T cell and eosinophil chemotactic chemokine, which was mainly produced by eosinophils, and an increase in eosinophil numbers. Depletion of eosinophils enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration into the brain and increased ECM induction in PbAAma1OVA-infected Ifnar1-/- mice. However, eosinophil-depletion did not reduce the CD8+ T cell population in the spleen or reduce splenic CCL5 concentrations. Our study demonstrates that eosinophils impact CD8+ T cell migration and proliferation during PbAAma1OVA-infection in Ifnar1-/- mice and thereby are contributing to the protection from ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Scheunemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia J Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia Jebett Korir
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janina M Kuehlwein
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Jenster
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Matthew D Lewis
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Klocke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim E Schwendt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Camille Soun
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Thiebes
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Ghazanfari N, Gregory JL, Devi S, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Beattie L, Mueller SN, Heath WR. CD8 + and CD4 + T Cells Infiltrate into the Brain during Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection and Form Long-Term Resident Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1578-1590. [PMID: 34400523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the Plasmodium berghei ANKA mouse model of malaria, accumulation of CD8+ T cells and infected RBCs in the brain promotes the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). In this study, we used malaria-specific transgenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to track evolution of T cell immunity during the acute and memory phases of P. berghei ANKA infection. Using a combination of techniques, including intravital multiphoton and confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analysis, we showed that, shortly before onset of ECM, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations exit the spleen and begin infiltrating the brain blood vessels. Although dominated by CD8+ T cells, a proportion of both T cell subsets enter the brain parenchyma, where they are largely associated with blood vessels. Intravital imaging shows these cells moving freely within the brain parenchyma. Near the onset of ECM, leakage of RBCs into areas of the brain can be seen, implicating severe damage. If mice are cured before ECM onset, brain infiltration by T cells still occurs, but ECM is prevented, allowing development of long-term resident memory T cell populations within the brain. This study shows that infiltration of malaria-specific T cells into the brain parenchyma is associated with cerebral immunopathology and the formation of brain-resident memory T cells. The consequences of these resident memory populations is unclear but raises concerns about pathology upon secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia L Gregory
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and .,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Hai L, Shi X, Wang Q. Attenuated T Cell Responses Are Associated With the Blockade of Cerebral Malaria Development by YOP1-Deficient Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642585. [PMID: 34025654 PMCID: PMC8134684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulon and the REEP family of proteins stabilize the high curvature of endoplasmic reticulum tubules. The REEP5 homolog in Plasmodium, Plasmodium berghei YOP1 (PbYOP1), plays an important role in the erythrocytic cycle of the P. berghei ANKA and the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that protection from ECM in Pbyop1Δ-infected mice is associated with reduced intracerebral Th1 accumulation, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and attenuated pathologies in the brainstem, though the total number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells sequestered in the brain are not reduced. Expression of adhesive molecules on brain endothelial cells, including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD36, are decreased, particularly in the brainstem, where fatal pathology is always induced during ECM. Subsequently, CD8+ T cell-mediated cell apoptosis in the brain is compromised. These findings suggest that Pbyop1Δ parasites can be a useful tool for mechanistic investigation of cerebral malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Peters MAE, Greischar MA, Mideo N. Challenges in forming inferences from limited data: a case study of malaria parasite maturation. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210065. [PMID: 33906391 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring biological processes from population dynamics is a common challenge in ecology, particularly when faced with incomplete data. This challenge extends to inferring parasite traits from within-host infection dynamics. We focus on rodent malaria infections (Plasmodium berghei), a system for which previous work inferred an immune-mediated extension in the length of the parasite development cycle within red blood cells. By developing a system of delay-differential equations to describe within-host infection dynamics and simulating data, we demonstrate the potential to obtain biased estimates of parasite (and host) traits when key biological processes are not considered. Despite generating infection dynamics using a fixed parasite developmental cycle length, we find that known sources of measurement bias in parasite stage and abundance data can affect estimates of parasite developmental duration, with stage misclassification driving inferences about extended cycle length. We discuss alternative protocols and statistical methods that can mitigate such misestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A E Peters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada
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16
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Zech J, Salaymeh N, Hunt NH, Mäder K, Golenser J. Efficient Treatment of Experimental Cerebral Malaria by an Artemisone-SMEDDS System: Impact of Application Route and Dosing Frequency. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e02106-20. [PMID: 33558284 PMCID: PMC8097435 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02106-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisone (ART) has been successfully tested in vitro and in animal models against several diseases. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited chemical stability are serious challenges. We developed a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) that overcomes these limitations. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of this formulation against experimental cerebral malaria in mice and the impact of its administration using different routes (gavage, intranasal delivery, and parenteral injections) and frequency on the efficacy of the treatment. The minimal effective daily oral dose was 20 mg/kg. We found that splitting a dose of 20 mg/kg ART given every 24 h, by administering two doses of 10 mg/kg each every 12 h, was highly effective and gave far superior results compared to 20 mg/kg once daily. We obtained the best results with nasal treatment; oral treatment was ranked second, and the least effective route of administration was intraperitoneal injection. A complete cure of experimental cerebral malaria could be achieved through choosing the optimal route of application, dose, and dosing interval. Altogether, the developed formulation combines easy manufacturing with high stability and could be a successful and very versatile carrier for the delivery of ART in the treatment of human severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Zech
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nadeen Salaymeh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jacob Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Enders MH, Bayarsaikhan G, Ghilas S, Chua YC, May R, de Menezes MN, Ge Z, Tan PS, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Yui K, McFadden GI, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Purcell AW, Schittenhelm RB, Beattie L, Heath WR, Fernandez-Ruiz D. Plasmodium berghei Hsp90 contains a natural immunogenic I-Ab-restricted antigen common to rodent and human Plasmodium species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:79-92. [PMID: 35492393 PMCID: PMC9040146 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of the role of CD4 T cells in immunity can be greatly assisted by the study of responses to defined specificities. This requires knowledge of Plasmodium-derived immunogenic epitopes, of which only a few have been identified, especially for the mouse C57BL/6 background. We recently developed a TCR transgenic mouse line, termed PbT-II, that produces CD4+ T cells specific for an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted Plasmodium epitope and is responsive to both sporozoites and blood-stage P. berghei. Here, we identify a peptide within the P. berghei heat shock protein 90 as the cognate epitope recognised by PbT-II cells. We show that C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei blood-stage induce an endogenous CD4 T cell response specific for this epitope, indicating cells of similar specificity to PbT-II cells are present in the naïve repertoire. Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated TH1-, or particularly TH2-polarised PbT-II cells improved control of P. berghei parasitemia in C57BL/6 mice and drastically reduced the onset of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify a versatile, potentially protective MHC-II restricted epitope useful for exploration of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity and vaccination strategies against malaria. Identification of a novel MHC-II-restricted epitope in P. berghei Hsp90 that is the cognate antigen of PbT-II CD4+ T cells. This epitope is conserved among mouse malaria parasites and in Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Exposure to liver or blood stage P. berghei infection expands a population of endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccination generates memory PbT-II cells and endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. TH1- and TH2-polarised PbT-II cells reduce P. berghei parasitaemia and mitigate development of experimental cerebral malaria.
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18
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Ng SS, De Labastida Rivera F, Yan J, Corvino D, Das I, Zhang P, Kuns R, Chauhan SB, Hou J, Li XY, Frame TCM, McEnroe BA, Moore E, Na J, Engel JA, Soon MSF, Singh B, Kueh AJ, Herold MJ, Montes de Oca M, Singh SS, Bunn PT, Aguilera AR, Casey M, Braun M, Ghazanfari N, Wani S, Wang Y, Amante FH, Edwards CL, Haque A, Dougall WC, Singh OP, Baxter AG, Teng MWL, Loukas A, Daly NL, Cloonan N, Degli-Esposti MA, Uzonna J, Heath WR, Bald T, Tey SK, Nakamura K, Hill GR, Kumar R, Sundar S, Smyth MJ, Engwerda CR. The NK cell granule protein NKG7 regulates cytotoxic granule exocytosis and inflammation. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1205-1218. [PMID: 32839608 PMCID: PMC7965849 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune-modulating therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic diseases, particularly cancer. However, their success is restricted and there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we show that natural killer cell granule protein 7 (NKG7) is a regulator of lymphocyte granule exocytosis and downstream inflammation in a broad range of diseases. NKG7 expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played key roles in promoting inflammation during visceral leishmaniasis and malaria-two important parasitic diseases. Additionally, NKG7 expressed by natural killer cells was critical for controlling cancer initiation, growth and metastasis. NKG7 function in natural killer and CD8+ T cells was linked with their ability to regulate the translocation of CD107a to the cell surface and kill cellular targets, while NKG7 also had a major impact on CD4+ T cell activation following infection. Thus, we report a novel therapeutic target expressed on a range of immune cells with functions in different immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna S Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Juming Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dillon Corvino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indrajit Das
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Kuns
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jiajie Hou
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xian-Yang Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Teija C M Frame
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin A McEnroe
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eilish Moore
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jinrui Na
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica A Engel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- Division of Blood Cells and Blood Cancer, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- Division of Blood Cells and Blood Cancer, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Siddharth Sankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Patrick T Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Roman Aguilera
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mika Casey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthias Braun
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shivangi Wani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yulin Wang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William C Dougall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Alan G Baxter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Norelle L Daly
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jude Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tobias Bald
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Siddiqui AJ, Adnan M, Jahan S, Redman W, Saeed M, Patel M. Neurological disorder and psychosocial aspects of cerebral malaria: what is new on its pathogenesis and complications? A minireview. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 32636351 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, malaria is remain considered as the most prevalent infectious disease, affecting the human health globally. High morbidity and mortality worldwide is often allied with cerebral malaria (CM) based disorders of the central nervous system, especially across many tropical and sub-tropical regions. These disorders are characterised by the infection of Plasmodium species, which leads to acute or chronic neurological disorders, even after having active/effective antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, even during the treatment, individual remain sensitive for neurological impairments in the form of decrease blood flow and vascular obstruction in brain including many more other changes. This review briefly explains and update on the epidemiology, burden of disease, pathogenesis and role of CM in neurological disorders with behaviour and function in mouse and human models. Moreover, the social stigma, which plays an important role in neurological disorders and a factor for assessing CM, is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Whitni Redman
- Surgery Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mοhd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
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20
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Mbagwu SI, Lannes N, Walch M, Filgueira L, Mantel PY. Human Microglia Respond to Malaria-Induced Extracellular Vesicles. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010021. [PMID: 31878288 PMCID: PMC7168629 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the chief immune cells of the brain and have been reported to be activated in severe malaria. Their activation may drive towards neuroinflammation in cerebral malaria. Malaria-infected red blood cell derived-extracellular vesicles (MiREVs) are produced during the blood stage of malaria infection. They mediate intercellular communication and immune regulation, among other functions. During cerebral malaria, the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier can promote the migration of substances such as MiREVs from the periphery into the brain, targeting cells such as microglia. Microglia and extracellular vesicle interactions in different pathological conditions have been reported to induce neuroinflammation. Unlike in astrocytes, microglia–extracellular vesicle interaction has not yet been described in malaria infection. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the uptake of MiREVs by human microglia cells and their cytokine response. Human blood monocyte-derived microglia (MoMi) were generated from buffy coats of anonymous healthy donors using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation. The MiREVs were isolated from the Plasmodium falciparum cultures. They were purified by ultracentrifugation and labeled with PKH67 green fluorescent dye. The internalization of MiREVs by MoMi was observed after 4 h of co-incubation on coverslips placed in a 24-well plate at 37 °C using confocal microscopy. Cytokine-gene expression was investigated using rt-qPCR, following the stimulation of the MoMi cells with supernatants from the parasite cultures at 2, 4, and 24 h, respectively. MiREVs were internalized by the microglia and accumulated in the perinuclear region. MiREVs-treated cells increased gene expression of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα and reduced gene expression of the immune suppressive IL-10. Overall, the results indicate that MiREVs may act on microglia, which would contribute to enhanced inflammation in cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smart Ikechukwu Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi 435101, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (S.I.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.I.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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21
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Camara A, Haddad M, Reybier K, Traoré MS, Baldé MA, Royo J, Baldé AO, Batigne P, Haidara M, Baldé ES, Coste A, Baldé AM, Aubouy A. Terminalia albida treatment improves survival in experimental cerebral malaria through reactive oxygen species scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. Malar J 2019; 18:431. [PMID: 31852507 PMCID: PMC6921526 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of Plasmodium resistance to the last effective anti-malarial drugs necessitates the urgent development of new anti-malarial therapeutic strategies. To this end, plants are an important source of new molecules. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-malarial effects of Terminalia albida, a plant used in Guinean traditional medicine, as well as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may be useful in treating cases of severe malaria. Methods In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated on a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (K-1). In vivo efficacy of the plant extract was measured in the experimental cerebral malaria model based on Plasmodium berghei (strain ANKA) infection. Mice brains were harvested on Day 7–8 post-infection, and T cells recruitment to the brain, expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were measured by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR and ELISA. Non-malarial in vitro models of inflammation and oxidative response were used to confirm Terminalia albida effects. Constituents of Terminalia albida extract were characterized by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Top ranked compounds were putatively identified using plant databases and in silico fragmentation patterns. Results In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Terminalia albida was confirmed with an IC50 of 1.5 μg/mL. In vivo, Terminalia albida treatment greatly increased survival rates in P. berghei-infected mice. Treated mice were all alive until Day 12, and the survival rate was 50% on Day 20. Terminalia albida treatment also significantly decreased parasitaemia by 100% on Day 4 and 89% on Day 7 post-infection. In vivo anti-malarial activity was related to anti-inflammatory properties, as Terminalia albida treatment decreased T lymphocyte recruitment and expression of pro-inflammatory markers in brains of treated mice. These properties were confirmed in vitro in the non-malarial model. In vitro, Terminalia albida also demonstrated a remarkable dose-dependent neutralization activity of reactive oxygen species. Twelve compounds were putatively identified in Terminalia albida stem bark. Among them, several molecules already identified may be responsible for the different biological activities observed, especially tannins and triterpenoids. Conclusion The traditional use of Terminalia albida in the treatment of malaria was validated through the combination of in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissata Camara
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. .,Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Reybier
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Sahar Traoré
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mamadou Aliou Baldé
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jade Royo
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alpha Omar Baldé
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Philippe Batigne
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mahamane Haidara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies (USTTB) of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Elhadj Saidou Baldé
- Institute for Research and Development of Medicinal and Food Plants of Guinea (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea.,Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Agnès Coste
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Aliou Mamadou Baldé
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Agnès Aubouy
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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22
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Khoury DS, Aogo R, Randriafanomezantsoa-Radohery G, McCaw JM, Simpson JA, McCarthy JS, Haque A, Cromer D, Davenport MP. Within-host modeling of blood-stage malaria. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:168-193. [PMID: 30129195 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria infection continues to be a major health problem worldwide and drug resistance in the major human parasite species, Plasmodium falciparum, is increasing in South East Asia. Control measures including novel drugs and vaccines are in development, and contributions to the rational design and optimal usage of these interventions are urgently needed. Infection involves the complex interaction of parasite dynamics, host immunity, and drug effects. The long life cycle (48 hours in the common human species) and synchronized replication cycle of the parasite population present significant challenges to modeling the dynamics of Plasmodium infection. Coupled with these, variation in immune recognition and drug action at different life cycle stages leads to further complexity. We review the development and progress of "within-host" models of Plasmodium infection, and how these have been applied to understanding and interpreting human infection and animal models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary Aogo
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
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23
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Greischar MA, Reece SE, Savill NJ, Mideo N. The Challenge of Quantifying Synchrony in Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:341-355. [PMID: 30952484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria infection is often accompanied by periodic fevers, triggered by synchronous cycles of parasite replication within the host. The degree of synchrony in parasite development influences the efficacy of drugs and immune defenses and is therefore relevant to host health and infectiousness. Synchrony is thought to vary over the course of infection and across different host-parasite genotype or species combinations, but the evolutionary significance - if any - of this diversity remains elusive. Standardized methods are lacking, but the most common metric for quantifying synchrony is the percentage of parasites in a particular developmental stage. We use a heuristic model to show that this metric is often unacceptably biased. Methodological challenges must be addressed to characterize diverse patterns of synchrony and their consequences for disease severity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sarah E Reece
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas J Savill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Nyariki JN, Ochola LA, Jillani NE, Nyamweya NO, Amwayi PE, Yole DS, Azonvide L, Isaac AO. Oral administration of Coenzyme Q 10 protects mice against oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation during experimental cerebral malaria. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:106-120. [PMID: 30981893 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In animal model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), the genesis of neuropathology is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. There is limited progress in the development of new approaches to the treatment of cerebral malaria. Here, we tested whether oral supplementation of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) would offer protection against oxidative stress and brain associated inflammation following Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in C57BL/6 J mouse model. For this purpose, one group of C57BL/6 mice was used as control; second group of mice were orally supplemented with 200 mg/kg CoQ10 and then infected with PbA and the third group was PbA infected alone. Clinical, biochemical, immunoblot and immunological features of ECM was monitored. We observed that oral administration of CoQ10 for 1 month and after PbA infection was able to improve survival, significantly reduced oedema, TNF-α and MIP-1β gene expression in brain samples in PbA infected mice. The result also shows the ability of CoQ10 to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides lipids, levels of matrix metalloproteinases-9, angiopoietin-2 and angiopoietin-1 in the brain. In addition, CoQ10 was very effective in decreasing NF-κB phosphorylation. Furthermore, CoQ10 supplementation abrogated Malondialdehyde, and 8-OHDG and restored cellular glutathione. These results constitute the first demonstration that oral supplementation of CoQ10 can protect mice against PbA induced oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation usually observed in ECM. Thus, the need to study CoQ10 as a candidate of antioxidant and immunomodulatory molecule in ECM and testing it in clinical studies either alone or in combination with antimalaria regimens to provide insight into a potential translatable therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Nyariki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Lucy A Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box, 24481, 00502 Karen, Kenya
| | - Ngalla E Jillani
- Department of Non-communicable diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box, 24481, 00502 Karen, Kenya
| | - Nemwel O Nyamweya
- Departmwent of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Peris E Amwayi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorcas S Yole
- School of Biological and Life Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laurent Azonvide
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- School of Health Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box, 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
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25
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Akter J, Khoury DS, Aogo R, Lansink LIM, SheelaNair A, Thomas BS, Laohamonthonkul P, Pernold CPS, Dixon MWA, Soon MSF, Fogg LG, Engel JA, Elliott T, Sebina I, James KR, Cromer D, Davenport MP, Haque A. Plasmodium-specific antibodies block in vivo parasite growth without clearing infected red blood cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007599. [PMID: 30811498 PMCID: PMC6411214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites invade and multiply inside red blood cells (RBC). Through a cycle of maturation, asexual replication, rupture and release of multiple infective merozoites, parasitised RBC (pRBC) can reach very high numbers in vivo, a process that correlates with disease severity in humans and experimental animals. Thus, controlling pRBC numbers can prevent or ameliorate malaria. In endemic regions, circulating parasite-specific antibodies associate with immunity to high parasitemia. Although in vitro assays reveal that protective antibodies could control pRBC via multiple mechanisms, in vivo assessment of antibody function remains challenging. Here, we employed two mouse models of antibody-mediated immunity to malaria, P. yoelii 17XNL and P. chabaudi chabaudi AS infection, to study infection-induced, parasite-specific antibody function in vivo. By tracking a single generation of pRBC, we tested the hypothesis that parasite-specific antibodies accelerate pRBC clearance. Though strongly protective against homologous re-challenge, parasite-specific IgG did not alter the rate of pRBC clearance, even in the presence of ongoing, systemic inflammation. Instead, antibodies prevented parasites progressing from one generation of RBC to the next. In vivo depletion studies using clodronate liposomes or cobra venom factor, suggested that optimal antibody function required splenic macrophages and dendritic cells, but not complement C3/C5-mediated killing. Finally, parasite-specific IgG bound poorly to the surface of pRBC, yet strongly to structures likely exposed by the rupture of mature schizonts. Thus, in our models of humoral immunity to malaria, infection-induced antibodies did not accelerate pRBC clearance, and instead co-operated with splenic phagocytes to block subsequent generations of pRBC. Malaria occurs when Plasmodium parasites replicate inside red blood cells, with the number of parasitised cells (pRBC) correlating with disease severity. Antibodies are highly effective at controlling pRBC numbers in the bloodstream, and yet we know very little about how they function in vivo. Human in vitro studies predict that antibodies may function in a number of ways, including via phagocytes or different complement mechanisms. However, to date it has been challenging to explore how antibodies might control parasite numbers in vivo. Here, we have used a unique method in mice, where clearance and replication of a single cohort of pRBC was closely tracked in the presence of protective antibodies. Surprisingly, antibodies played no role whatsoever in accelerating the removal of pRBC. Instead, antibodies were highly effective at preventing parasites from progressing from one generation of pRBC to the next. This process partly depended on host phagocytes. However, we found no role for complement-mediated direct killing. Together, our in vivo data suggest in mouse models that naturally-acquired antibodies do not clear pRBC, and instead prevent transition from one red blood cell to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Akter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
| | - Rosemary Aogo
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
| | | | - Arya SheelaNair
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Bryce S. Thomas
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- University of Melbourne, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan S. F. Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Lily G. Fogg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Engel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Trish Elliott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Kylie R. James
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Kensington NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (MPD); (AH)
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (MPD); (AH)
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26
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T-lymphocytes response persists following Plasmodium berghei strain Anka infection resolution and may contribute to later experimental cerebral malaria outcomes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:5-11. [PMID: 30763800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have proposed cerebral malaria (CM) as a CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated disease. However, there are no data regarding the recruitment and/or persistence of these cells in the CNS following the phase of infection resolution. Glutamate-mediate excitotoxicity has also been implicated in CM. Blockade of glutamate NMDA receptors by its noncompetitive antagonist MK801 modulates cytokine and neurotrophic factors expression preventing cognitive and depressive-like behavior in experimental CM. Herein, we aim to investigate the role of T lymphocytes in later outcomes in CM, and whether the protective role of MK801 is associated with T lymphocytes response.
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27
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Teo TH, Howland SW, Claser C, Gun SY, Poh CM, Lee WW, Lum FM, Ng LF, Rénia L. Co-infection with Chikungunya virus alters trafficking of pathogenic CD8 + T cells into the brain and prevents Plasmodium-induced neuropathology. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:121-138. [PMID: 29113976 PMCID: PMC5760855 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral diseases have risen significantly over the last 40 years, increasing the risk of co-infection with other endemic disease such as malaria. However, nothing is known about the impact arboviruses have on the host response toward heterologous pathogens during co-infection. Here, we investigate the effects of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) co-infection on the susceptibility and severity of malaria infection. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model, we show that concurrent co-infection induced the most prominent changes in ECM manifestation. Concurrent co-infection protected mice from ECM mortality without affecting parasite development in the blood. This protection was mediated by the alteration of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cell trafficking through an IFNγ-mediated mechanism. Co-infection with CHIKV induced higher splenic IFNγ levels that lead to high local levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10. This induced retention of CXCR3-expressing pathogenic CD8+ T cells in the spleen and prevented their migration to the brain. This then averts all downstream pathogenic events such as parasite sequestration in the brain and disruption of blood-brain barrier that prevents ECM-induced mortality in co-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Meng Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wl Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Fp Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Wang J, Li Y, Shen Y, Liang J, Li Y, Huang Y, Liu X, Jiang D, Yang S, Zhao Y, Yang K. PDL1 Fusion Protein Protects Against Experimental Cerebral Malaria via Repressing Over-Reactive CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3157. [PMID: 30693001 PMCID: PMC6339951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.), is one of the most lethal complications of severe malaria. As immunopathology mediated by brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells is the major pathogenesis of CM, there is no safe and efficient treatment clinically focused on CD8+ T cells. New methods are needed to protect the host from injury. As evidence has shown that programmed death-1 (PD-1) is one of the most efficient immunomodulatory molecules, we constructed two soluble fusion proteins, PDL1-IgG1Fc and PDL2-IgG1Fc, to enhance PD-1/PDL signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages and CD8+ T cells. Firstly, we confirmed that PD-1 signal pathway deficiency led to higher levels of CD8+ T cell proliferation and shorter survival time in PD-1-deficient (Pdcd1−/−) mice than WT mice. Secondly, PDL1-IgG1Fc-treated mice exhibited a more prolonged survival time than control groups. Moreover, PDL1-IgG1Fc was observed to ameliorate blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption by limiting the over-reactive CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity during experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Further studies found thatPDL1-IgG1Fc-treated macrophages showed significant suppression in macrophage M1 polarization and their antigen presentation capability to CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the administration of PDL1-IgG1Fc in the early stage before ECM onset has an obvious effect on the maintenance of immune microenvironment homeostasis in the brain and is deemed a promising candidate for protection against CM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongbo Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuya Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Ghazanfari N, Mueller SN, Heath WR. Cerebral Malaria in Mouse and Man. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2016. [PMID: 30250468 PMCID: PMC6139318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is an acute encephalopathy caused by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which develops in a small minority of infected patients and is responsible for the majority of deaths in African children. Despite decades of research on CM, the pathogenic mechanisms are still relatively poorly defined. Nevertheless, many studies in recent years, using a combination of animal models, in vitro cell culture work, and human patients, provide significant insight into the pathologic mechanisms leading to CM. In this review, we summarize recent findings from mouse models and human studies on the pathogenesis of CM, understanding of which may enable development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Quantification of host-mediated parasite clearance during blood-stage Plasmodium infection and anti-malarial drug treatment in mice. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:903-913. [PMID: 30176235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A major mechanism of host-mediated control of blood-stage Plasmodium infection is thought to be removal of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) from circulation by the spleen or phagocytic system. The rate of parasite removal is thought to be further increased by anti-malarial drug treatment, contributing to the effectiveness of drug therapy. It is difficult to directly compare pRBC removal rates in the presence and absence of treatment, since in the absence of treatment the removal rate of parasites is obscured by the extent of ongoing parasite proliferation. Here, we transfused a single generation of fluorescently-labelled Plasmodium berghei pRBCs into mice, and monitored both their disappearance from circulation, and their replication to produce the next generation of pRBCs. In conjunction with a new mathematical model, we directly estimated host removal of pRBCs during ongoing infection, and after drug treatment. In untreated mice, pRBCs were removed from circulation with a half-life of 15.1 h. Treatment with various doses of mefloquine/artesunate did not alter the pRBC removal rate, despite blocking parasite replication effectively. An exception was high dose artesunate, which doubled the rate of pRBC removal (half-life of 9.1 h). Phagocyte depletion using clodronate liposomes approximately halved the pRBC removal rate during untreated infection, indicating a role for phagocytes in clearance. We next assessed the importance of pRBC clearance for the decrease in the parasite multiplication rate after high dose artesunate treatment. High dose artesunate decreased parasite replication ∼46-fold compared with saline controls, with inhibition of replication contributing 23-fold of this, and increased pRBC clearance contributing only a further 2.0-fold. Thus, in our in vivo systems, drugs acted primarily by inhibiting parasite replication, with drug-induced increases in pRBC clearance making only minor contributions to overall drug effect.
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31
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Yam XY, Preiser PR. Host immune evasion strategies of malaria blood stage parasite. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2498-2508. [PMID: 29091093 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Host immune evasion is a key strategy for the continual survival of many microbial pathogens including Apicomplexan protozoan: Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of Malaria. The malaria parasite has evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade the host immune responses within its two hosts: the female Anopheles mosquito vector and vertebrate host. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of the immune evasion strategies used by the Plasmodium parasite at the blood stage which is responsible for the clinical manifestations of human malaria. We also aim to provide some insights on the potential targets for malaria interventions through the recent advancement in understanding the molecular biology of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan Yam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
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32
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TCRβ Combinatorial Immunoreceptor Expression by Neutrophils Correlates with Parasite Burden and Enhanced Phagocytosis during a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Malaria Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00899-17. [PMID: 29685989 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00899-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that a subpopulation of neutrophils express the TCRαβ combinatorial immunoreceptor in humans and mice. Here, we report that a Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine malaria infection induces expansion of TCRβ expressing CD11b+ Ly6G+ neutrophils in the spleen during the early phase of infection. Measurement of TCRβ transcript and protein levels of neutrophils in wild-type versus nude and Rag1 knockout mice establishes that the observed expression is not a consequence of nonspecific antibody staining or passive receptor expression due to phagocytosis or trogocytosis of peripheral T cells. Remarkably, on day 3 postinfection, we observed a highly significant correlation between the proportion of neutrophils that express TCRβ and peripheral blood parasite burden. In addition, TCRβ+ neutrophils phagocytose parasitized erythrocytes with 4-fold greater efficiency than TCRβ- neutrophils. Together these results signify that TCR expression by the neutrophil plays an important role in the regulation of parasite burden by enhancing the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophil.
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33
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Genetic analysis of cerebral malaria in the mouse model infected with Plasmodium berghei. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:488-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Wilson KD, Ochoa LF, Solomon OD, Pal R, Cardona SM, Carpio VH, Keiser PH, Cardona AE, Vargas G, Stephens R. Elimination of intravascular thrombi prevents early mortality and reduces gliosis in hyper-inflammatory experimental cerebral malaria. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:173. [PMID: 29866139 PMCID: PMC5987620 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most lethal outcome of Plasmodium infection. There are clear correlations between expression of inflammatory cytokines, severe coagulopathies, and mortality in human CM. However, the mechanisms intertwining the coagulation and inflammation pathways, and their roles in CM, are only beginning to be understood. In mice with T cells deficient in the regulatory cytokine IL-10 (IL-10 KO), infection with Plasmodium chabaudi leads to a hyper-inflammatory response and lethal outcome that can be prevented by anti-TNF treatment. However, inflammatory T cells are adherent within the vasculature and not present in the brain parenchyma, suggesting a novel form of cerebral inflammation. We have previously documented behavioral dysfunction and microglial activation in infected IL-10 KO animals suggestive of neurological involvement driven by inflammation. In order to understand the relationship of intravascular inflammation to parenchymal dysfunction, we studied the congestion of vessels with leukocytes and fibrin(ogen) and the relationship of glial cell activation to congested vessels in the brains of P. chabaudi-infected IL-10 KO mice. METHODS Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we describe severe thrombotic congestion in these animals. We stained for immune cell surface markers (CD45, CD11b, CD4), fibrin(ogen), microglia (Iba-1), and astrocytes (GFAP) in the brain at the peak of behavioral symptoms. Finally, we investigated the roles of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and coagulation on the pathology observed using neutralizing antibodies and low-molecular weight heparin to inhibit both inflammation and coagulation, respectively. RESULTS Many blood vessels in the brain were congested with thrombi containing adherent leukocytes, including CD4 T cells and monocytes. Despite containment of the pathogen and leukocytes within the vasculature, activated microglia and astrocytes were prevalent in the parenchyma, particularly clustered near vessels with thrombi. Neutralization of TNF, or the coagulation cascade, significantly reduced both thrombus formation and gliosis in P. chabaudi-infected IL-10 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the contribution of cytokines, coagulation, and leukocytes within the brain vasculature to neuropathology in malaria infection. Strikingly, localization of inflammatory leukocytes within intravascular clots suggests a mechanism for interaction between the two cascades by which cytokines drive local inflammation without considerable cellular infiltration into the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Ochoa
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Olivia D Solomon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Rahul Pal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Biology, One UTSA Circle, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Philip H Keiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555-0435, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, One UTSA Circle, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555-0435, USA. .,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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35
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Eeka P, Phanithi PB. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Granzyme-b mediates neuronal cell death during Plasmodium berghei ANKA induced experimental cerebral malaria. Neurosci Lett 2018; 664:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Gamma Interferon Mediates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Signaling within Both the Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Compartments. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01035-16. [PMID: 28874445 PMCID: PMC5649021 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01035-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is a gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent syndrome. However, whether IFN-γ promotes ECM through direct and synergistic targeting of multiple cell populations or by acting primarily on a specific responsive cell type is currently unknown. Here, using a panel of cell- and compartment-specific IFN-γ receptor 2 (IFN-γR2)-deficient mice, we show that IFN-γ causes ECM by signaling within both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Mechanistically, hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartment-specific IFN-γR signaling exerts additive effects in orchestrating intracerebral inflammation, leading to the development of ECM. Surprisingly, mice with specific deletion of IFN-γR2 expression on myeloid cells, T cells, or neurons were completely susceptible to terminal ECM. Utilizing a reductionist in vitro system, we show that synergistic IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation promotes strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelial cells. Combined, our data show that within the hematopoietic compartment, IFN-γ causes ECM by acting redundantly or by targeting non-T cell or non-myeloid cell populations. Within the nonhematopoietic compartment, brain endothelial cells, but not neurons, may be the major target of IFN-γ leading to ECM development. Collectively, our data provide information on how IFN-γ mediates the development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
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37
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Van Den Ham KM, Smith LK, Richer MJ, Olivier M. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibition Prevents Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Precluding CXCR3 Expression on T Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5478. [PMID: 28710387 PMCID: PMC5511231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection is dependent on the sequestration of cytotoxic T cells within the brain and augmentation of the inflammatory response. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity significantly attenuates T cell sequestration within the brain and prevents the development of neuropathology. Mechanistically, the initial upregulation of CXCR3 on splenic T cells upon T cell receptor stimulation was critically decreased through the reduction of T cell-intrinsic PTP activity. Furthermore, PTP inhibition markedly increased IL-10 production by splenic CD4+ T cells by enhancing the frequency of LAG3+CD49b+ type 1 regulatory cells. Overall, these findings demonstrate that modulation of PTP activity could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cerebral malaria and other CXCR3-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Van Den Ham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Logan K Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre and Associate Member, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada. .,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre and Associate Member, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada. .,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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38
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Wu X, Dayanand KK, Thylur RP, Norbury CC, Gowda DC. Small molecule-based inhibition of MEK1/2 proteins dampens inflammatory responses to malaria, reduces parasite load, and mitigates pathogenic outcomes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13615-13634. [PMID: 28679535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections cause several systemic and severe single- or multi-organ pathologies, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. Considering the existing widespread resistance of malaria parasites to anti-parasitic drugs and their high propensity to develop drug resistance, alternative strategies are required to manage malaria infections. Because malaria is a host immune response-driven disease, one approach is based on gaining a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that modulate malaria-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, using a mouse cerebral malaria model and small-molecule inhibitors, we demonstrate that inhibiting MEK1/2, the upstream kinases of ERK1/2 signaling, alters multifactorial components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, controls parasitemia, and blocks pathogenesis. Specifically, MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment up-regulated B1 cell expansion, IgM production, phagocytic receptor expression, and phagocytic activity, enhancing parasite clearance by macrophages and neutrophils. Further, the MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment down-regulated pathogenic pro-inflammatory and helper T cell 1 (Th1) responses and up-regulated beneficial anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and Th2 responses. These inhibitor effects resulted in reduced granzyme B expression by T cells, chemokine and intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in the brain, and chemokine receptor expression by both myeloid and T cells. These bimodal effects of the MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment on immune responses contributed to decreased parasite biomass, organ inflammation, and immune cell recruitment, preventing tissue damage and death. In summary, we have identified several previously unrecognized immune regulatory processes through which a MEK1/2 inhibitor approach controls malaria parasitemia and mitigates pathogenic effects on host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Ramesh P Thylur
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Christopher C Norbury
- Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - D Channe Gowda
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Craig JM, Scott AL. Antecedent Nippostrongylus infection alters the lung immune response to Plasmodium berghei. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28475238 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In endemic regions, it is not uncommon for patients to be co-infected with soil-transmitted helminths and malaria. Although both malaria and many helminth species use the lungs as a site of development, little attention has been paid to the impact that pulmonary immunity induced by one parasite has on the lung response to the other. To model the consequences of a prior hookworm exposure on the development of immunity to malaria in the lungs, mice were infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and 2 weeks later challenged with Plasmodium berghei. We found that a pre-existing hookworm-induced type 2 immune environment had a measurable but modest impact on the nature of the malaria-driven type 1 cytokine response in the lungs that was associated with a transient effect on parasite development and no significant changes in morbidity and mortality after malaria infection. However, prior hookworm infection did have a lasting effect on lung macrophages, where the malaria-induced M1-like response was blunted by previous M2 polarization. These results demonstrate that, although helminth parasites confer robust changes to the immunological status of the pulmonary microenvironment, lung immunity is plastic and capable of rapidly adapting to consecutive heterologous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Craig
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A L Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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40
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Soares RR, Antinarelli LMR, Abramo C, Macedo GC, Coimbra ES, Scopel KKG. What do we know about the role of regulatory B cells (Breg) during the course of infection of two major parasitic diseases, malaria and leishmaniasis? Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:107-115. [PMID: 28353409 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1308902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases, such as malaria and leishmaniasis, are relevant public health problems worldwide. For both diseases, the alarming number of clinical cases and deaths reported annually has justified the incentives directed to better understanding of host's factors associated with susceptibility to infection or protection. In this context, over recent years, some studies have given special attention to B lymphocytes with a regulator phenotype, known as Breg cells. Essentially important in the maintenance of immunological tolerance, especially in autoimmune disease models such as rheumatoid arthritis and experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the function of these lymphocytes has so far been poorly explored during the course of diseases caused by parasites. As the activation of Breg cells has been proposed as a possible therapeutic or vaccine strategy against several diseases, here we reviewed studies focused on understanding the relation of parasite and Breg cells in malaria and leishmaniasis, and the possible implications of these strategies in the course of both infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Reis Soares
- a Departement of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de fora , Brazil
| | | | - Clarice Abramo
- a Departement of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de fora , Brazil
| | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- a Departement of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de fora , Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- a Departement of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de fora , Brazil
| | - Kézia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- a Departement of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de fora , Brazil
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41
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Golenser J, Buchholz V, Bagheri A, Nasereddin A, Dzikowski R, Guo J, Hunt NH, Eyal S, Vakruk N, Greiner A. Controlled release of artemisone for the treatment of experimental cerebral malaria. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:117. [PMID: 28249591 PMCID: PMC5333427 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is a leading cause of malarial mortality resulting from infection by Plasmodium falciparum. Treatment commonly involves adjunctive care and injections or transfusion of artemisinins. All artemisinins that are in current use are metabolized to dihydroxyartemisinin (DHA), to which there is already some parasite resistance. We used artemisone, a derivative that does not convert to DHA, has improved pharmacokinetics and anti-plasmodial activity and is also anti-inflammatory (an advantage given the immunopathological nature of CM). Methods We examined controlled artemisone release from biodegradable polymers in a mouse CM model. This would improve treatment by exposing the parasites for a longer period to a non-toxic drug concentration, high enough to eliminate the pathogen and prevent CM. The preparations were inserted into mice as prophylaxis, early or late treatment in the disease course. Results The most efficient formulation was a rigid polymer, containing 80 mg/kg artemisone, which cured all of the mice when used as early treatment and 60% of the mice when used as a very late treatment (at which stage all control mice would die of CM within 24 h). In those mice that were not completely cured, relapse followed a latent period of more than seven days. Prophylactic treatment four days prior to the infection prevented CM. We also measured the amount of artemisone released from the rigid polymers using a bioassay with cultured P. falciparum. Significant amounts of artemisone were released throughout at least ten days, in line with the in vivo prophylactic results. Conclusions Overall, we demonstrate, as a proof-of-concept, a controlled-sustained release system of artemisone for treatment of CM. Mice were cured or if treated at a very late stage of the disease, depicted a delay of a week before death. This delay would enable a considerable time window for exact diagnosis and appropriate additional treatment. Identical methods could be used for other parasites that are sensitive to artemisinins (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU)-Hadassah Medical School (HMS), Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Viola Buchholz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Amir Bagheri
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Abed Nasereddin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU)-Hadassah Medical School (HMS), Jerusalem, Israel.,Al-Quds University, Abu Dis, The Palestinian Authority
| | - Ron Dzikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU)-Hadassah Medical School (HMS), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jintao Guo
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, HU-HMS, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natalia Vakruk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU)-Hadassah Medical School (HMS), Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, HU-HMS, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
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Silva-Filho JL, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. Targeting Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor (AT 1R) Inhibits the Harmful Phenotype of Plasmodium-Specific CD8 + T Cells during Blood-Stage Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:42. [PMID: 28261571 PMCID: PMC5311040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell response is critical in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria during blood-stage. Our group and other have been shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor AT1 (AT1R), a key effector axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have immune regulatory effects on T cells. Previously, we showed that inhibition of AT1R signaling protects mice against the lethal disease induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection However, most of the Ang II/AT1R actions were characterized by using only pharmacological approaches, the effects of which may not always be due to a specific receptor blockade. In addition, the mechanisms of action of the AT1R in inducing the pathogenic activity of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells during blood-stage were not determined. Here, we examined how angiotensin II/AT1R axis promotes the harmful response of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T-cell during blood-stage by using genetic and pharmacological approaches. We evaluated the response of wild-type (WT) and AT1R−/−Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells in mice infected with a transgenic PbA lineage expressing ovalbumin; and in parallel infected mice receiving WT Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells were treated with losartan (AT1R antagonist) or captopril (ACE inhibitor). Both, AT1R−/− OT-I cells and WT OT-I cells from losartan- or captopril-treated mice showed lower expansion, reduced IL-2 production and IL-2Rα expression, lower activation (lower expression of CD69, CD44 and CD160) and lower exhaustion profiles. AT1R−/− OT-I cells also exhibit lower expression of the integrin LFA-1 and the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3, known to play a key role in the development of cerebral malaria. Moreover, AT1R−/− OT-I cells produce lower amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and show lower degranulation upon restimulation. In conclusion, our results show the pivotal mechanisms of AT1R-induced harmful phenotype of Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells during blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia e Bioimagem, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana A S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT 1R) regulates expansion, differentiation, and functional capacity of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35997. [PMID: 27782175 PMCID: PMC5080615 DOI: 10.1038/srep35997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor AT1 (AT1R), an important effector axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have been demonstrated to regulate T-cell responses. However, these studies characterized Ang II and AT1R effects using pharmacological tools, which do not target only Ang II/AT1R axis. The specific role of AT1R expressed by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is unknown. Then we immunized transgenic mice expressing a T-cell receptor specific for SIINFEKL epitope (OT-I mice) with sporozoites of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei expressing the cytotoxic epitope SIINFEKL. Early priming events after immunization were not affected but the expansion and contraction of AT1R-deficient (AT1R-/-) OT-I cells was decreased. Moreover, they seemed more activated, express higher levels of CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, and have decreased functional capacity during the effector phase. Memory AT1R-/- OT-I cells exhibited higher IL-7Rα expression, activation, and exhaustion phenotypes but less cytotoxic capacity. Importantly, AT1R-/- OT-I cells show better control of blood parasitemia burden and ameliorate mice survival during lethal disease induced by blood-stage malaria. Our study reveals that AT1R in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells regulates expansion, differentiation, and function during effector and memory phases of the response against Plasmodium, which could apply to different infectious agents.
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44
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Absence of apolipoprotein E protects mice from cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33615. [PMID: 27647324 PMCID: PMC5028887 DOI: 10.1038/srep33615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria claims the life of millions of people each year, particularly those of children, and is a major global public health problem. Thus, the identification of novel malaria biomarkers that could be utilized as diagnostic or therapeutic targets is becoming increasingly important. Using a proteomic approach, we previously identified unique biomarkers in the sera of malaria-infected individuals, including apolipoprotein E (ApoE). ApoE is the dominant apolipoprotein in the brain and has been implicated in several neurological disorders; therefore, we were interested in the potential role of ApoE in cerebral malaria. Here we report the first demonstration that cerebral malaria is markedly attenuated in ApoE−/− mice. The protection provided by the absence of ApoE was associated with decreased sequestration of parasites and T cells within the brain, and was determined to be independent from the involvement of ApoE receptors and from the altered lipid metabolism associated with the knock-out mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that treatment of mice with the ApoE antagonist heparin octasaccharide significantly decreased the incidence of cerebral malaria. Overall, our study indicates that the reduction of ApoE could be utilized in the development of therapeutic treatments aimed at mitigating the neuropathology of cerebral malaria.
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Establishment of a murine model of cerebral malaria in KunMing mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Parasitology 2016; 143:1672-80. [PMID: 27574013 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection resulting in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Analysis of precise mechanisms of CM in humans is difficult for ethical reasons and animal models of CM have been employed to study malaria pathogenesis. Here, we describe a new experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model with Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in KunMing (KM) mice. KM mice developed ECM after blood-stage or sporozoites infection, and the development of ECM in KM mice has a dose-dependent relationship with sporozoites inoculums. Histopathological findings revealed important features associated with ECM, including accumulation of mononuclear cells and red blood cells in brain microvascular, and brain parenchymal haemorrhages. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) examination showed that BBB disruption was present in infected KM mice when displaying clinical signs of CM. In vivo bioluminescent imaging experiment indicated that parasitized red blood cells accumulated in most vital organs including heart, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and brain. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 were all remarkably increased in KM mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. This study indicates that P. berghei ANKA infection in KM mice can be used as ECM model to extend further research on genetic, pharmacological and vaccine studies of CM.
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46
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Wilson KD, Stutz SJ, Ochoa LF, Valbuena GA, Cravens PD, Dineley KT, Vargas G, Stephens R. Behavioural and neurological symptoms accompanied by cellular neuroinflammation in IL-10-deficient mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. Malar J 2016; 15:428. [PMID: 27557867 PMCID: PMC4995805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection and occurs mostly in young African children. This syndrome results from a combination of high levels of parasitaemia and inflammation. Although parasite sequestration in the brain is a feature of the human syndrome, sequestering strains do not uniformly cause severe malaria, suggesting interplay with other factors. Host genetic factors such as mutations in the promoters of the cytokines IL-10 and TNF are also clearly linked to severe disease. Plasmodium chabaudi, a rodent malaria parasite, leads to mild illness in wildtype animals. However, IL-10−/− mice respond to parasite with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF, leading to lethal disease in the absence of sequestration in the brain. These mice also exhibit cerebral symptoms including gross cerebral oedema and haemorrhage, allowing study of these critical features of disease without the influence of sequestration. Methods The neurological consequences of P. chabaudi infection were investigated by performing a general behavioural screen (SHIRPA). The immune cell populations found in the brain during infection were also analysed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results IL-10−/− mice suffer significant declines in behavioural and physical capacities during infection compared to wildtype. In addition, grip strength and pain sensitivity were affected, suggestive of neurological involvement. Several immune cell populations were identified in the perfused brain on day 7 post-infection, suggesting that they are tightly adherent to the vascular endothelium, or potentially located within the brain parenchyma. There was an increase in both inflammatory monocyte and resident macrophage (CD11bhi, CD45+, MHCII+, Ly6C+/−) numbers in IL-10−/− compared to wildtype animals. In addition, the activation state of all monocytes and microglia (CD11bint, CD45−, MHC-II+) were increased. T cells making IFN-γ were also identified in the brain, but were localized within the vasculature, and not the parenchyma. Conclusions These studies demonstrate exacerbated neuroinflammation concurrent with development of behavioural symptoms in P. chabaudi infection of IL-10−/− animals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1477-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Ochoa
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gustavo A Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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47
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Alferink J, Specht S, Arends H, Schumak B, Schmidt K, Ruland C, Lundt R, Kemter A, Dlugos A, Kuepper JM, Poppensieker K, Findeiss M, Albayram Ö, Otte DM, Marazzi J, Gertsch J, Förster I, Maier W, Scheu S, Hoerauf A, Zimmer A. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Modulates Susceptibility to Experimental Cerebral Malaria through a CCL17-dependent Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19517-31. [PMID: 27474745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe and often fatal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It is characterized by parasite sequestration, a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and a strong inflammation in the brain. We investigated the role of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), an important modulator of neuroinflammatory responses, in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Strikingly, mice with a deletion of the CB2-encoding gene (Cnr2(-/-)) inoculated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA erythrocytes exhibited enhanced survival and a diminished blood-brain barrier disruption. Therapeutic application of a specific CB2 antagonist also conferred increased ECM resistance in wild type mice. Hematopoietic derived immune cells were responsible for the enhanced protection in bone marrow (BM) chimeric Cnr2(-/-) mice. Mixed BM chimeras further revealed that CB2-expressing cells contributed to ECM development. A heterogeneous CD11b(+) cell population, containing macrophages and neutrophils, expanded in the Cnr2(-/-) spleen after infection and expressed macrophage mannose receptors, arginase-1 activity, and IL-10. Also in the Cnr2(-/-) brain, CD11b(+) cells that expressed selected anti-inflammatory markers accumulated, and expression of inflammatory mediators IFN-γ and TNF-α was reduced. Finally, the M2 macrophage chemokine CCL17 was identified as an essential factor for enhanced survival in the absence of CB2, because CCL17 × Cnr2 double-deficient mice were fully susceptible to ECM. Thus, targeting CB2 may be promising for the development of alternative treatment regimes of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Alferink
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany, the Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, 48149 Münster, Germany,
| | - Sabine Specht
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Hannah Arends
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Kim Schmidt
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Christina Ruland
- the Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ramona Lundt
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Andrea Kemter
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Andrea Dlugos
- the Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Janina M Kuepper
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | | | | | - Önder Albayram
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - David-M Otte
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
| | - Janine Marazzi
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland, and
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland, and
| | - Irmgard Förster
- the Department of Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- From the Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, and
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48
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Gupta P, Lai SM, Sheng J, Tetlak P, Balachander A, Claser C, Renia L, Karjalainen K, Ruedl C. Tissue-Resident CD169(+) Macrophages Form a Crucial Front Line against Plasmodium Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1749-1761. [PMID: 27477286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages exhibit diverse functions, ranging from the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, including clearance of senescent erythrocytes and cell debris, to modulation of inflammation and immunity. Their contribution to the control of blood-stage malaria remains unclear. Here, we show that in the absence of tissue-resident CD169(+) macrophages, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection results in significantly increased parasite sequestration, leading to vascular occlusion and leakage and augmented tissue deposition of the malarial pigment hemozoin. This leads to widespread tissue damage culminating in multiple organ inflammation. Thus, the capacity of CD169(+) macrophages to contain the parasite burden and its sequestration into different tissues and to limit infection-induced inflammation is crucial to mitigating Plasmodium infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Gupta
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Si Min Lai
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jianpeng Sheng
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Piotr Tetlak
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Akhila Balachander
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Klaus Karjalainen
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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The machinery underlying malaria parasite virulence is conserved between rodent and human malaria parasites. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11659. [PMID: 27225796 PMCID: PMC4894950 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of red blood cells infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in organs such as the brain is considered important for pathogenicity. A similar phenomenon has been observed in mouse models of malaria, using the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei, but it is unclear whether the P. falciparum proteins known to be involved in this process are conserved in the rodent parasite. Here we identify the P. berghei orthologues of two such key factors of P. falciparum, SBP1 and MAHRP1. Red blood cells infected with P. berghei parasites lacking SBP1 or MAHRP1a fail to bind the endothelial receptor CD36 and show reduced sequestration and virulence in mice. Complementation of the mutant P. berghei parasites with the respective P. falciparum SBP1 and MAHRP1 orthologues restores sequestration and virulence. These findings reveal evolutionary conservation of the machinery underlying sequestration of divergent malaria parasites and support the notion that the P. berghei rodent model is an adequate tool for research on malaria virulence. Proteins SBP1 and MAHRP1 of the human malaria parasite are required for sequestration of infected red blood cells in major organs. Here, De Niz et al. identify homologous proteins in the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei, showing that they play similar roles and supporting the usefulness of malaria mouse models.
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50
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Brant F, Miranda AS, Esper L, Gualdrón-López M, Cisalpino D, de Souza DDG, Rachid MA, Tanowitz HB, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL, Machado FS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 modulates the immune response profile and development of experimental cerebral malaria. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:73-85. [PMID: 26765997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection results in severe malaria in humans, affecting various organs, including the liver, spleen and brain, and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in mice closely recapitulates many aspects of human cerebral malaria (CM); thus, this model has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of CM. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), an intracellular protein induced by cytokines and hormones, modulates the immune response, neural development, neurogenesis and neurotrophic pathways. However, the role of SOCS2 during CM remains unknown. SOCS2 knockout (SOCS2(-/-)) mice infected with PbA show an initial resistance to infection with reduced parasitemia and production of TNF, TGF-β, IL-12 and IL-17 in the brain. Interestingly, in the late phase of infection, SOCS2(-/-) mice display increased parasitemia and reduced Treg cell infiltration, associated with enhanced levels of Th1 and Th17 cells and related cytokines IL-17, IL-6, and TGF-β in the brain. A significant reduction in protective neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was also observed. Moreover, the molecular alterations in the brain of infected SOCS2(-/-) mice were associated with anxiety-related behaviors and cognition impairment. Mechanistically, these results revealed enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production in PbA-infected SOCS2(-/-) mice, and the inhibition of NO synthesis through l-NAME led to a marked decrease in survival, the disruption of parasitemia control and more pronounced anxiety-like behavior. Treatment with l-NAME also shifted the levels of Th1, Th7 and Treg cells in the brains of infected SOCS2(-/-) mice to the background levels observed in infected WT, with remarkable exception of increased CD8(+)IFN(+) T cells and inflammatory monocytes. These results indicate that SOCS2 plays a dual role during PbA infection, being detrimental in the control of the parasite replication but crucial in the regulation of the immune response and production of neurotrophic factors. Here, we provided strong evidence of a critical relationship between SOCS2 and NO in the orchestration of the immune response and development of CM during PbA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Brant
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline S Miranda
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lisia Esper
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cisalpino
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Gloria de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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