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Lin S, Wang Q, Huang X, Feng J, Wang Y, Shao T, Deng X, Cao Y, Chen X, Zhou M, Zhao C. Wounds under diabetic milieu: The role of immune cellar components and signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114052. [PMID: 36462313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the field of diabetic wound healing is to confirm the body's intrinsic mechanism that could sense the immune system damage promptly and protect the wound from non-healing. Accumulating literature indicates that macrophage, a contributor to prolonged inflammation occurring at the wound site, might play such a role in hindering wound healing. Likewise, other immune cell dysfunctions, such as persistent neutrophils and T cell infection, may also lead to persistent oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction during diabetic wound healing. In this article, we discuss recent advances in the immune cellular components in wounds under the diabetic milieu, and the role of key signaling mechanisms that compromise the function of immune cells leading to persistent wound non-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Lin
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Jiawei Feng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Tengteng Shao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yemin Cao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
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2
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Brech D, Herbstritt AS, Diederich S, Straub T, Kokolakis E, Irmler M, Beckers J, Büttner FA, Schaeffeler E, Winter S, Schwab M, Nelson PJ, Noessner E. Dendritic Cells or Macrophages? The Microenvironment of Human Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Imprints a Mosaic Myeloid Subtype Associated with Patient Survival. Cells 2022; 11:3289. [PMID: 36291154 PMCID: PMC9600747 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their initial description by Elie Metchnikoff, phagocytes have sparked interest in a variety of biologic disciplines. These important cells perform central functions in tissue repair and immune activation as well as tolerance. Myeloid cells can be immunoinhibitory, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, where their presence is generally associated with poor patient prognosis. These cells are highly adaptable and plastic, and can be modulated to perform desired functions such as antitumor activity, if key programming molecules can be identified. Human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is considered immunogenic; yet checkpoint blockades that target T cell dysfunction have shown limited clinical efficacy, suggesting additional layers of immunoinhibition. We previously described "enriched-in-renal cell carcinoma" (erc) DCs that were often found in tight contact with dysfunctional T cells. Using transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry, we describe here that ercDCs represent a mosaic cell type within the macrophage continuum co-expressing M1 and M2 markers. The polarization state reflects tissue-specific signals that are characteristic of RCC and renal tissue homeostasis. ErcDCs are tissue-resident with increasing prevalence related to tumor grade. Accordingly, a high ercDC score predicted poor patient survival. Within the profile, therapeutic targets (VSIG4, NRP1, GPNMB) were identified with promise to improve immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Brech
- Immunoanalytics/Tissue Control of Immunocytes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna S. Herbstritt
- Immunoanalytics/Tissue Control of Immunocytes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Diederich
- Immunoanalytics/Tissue Control of Immunocytes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Evangelos Kokolakis
- Immunoanalytics/Tissue Control of Immunocytes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Florian A. Büttner
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Nelson
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Immunoanalytics/Tissue Control of Immunocytes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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3
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Gong Z, Zhang S, Gu B, Cao J, Mao W, Yao Y, Zhao J, Ren P, Zhang K, Liu B. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide attenuates Escherichia coli-induced acute lung injury in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:7999-8011. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory lung disease could be caused by bacterial infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a prototype pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) from gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli...
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4
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Hong C, Lu H, Jin R, Huang X, Chen M, Dai X, Gong F, Dong H, Wang H, Gao XM. Cytokine Cocktail Promotes Alveolar Macrophage Reconstitution and Functional Maturation in a Murine Model of Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719727. [PMID: 34621268 PMCID: PMC8490745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pneumonia is one of the most common complications after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), which is considered to be associated with poor reconstitution and functional maturation of alveolar macrophages (AMs) post-transplantation. Here, we present evidence showing that lack of IL-13-secreting group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lungs may underlay poor AM reconstitution in a mouse model of haploidentical BMT (haplo-BMT). Recombinant murine IL-13 was able to potentiate monocyte-derived AM differentiation in vitro. When intranasally administered, a cocktail of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-13, and CCL2 not only promoted donor monocyte-derived AM reconstitution in haplo-BMT-recipient mice but also enhanced the innate immunity of the recipient animals against pulmonary bacterial infection. These results provide a useful clue for a clinical strategy to prevent pulmonary bacterial infection at the early stage of recipients post-BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Gong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Cheng H, Huang H, Guo Z, Chang Y, Li Z. Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8836-8854. [PMID: 34522214 PMCID: PMC8419039 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration following injury from disease or medical treatment still represents a challenge in regeneration medicine. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which involves diverse physiological processes via E-type prostanoid (EP) receptor family, favors the regeneration of various organ systems following injury for its capabilities such as activation of endogenous stem cells, immune regulation, and angiogenesis. Understanding how PGE2 modulates tissue regeneration and then exploring how to elevate the regenerative efficiency of PGE2 will provide key insights into the tissue repair and regeneration processes by PGE2. In this review, we summarized the application of PGE2 to guide the regeneration of different tissues, including skin, heart, liver, kidney, intestine, bone, skeletal muscle, and hematopoietic stem cell regeneration. Moreover, we introduced PGE2-based therapeutic strategies to accelerate the recovery of impaired tissue or organs, including 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) inhibitors boosting endogenous PGE2 levels and biomaterial scaffolds to control PGE2 release.
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6
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Zhou X, Moore BB. Experimental Models of Infectious Pulmonary Complications Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718603. [PMID: 34484223 PMCID: PMC8415416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. The prevalence and type of infection changes over time and is influenced by the course of immune reconstitution post-transplant. The interaction between pathogens and host immune responses is complex in HCT settings, since the conditioning regimens create periods of neutropenia and immunosuppressive drugs are often needed to prevent graft rejection and limit graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Experimental murine models of transplantation are valuable tools for dissecting the procedure-related alterations to innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review mouse models of post-HCT infectious pulmonary complications, primarily focused on three groups of pathogens that frequently infect HCT recipients: bacteria (often P. aeruginosa), fungus (primarily Aspergillus fumigatus), and viruses (primarily herpesviruses). These mouse models have advanced our knowledge regarding how the conditioning and HCT process negatively impacts innate immunity and have provided new potential strategies of managing the infections. Studies using mouse models have also validated clinical observations suggesting that prior or occult infections are a potential etiology of noninfectious pulmonary complications post-HCT as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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Wang Y, Fan X, Du L, Liu B, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Liu F, Chang YF, Guo X, He P. Scavenger receptor A1 participates in uptake of Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis strain 56606v and inflammation in mouse macrophages. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:939-953. [PMID: 33929941 PMCID: PMC8153709 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1925160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira species, has emerged as a widespread zoonotic disease worldwide. Macrophages mediate the elimination of pathogens through phagocytosis and cytokine production. Scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), one of the critical receptors mediating this process, plays a complicated role in innate immunity. However, the role of SR-A1 in the immune response against pathogenic Leptospira invasion is unknown. In the present study, we found that SR-A1 is an important nonopsonic phagocytic receptor on murine macrophages for Leptospira. However, intraperitoneal injection of leptospires into WT mice presented with more apparent jaundice, subcutaneous hemorrhaging, and higher bacteria burdens in blood and tissues than that of SR-A1-/- mice. Exacerbated cytokine and inflammatory mediator levels were also observed in WT mice and higher recruited macrophages in the liver than those of SR-A1-/- mice. Our findings collectively reveal that although beneficial in the uptake of Leptospira by macrophage, SR-A1 might be exploited by Leptospira to modulate inflammatory activation and increase the susceptibility of infection in the host. These results provide our new insights into the innate immune response during early infection by L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyu Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihan Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqiang Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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8
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Klopfenstein N, Brandt SL, Castellanos S, Gunzer M, Blackman A, Serezani CH. SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon restrains Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33690673 PMCID: PMC7984627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin innate immune response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) culminates in the formation of an abscess to prevent bacterial spread and tissue damage. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) dictate the balance between microbial control and injury. Therefore, intracellular brakes are of fundamental importance to tune the appropriate host defense while inducing resolution. The intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), a known JAK/STAT inhibitor, prevents the expression and actions of PRR adaptors and downstream effectors. Whether SOCS-1 is a molecular component of skin host defense remains to be determined. We hypothesized that SOCS-1 decreases type I interferon production and IFNAR-mediated antimicrobial effector functions, limiting the inflammatory response during skin infection. Our data show that MRSA skin infection enhances SOCS-1 expression, and both SOCS-1 inhibitor peptide-treated and myeloid-specific SOCS-1 deficient mice display decreased lesion size, bacterial loads, and increased abscess thickness when compared to wild-type mice treated with the scrambled peptide control. SOCS-1 deletion/inhibition increases phagocytosis and bacterial killing, dependent on nitric oxide release. SOCS-1 inhibition also increases the levels of type I and type II interferon levels in vivo. IFNAR deletion and antibody blockage abolished the beneficial effects of SOCS-1 inhibition in vivo. Notably, we unveiled that hyperglycemia triggers aberrant SOCS-1 expression that correlates with decreased overall IFN signatures in the infected skin. SOCS-1 inhibition restores skin host defense in the highly susceptible hyperglycemic mice. Overall, these data demonstrate a role for SOCS-1-mediated type I interferon actions in host defense and inflammation during MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sydney Castellanos
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS -e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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9
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Zinter MS, Hume JR. Effects of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation on the Pulmonary Immune Response to Infection. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:634566. [PMID: 33575235 PMCID: PMC7871005 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.634566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections are common in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients of all ages and are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens are all represented as causes of infection. The lung mounts a complex immune response to infection and this response is significantly affected by the pre-HCT conditioning regimen, graft characteristics, and ongoing immunomodulatory therapy. We review the published literature, including animal models as well as human data, to describe what is known about the pulmonary immune response to infection in HCT recipients. Studies have focused on the pulmonary immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and viruses, and show a range of defects associated with both the innate and adaptive immune responses after HCT. There are still many open areas for research, to delineate novel therapeutic targets for pulmonary infections as well as to explore linkages to non-infectious inflammatory lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S. Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Janet R. Hume
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnesota, MN, United States
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Gong B, Zheng L, Lu Z, Huang J, Pu J, Pan S, Zhang M, Liu J, Tang J. Mesenchymal stem cells negatively regulate CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell activation in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome through the miRNA‑125b and miRNA‑155 TCR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:43. [PMID: 33179091 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been revealed to suppress CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and autoimmunity in both mouse models and patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) mediate CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell activation, but the mechanism is not understood, particularly for CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells treated with MSCs. Characterization of miRNAs may reveal pSS pathogenesis, guide MSC treatment and provide more personalized management options. The present study aimed to perform an miRNome analysis of quiescent and T cell receptor (TCR)‑activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells treated with MSCs via miRNA profiles and bioinformatics. Following 72 h of co‑culture, MSCs inhibited TCR‑induced CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell activation and decreased IFN‑γ levels. The numbers of aberrant miRNAs in pSS naïve (vs. healthy naïve), pSS activation (vs. pSS naïve), MSC treatment and pre‑IFN‑γ MSC treatment (vs. pSS activation) groups were 42, 55, 27 and 32, respectively. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that 259 pathways were associated with CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell stimulation, and 240 pathways were associated with MSC treatment. Increased miRNA‑7150 and miRNA‑5096 and decreased miRNA‑125b‑5p and miRNA‑22‑3p levels in activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from patients with pSS were reversed by MSC treatment. Notably, the proliferation of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and CD4<sup>+</sup> IFN‑γ<sup>+</sup> cells, expression levels of miRNA‑125b‑5p and miRNA‑155 in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and supernatant IFN‑γ secretion were associated with disease activity. miRNA may play a vital role in MSC treatment for activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. The results indicated that the expression levels of miRNA‑125b‑5p and miRNA‑155 in TCR‑activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from patients with pSS may provide insight regarding autoimmune diseases and offer a novel target for prospective treatment. Therefore, these results may be crucial in providing MSC treatment for pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangdong Gong
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhao Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jiashu Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Pu
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Pan
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Tang
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
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11
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Kolbe U, Yi B, Poth T, Saunders A, Boutin S, Dalpke AH. Early Cytokine Induction Upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices Depends on Sensing of Bacterial Viability. Front Immunol 2020; 11:598636. [PMID: 33250899 PMCID: PMC7673395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing allows a multitude of airborne microbes and microbial compounds to access the lung. Constant exposure of the pulmonary microenvironment to immunogenic particles illustrates the need for proper control mechanisms ensuring the differentiation between threatening and harmless encounters. Discrimination between live and dead bacteria has been suggested to be such a mechanism. In this study, we performed infection studies of murine precision cut lung slices (PCLS) with live or heat-killed P. aeruginosa, in order to investigate the role of viability for induction of an innate immune response. We demonstrate that PCLS induce a robust transcriptomic rewiring upon infection with live but not heat-killed P. aeruginosa. Using mutants of the P. aeruginosa clinical isolate CHA, we show that the viability status of P. aeruginosa is assessed in PCLS by TLR5-independent sensing of flagellin and recognition of the type three secretion system. We further demonstrate that enhanced cytokine expression towards live P. aeruginosa is mediated by uptake of viable but not heat-killed bacteria. Finally, by using a combined approach of receptor blockage and genetically modified PCLS we report a redundant involvement of MARCO and CD200R1 in the uptake of live P. aeruginosa in PCLS. Altogether, our results show that PCLS adapt the extent of cytokine expression to the viability status of P. aeruginosa by specifically internalizing live bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kolbe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Buqing Yi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tanja Poth
- CMCP-Center for Model System and Comparative Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy Saunders
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Davis FM, Tsoi LC, Wasikowski R, denDekker A, Joshi A, Wilke C, Deng H, Wolf S, Obi A, Huang S, Billi AC, Robinson S, Lipinski J, Melvin WJ, Audu CO, Weidinger S, Kunkel SL, Smith A, Gudjonsson JE, Moore BB, Gallagher KA. Epigenetic regulation of the PGE2 pathway modulates macrophage phenotype in normal and pathologic wound repair. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138443. [PMID: 32879137 PMCID: PMC7526451 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a primary immune cell involved in inflammation, and their cell plasticity allows for transition from an inflammatory to a reparative phenotype and is critical for normal tissue repair following injury. Evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations play a critical role in establishing macrophage phenotype and function during normal and pathologic wound repair. Here, we find in human and murine wound macrophages that cyclooxygenase 2/prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) is elevated in diabetes and regulates downstream macrophage-mediated inflammation and host defense. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of human wound tissue, we identify increased NF-κB-mediated inflammation in diabetic wounds and show increased COX-2/PGE2 in diabetic macrophages. Further, we identify that COX-2/PGE2 production in wound macrophages requires epigenetic regulation of 2 key enzymes in the cytosolic phospholipase A2/COX-2/PGE2 (cPLA2/COX-2/PGE2) pathway. We demonstrate that TGF-β-induced miRNA29b increases COX-2/PGE2 production via inhibition of DNA methyltransferase 3b-mediated hypermethylation of the Cox-2 promoter. Further, we find mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) upregulates cPLA2 expression and drives COX-2/PGE2. Inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway genetically (Cox2fl/fl Lyz2Cre+) or with a macrophage-specific nanotherapy targeting COX-2 in tissue macrophages reverses the inflammatory macrophage phenotype and improves diabetic tissue repair. Our results indicate the epigenetically regulated PGE2 pathway controls wound macrophage function, and cell-targeted manipulation of this pathway is feasible to improve diabetic wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Davis
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | - Amrita Joshi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Carol Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hongping Deng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Sonya Wolf
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Andrea Obi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Steven Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Jay Lipinski
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | | | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katherine A Gallagher
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
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13
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Suresh MV, Dolgachev VA, Zhang B, Balijepalli S, Swamy S, Mooliyil J, Kralovich G, Thomas B, Machado-Aranda D, Karmakar M, Lalwani S, Subramanian A, Anantharam A, Moore BB, Raghavendran K. TLR3 absence confers increased survival with improved macrophage activity against pneumonia. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131195. [PMID: 31801911 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pathogen recognition molecule associated with viral infection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as its ligand. We evaluated the role of TLR3 in bacterial pneumonia using Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). WT and TLR3-/- mice were subjected to a lethal model of KP. Alveolar macrophage polarization, bactericidal activity, and phagocytic capacity were compared. RNA-sequencing was performed on alveolar macrophages from the WT and TLR3-/- mice. Adoptive transfers of alveolar macrophages from TLR3-/- mice to WT mice with KP were evaluated for survival. Expression of TLR3 in postmortem human lung samples from patients who died from gram-negative pneumonia and pathological grading of pneumonitis was determined. Mortality was significantly lower in TLR3-/-, and survival improved in WT mice following antibody neutralization of TLR3 and with TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor. Alveolar macrophages from TLR3-/- mice demonstrated increased bactericidal and phagocytic capacity. RNA-sequencing showed an increased production of chemokines in TLR3-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages from the TLR3-/- mice restored the survival in WT mice. Human lung samples demonstrated a good correlation between the grade of pneumonitis and TLR3 expression. These data represent a paradigm shift in understanding the mechanistic role of TLR3 in bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boya Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Samantha Swamy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jashitha Mooliyil
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Georgia Kralovich
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bivin Thomas
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Monita Karmakar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Wu J, Liu B, Mao W, Feng S, Yao Y, Bai F, Shen Y, Guleng A, Jirigala B, Cao J. Prostaglandin E2 Regulates Activation of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages by Staphylococcus aureus through Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:154-169. [PMID: 31141808 DOI: 10.1159/000499604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an essential endogenous lipid mediator for normal physiological functions, can also act as an inflammatory mediator in pathological conditions. We determined whether Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins are essential for inducing PGE2 secretion by immune cells and whether pattern recognition receptors mediate this process. PGE2 levels secreted by mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with the S. aureus isogenic mutant, lgt::ermB (Δlgt; deficient in lipoprotein maturation), decreased compared with those from macrophages infected with wild-type (WT) S. aureus. Experiments using toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2)-deficient, TLR4-deficient, and NLRP3-deficient mice indicated that these 3 proteins are involved in macrophage PGE2 secretion in response to S. aureus, and lipoproteins were essential for S. aureus invasion and survival within macrophages. Inhibition of endogenous PGE2 synthesis had no effect on bacterial invasion. Exogenous PGE2 inhibited phagocytosis in the WT S. aureus and its isogenic mutant but increased intracellular killing accompanied by enhanced IL-1β secretion. Our data demonstrate that S. aureus can induce macrophage TLR/mitogen-activated protein kinase/NF-κB signaling and that PGE2 treatment upregulates NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling activation. Thus, macrophage PGE2 secretion after S. aureus infection depends on bacterial lipoprotein maturation and macrophage receptors TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3. Moreover, exogenous PGE2 regulates S. aureus-induced macrophage activation through TLRs and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindi Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China, .,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Amu Guleng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bayin Jirigala
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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15
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Pitts MG, D'Orazio SEF. Prostaglandin E 2 Inhibits the Ability of Neutrophils to Kill Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3474-3482. [PMID: 31061007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 is a lipid-signaling molecule with complex roles in both homeostasis and inflammation. Depending on the cellular context, PGE2 may also suppress certain immune responses. In this study, we tested whether PGE2 could inhibit bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) using a mouse model of foodborne listeriosis. We found that PGE2 pretreatment decreased the ability of PMN harvested from the bone marrow of either BALB/cByJ or C57BL/6J mice to kill Listeria monocytogenes in vitro. PGE2 treatment slowed the migration of PMN toward the chemoattractant leukotriene B4, decreased uptake of L. monocytogenes by PMN, and inhibited the respiratory burst of PMN compared with vehicle-treated cells. When immune cells were isolated from the livers of infected mice and tested directly ex vivo for the presence of PGE2, BALB/cByJ cells produced significantly more than C57BL/6J cells. Together, these data suggest that robust PGE2 production can suppress PMN effector functions, leading to decreased bacterial killing, which may contribute to the innate susceptibility of BALB/cByJ mice to infection with the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Pitts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
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16
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Kloth C, Gruben N, Ochs M, Knudsen L, Lopez-Rodriguez E. Flow cytometric analysis of the leukocyte landscape during bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis in the rat. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L109-L126. [PMID: 31042078 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00176.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis is a well-described model to investigate lung inflammatory and remodeling mechanisms. Rat models are clinically relevant and are also widely used, but rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells are not fully characterized with flow cytometry due to the limited availability of antibodies for this species. We optimized a comprehensive time-dependent flow cytometric analysis of cells after bleomycin challenge, confirming previous studies in other species and correlating them to histological staining, cytokine profiling, and collagen accumulation analysis in rat lungs. For this purpose, we describe a novel panel of rat surface markers and a strategy to identify and follow BAL cells over time. By combining surface markers in rat alveolar cells (CD45+), granulocytes and other myeloid cells, monocytes and macrophages can be identified by the expression of CD11b/c. Moreover, different activation states of macrophages (CD163+) can be observed: steady state (CD86-MHC-IIlow), activation during inflammation (CD86+,MHC-IIhigh), activation during remodeling (CD86+MHC-IIlow), and a population of newly recruited monocytes (CD163-α-granulocyte-). Hydroxyproline measured as marker of collagen content in lung tissue showed positive correlation with the reparative phase (CD163- cells and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and IL-10 increase). In conclusion, after a very early granulocytic recruitment, inflammation in rat lungs is observed by activated macrophages, and high release of IL-6 and fibrotic remodeling is characterized by recovery of the macrophage population together with TIMP, IL-10, and IL-18 production. Recruited monocytes and a second peak of granulocytes appear in the transitioning phase, correlating with immunostaining of arginase-1 in the tissue, revealing the importance of events leading the changes from injury to aberrant repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kloth
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) , Hannover , Germany.,Cluster of excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover , Germany.,Institute of Experimental Haematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Nele Gruben
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) , Hannover , Germany.,Cluster of excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover , Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) , Hannover , Germany.,Cluster of excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover , Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) , Hannover , Germany.,Cluster of excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover , Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) , Hannover , Germany.,Cluster of excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover , Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany
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17
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Martínez-Colón GJ, Warheit-Niemi H, Gurczynski SJ, Taylor QM, Wilke CA, Podsiad AB, Crespo J, Bhan U, Moore BB. Influenza-induced immune suppression to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by TLR9. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007560. [PMID: 30682165 PMCID: PMC6364947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), increase mortality following influenza infection, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that expression of TLR9, a microbial DNA sensor, is increased in murine lung macrophages, dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells and epithelial cells post-influenza infection. TLR9-/- mice did not show differences in handling influenza nor MRSA infection alone. However, TLR9-/- mice have improved survival and bacterial clearance in the lung post-influenza and MRSA dual infection, with no difference in viral load during dual infection. We demonstrate that TLR9 is upregulated on macrophages even when they are not themselves infected, suggesting that TLR9 upregulation is related to soluble mediators. We rule out a role for elevations in interferon-γ (IFNγ) in mediating the beneficial MRSA clearance in TLR9-/- mice. While macrophages from WT and TLR9-/- mice show similar phagocytosis and bacterial killing to MRSA alone, following influenza infection, there is a marked upregulation of scavenger receptor A and MRSA phagocytosis as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos) and improved bacterial killing that is specific to TLR9-deficient cells. Bone marrow transplant chimera experiments and in vitro experiments using TLR9 antagonists suggest TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, rather than the macrophages themselves, is important for regulating myeloid cell function. Interestingly, improved bacterial clearance post-dual infection was restricted to MRSA, as there was no difference in the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Taken together these data show a surprising inhibitory role for TLR9 signaling in mediating clearance of MRSA that manifests following influenza infection. Influenza-associated secondary bacterial infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and better therapeutic strategies are needed. Stimulation of TLR2 has shown promise for improving health in influenza-bacteria dual-infected animals. However, nothing is known about the role of other TLRs, including TLR9, in influenza-bacteria dual infection pathology. This is the first study of TLR9 regulation of influenza-bacterial superinfection and it highlights an unexpected pathologic role for TLR9 in regulating clearance of MRSA post-H1N1. It also highlights the important observation that TLR9 signaling has very different outcomes in the setting of influenza infection than in naïve mice and shows important distinctions in the mechanisms for susceptibility to MRSA vs. S. pneumoniae post-influenza. Our results also suggest that TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells regulates macrophage function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Warheit-Niemi
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Gurczynski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Quincy M. Taylor
- Literature, Sciences and the Arts, Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Amy B. Podsiad
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Joel Crespo
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Urvashi Bhan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Brandt SL, Wang S, Dejani NN, Klopfenstein N, Winfree S, Filgueiras L, McCarthy BP, Territo PR, Serezani CH. Excessive localized leukotriene B4 levels dictate poor skin host defense in diabetic mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120220. [PMID: 30185672 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly controlled diabetes leads to comorbidities and enhanced susceptibility to infections. While the immune components involved in wound healing in diabetes have been studied, the components involved in susceptibility to skin infections remain unclear. Here, we examined the effects of the inflammatory lipid mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) signaling through its receptor B leukotriene receptor 1 (BLT1) in the progression of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection in 2 models of diabetes. Diabetic mice produced higher levels of LTB4 in the skin, which correlated with larger nonhealing lesion areas and increased bacterial loads compared with nondiabetic mice. High LTB4 levels were also associated with dysregulated cytokine and chemokine production, excessive neutrophil migration but impaired abscess formation, and uncontrolled collagen deposition. Both genetic deletion and topical pharmacological BLT1 antagonism restored inflammatory response and abscess formation, followed by a reduction in the bacterial load and lesion area in the diabetic mice. Macrophage depletion in diabetic mice limited LTB4 production and improved abscess architecture and skin host defense. These data demonstrate that exaggerated LTB4/BLT1 responses mediate a derailed inflammatory milieu that underlies poor host defense in diabetes. Prevention of LTB4 production/actions could provide a new therapeutic strategy to restore host defense in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Brandt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sue Wang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Naiara N Dejani
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and
| | - Seth Winfree
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Luciano Filgueiras
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brian P McCarthy
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul R Territo
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and.,Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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19
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Abstract
The body is exposed to foreign pathogens every day, but remarkably, most pathogens are effectively cleared by the innate immune system without the need to invoke the adaptive immune response. Key cellular components of the innate immune system include macrophages and neutrophils and the recruitment and function of these cells are tightly regulated by chemokines and cytokines in the tissue space. Innate immune responses are also known to regulate development of adaptive immune responses often via the secretion of various cytokines. In addition to these protein regulators, numerous lipid mediators can also influence innate and adaptive immune functions. In this review, we cover one particular lipid regulator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and describe its synthesis and signaling and what is known about the ability of this lipid to regulate immunity and host defense against viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signals through 4 separate G-protein coupled receptor sub-types to elicit a variety of physiologic and pathophysiological effects. We recently reported that PGE2 via its EP3 receptor could reduce cardiac contractility of isolated myocytes and the working heart preparation. We thus hypothesized that there is an imbalance in the EP3/EP4 ratio towards EP3 in the failing heart and that overexpression of EP4 in a mouse model of heart failure would improve cardiac function. METHODS AND RESULTS Our hypothesis was tested in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) with the use of AAV9-EP4 driven by the myosin heavy chain promoter to overexpress EP4 in the cardiac myocytes. Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function. We found that overexpression of EP4 improved shortening fraction (p = 0.0025), ejection fraction (p = 0.0003), and reduced left ventricular dimension at systole (p = 0.0013). Overexpression of EP4 also significantly reduced indices of cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial collagen fraction. Animals treated with AAV9-EP4 also had a significant decrease in TNFα mRNA expression and in the number of macrophages and T cells migrated post MI coupled with a reduction in the expression of iNOS. CONCLUSION Overexpression of EP4 improves cardiac function post MI. This may be mediated through reductions in adverse cardiac remodeling or via inhibition of cytokine/chemokine production.
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21
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Elevated prostaglandin E 2 post-bone marrow transplant mediates interleukin-1β-related lung injury. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:319-332. [PMID: 28589946 PMCID: PMC5720939 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) treats or cures a variety of hematological and inherited disorders. Unfortunately, patients who undergo HSCT are susceptible to infections by a wide array of opportunistic pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria can have life-threatening effects in HSCT patients by causing lung pathology that has been linked to high levels of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Using a murine bone marrow transplant (BMT) model, we show that overexpression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) post-BMT signals via EP2 or EP4 to induce cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A or the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) to induce cAMP response element binding-dependent transcription of IL-1β leading to exacerbated lung injury in BMT mice. Induction of IL-1β by PGE2 is time and dose dependent. Interestingly, IL-1β processing post-P. aeruginosa infection occurs via the enzymatic activity of either caspase-1 or caspase-8. Furthermore, PGE2 can limit autophagy-mediated killing of P. aeruginosa in alveolar macrophages, yet autophagy does not have a role in PGE2-mediated upregulation of IL-1β. Reducing PGE2 levels with indomethacin improved bacterial clearance and reduced IL-1β-mediated acute lung injury in P. aeruginosa-infected BMT mice.
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22
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Wu Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Qu W, Chen K, Francisco NM, Feng L, Huang X, Wu M. Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Promote Bacterial Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Inhibiting Macrophage Autophagy through Downregulation of Early Growth Response Gene-1 and c-FOS. Front Immunol 2018; 9:211. [PMID: 29487594 PMCID: PMC5816924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-defensins 2 and 3 (BD2 and BD3) are inducible peptides present at the sites of infection, and they are well characterized for their antimicrobial activities and immune-regulatory functions. However, no study has thoroughly investigated their immunomodulatory effects on macrophage-mediated immune responses against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Here, we use THP-1 and RAW264.7 cell lines and demonstrate that BD2 and BD3 suppressed macrophage autophagy but enhanced the engulfment of PA and Zymosan bioparticles as well as the formation of phagolysosomes, using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Plate count assay showed that macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and intracellular killing of PA were promoted by BD2 and BD3. Furthermore, microarray and real-time PCR showed that the expression of two genes, early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) and c-FOS, was attenuated by BD2 and BD3. Western blot revealed that BD2 and BD3 inhibited the expression and nuclear translocation of EGR1 and c-FOS. Knockdown of EGR1 and c-FOS by siRNA transfection suppressed macrophage autophagy before and after PA infection; while overexpression of these two transcription factors enhanced autophagy but reversed the role of BD2 and BD3 on macrophage-mediated PA eradication. Together, these results demonstrate a novel immune defense activity of BD2 and BD3, which promotes clearance of PA by inhibiting macrophage autophagy through downregulation of EGR1 and c-FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Qu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ngiambudulu M Francisco
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianqiang Feng
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Das UN. Arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids and some of their metabolites function as endogenous antimicrobial molecules: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:57-66. [PMID: 30034876 PMCID: PMC6052656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our body is endowed with several endogenous anti-microbial compounds such as interferon, cytokines, free radicals, etc. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility that lipids could function as antimicrobial compounds. In this short review, the antimicrobial actions of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, mainly free acids) and their putative mechanisms of action are described. In general, PUFAs kill microbes by their direct action on microbial cell membranes, enhancing generation of free radicals, augmenting the formation of lipid peroxides that are cytotoxic, and by increasing the formation of their bioactive metabolites, such as prostaglandins, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins that enhance the phagocytic action of leukocytes and macrophages. Higher intakes of α-linolenic and cis-linoleic acids (ALA and LA respectively) and fish (a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) might reduce the risk pneumonia. Previously, it was suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): linoleic, α-linolenic, γ-linolenic (GLA), dihomo-GLA (DGLA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) function as endogenous anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, and immunomodulating agents. A variety of bacteria are sensitive to the growth inhibitory actions of LA and ALA in vitro. Hydrolyzed linseed oil can kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Both LA and AA have the ability to inactivate herpes, influenza, Sendai, and Sindbis virus within minutes of contact. AA, EPA, and DHA induce death of Plasmodium falciparum both in vitro and in vivo. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin A (PGA), derived from DGLA, AA, and EPA inhibit viral replication and show anti-viral activity. Oral mucosa, epidermal cells, lymphocytes and macrophages contain and release significant amounts of PUFAs on stimulation. PUFAs stimulate NADPH-dependent superoxide production by macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes to kill the invading microorganisms. Cytokines induce the release of PUFAs from cell membrane lipid pool, a potential mechanism for their antimicrobial action. AA, EPA, and DHA give rise to lipoxins (LXs), resolvins, protectins, and maresins that limit and resolve inflammation and have antimicrobial actions. Thus, PUFAs and their metabolites have broad antimicrobial actions.
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Huang XP, Wang Y, Chen L, Sun W, Huang Y, Xu Y, Feng TT, Luo EP, Qin AL, Zhao WF, Gan JH. Elevated serum prostaglandin E2 predicts the risk of infection in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:916-920. [PMID: 29080622 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the serum Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level in Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and determine its predicative value for infection. METHODS From April 2014 to April 2015, ninety-one patients with hepatitis B virus and ACLF but without infection were enrolled into this prospective study that was carried out at our Hospital. Twenty patients with stable chronic hepatitis B were enrolled from the outpatient department and twenty healthy control subjects without any disease were enrolled from hospital staff. Serum PGE2 levels were determined using ELISA at enrollment. Clinical and laboratory parameters were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine optimal cut-off values to predict infection. RESULTS Significantly higher PGE2 levels were found in patients with ACLF in comparison with healthy controls and patients with stable CHB (P < 0.0001). In ACLF patients, PGE2 levels were significantly higher in patients that eventually developed infection than those without this complication (P < 0.0001). ROC analysis showed that serum PGE2 (area under the ROC curve, 0.83) could predict infection in patients with ACLF with sensitivity of 78.4% and specificity of 81.5% using a threshold of 141 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Serum PGE2 is associated with the susceptibility to secondary infections for patients with ACLF. Increased PGE2 serum levels may serve as a potential biomarker for developing infections in ACLF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Er-Ping Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ai-Lan Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-He Gan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China.
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25
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Self-Fordham JB, Naqvi AR, Uttamani JR, Kulkarni V, Nares S. MicroRNA: Dynamic Regulators of Macrophage Polarization and Plasticity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1062. [PMID: 28912781 PMCID: PMC5583156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a healthy immune system to clear the plethora of antigens it encounters incessantly relies on the enormous plasticity displayed by the comprising cell types. Macrophages (MΦs) are crucial member of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) that constantly patrol the peripheral tissues and are actively recruited to the sites of injury and infection. In tissues, infiltrating monocytes replenish MΦ. Under the guidance of the local micro-milieu, MΦ can be activated to acquire specialized functional phenotypes. Similar to T cells, functional polarization of macrophage phenotype viz., inflammatory (M1) and reparative (M2) is proposed. Equipped with diverse toll-like receptors (TLRs), these cells of the innate arm of immunity recognize and phagocytize antigens and secrete cytokines that activate the adaptive arm of the immune system and perform key roles in wound repair. Dysregulation of MΦ plasticity has been associated with various diseases and infection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of transcriptome output. Their importance in maintaining health, and their contribution toward disease, encompasses virtually all aspects of human biology. Our understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of MΦ plasticity and polarization can be utilized to modulate functional phenotypes to counter their role in the pathogenesis of numerous disease, including cancer, autoimmunity, periodontitis, etc. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of miRNA in shaping MΦ polarization and plasticity through targeting of various pathways and genes. Identification of miRNA biomarkers of diagnostic/prognostic value and their therapeutic potential by delivery of miRNA mimics or inhibitors to dynamically alter gene expression profiles in vivo is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Juhi Raju Uttamani
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Varun Kulkarni
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Purified Streptococcus pneumoniae Endopeptidase O (PepO) Enhances Particle Uptake by Macrophages in a Toll-Like Receptor 2- and miR-155-Dependent Manner. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01012-16. [PMID: 28193634 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01012-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the host-microbial virulence factor interaction, especially the immune signaling mechanisms, could provide novel prevention and treatment options for pneumococcal diseases. Streptococcus pneumoniae endopeptidase O (PepO) is a newly discovered and ubiquitously expressed pneumococcal virulence protein. A PepO-mutant strain showed impaired adherence to and invasion of host cells compared with the isogenic wild-type strain. It is still unknown whether PepO is involved in the host defense response to pneumococcal infection. Here, we demonstrated that PepO could enhance phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus by peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). Further studies showed that PepO stimulation upregulated the expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in PEMs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PepO-induced enhanced phagocytosis was decreased in cells transfected with an inhibitor of miR-155, while it was increased in cells transfected with a mimic of miR-155. We also revealed that PepO-induced upregulation of miR-155 in PEMs was mediated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-NF-κB signaling and that the increased expression of miR-155 downregulated expression of SHIP1. Taken together, these results indicate that PepO induces upregulation of miR-155 in PEMs, contributing to enhanced phagocytosis and host defense response to pneumococci and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Abstract
Macrophages (MPs) are one of the most prominent leukocyte populations in the lung and, in many ways, a forgotten player in asthma pathogenesis. Diverse functions in asthma initiation and maintenance in chronic disease have been demonstrated, which has led to confusion as to if pulmonary MPs are agents of good or evil in asthma. Much of this is due to the wide diversity of MP populations in the lung, many of which are inaccessible experimentally in most clinical studies. This review frames lung MP biology in the context of location, phenotype, function, and response phase in asthma pathogenesis. It also assesses new findings regarding MP diversity that have challenged old dogmas and generates new ways to understand how MPs function.
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28
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Cohen TS. Role of MicroRNA in the Lung's Innate Immune Response. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:243-249. [PMID: 27915347 DOI: 10.1159/000452669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to respiratory pathogens must be robust enough to defend the host yet properly constrained such that inflammation-induced tissue damage is avoided. MicroRNA (miRNA) are small noncoding RNA which posttranscriptionally influence gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence of the contribution of miRNA to the lung's response to bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Cohen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Medimmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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29
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Wilson WJ, Afzali MF, Cummings JE, Legare ME, Tjalkens RB, Allen CP, Slayden RA, Hanneman WH. Immune Modulation as an Effective Adjunct Post-exposure Therapeutic for B. pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005065. [PMID: 27792775 PMCID: PMC5085046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei and is potentially fatal. Despite a growing global burden and high fatality rate, little is known about the disease. Recent studies demonstrate that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition is an effective post-exposure therapeutic for pulmonary melioidosis, which works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This treatment, while effective, was conducted using an experimental COX-2 inhibitor that is not approved for human or animal use. Therefore, an alternative COX-2 inhibitor needs to be identified for further studies. Tolfenamic acid (TA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) COX-2 inhibitor marketed outside of the United States for the treatment of migraines. While this drug was developed for COX-2 inhibition, it has been found to modulate other aspects of inflammation as well. In this study, we used RAW 264.7 cells infected with B pseudomallei to analyze the effect of TA on cell survival, PGE2 production and regulation of COX-2 and nuclear factor- kappaB (NF-ĸB) protein expression. To evaluate the effectiveness of post-exposure treatment with TA, results were compared to Ceftazidime (CZ) treatments alone and the co-treatment of TA with a sub-therapeutic treatment of CZ determined in a study of BALB/c mice. Results revealed an increase in cell viability in vitro with TA and were able to reduce both COX-2 expression and PGE2 production while also decreasing NF-ĸB activation during infection. Co-treatment of orally administered TA and a sub-therapeutic treatment of CZ significantly increased survival outcome and cleared the bacterial load within organ tissue. Additionally, we demonstrated that post-exposure TA treatment with sub-therapeutic CZ is effective to treat melioidosis in BALB/c mice. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal tropical disease endemic in parts of Southwest Asia and Northern Australia. While it was once believed to be isolated to these areas, recent research indicates the global burden on melioidosis is growing. Furthermore, treatment of melioidosis is difficult because of the high occurrence of disease relapse and increasing antibacterial resistance. Recent research suggests that immunomodulation via COX-2 inhibition to subsequently reduce with PGE2 production is an effective therapeutic strategy for melioidosis. The current study was built on this immunomodulatory principle by using an orally administered COX-2 inhibitor and evaluating its effects on the COX-2 and NF-ĸB pathways. We also investigated whether the conjunctive therapies of immunomodulation and antibiotics increased efficacy of the treatment. We confirmed immunomodulation is effective as a post-exposure therapeutic in BALB/c mice. More importantly, we found that conjunctive post-exposure treatment via immunomodulation increased antibacterial treatment efficacy. Conjunctive therapy may prove efficacious for other infectious diseases resembling melioidosis. Hence, further research is needed to identify the long-term effects of the described treatment(s) across multiple animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Wilson
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marie E. Legare
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Allen
- Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Slayden
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William H. Hanneman
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WHH)
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30
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Lacy SH, Woeller CF, Thatcher TH, Maddipati KR, Honn KV, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Human lung fibroblasts produce proresolving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands in a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L855-L867. [PMID: 27612965 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00272.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) act as innate immune sentinel cells that amplify the inflammatory response to injurious stimuli. Here, we use targeted lipidomics to explore the hypothesis that HLFs also play an active role in the resolution of inflammation. We detected cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent production of both proinflammatory and proresolving prostaglandins (PGs) in conditioned culture medium from HLFs treated with a proinflammatory stimulus, IL-1β. Among the proresolving PGs in the HLF lipidome were several known ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor whose activation in the lung yields potent anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and proresolving effects. Next, we used a cell-based luciferase reporter to confirm the ability of HLF supernatants to activate PPARγ, demonstrating, for the first time, that primary HLFs activated with proinflammatory IL-1β or cigarette smoke extract produce functional PPARγ ligands; this phenomenon is temporally regulated, COX-2- and lipocalin-type PGD synthase-dependent, and enhanced by arachidonic acid supplementation. Finally, we used luciferase reporter assays to show that several of the PGs in the lipidome of activated HLFs independently activate PPARγ and/or inhibit NFκB. These results indicate that HLFs, as immune sentinels, regulate both proinflammatory and proresolving responses to injurious stimuli. This novel endogenous resolution pathway represents a new therapeutic target for globally important inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Lacy
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Collynn F Woeller
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Lipidomics Core Facility, Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; .,Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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31
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Protective Effect of Galectin-1 during Histoplasma capsulatum Infection Is Associated with Prostaglandin E 2 and Nitric Oxide Modulation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5813794. [PMID: 27698545 PMCID: PMC5028869 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5813794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that develops a yeast-like morphology in host's tissue, responsible for the pulmonary disease histoplasmosis. The recent increase in the incidence of histoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients highlights the need of understanding immunological controls of fungal infections. Here, we describe our discovery of the role of endogenous galectin-1 (Gal-1) in the immune pathophysiology of experimental histoplasmosis. All infected wild-type (WT) mice survived while only 1/3 of Lgals1−/− mice genetically deficient in Gal-1 survived 30 days after infection. Although infected Lgals1−/− mice had increased proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO), and elevations in neutrophil pulmonary infiltration, they presented higher fungal load in lungs and spleen. Infected lung and infected macrophages from Lgals1−/− mice exhibited elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, a prostanoid regulator of macrophage activation) and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (Ptgs2) mRNA. Gal-1 did not bind to cell surface of yeast phase of H. capsulatum, in vitro, suggesting that Gal-1 contributed to phagocytes response to infection rather than directly killing the yeast. The data provides the first demonstration of endogenous Gal-1 in the protective immune response against H. capsulatum associated with NO and PGE2 as an important lipid mediator in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis.
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Wu Y, Li D, Wang Y, Chen K, Yang K, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wu M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa promotes autophagy to suppress macrophage-mediated bacterial eradication. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:214-22. [PMID: 27295610 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of autophagy on macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a common extracellular bacterium which often causes various opportunistic infections. METHODS Macrophages were infected with PA or stimulated with zymosan bioparticles. Autophagy was tested by fluorescent microscopy and Western blot for LC3. Phagocytosis and killing efficiency were assessed by plate count assay, flow cytometry or immunofluorescent staining. Phagocytic receptor expression, ROS generation and NO production were examined by PCR, flow cytometry and Griess reaction, respectively. RESULTS PA infection induced autophagy activation in both mouse and human macrophages. Induction of autophagy by rapamycin or starvation significantly inhibited PA internalization by downregulating phagocytosis receptor expression, and suppressed intracellular killing of PA via reducing ROS and NO production in macrophages. While knockdown of autophagy molecules ATG7 or Beclin1 enhanced macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and intracellular killing of PA. Additionally, confocal microscopy data showed that induction of autophagy reduced the number of phagosomes and phagolysosomes in macrophages after stimulation with zymosan bioparticles. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that PA promotes autophagy to suppress macrophage-mediated bacterial phagocytosis and intracellular killing. These insights demonstrated a novel immune evasion mechanism employed by PA, which may provide potential therapeutic strategies of PA infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 243000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Division of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 528403, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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33
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Martínez-Colón GJ, Smith AJ, Smith CK, Ballinger MN, Xia M, Murray S, Kaplan MJ, Yanik GA, Moore BB. Inhibition of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation after Stem Cell Transplant by Prostaglandin E2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:186-97. [PMID: 26417909 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0161oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients are susceptible to pulmonary infections, including bacterial pathogens, even after hematopoietic reconstitution. We previously reported that murine bone marrow transplant (BMT) neutrophils overexpress cyclooxygenase-2, overproduce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and exhibit defective intracellular bacterial killing. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA structures that capture and kill extracellular bacteria and other pathogens. OBJECTIVES To determine whether NETosis was defective after transplant and if so, whether this was regulated by PGE2 signaling. METHODS Neutrophils isolated from mice and humans (both control and HSCT subjects) were analyzed for NETosis in response to various stimuli in the presence or absence of PGE2 signaling modifiers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS NETs were visualized by immunofluorescence or quantified by Sytox Green fluorescence. Treatment of BMT or HSCT neutrophils with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or rapamycin resulted in reduced NET formation relative to control cells. NET formation after BMT was rescued both in vitro and in vivo with cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Additionally, the EP2 receptor antagonist (PF-04418948) or the EP4 antagonist (AE3-208) restored NET formation in neutrophils isolated from BMT mice or HSCT patients. Exogenous PGE2 treatment limited NETosis of neutrophils collected from normal human volunteers and naive mice in an exchange protein activated by cAMP- and protein kinase A-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest blockade of the PGE2-EP2 or EP4 signaling pathway restores NETosis after transplantation. Furthermore, these data provide the first description of a physiologic inhibitor of NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolyne K Smith
- 1 Immunology Graduate Program.,3 Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- 4 Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Meng Xia
- 5 Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health
| | - Susan Murray
- 5 Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- 3 Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Gregory A Yanik
- 6 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical School
| | - Bethany B Moore
- 7 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, and.,8 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Wu XQ, Dai Y, Yang Y, Huang C, Meng XM, Wu BM, Li J. Emerging role of microRNAs in regulating macrophage activation and polarization in immune response and inflammation. Immunology 2016; 148:237-48. [PMID: 27005899 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of macrophages. Classically activated macrophages are considered to promote T helper type 1 responses and have strong microbicidal, pro-inflammatory activity, whereas alternatively activated macrophages are supposed to be associated with promotion of tissue remodelling and responses to anti-inflammatory reactions. Transformation of different macrophage phenotypes is reflected in their different, sometimes even opposite, roles in various diseases or inflammatory conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of macrophage polarization (MP). Several miRNAs are induced by Toll-like receptors signalling in macrophages and target the 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding key molecules involved in MP. Therefore, identification of miRNAs related to the dynamic changes of MP and understanding their functions in regulating this process are important for discussing the molecular basis of disease progression and developing novel miRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of miRNAs in MP with relevance to immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Kaneko M, Emoto Y, Emoto M. A Simple, Reproducible, Inexpensive, Yet Old-Fashioned Method for Determining Phagocytic and Bactericidal Activities of Macrophages. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:283-90. [PMID: 26847277 PMCID: PMC4740517 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) play a pivotal role in the protection system by recognizing and eliminating invading pathogenic bacteria. Phagocytosis and the killing of invading bacteria are major effector functions of Mφ. Although the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of Mφ have been analyzed via several methods using a light microscope, a fluorescence microscope, or a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, expensive materials and equipment are usually required, and the methods are rather complicated. Moreover, it is impossible to determine both the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of Mφ simultaneously using these methods. In this review, we describe a simple, reproducible, inexpensive, yet old-fashioned method (antibiotic protection assay) for determining the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of Mφ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kaneko
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Emoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Emoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan.
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Podsiad A, Standiford TJ, Ballinger MN, Eakin R, Park P, Kunkel SL, Moore BB, Bhan U. MicroRNA-155 regulates host immune response to postviral bacterial pneumonia via IL-23/IL-17 pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L465-75. [PMID: 26589478 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00224.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. miR-155 has recently emerged as a crucial regulator of innate immunity and inflammatory responses and is induced in macrophages during infection. We hypothesized upregulation of miR-155 inhibits IL-17 and increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Mice were challenged with 100 plaque-forming units H1N1 intranasally and were infected with 10(7) colony-forming units of MRSA intratracheally at day 5 postviral challenge. Lungs were harvested 24 h later, and expression of miR-155, IL-17, and IL-23 was measured by real-time RT-PCR. Induction of miR-155 was 3.6-fold higher in dual-infected lungs compared with single infection. miR-155(-/-) mice were protected with significantly lower (4-fold) bacterial burden and no differences in viral load, associated with robust induction of IL-23 and IL-17 (2.2- and 4.8-fold, respectively) postsequential challenge with virus and bacteria, compared with WT mice. Treatment with miR-155 antagomir improved lung bacterial clearance by 4.2-fold compared with control antagomir postsequential infection with virus and bacteria. Moreover, lung macrophages collected from patients with postviral bacterial pneumonia also had upregulation of miR-155 expression compared with healthy controls, consistent with observations in our murine model. This is the first demonstration that cellular miRNAs regulate postinfluenza immune response to subsequent bacterial challenge by suppressing the IL-17 pathway in the lung. Our findings suggest that antagonizing certain microRNA might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy against secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Podsiad
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Richard Eakin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pauline Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Urvashi Bhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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Dai Y, Condorelli G, Mehta JL. Scavenger receptors and non-coding RNAs: relevance in atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 109:24-33. [PMID: 26472132 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs), which recognize modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by oxidation or acetylation, are a group of receptors on plasma membrane of macrophages and other cell types. These receptors by facilitating modified LDL uptake are a primary step in the intracellular accumulation of modified LDL and formation of fatty streak. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of functional RNA nucleotides that are not translated into protein, and include microRNAs (miRs), snoRNAs, siRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, piRNAs, and the long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). Recently, ncRNAs have received much attention due to their effects in a variety of disease states such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancers. A host of ncRNAs, such as miRs and lncRNAs, have been found to be involved in the regulation of SRs and the inflammatory cascade and subsequently atherosclerosis. Here, we review this important area to create interest in this growing field among researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, People's Republic of China Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Prostaglandin E2 Production and T Cell Function in Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 Infection following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139235. [PMID: 26407316 PMCID: PMC4583312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus infections are important complications of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We demonstrate delayed clearance of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) from lungs of mice following allogeneic BMT. Virus-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was greater in BMT mice than in untransplanted controls, but BMT using PGE2-deficient donors or recipients failed to improve viral clearance, and treatment of untransplanted mice with the PGE2 analog misoprostol did not affect virus clearance. Lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs was not significantly affected by BMT. Intracellular cytokine staining of lung lymphocytes demonstrated impaired production of INF-γ and granzyme B by cells from BMT mice, and production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17 following ex vivo stimulation was impaired in lymphocytes obtained from lungs of BMT mice. Viral clearance was not delayed in untransplanted INF-γ-deficient mice, suggesting that delayed viral clearance in BMT mice was not a direct consequence of impaired IFN-γ production. However, lung viral loads were higher in untransplanted CD8-deficient mice than in controls, suggesting that delayed MAV-1 clearance in BMT mice is due to defective CD8 T cell function. We did not detect significant induction of IFN-β expression in lungs of BMT mice or untransplanted controls, and viral clearance was not delayed in untransplanted type I IFN-unresponsive mice. We conclude that PGE2 overproduction in BMT mice is not directly responsible for delayed viral clearance. PGE2-independent effects on CD8 T cell function likely contribute to the inability of BMT mice to clear MAV-1 from the lungs.
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Tay HL, Kaiko GE, Plank M, Li J, Maltby S, Essilfie AT, Jarnicki A, Yang M, Mattes J, Hansbro PM, Foster PS. Antagonism of miR-328 increases the antimicrobial function of macrophages and neutrophils and rapid clearance of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) from infected lung. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004549. [PMID: 25894560 PMCID: PMC4404141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacterial infections of the lung are life threatening and underpin chronic lung diseases. Current treatments are often ineffective potentially due to increasing antibiotic resistance and impairment of innate immunity by disease processes and steroid therapy. Manipulation miRNA directly regulating anti-microbial machinery of the innate immune system may boost host defence responses. Here we demonstrate that miR-328 is a key element of the host response to pulmonary infection with non-typeable haemophilus influenzae and pharmacological inhibition in mouse and human macrophages augments phagocytosis, the production of reactive oxygen species, and microbicidal activity. Moreover, inhibition of miR-328 in respiratory models of infection, steroid-induced immunosuppression, and smoke-induced emphysema enhances bacterial clearance. Thus, miRNA pathways can be targeted in the lung to enhance host defence against a clinically relevant microbial infection and offer a potential new anti-microbial approach for the treatment of respiratory diseases. MicroRNAs regulate pathogen recognition pathways by modulating translation. In the immune system, miRNAs have been identified as important regulators of gene expression programs, which regulate differentiation, growth and function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Using miRNA microarray, we demonstrated that lung miRNAs were differentially expressed following non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae (NTHi) infection in mice. To study the role of a specific miRNA in macrophages, we used antagomir (chemically modified single-stranded RNA analogues, complementary to the target miRNA) to block miRNA function. Interestingly, inhibition of microRNA-328 in mouse and human macrophages increases microbicidal activity by amplifying phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species. Inhibition of mR-328 in the lung enhanced bacterial clearance in mouse models of immunosuppression and emphysema. Our study provides proof of principle that miRNA pathways can be targeted in the lung and offer a potential new anti-microbial approach for the treatment of respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hock L. Tay
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Gerard E. Kaiko
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Maximilian Plank
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - JingJing Li
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Steven Maltby
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ama-Tawiah Essilfie
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andrew Jarnicki
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Joerg Mattes
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Casalino-Matsuda SM, Nair A, Beitel GJ, Gates KL, Sporn PHS. Hypercapnia Inhibits Autophagy and Bacterial Killing in Human Macrophages by Increasing Expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5388-96. [PMID: 25895534 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypercapnia, the elevation of CO2 in blood and tissue, commonly develops in patients with advanced lung disease and severe pulmonary infections, and it is associated with high mortality. We previously reported that hypercapnia alters expression of host defense genes, inhibits phagocytosis, and increases the mortality of Pseudomonas pneumonia in mice. However, the effect of hypercapnia on autophagy, a conserved process by which cells sequester and degrade proteins and damaged organelles that also plays a key role in antimicrobial host defense and pathogen clearance, has not previously been examined. In the present study we show that hypercapnia inhibits autophagy induced by starvation, rapamycin, LPS, heat-killed bacteria, and live bacteria in the human macrophage. Inhibition of autophagy by elevated CO2 was not attributable to acidosis. Hypercapnia also reduced macrophage killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, elevated CO2 induced the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, antiapoptotic factors that negatively regulate autophagy by blocking Beclin 1, an essential component of the autophagy initiation complex. Furthermore, small interfering RNA targeting Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and the small molecule Z36, which blocks Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL binding to Beclin 1, prevented hypercapnic inhibition of autophagy and bacterial killing. These results suggest that targeting the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-Beclin 1 interaction may hold promise for ameliorating hypercapnia-induced immunosuppression and improving resistance to infection in patients with advanced lung disease and hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aisha Nair
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Greg J Beitel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; and
| | - Khalilah L Gates
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Peter H S Sporn
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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Wang Z, Brandt S, Medeiros A, Wang S, Wu H, Dent A, Serezani CH. MicroRNA 21 is a homeostatic regulator of macrophage polarization and prevents prostaglandin E2-mediated M2 generation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115855. [PMID: 25706647 PMCID: PMC4338261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages dictate both initiation and resolution of inflammation. During acute inflammation classically activated macrophages (M1) predominate, and during the resolution phase alternative macrophages (M2) are dominant. The molecular mechanisms involved in macrophage polarization are understudied. MicroRNAs are differentially expressed in M1 and M2 macrophages that influence macrophage polarization. We identified a role of miR-21 in macrophage polarization, and found that cross-talk between miR-21 and the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a determining factor in macrophage polarization. miR-21 inhibition impairs expression of M2 signature genes but not M1 genes. PGE2 and its downstream effectors PKA and Epac inhibit miR-21 expression and enhance expression of M2 genes, and this effect is more pronounced in miR-21-/- cells. Among potential targets involved in macrophage polarization, we found that STAT3 and SOCS1 were enhanced in miR-21-/- cells and further enhanced by PGE2. We found that STAT3 was a direct target of miR-21 in macrophages. Silencing the STAT3 gene abolished PGE2-mediated expression of M2 genes in miR-21-/- macrophages. These data shed light on the molecular brakes involved in homeostatic macrophage polarization and suggest new therapeutic strategies to prevent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho,” 14801–902 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soujuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexander Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mori DN, Kreisel D, Fullerton JN, Gilroy DW, Goldstein DR. Inflammatory triggers of acute rejection of organ allografts. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:132-44. [PMID: 24517430 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a vital therapy for end stage diseases. Decades of research have established that components of the adaptive immune system are critical for transplant rejection, but the role of the innate immune system in organ transplantation is just emerging. Accumulating evidence indicates that the innate immune system is activated at the time of organ implantation by the release of endogenous inflammatory triggers. This review discusses the nature of these triggers in organ transplantation and also potential mediators that may enhance inflammation resolution after organ implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mori
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Wilke CA, Huang SK, Laouar Y, Brown JP, Freeman CM, Curtis JL, Yanik GA, Moore BB. Transforming growth factor-β induces microRNA-29b to promote murine alveolar macrophage dysfunction after bone marrow transplantation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L86-95. [PMID: 25361568 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is complicated by pulmonary infections that manifest posttransplantation. Despite engraftment, susceptibility to infections persists long after reconstitution. Previous work using a murine bone marrow transplant (BMT) model implicated increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in promoting impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) responses. However, mechanisms driving COX-2 overexpression remained elusive. Previously, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling after BMT was shown to promote hypomethylation of the COX-2 gene. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into how this occurs and show that TGF-β induces microRNA (miR)-29b while decreasing DNA methyltransferases (DNMT)1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b in AMs after BMT. De novo DNMT3a and DNMT3b were decreased upon transient transfection of miR-29b, resulting in decreased methylation of the COX-2 promoter and induction of COX-2. As a consequence, miR-29b-driven upregulation of COX-2 promoted AM dysfunction, and transfection of BMT AMs with a miR-29b inhibitor rescued the bacterial-killing defect. MiR-29b-mediated defects in BMT AMs were dependent on increased levels of PGE2, as miR-29b-transfected AMs treated with a novel E prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist abrogated the impaired bacterial killing. We also demonstrate that patients that have undergone HSCT exhibit increased miR-29b; thus these studies highlight miR-29b in driving defective AM responses and identify this miRNA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol A Wilke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven K Huang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yasmina Laouar
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeanette P Brown
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory A Yanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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Kleaveland KR, Velikoff M, Yang J, Agarwal M, Rippe RA, Moore BB, Kim KK. Fibrocytes are not an essential source of type I collagen during lung fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5229-39. [PMID: 25281715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis involves accumulation of activated collagen-producing mesenchymal cells. Fibrocytes are hematopoietic-derived cells with mesenchymal features that potentially have a unique and critical function during fibrosis. Fibrocytes have been proposed as an important direct contributor of type I collagen deposition during fibrosis based largely on fate-mapping studies. To determine the functional contribution of hematopoietic cell-derived type I collagen to fibrogenesis, we use a double-transgenic system to specifically delete the type I collagen gene across a broad population of hematopoietic cells. These mice develop a robust fibrotic response similar to littermate genotype control mice injured with bleomycin indicating that fibrocytes are not a necessary source of type I collagen. Using collagen-promoter GFP mice, we find that fibrocytes express type I collagen. However, fibrocytes with confirmed deletion of the type I collagen gene have readily detectable intracellular type I collagen indicating that uptake of collagen from neighboring cells account for much of the fibrocyte collagen. Collectively, these results clarify several seemingly conflicting reports regarding the direct contribution of fibrocytes to collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Kleaveland
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Miranda Velikoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jibing Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Richard A Rippe
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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45
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MicroRNA-155 is required for clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the nasopharynx. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4824-33. [PMID: 25156727 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02251-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of death and an economic burden worldwide. S. pneumoniae is an intermittent colonizer of the human upper respiratory tract, and the ability to control asymptomatic colonization determines the likelihood of developing invasive disease. Recognition of S. pneumoniae by resident macrophages via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and the presence of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting CD4(+) T cells are required for macrophage recruitment and bacterial clearance. Despite the fact that the primary cellular effectors needed for bacterial clearance have been identified, much of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that the small, noncoding RNA microRNA-155 (mir-155) is critical for the effective clearance of S. pneumoniae. Our studies show that mir-155-deficient mice maintain the ability to prevent acute invasive pneumococcal infection but have significantly higher bacterial burdens following colonization, independently of macrophage recognition by TLR-2, MARCO expression, or bactericidal capacity. The observed defects in bacterial clearance parallel reduced IL-17A and gamma interferon CD4(+) T-cell responses in vivo, lower IL-17A mRNA levels in the nasopharynx, and a reduced capacity to induce Th17 cell polarization. Given that knockout mice are also limited in the capacity to generate high-titer S. pneumoniae-specific antibodies, we conclude that mir-155 is a critical mediator of the cellular effectors needed to clear primary and secondary S. pneumoniae colonizations.
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Zhou X, Li X, Ye Y, Zhao K, Zhuang Y, Li Y, Wei Y, Wu M. MicroRNA-302b augments host defense to bacteria by regulating inflammatory responses via feedback to TLR/IRAK4 circuits. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3619. [PMID: 24717937 PMCID: PMC4011559 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in a spectrum of physiological and pathological conditions, including immune responses. miR-302b has been implicated in stem cell differentiation but its role in immunity remains unknown. Here we show that miR-302b is induced by TLR2 and TLR4 through ERK-p38-NF-κB signaling upon Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Suppression of inflammatory responses to bacterial infection is mediated by targeting IRAK4, a protein required for the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Through negative feedback, enforced expression of miR-302b or IRAK4 siRNA silencing inhibits downstream NF-κB signaling and airway leukocyte infiltration, thereby alleviating lung injury and increasing survival in P. aeruginosa-infected mice. In contrast, miR-302b inhibitors exacerbate inflammatory responses and decrease survival in P. aeruginosa-infected mice and lung cells. These findings reveal that miR-302b is a novel inflammatory regulator of NF-κB activation in respiratory bacterial infections by providing negative feedback to TLRs-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikun Zhou
- 1] Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA [2] State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [3]
| | - Xuefeng Li
- 1] Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA [2] State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China [3]
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA
| | - Kelei Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA
| | - Yi Li
- 1] Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA [2] State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203-9037, USA
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Lovewell RR, Patankar YR, Berwin B. Mechanisms of phagocytosis and host clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L591-603. [PMID: 24464809 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00335.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a high incidence of acute and chronic pulmonary infection. These infections are particularly prevalent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis: much of the morbidity and pathophysiology associated with these diseases is due to a hypersusceptibility to bacterial infection. Innate immunity, primarily through inflammatory cytokine production, cellular recruitment, and phagocytic clearance by neutrophils and macrophages, is the key to endogenous control of P. aeruginosa infection. In this review, we highlight recent advances toward understanding the innate immune response to P. aeruginosa, with a focus on the role of phagocytes in control of P. aeruginosa infection. Specifically, we summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms of phagocytic recognition and uptake of P. aeruginosa, and how current animal models of P. aeruginosa infection reflect clinical observations in the context of phagocytic clearance of the bacteria. Several notable phenotypic changes to the bacteria are consistently observed during chronic pulmonary infections, including changes to mucoidy and flagellar motility, that likely enable or reflect their ability to persist. These traits are likewise examined in the context of how the bacteria avoid phagocytic clearance, inflammation, and sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustin R Lovewell
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH 03756.
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Yang K, Wu M, Li M, Li D, Peng A, Nie X, Sun M, Wang J, Wu Y, Deng Q, Zhu M, Chen K, Yuan J, Huang X. miR-155 Suppresses Bacterial Clearance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa–Induced Keratitis by Targeting Rheb. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:89-98. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Meiyu Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Anping Peng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Xinxin Nie
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Qiuchan Deng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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49
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Moore BB. Innate Immunity Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Focus on Epigenetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:189-197. [PMID: 26709355 DOI: 10.3233/nib-140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is important for normal biological processes like immune cell development, immune responses, and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, it is well understood that epigenetic mechanisms can include methylation, histone modification, and more recently, microRNAs. Interestingly, aberrant epigenetic modification can also promote pathology in many diseases like cancer. The effects of methylation on gene expression and its resulting phenotype have been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the inhibition of innate immunity that occurs in humans and animal models post-stem cell transplant. In addition, we highlight the changes methylation and microRNA profiles have on regulating pulmonary innate immune responses in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ketko AK, Lin C, Moore BB, LeVine AM. Surfactant protein A binds flagellin enhancing phagocytosis and IL-1β production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82680. [PMID: 24312669 PMCID: PMC3846784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a pulmonary collectin, plays a role in lung innate immune host defense. In this study the role of SP-A in regulating the inflammatory response to the flagella of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was examined. Intra-tracheal infection of SP-A deficient (SP-A-/-) C57BL/6 mice with wild type flagellated PA (PAK) resulted in an increase in inflammatory cell recruitment and increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, which was not observed with a mutant pseudomonas lacking flagella (fliC). SP-A directly bound flagellin, via the N-linked carbohydrate moieties and collagen-like domain, in a concentration dependent manner and enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of flagellin and wild type PAK. IL-1β was reduced in the lungs of SP-A-/- mice following PAK infection. MH-s cells, a macrophage cell line, generated greater IL-1β when stimulated with flagellin and SP-A. Historically flagella stimulate IL-1β production through the toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) pathway and through a caspase-1 activating inflammasome pathway. IL-1β expression became non-detectable in SP-A and flagellin stimulated MH-s cells in which caspase-1 was silenced, suggesting SP-A induction of IL-1β appears to be occurring through the inflammasome pathway. SP-A plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PA infection in the lung by binding flagellin, enhancing its phagocytosis and modifying the macrophage inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K. Ketko
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chinhong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie LeVine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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