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Carroll SL, Pasare C, Barton GM. Control of adaptive immunity by pattern recognition receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:632-648. [PMID: 38599163 PMCID: PMC11037560 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the most significant conceptual advances in immunology in recent history is the recognition that signals from the innate immune system are required for induction of adaptive immune responses. Two breakthroughs were critical in establishing this paradigm: the identification of dendritic cells (DCs) as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity and the discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a molecular link that controls innate immune activation as well as DC function. Here, we recount the key events leading to these discoveries and discuss our current understanding of how PRRs shape adaptive immune responses, both indirectly through control of DC function and directly through control of lymphocyte function. In this context, we provide a conceptual framework for how variation in the signals generated by PRR activation, in DCs or other cell types, can influence T cell differentiation and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina L Carroll
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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2
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Zhang T, Aipire A, Li Y, Guo C, Li J. Antigen cross-presentation in dendric cells: From bench to bedside. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115758. [PMID: 37866002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation (XPT) is an adaptation of the cellular process in which dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules for recognition of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in immunity or tolerance. Recent advances in DCs have broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of XPT and strengthened their application in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the known mechanisms of XPT, including the receptor-mediated internalization of exogenous antigens, endosome escape, engagement of the other XPT-related proteins, and adjuvants, which significantly enhance the XPT capacity of DCs. Consequently, various strategies to enhance XPT can be adopted and optimized to improve outcomes of DC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yijie Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Changying Guo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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Kim S, Kang YG, Kim J, Dua P, Lee DK. Development of Long Asymmetric siRNA Structure for Target Gene Silencing and Immune Stimulation in Mammalian Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:329-337. [PMID: 37797162 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of transcript abundances by RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely conserved regulatory mechanism to control cellular processes. We previously introduced an alternative siRNA structure called asymmetric siRNA (asiRNA), and showed that asiRNA exhibits comparable gene-silencing efficiency with reduced off-target effects compared with conventional siRNAs. However, to what extent the length of the guide strand affects the gene-silencing efficiency of asiRNAs is still elusive. In this study, we analyzed in detail the gene-silencing ability of asiRNAs along the guide strand length and immunostimulatory capacity of asiRNAs. We generated asiRNAs containing various guide strand lengths ranging from 25 to 29 nt, called long asiRNA (lasiRNA). We found that the gene-silencing activity of lasiRNAs decreased as the length of the guide strand increased. Nonetheless, the 3'-end overhangs that are complementary to the target gene have higher efficiency for gene silencing compared with mismatched overhangs. In addition, we found that the silencing efficiency of lasiRNAs correlates with their Ago2-binding affinity. Finally, replacing the mismatched overhang with a TLR7- or TLR9-associated immune response motif induced a toll-like receptor (TLR)-specific immune response and retained gene-silencing activity. Our findings demonstrate that lasiRNA structures can be tailored to function as bifunctional siRNA, which trigger a specific immune response combined with target gene silencing. Taken together, we anticipate that our findings provide a road map for the subsequent development of immune-stimulating lasiRNA, which bear the potential to be applied for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonkap Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Gyu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Platform Technology Unit2, OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Jaejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Pooja Dua
- Department of Platform Technology Unit2, OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Ki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Platform Technology Unit2, OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
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4
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Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122923. [PMID: 35740589 PMCID: PMC9221178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the class of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are involved in recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inducing immune response. During the past decade, a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR agonists has immerged in cancer research and some of these agents have performed exceptionally well in clinical trials. Based on evidence from scientific studies, we draw attention to several microbial based TLR agonists and discuss their relevance in various cancer and explore various microbial based TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. Since the first discovery of the Toll receptor by the team of J. Hoffmann in 1996, in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. TLR stimulation leads to NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. The expression of TLRs has also been observed in many tumors, and their stimulation results in tumor progression or regression, depending on the TLR and tumor type. The anti-tumoral effects can result from the activation of anti-tumoral immune responses and/or the direct induction of tumor cell death. The pro-tumoral effects may be due to inducing tumor cell survival and proliferation or by acting on suppressive or inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, the activation of various TLRs by microbes in different types of tumors, and, finally, the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
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Baljon JJ, Wilson JT. Bioinspired vaccines to enhance MHC class-I antigen cross-presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102215. [PMID: 35667222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation of exogenous antigen on MHC class-I is a crucial process for generating a CD8+ T cell response, and is therefore an important design consideration in the development of T-cell-engaging vaccines against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancers. Here, we briefly summarize known cross-presentation pathways and highlight how synthetic vaccines can be engineered to enhance MHC-I presentation of exogenous peptide and protein antigens by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, we summarize how molecular engineering and nanotechnology are being harnessed to enhance antigen delivery to lymph nodes and to cross-presenting dendritic cells, to bypass endosomal trafficking of exogenous antigen to promote delivery of antigen to the cytosol of APCs, and to coordinate the delivery of antigen with immune-stimulating adjuvants that can act synergistically to augment antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn J Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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6
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Beijnen EMS, van Haren SD. Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses in Children: A Review of Age-Specific Molecular Determinants Contributing to Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607977. [PMID: 33424857 PMCID: PMC7786054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most common and most severe at the extremes of age, the young and the elderly. Vaccination can be a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against pathogens in these vulnerable populations, who have a functionally distinct immune system compared to other age groups. More than 50% of the vaccine market is for pediatric use, yet to date vaccine development is often empiric and not tailored to molecular distinctions in innate and adaptive immune activation in early life. With modern vaccine development shifting from whole-cell based vaccines to subunit vaccines also comes the need for formulations that can elicit a CD8+ T cell response when needed, for example, by promoting antigen cross-presentation. While our group and others have identified many cellular and molecular determinants of successful activation of antigen-presenting cells, B cells and CD4+ T cells in early life, much less is known about the ontogeny of CD8+ T cell induction. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the frequency and phenotype of newborn and infant CD8+ T cells, and any evidence of induction of CD8+ T cells by currently licensed pediatric vaccine formulations. In addition, we review the molecular determinants of antigen cross-presentation on MHC I and successful CD8+ T cell induction and discuss potential distinctions that can be made in children. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of novel adjuvants and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Toy R, Keenum MC, Pradhan P, Phang K, Chen P, Chukwu C, Nguyen LAH, Liu J, Jain S, Kozlowski G, Hosten J, Suthar MS, Roy K. TLR7 and RIG-I dual-adjuvant loaded nanoparticles drive broadened and synergistic responses in dendritic cells in vitro and generate unique cellular immune responses in influenza vaccination. J Control Release 2020; 330:866-877. [PMID: 33160004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the existing flu vaccines elicit strong antigen-specific antibody responses, they fail to provide effective, long term protection - partly due to the absence of robust cellular memory immunity. We hypothesized that co-administration of combination adjuvants, mirroring the flu-virus related innate signaling pathways, could elicit strong cellular immunity. Here, we show that the small molecule adjuvant R848 and the RNA adjuvant PUUC, targeting endosomal TLR7s and cytoplasmic RLRs respectively, when delivered together in polymer nanoparticles (NP), elicits a broadened immune responses in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (mBMDCs) and a synergistic response in both mouse and human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In mBMDCs, NP-R848-PUUC induced both NF-κB and interferon signaling. Interferon responses to co-delivered R848 and PUUC were additive in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synergistic in human FLT3-differentiated mBMDCs and CAL-1 pDCs. Vaccination with NPs loaded with H1N1 Flu antigen, R848, and PUUC increased percentage of CD8+ T-cells in the lungs, percentage of antigen-specific CD4-T-cells in the spleen, and enhanced overall cytokine-secreting T cell percentages upon antigen restimulation. Also, in the spleen, T lymphopenia, especially after in vitro restimulation with dual adjuvants, was observed, indicating highly antigen-reactive T cells. Our results demonstrate that simultaneous engagement of TLR7 and RIG-I pathways using particulate carriers is a potential approach to improve cellular immunity in flu vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Toy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Cole Keenum
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katelynn Phang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Chen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chinwendu Chukwu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lily Anh H Nguyen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sambhav Jain
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Kozlowski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin Hosten
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Boucau J, Das J, Joshi N, Le Gall S. Latency reversal agents modulate HIV antigen processing and presentation to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008442. [PMID: 32196533 PMCID: PMC7112239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRA) variably induce HIV re-expression in CD4 T cells but reservoirs are not cleared. Whether HIV epitope presentation is similar between latency reversal and initial infection of CD4 T cells is unknown yet crucial to define immune responses able to detect HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal. HIV peptides displayed by MHC comes from the intracellular degradation of proteins by proteasomes and post-proteasomal peptidases but the impact of LRAs on antigen processing is not known. Here we show that HDAC inhibitors (HDCAi) reduced cytosolic proteolytic activities while PKC agonists (PKCa) increased them to a lesser extent than that induced by TCR activation. During the cytosolic degradation of long HIV peptides in LRA-treated CD4 T cells extracts, HDACi and PKCa modulated degradation patterns of peptides and altered the production of HIV epitopes in often opposite ways. Beyond known HIV epitopes, HDACi narrowed the coverage of HIV antigenic fragments by 8-11aa degradation peptides while PKCa broadened it. LRAs altered HIV infection kinetics and modulated CD8 T cell activation in an epitope- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly the efficiency of endogenous epitope processing and presentation to CD8 T cells was increased by PKCa Ingenol at early time points despite low levels of antigens. LRA-induced modulations of antigen processing should be considered and exploited to enhance and broaden HIV peptide presentation by CD4 T cells and to improve immune recognition after latency reversal. This property of LRAs, if confirmed with other antigens, might be exploited to improve immune detection of diseased cells beyond HIV. Latently HIV-infected CD4 T cells persist and remain invisible to the immune system. Strategies to flush out HIV reservoirs propose to re-express HIV with latency reversal agents (LRAs), leading to CD4 T cell death or clearance by HIV-specific immune responses. LRAs tested so far variably induced HIV re-expression but did not eliminate reservoirs. The activation of HIV-specific immune responses is triggered by HIV peptides displayed by infected cells after HIV intracellular degradation. Whether HIV antigens are similarly degraded and displayed by CD4 T cells after latency reversal or during initial infection is unknown. We showed that LRAs altered the activities of the degradation machinery and changed the degradation patterns of HIV into peptides. LRA-treated HIV-infected CD4 T cells were variably recognized by immune cells in a time- and peptide-dependent manner. Some LRAs increased the efficiency of HIV peptide presentation despite low levels of HIV antigens inside CD4 T cells. The modulation of HIV peptide presentation by current or future LRAs should be accounted for and exploited to improve HIV peptide presentation and enhance immune detection of HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Boucau J, Madouasse J, Kourjian G, Carlin CS, Wambua D, Berberich MJ, Le Gall S. The Activation State of CD4 T Cells Alters Cellular Peptidase Activities, HIV Antigen Processing, and MHC Class I Presentation in a Sequence-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2856-2872. [PMID: 30936293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation is critical to the initiation of adaptive immunity. CD4 T cells are also the main targets of HIV infection, and their activation status contributes to the maintenance and outcome of infection. Although the role of activation in the differentiation and proliferation of CD4 T cells is well studied, its impact on the processing and MHC class I (MHC-I) presentation of epitopes and immune recognition by CD8 T cells are not investigated. In this study, we show that the expression and hydrolytic activities of cellular peptidases are increased upon TCR-dependent and MHC-peptide activation of primary CD4 T cells from healthy or HIV-infected persons. Changes in peptidase activities altered the degradation patterns of HIV Ags analyzed by mass spectrometry, modifying the amount of MHC-I epitopes produced, the antigenicity of the degradation products, and the coverage of Ags by degradation peptides presentable by MHC-I. The computational analysis of 2237 degradation peptides generated during the degradation of various HIV-antigenic fragments in CD4 T cells identified cleavage sites that were predictably enhanced, reduced, or unchanged upon cellular activation. Epitope processing and presentation by CD4 T cells may be modulated by the activation state of cells in a sequence-dependent manner. Accordingly, cellular activation modified endogenous Ag processing and presentation and killing of HIV-infected CD4 T cells by CD8 T cells in a way that mirrored differences in in vitro epitope processing. The clearance of HIV-infected cells may rely on different immune responses according to activation state during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Wambua
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Retrovirus-Based Virus-Like Particle Immunogenicity and Its Modulation by Toll-Like Receptor Activation. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01230-17. [PMID: 28794025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01230-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) are particularly interesting vaccine platforms, as they trigger efficient humoral and cellular immune responses and can be used to display heterologous antigens. In this study, we characterized the intrinsic immunogenicity of VLPs and investigated their possible adjuvantization by incorporation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. We designed a noncoding single-stranded RNA (ncRNA) that could be encapsidated by VLPs and induce TLR7/8 signaling. We found that VLPs efficiently induce in vitro dendritic cell activation, which can be improved by ncRNA encapsidation (ncRNAVLPs). Transcriptome studies of dendritic cells harvested from the spleens of immunized mice identified antigen presentation and immune activation as the main gene expression signatures induced by VLPs, while TLR signaling and Th1 signatures characterize ncRNAVLPs. In vivo and compared with standard VLPs, ncRNAVLPs promoted Th1 responses and improved CD8+ T cell proliferation in a MyD88-dependent manner. In an HIV vaccine mouse model, HIV-pseudotyped ncRNAVLPs elicited stronger antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses than VLPs. Altogether, our findings provide molecular evidence for a strong vaccine potential of retrovirus-derived VLPs that can be further improved by harnessing TLR-mediated immune activation.IMPORTANCE We previously reported that DNA vaccines encoding antigens displayed in/on retroviral VLPs are more efficient than standard DNA vaccines at inducing cellular and humoral immune responses. We aimed to decipher the mechanisms and investigated the VLPs' immunogenicity independently of DNA vaccination. We show that VLPs have the ability to activate antigen-presenting cells directly, thus confirming their intrinsic immunostimulatory properties and their potential to be used as an antigenic platform. Notably, this immunogenicity can be further improved and/or oriented by the incorporation into VLPs of ncRNA, which provides further TLR-mediated activation and Th1-type CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response orientation. Our results highlight the versatility of retrovirus-derived VLP design and the value of using ncRNA as an intrinsic vaccine adjuvant.
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12
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Brutkiewicz RR. Cell Signaling Pathways That Regulate Antigen Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2971-2979. [PMID: 27824592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling pathways regulate much in the life of a cell: from shuttling cargo through intracellular compartments and onto the cell surface, how it should respond to stress, protecting itself from harm (environmental insults or infections), to ultimately, death by apoptosis. These signaling pathways are important for various aspects of the immune response as well. However, not much is known in terms of the participation of cell signaling pathways in Ag presentation, a necessary first step in the activation of innate and adaptive T cells. In this brief review, I discuss the known signaling molecules (and pathways) that regulate how Ags are presented to T cells and the mechanism(s), if identified. Studies in this area have important implications in vaccine development and new treatment paradigms against infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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13
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Pathangey LB, McCurry DB, Gendler SJ, Dominguez AL, Gorman JE, Pathangey G, Mihalik LA, Dang Y, Disis ML, Cohen PA. Surrogate in vitro activation of innate immunity synergizes with interleukin-7 to unleash rapid antigen-driven outgrowth of CD4+ and CD8+ human peripheral blood T-cells naturally recognizing MUC1, HER2/neu and other tumor-associated antigens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10785-10808. [PMID: 27974697 PMCID: PMC5355224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective adoptive immunotherapy has proved elusive for many types of human cancer, often due to difficulties achieving robust expansion of natural tumor-specific T-cells from peripheral blood. We hypothesized that antigen-driven T-cell expansion might best be triggered in vitro by acute activation of innate immunity to mimic a life-threatening infection. Unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were subjected to a two-step culture, first synchronizing their exposure to exogenous antigens with aggressive surrogate activation of innate immunity, followed by γ-chain cytokine-modulated T-cell hyperexpansion. Step 1 exposure to GM-CSF plus paired Toll-like receptor agonists (resiquimod and LPS), stimulated abundant IL-12 and IL-23 secretion, as well as upregulated co-stimulatory molecules and CD11c expression within the myeloid (CD33+) subpopulation. Added synthetic long peptides (>20aa) derived from widely expressed oncoproteins (MUC1, HER2/neu and CMVpp65), were reliably presented to CD4+ T-cells and cross-presented to CD8+ T-cells. Both presentation and cross-presentation demonstrated proteasomal and Sec61 dependence that could bypass the endoplasmic reticulum. Step 2 exposure to exogenous IL-7 or IL-7+IL-2 produced selective and sustained expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ peptide-specific T-cells with a predominant interferon-γ-producing T1-type, as well as the antigen-specific ability to lyse tumor targets. Other γ-chain cytokines and/or combinations were initially proliferogenic, but followed by a contractile phase not observed with IL-7 or IL-7+IL-2. Regulatory T-cells were minimally propagated under these culture conditions. This mechanistically rational culture sequence, effective even for unvaccinated donors, enables rapid preparation of T-cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens expressed by the majority of human cancers, including pancreatic cancers, breast cancers and glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha B Pathangey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Dustin B McCurry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ana L Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica E Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Girish Pathangey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Laurie A Mihalik
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Yushe Dang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter A Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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14
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Cruz FM, Colbert JD, Merino E, Kriegsman BA, Rock KL. The Biology and Underlying Mechanisms of Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Antigens on MHC-I Molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:149-176. [PMID: 28125356 PMCID: PMC5508990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the health of cells, the immune system tasks antigen-presenting cells with gathering antigens from other cells and bringing them to CD8 T cells in the form of peptides bound to MHC-I molecules. Most cells would be unable to perform this function because they use their MHC-I molecules to exclusively present peptides derived from the cell's own proteins. However, the immune system evolved mechanisms for dendritic cells and some other phagocytes to sample and present antigens from the extracellular milieu on MHC-I through a process called cross-presentation. How this important task is accomplished, its role in health and disease, and its potential for exploitation are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Elena Merino
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Barry A Kriegsman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
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15
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Pauwels AM, Trost M, Beyaert R, Hoffmann E. Patterns, Receptors, and Signals: Regulation of Phagosome Maturation. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:407-422. [PMID: 28416446 PMCID: PMC5455985 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of microbial pathogens and dead cells and their phagocytic uptake by specialized immune cells are essential to maintain host homeostasis. Phagosomes undergo fusion and fission events with endosomal and lysosomal compartments, a process called ‘phagosome maturation’, which leads to the degradation of the phagosomal content. However, many phagocytic cells also act as antigen-presenting cells and must balance degradation and peptide preservation. Emerging evidence indicates that receptor engagement by phagosomal cargo, as well as inflammatory mediators and cellular activation affect many aspects of phagosome maturation. Unsurprisingly, pathogens have developed strategies to hijack this machinery, thereby interfering with host immunity. Here, we highlight progress in this field, summarize findings on the impact of immune signals, and discuss consequences for pathogen elimination. Self and non-self immune signals are able to delay or accelerate phagosome maturation, and their effects are dependent on the phagocytic cell type, duration of stimulation, and whether the stimulus is particle bound or present in the cellular environment. Acceleration of phagosome maturation enhances pathogen killing, while a delay in phagosome maturation preserves antigenic peptides for presentation to T cells and to initiate adaptive immune responses. Besides its functions in pathogen killing and antigen presentation, the phagosome also functions as a signaling platform and interacts with other cell organelles. Some pathogens are able to arrest phagosome maturation to enhance their intraphagosomal survival and replication or to promote phagosomal escape. The latex bead phagocytosis model system combined with mass spectrometry is a powerful technique to analyze changes in the phagosomal proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Pauwels
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Current address: Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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16
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Fehres CM, Duinkerken S, Bruijns SC, Kalay H, van Vliet SJ, Ambrosini M, de Gruijl TD, Unger WW, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Langerin-mediated internalization of a modified peptide routes antigens to early endosomes and enhances cross-presentation by human Langerhans cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:360-370. [PMID: 26456691 PMCID: PMC5380941 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of the skin immune system to generate immune responses is well established, and the skin is actively exploited as a vaccination site. Human skin contains several antigen-presenting cell subsets with specialized functions. In particular, the capacity to cross-present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells is of interest for the design of effective immunotherapies against viruses or cancer. Here, we show that primary human Langerhans cells (LCs) were able to cross-present a synthetic long peptide (SLP) to CD8+ T cells. In addition, modification of this SLP using antibodies against the receptor langerin, but not dectin-1, further enhanced the cross-presenting capacity of LCs through routing of internalized antigens to less proteolytic early endosome antigen 1+ early endosomes. The potency of LCs to enhance CD8+ T-cell responses could be further increased through activation of LCs with the toll-like receptor 3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:C). Altogether, the data provide evidence that human LCs are able to cross-present antigens after langerin-mediated internalization. Furthermore, the potential for antigen modification to target LCs specifically provides a rationale for generating effective anti-tumor or anti-viral cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Duinkerken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Cm Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Wj Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Liu R, Wang J, Yang Y, Khan I, Zhu N. Rabies virus lipopeptide conjugated to a TLR7 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of the Th1-biased humoral immune response in mice. Virology 2016; 497:102-110. [PMID: 27449478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we conjugated the rabies-derived lipopeptide CE536 to a TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, and evaluated its adjuvanticity. The synthetic construct (Lipo-I) targeted to TLR7, induced dendritic cell phenotypic maturation and production of both type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines more efficiently than unconjugated TLR7 ligands or lipopeptide alone. The immunostimulatory effects of the conjugate were apparently the result of IκBα degradation and sustained p38 and JNK phosphorylation. The analysis of IgG isotypes and T cell differentiation showed that IgG2a dominant Th1-biased humoral and CD8(+) IFN-γ T cell responses were induced by Lipo-I. Lipo-I could facilitate the rabies vaccine to induce the production of an earlier and more vigorous rabies virus neutralizing antibody. In the post-exposure test, the Lipo-I adjuvanted vaccine provided a 73.3% survival rate, while the traditional vaccine bestowed only a 26.7% survival. Therefore, Lipo-I is a promising adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Inamullah Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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18
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Xu J, Lee MH, Chakhtoura M, Green BL, Kotredes KP, Chain RW, Sriram U, Gamero AM, Gallucci S. STAT2 Is Required for TLR-Induced Murine Dendritic Cell Activation and Cross-Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:326-36. [PMID: 27233962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TLR-stimulated cross-presentation by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is important in host defense and antitumor immunity. We recently reported that cDCs lacking the type I IFN signaling molecule STAT2 are impaired in cross-presenting tumor Ags to CD8(+) T cells. To investigate how STAT2 affects cross-presentation, we determined its requirements for dendritic cell activation. In this study, we report that STAT2 is essential for the activation of murine female cDCs upon TLR3, -4, -7, and -9 stimulation. In response to various TLR ligands, Stat2(-/-) cDCs displayed reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and type I IFN-stimulated genes. The cDC responses to exogenous IFN-α that we evaluated required STAT2 activation, indicating that the canonical STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers are the primary signaling transducers of type I IFNs in cDCs. Interestingly, LPS-induced production of IL-12 was STAT2 and type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) dependent, whereas LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 was STAT2 and IFNAR independent, suggesting a specific role of the IFNAR-STAT2 axis in the stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines by LPS in cDCs. In contrast, R848- and CpG-induced cytokine production was less influenced by the IFNAR-STAT2 axis. Short kinetics and IFNAR blockade studies showed that STAT2 main function is to transduce signals triggered by autocrine type I IFNs. Importantly, Stat2(-/-) cDCs were deficient in cross-presenting to CD8(+) T cells in vitro upon IFN-α, CpG, and LPS stimulation, and also in cross-priming and licensing cytotoxic T cell killers in vivo. We conclude that STAT2 plays a critical role in TLR-induced dendritic cell activation and cross-presentation, and thus is vital in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Michael H Lee
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Marita Chakhtoura
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Benjamin L Green
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Kevin P Kotredes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Robert W Chain
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140;
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19
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Santone M, Aprea S, Wu TYH, Cooke MP, Mbow ML, Valiante NM, Rush JS, Dougan S, Avalos A, Ploegh H, De Gregorio E, Buonsanti C, D'Oro U. A new TLR2 agonist promotes cross-presentation by mouse and human antigen presenting cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2038-50. [PMID: 26024409 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1027467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the process by which professional APCs load peptides from an extracellularly derived protein onto class I MHC molecules to trigger a CD8(+) T cell response. The ability to enhance this process is therefore relevant for the development of antitumor and antiviral vaccines. We investigated a new TLR2-based adjuvant, Small Molecule Immune Potentiator (SMIP) 2.1, for its ability to stimulate cross-presentation. Using OVA as model antigen, we demonstrated that a SMIP2.1-adjuvanted vaccine formulation induced a greater CD8(+) T cell response, in terms of proliferation, cytokine production and cytolytic activity, than a non-adjuvanted vaccine. Moreover, using an OVA-expressing tumor model, we showed that the CTLs induced by the SMIP2.1 formulated vaccine inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Using a BCR transgenic mouse model we found that B cells could cross-present the OVA antigen when stimulated with SMIP2.1. We also used a flow cytometry assay to detect activation of human CD8(+) T cells isolated from human PBMCs of cytomegalovirus-seropositive donors. Stimulation with SMIP2.1 increased the capacity of human APCs, pulsed in vitro with the pp65 CMV protein, to activate CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Therefore, vaccination with an exogenous antigen formulated with SMIP2.1 is a successful strategy for the induction of a cytotoxic T cell response along with antibody production.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- B cells
- BCR, B cell receptor
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CTL, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- DC, dendritic cell
- HCMV, human CMV
- KO, knock out
- LN, lymph node
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- OVA, avalbumin
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- SMIP, Small Molecule Immune Potentiator
- TLR, toll like receptor
- cross presentation/priming
- cytotoxic T cells
- dendritic cells
- vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Santone
- a Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l. (a GlaxoSmithKline Company) ; Siena , Italy
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20
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Zacca ER, Crespo MI, Acland RP, Roselli E, Núñez NG, Maccioni M, Maletto BA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC, Morón G. Aging Impairs the Ability of Conventional Dendritic Cells to Cross-Prime CD8+ T Cells upon Stimulation with a TLR7 Ligand. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140672. [PMID: 26474053 PMCID: PMC4608578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by altered immune system functioning and an increased risk of infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in both adaptive and innate immunity, but how aging affects DCs and their influence on immunity has not been thoroughly established. Here we examined the function of conventional DCs (cDCs) in old mice after TLR7 stimulation, focusing on their ability to cross-prime CD8+ T cells. Using polyU, a synthetic ssRNA analog, as TLR7 ligand and OVA as an antigen (Ag) model, we found that cDCs from old mice have a poor ability to stimulate a CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxic response. cDCs from old mice exhibit alterations in Ag-processing machinery and TLR7 activation. Remarkably, CD8α+ cDCs from old mice have an impaired ability to activate naïve CD8+ T cells and, moreover, a lower capacity to mature and to process exogenous Ag. Taken together, our results suggest that immunosenescence impacts cDC function, affecting the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells and the generation of effector cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía R. Zacca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María I. Crespo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rachel P. Acland
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Roselli
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás G. Núñez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Maccioni
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys A. Maletto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C. Pistoresi-Palencia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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21
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New TLR7 agonists with improved humoral and cellular immune responses. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:89-97. [PMID: 26381186 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists are of interest as vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics. Therefore, development of new TLR7 agonists that can efficiently promote host immune responses without evoking side effects is of great importance. Here, we describe two new compounds, J4 and F4, which elicit intracellular signaling exclusively via TLR7. Interestingly, both J4 and F4 induced less cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNFα, and IL-12p70) from myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and monocytes than CL075 and R848; however, they all generated similar levels of phenotype maturation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), including plasmacytoid DCs. We further found that J4- and F4-induced APC activation was largely dependent on the activation of NF-κB and p38. Lastly, J4 and F4 could efficiently promote B cell proliferation and plasmablast differentiation as well as antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in human in vitro. Therefore, these new TLR7 agonists could be employed to facilitate the development of new therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants against cancers and microbial infections.
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22
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Kreutz M, Bakdash G, Dolen Y, Sköld AE, van Hout-Kuijer MA, de Vries IJM, Figdor CG. Type I IFN-mediated synergistic activation of mouse and human DC subsets by TLR agonists. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2798-809. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kreutz
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dolen
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Annette E. Sköld
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maaike A. van Hout-Kuijer
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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23
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A TLR9 agonist enhances the anti-tumor immunity of peptide and lipopeptide vaccines via different mechanisms. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26215533 PMCID: PMC4517169 DOI: 10.1038/srep12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) have been recognized as promising adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. However, the role of TLR9 signaling in the regulation of antigen uptake and presentation is not well understood. Therefore, to investigate the effects of TLR9 signaling, this study used synthetic peptides (IDG) and lipopeptides (lipoIDG), which are internalized by dendritic cells (DCs) via endocytosis-dependent and endocytosis-independent pathways, respectively. Our data demonstrated that the internalization of lipoIDG and IDG by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was not enhanced in the presence of CpG ODNs; however, CpG ODNs prolonged the co-localization of IDG with CpG ODNs in early endosomes. Surprisingly, CpG ODNs enhanced CD8+ T cell responses, and the anti-tumor effects of IDG immunization were stronger than those of lipoIDG immunization. LipoIDG admixed with CpG ODNs induced low levels of CD8+ T cells and partially inhibit tumor growth. Our findings suggest that CpG ODNs increase the retention of antigens in early endosomes, which is important for eliciting anti-tumor immunity. These results will facilitate the application of CpG adjuvants in the design of different vaccines.
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Kai YH, Wu YC, Chi SC. Immune gene expressions in grouper larvae (Epinephelus coioides) induced by bath and oral vaccinations with inactivated betanodavirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:563-9. [PMID: 25130145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has caused mass mortality in many mariculture fish species. Bath vaccination of inactivated NNV and oral immunization of recombinant NNV coat protein are reported to protect grouper larvae against NNV infection. However, the information of immune gene expression in grouper larvae (Epinephelus coioides) after bath and oral immunizations is still limited. In this study, grouper larvae were respectively bath- and orally immunized with binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated NNV, and the expression levels of immune genes were analyzed. Significant gene expressions of IL-1β, Mx, MHC-I, MHC-II, CD8α, IgM and IgT were observed in bath- and orally immunized fish 1-4 weeks post immunization (wpi). Particularly, the up-regulation of IL-1β and Mx gene expression lasted for 4 weeks. The IgT gene expression in gill was only induced by bath immunization, while that in gut was only stimulated by oral immunization. Both immunizations elicited MHC-I and CD8α gene expression relative to cellular immunity. Furthermore, NNV RNA genome, which was detected in inactivated NNV, could induce Mx gene expression in grouper brain (GB) cells, indicating that NNV RNA genome could be recognized by pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs). In summary, bath and oral vaccinations with BEI-inactivated NNV triggered the gene expression of not only humoral immunity but also cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Kai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Chi Chi
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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25
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Dinter J, Gourdain P, Lai NY, Duong E, Bracho-Sanchez E, Rucevic M, Liebesny PH, Xu Y, Shimada M, Ghebremichael M, Kavanagh DG, Le Gall S. Different antigen-processing activities in dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes lead to uneven production of HIV epitopes and affect CTL recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4322-4334. [PMID: 25230751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (MPs), and monocytes are permissive to HIV. Whether they similarly process and present HIV epitopes to HIV-specific CD8 T cells is unknown despite the critical role of peptide processing and presentation for recognition and clearance of infected cells. Cytosolic peptidases degrade endogenous proteins originating from self or pathogens, exogenous Ags preprocessed in endolysosomes, thus shaping the peptidome available for endoplasmic reticulum translocation, trimming, and MHC-I presentation. In this study, we compared the capacity of DCs, MPs, and monocyte cytosolic extracts to produce epitope precursors and epitopes. We showed differences in the proteolytic activities and expression levels of cytosolic proteases between monocyte-derived DCs and MPs and upon maturation with LPS, R848, and CL097, with mature MPs having the highest activities. Using cytosol as a source of proteases to degrade epitope-containing HIV peptides, we showed by mass spectrometry that the degradation patterns of long peptides and the kinetics and amount of antigenic peptides produced differed among DCs, MPs, and monocytes. Additionally, variable intracellular stability of HIV peptides prior to loading onto MHC may accentuate the differences in epitope availability for presentation by MHC-I between these subsets. Differences in peptide degradation led to 2- to 25-fold differences in the CTL responses elicited by the degradation peptides generated in DCs, MPs, and monocytes. Differences in Ag-processing activities between these subsets might lead to variations in the timing and efficiency of recognition of HIV-infected cells by CTLs and contribute to the unequal capacity of HIV-specific CTLs to control viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dinter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pauline Gourdain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Y Lai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Duong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edith Bracho-Sanchez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marijana Rucevic
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul H Liebesny
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariko Shimada
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Kavanagh
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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26
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Mechanisms of HIV protein degradation into epitopes: implications for vaccine design. Viruses 2014; 6:3271-92. [PMID: 25196483 PMCID: PMC4147695 DOI: 10.3390/v6083271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of HIV-derived proteins into epitopes displayed by MHC-I or MHC-II are the first events leading to the priming of HIV-specific immune responses and to the recognition of infected cells. Despite a wealth of information about peptidases involved in protein degradation, our knowledge of epitope presentation during HIV infection remains limited. Here we review current data on HIV protein degradation linking epitope production and immunodominance, viral evolution and impaired epitope presentation. We propose that an in-depth understanding of HIV antigen processing and presentation in relevant primary cells could be exploited to identify signatures leading to efficient or inefficient epitope presentation in HIV proteomes, and to improve the design of immunogens eliciting immune responses efficiently recognizing all infected cells.
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27
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Leone P, Di Tacchio M, Berardi S, Santantonio T, Fasano M, Ferrone S, Vacca A, Dammacco F, Racanelli V. Dendritic cell maturation in HCV infection: altered regulation of MHC class I antigen processing-presenting machinery. J Hepatol 2014; 61:242-51. [PMID: 24732300 PMCID: PMC8759579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function has been theorized as one of the mechanisms used by hepatitis C virus (HCV) to evade the host immune response and cause persistent infection. METHODS We used a range of cell and molecular biology techniques to study DC subsets from uninfected and HCV-infected individuals. RESULTS We found that patients with persistent HCV infection have lower numbers of circulating myeloid DC and plasmacytoid DC than healthy controls or patients who spontaneously recovered from HCV infection. Nonetheless, DC from patients with persistent HCV infection display normal phagocytic activity, typical expression of the class I and II HLA and co-stimulatory molecules, and conventional cytokine production when stimulated to mature in vitro. In contrast, they do not display the strong switch from immunoproteasome to standard proteasome subunit expression and the upregulation of the transporter-associated proteins following stimulation, which were instead observed in DC from uninfected individuals. This different modulation of components of the HLA class I antigen processing-presenting machinery results in a differential ability to present a CD8(+) T cell epitope whose generation is dependent on the LMP7 immunoproteasome subunit. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings establish that under conditions of persistent HCV antigenemia, HLA class I antigen processing and presentation are distinctively regulated during DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Di Tacchio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Berardi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Fasano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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28
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Fehres CM, Bruijns SCM, van Beelen AJ, Kalay H, Ambrosini M, Hooijberg E, Unger WWJ, de Gruijl TD, van Kooyk Y. Topical rather than intradermal application of the TLR7 ligand imiquimod leads to human dermal dendritic cell maturation and CD8+T-cell cross-priming. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2415-24. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sven C. M. Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Astrid J. van Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Wendy W. J. Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW. Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:252-96. [PMID: 26344620 PMCID: PMC4494256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Keller S, Wilson JT, Patilea GI, Kern HB, Convertine AJ, Stayton PS. Neutral polymer micelle carriers with pH-responsive, endosome-releasing activity modulate antigen trafficking to enhance CD8(+) T cell responses. J Control Release 2014; 191:24-33. [PMID: 24698946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic subunit vaccines need to induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses for effective vaccination against intracellular pathogens. Most subunit vaccines primarily generate humoral immune responses, with a weaker than desired CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell response. Here, a neutral, pH-responsive polymer micelle carrier that alters intracellular antigen trafficking was shown to enhance CD8(+) T cell responses with a correlated increase in cytosolic delivery and a decrease in exocytosis. Polymer diblock carriers consisted of a N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide corona block with pendent pyridyl disulfide groups for reversible conjugation of thiolated ovalbumin, and a tercopolymer ampholytic core-forming block composed of propylacrylic acid (PAA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA). The diblock copolymers self-assembled into 25-30nm diameter micellar nanoparticles. Conjugation of ovalbumin to the micelles significantly enhanced antigen cross-presentation in vitro relative to free ovalbumin, an unconjugated physical mixture of ovalbumin and polymer, and a non-pH-responsive micelle-ovalbumin control. Mechanistic studies in a murine dendritic cell line (DC 2.4) demonstrated micelle-mediated enhancements in intracellular antigen retention and cytosolic antigen accumulation. Approximately 90% of initially internalized ovalbumin-conjugated micelles were retained in cells after 1.5h, compared to only ~40% for controls. Furthermore, cells dosed with conjugates displayed 67-fold higher cytosolic antigen levels relative to soluble ovalbumin 4h post uptake. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with ovalbumin-polymer conjugates significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses (0.4% IFN-γ(+) of CD8(+)) compared to immunization with soluble protein, ovalbumin and polymer mixture, and the control micelle without endosome-releasing activity. Additionally, pH-responsive carrier facilitated antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells in the draining lymph nodes. As early as 90min post injection, ova-micelle conjugates were associated with 28% and 55% of dendritic cells and macrophages, respectively. After 24h, conjugates preferentially associated with dendritic cells, affording 30-, 3-, and 3-fold enhancements in uptake relative to free protein, physical mixture, and the non-pH-responsive conjugate controls, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of pH-responsive polymeric micelles for use in vaccine applications that rely on CD8(+) T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salka Keller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Gabriela I Patilea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Hanna B Kern
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
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31
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Shen KY, Song YC, Chen IH, Leng CH, Chen HW, Li HJ, Chong P, Liu SJ. Molecular mechanisms of TLR2-mediated antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4233-41. [PMID: 24683188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is a key function of dendritic cells (DCs), which present exogenous Ags on MHC class I molecules to prime CTL responses. The effects of TLR triggering on the cross-presentation of exogenous Ags by DCs remain unclear. In this study, we used synthetic dipalmitoylated peptides and TLR2 agonist-conjugated peptides as models to elucidate the mechanisms of TLR2-mediated cross-presentation. We observed that the internalization of dipalmitoylated peptides by bone marrow-derived DCs was facilitated by TLR2 via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The administration of these dipalmitoylated peptide-pulsed bone marrow-derived DCs eliminated established tumors through TLR2 signaling. We further demonstrated that the induction of Ag-specific CTL responses and tumor regression by dipalmitoylated peptides was TAP independent. In addition, presentation of dipalmitoylated peptides by MHC class I molecules was blocked in the presence of an endosomal acidification inhibitor (chloroquine) or a lysosomal degradation inhibitor (Z-FL-COCHO). The endocytosed dipalmitoylated peptide also passed rapidly from early endosome Ag-1-positive endosomes to RAS-related GTP-binding protein 7 (Rab7)-associated late endosomes compared with their nonlipidated counterparts. Furthermore, we found that dipalmitoylated peptide-upregulated Rab7 expression correlated with Ag presentation via the TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Both JNK and ERK signaling pathways are required for upregulation of Rab7. In summary, our data suggest that TLR2-mediated cross-presentation occurs through the upregulation of Rab7 and a TAP-independent pathway that prime CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yin Shen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Ménager J, Ebstein F, Oger R, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Duverger E, Lehmann A, Kloetzel PM, Jotereau F, Guilloux Y. Cross-presentation of synthetic long peptides by human dendritic cells: a process dependent on ERAD component p97/VCP but Not sec61 and/or Derlin-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89897. [PMID: 24587108 PMCID: PMC3937416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor vaccination using synthetic long peptides (SLP) is an additional therapeutic strategy currently under development. It aims to activate tumor-specific CD8+ CTL by professional APCs such as DCs. DCs can activate T lymphocytes by MHC class I presentation of exogenous antigens - a process referred to as “cross-presentation”. Until recently, the intracellular mechanisms involved in cross-presentation of soluble antigens have been unclear. Here, we characterize the cross-presentation pathway of SLP Melan-A16–40 containing the HLA-A2-restricted epitope26–35 (A27L) in human DCs. Using confocal microscopy and specific inhibitors, we show that SLP16–40 is rapidly taken up by DC and follows a classical TAP- and proteasome-dependent cross-presentation pathway. Our data support a role for the ER-associated degradation machinery (ERAD)-related protein p97/VCP in the transport of SLP16–40 from early endosomes to the cytoplasm but formally exclude both sec61 and Derlin-1 as possible retro-translocation channels for cross-presentation. In addition, we show that generation of the Melan-A26–35 peptide from the SLP16–40 was absolutely not influenced by the proteasome subunit composition in DC. Altogether, our findings propose a model for cross-presentation of SLP which tends to enlarge the repertoire of potential candidates for retro-translocation of exogenous antigens to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Ménager
- INSERM U892, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Ebstein
- Institut of Biochemistry, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Romain Oger
- INSERM U892, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- INSERM U892, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eric Duverger
- Glycobiochimie, ICOA, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Andrea Lehmann
- Institut of Biochemistry, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Institut of Biochemistry, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francine Jotereau
- INSERM U892, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Guilloux
- INSERM U892, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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33
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Toubai T, Mathewson N, Reddy P. The role of dendritic cells in graft-versus-tumor effect. Front Immunol 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24600454 PMCID: PMC3930914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells. DCs play a pivotal role in determining the character and magnitude of immune responses to tumors. Host and donor hematopoietic-derived DCs play a critical role in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. GVHD is tightly linked with the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. Although both host and donor DCs are important regulators of GVHD, the role of DCs in GVT is poorly understood. GVT is caused by donor T cells that attack recipient tumor cells. The donor T cells recognize alloantigens, and tumor specific antigens (TSAs) are mediating GVHD. The process of presentation of these antigens, especially TSAs remains unknown. Recent data suggested that DC may be essential role for inducing GVT. The mechanisms that DCs possess may include direct presentation, cross-presentation, cross-dressing. The role they play in GVT will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Toubai
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Nathan Mathewson
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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34
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Sánchez Vallecillo MF, Ullio Gamboa GV, Palma SD, Harman MF, Chiodetti AL, Morón G, Allemandi DA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC, Maletto BA. Adjuvant activity of CpG-ODN formulated as a liquid crystal. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2529-42. [PMID: 24382332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The adjuvants approved in human vaccine with recombinant/purified antigens induce weak cellular immune response and so the development of new adjuvant strategies is critical. CpG-ODN has successfully been used as an adjuvant (phase I-III clinical trials) but its bioavailability needs to be improved. We investigated the adjuvant ability of CpG-ODN formulated with a liquid crystal nanostructure of 6-O-ascorbyl palmitate (Coa-ASC16). Mice immunized with OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 elicited a potent specific IgG1, IgG2a, Th1 and Th17 cellular response without systemic adverse effects. These responses were superior to those induced by OVA/CpG-ODN (solution of OVA with CpG-ODN) and to those induced by the formulation OVA/CpG-ODN/Al(OH)3. Immunization with OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 resulted in a long-lasting cell-mediated immune response (at least 6.5 months). Furthermore, Coa-ASC16 alone allows a controlled release of CpG-ODN in vitro and induces local inflammatory response, independent of TLR4 signaling, characterized by an influx of neutrophils and Ly6C(high) monocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Remarkably, the adjuvant capacity of CpG-ODN co-injected with Coa-ASC16 (OVA/CpG-ODN plus Coa-ASC16) was similar to the adjuvant activity of OVA/CpG-ODN, supporting the requirement for whole formulation to help CpG-ODN adjuvanticity. These results show the potential of this formulation, opening a new avenue for the development of better vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Sánchez Vallecillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Ullio Gamboa
- Departamento de Farmacia, UNITEFA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Santiago D Palma
- Departamento de Farmacia, UNITEFA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María F Harman
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Ana L Chiodetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Allemandi
- Departamento de Farmacia, UNITEFA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María C Pistoresi-Palencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Belkys A Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
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35
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Guerder S, Joncker N, Mahiddine K, Serre L. Dendritic cells in tolerance and autoimmune diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:670-5. [PMID: 24168964 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease where both central and peripheral mechanisms effect T cell tolerance induction. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. They significantly contribute to central and peripheral T cell tolerance and, following maturation, induce the activation and differentiation of naïve T cells into effector and memory cells. DCs are also major actors in inflammation. Given these multiple effects on immune responses, DCs are suspected to contribute to autoimmune diseases. In this review we discuss how some specific features of DC may contribute to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Guerder
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France; INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse F-31300, France.
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