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Rückert T, Romagnani C. Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of natural killer cell clonality. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:80-106. [PMID: 38506411 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Clonal expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes is the fundamental mechanism enabling potent adaptive immune responses and the generation of immune memory. Accompanied by pronounced epigenetic remodeling, the massive proliferation of individual cells generates a critical mass of effectors for the control of acute infections, as well as a pool of memory cells protecting against future pathogen encounters. Classically associated with the adaptive immune system, recent work has demonstrated that innate immune memory to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is stably maintained as large clonal expansions of natural killer (NK) cells, raising questions on the mechanisms for clonal selection and expansion in the absence of re-arranged antigen receptors. Here, we discuss clonal NK cell memory in the context of the mechanisms underlying clonal competition of adaptive lymphocytes and propose alternative selection mechanisms that might decide on the clonal success of their innate counterparts. We propose that the integration of external cues with cell-intrinsic sources of heterogeneity, such as variegated receptor expression, transcriptional states, and somatic variants, compose a bottleneck for clonal selection, contributing to the large size of memory NK cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rückert
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Piersma SJ. Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x. [PMID: 38684766 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes (ILCs) rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer. ILCs include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and include type I, type II, and type III immune cells. While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense. Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment. This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues. Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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3
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Horta AL, Gigley J, Boutet M, Lavau G, Weiss LM, Huang H. Memory-like NK Cells Are a Critical Component of Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:617-631. [PMID: 38197653 PMCID: PMC10872457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease by Trypanosoma cruzi infection is a major public health issue. The available therapeutic agents have limited efficacy and significant side effects. A reliable vaccine would reduce the threat of T. cruzi infections and prevent Chagas disease. Understanding the immune response to this infection would improve vaccine design. We previously demonstrated that adoptively transferred NK cells from mice immunized with highly attenuated T. cruzi, GFP-DDDHA strain, provided potent protection in naive recipients against secondary lethal challenge with various wild-type (WT) strains. To understand the importance of NK cells in protecting mice against T. cruzi infection, we performed an in-depth characterization of NK cell phenotype, responses, and memory-like traits during acute infections due to GFP-DDDHA and WT strains and in immunized mice during a recall response to a WT lethal challenge. NK cells robustly expanded and became more mature and cytolytic during the GFP-DDDHA strain immunization. NK cells in immunized mice responded more robustly after WT lethal challenge than during an acute primary WT infection. In addition, protection by immunization with the GFP-DDDHA strain is significantly weakened in NK cell-deficient mice and did not prevent parasitemia from WT lethal challenge, indicating that NK cells with memory-like traits were a critical component for early control of WT lethal challenge. Prior T. cruzi vaccine development studies have not included studies of this rapid NK response. These findings provide insights into overcoming existing challenges in developing a safe and effective vaccine to prevent this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L. Horta
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Marie Boutet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregoire Lavau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Liu S, Li Z, Lan S, Hao H, Baz AA, Yan X, Gao P, Chen S, Chu Y. The Dual Roles of Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, and Pathogen Infection Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:824. [PMID: 38255898 PMCID: PMC10815024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are pivotal regulators in the cellular life process. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) family, plays a crucial role as cells respond to various stresses and damage. As a transcription factor, ATF3 significantly influences signal transduction regulation, orchestrating a variety of signaling pathways, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, and cellular differentiation. In addition, ATF3 serves as an essential link between inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses. This review summarizes the recent advances in research on ATF3 activation and its role in regulating inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis, and ferroptosis while exploring the dual functions of ATF3 in these processes. Additionally, this article discusses the role of ATF3 in diseases related to pathogenic microbial infections. Our review may be helpful to better understand the role of ATF3 in cellular responses and disease progression, thus promoting advancements in clinical treatments for inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xinmin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
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5
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de Lima MHF, Machado CC, Nascimento DC, Silva CMS, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Rodrigues TS, Veras FP, Pontelli MC, Castro IA, Zamboni DS, Filho JCA, Cunha TM, Arruda E, da Cunha LD, Oliveira RDR, Cunha FQ, Louzada-Junior P. The TIGIT + T regulatory cells subset associates with nosocomial infection and fatal outcome in COVID-19 patients under mechanical ventilation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13599. [PMID: 37604833 PMCID: PMC10442317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The TIGIT+FOXP3+Treg subset (TIGIT+Tregs) exerts robust suppressive activity on cellular immunity and predisposes septic individuals to opportunistic infection. We hypothesized that TIGIT+Tregs could play an important role in intensifying the COVID-19 severity and hampering the defense against nosocomial infections during hospitalization. Herein we aimed to verify the association between the levels of the TIGIT+Tregs with the mechanical ventilation requirement, fatal outcome, and bacteremia during hospitalization. TIGIT+Tregs were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry from the peripheral blood of 72 unvaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients at admission from May 29th to August 6th, 2020. The patients were stratified during hospitalization according to their mechanical ventilation requirement and fatal outcome. COVID-19 resulted in a high prevalence of the TIGIT+Tregs at admission, which progressively increased in patients with mechanical ventilation needs and fatal outcomes. The prevalence of TIGIT+Tregs positively correlated with poor pulmonary function and higher plasma levels of LDH, HMGB1, FGL2, and TNF. The non-survivors presented higher plasma levels of IL-33, HMGB1, FGL2, IL-10, IL-6, and 5.54 times more bacteremia than survivors. Conclusions: The expansion of the TIGIT+Tregs in COVID-19 patients was associated with inflammation, lung dysfunction, bacteremia, and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhael Haruo Fernandes de Lima
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Emergency, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Caio Cavalcante Machado
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Emergency, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Daniele Carvalho Nascimento
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Meirelles S Silva
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Escher Toller-Kawahisa
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tamara Silva Rodrigues
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Protassio Veras
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Cornejo Pontelli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Italo A Castro
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José-Carlos A Filho
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Dias da Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renê D R Oliveira
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Emergency, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Departament of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Emergency, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gherardi MM, Ramirez JC, Rodríguez D, Rodríguez JR, Sano GI, Zavala F, Esteban M. IL-12 Delivery from Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Attenuates the Vector and Enhances the Cellular Immune Response Against HIV-1 Env in a Dose-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To develop vaccination strategies against HIV-1 infection aimed to specifically enhance the cell-mediated immunity (CMI), we have engineered vaccinia virus (VV) recombinants expressing HIV-1 Env (rVVenv) and murine IL-12 (rVVlucIL-12) genes or coexpressing both genes (rVVenvIL-12). In mice inoculated with rVVlucIL-12 there is a rapid clearance of the virus, and this correlates with the induction of high levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in serum and spleen early after infection. Enzyme-linked immunospot analysis of mice inoculated with rVVlucIL-12, revealed a nearly 2-fold increase in the number of specific anti-VV CD8+ T cells compared with that in mice given control rVV, and the serum Ab response was biased in favor of a Th1 response. An enhancement of about 2-fold in the number of anti-gp160 IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells was observed in mice inoculated with rVVenvIL-12, when a dose of 1 × 107 PFU/mouse was used, but this enhancement was not observed when mice were given 5 × 107 PFU. This variation with virus dosage was confirmed in mice immunized simultaneously with different multiplicities of rVV expressing singly the env or IL-12 genes. The highest specific CMI was obtained in mice coadministered a low dose (2 × 104 PFU) of rVVlucIL-12 and 1 × 107 PFU of rVVenv. Our findings provide evidence for specific enhancement of the CMI to HIV-1 Env by the differential expression of IL-12 and env genes delivered from VV recombinants. This approach can be of wide vaccination interest as a means to improve immune responses to other Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Magdalena Gherardi
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Juan C. Ramirez
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Juan R. Rodríguez
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Gen-Ichiro Sano
- †Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10010
| | - Fidel Zavala
- †Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10010
| | - Mariano Esteban
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; and
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Redpath S, Angulo A, Gascoigne NRJ, Ghazal P. Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Down-Regulates MHC Class II Expression on Macrophages by Induction of IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Herpesviruses utilize many strategies for weakening the host immune response. For CMV, this includes avoidance of NK clearance and inhibition of MHC class I and class II presentation pathways. In this study, we report that mouse CMV (MCMV) specifically causes a premature and transient activation of host IL-10 very early in the course of infection, resulting in a dramatic and selective reduction in MHC class II surface expression. The expression of IL-10 is normally late in the immune response to a pathogen, serving to dampen the response by suppression of the production of inflammatory cytokines. In infection of macrophages, we show that MCMV induces the production of IL-10, leading to an early and selective reduction in the expression of MHC class II on the surface of the cells. Inhibition of MHC class II expression was not observed in the presence of neutralizing Abs to IL-10 or in macrophages from IL-10-deficient mice. Moreover, MCMV-infected IL-10-deficient mice developed an early and significantly more robust macrophage MHC class II induction than normal mice. Altogether, our results demonstrate that viral induction of an IL-10 autocrine pathway plays an essential early role in selectively reducing MHC class II expression on the surface of APC prior to stimulation by IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Ghazal
- †Molecular Biology, Division of Virology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *Immunology and
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Nguyen KB, Biron CA. Synergism for Cytokine-Mediated Disease During Concurrent Endotoxin and Viral Challenges: Roles for NK and T Cell IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Viral infections in humans or mice can result in increased sensitivity to challenges with bacteria, bacterial products, or cytokine administration. During lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections, mice are more sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin LPS, and in the experiments reported here, were observed at up to 10-fold lower doses in infected than in uninfected mice. The mechanisms responsible for heightened susceptibility under these conditions were evaluated. Kinetic studies demonstrated that virus-infected mice had 3- to 50-fold increases over uninfected mice in peak serum TNF, IL-12, and IFN-γ levels after LPS administration. All three cytokines contributed to lethality during dual challenge, because neutralization of any one of the factors protected from death. Production of TNF was not dependent on either NK or T cells. In contrast, these populations were the predominant sources of IFN-γ, as determined by lack of detectable IFN-γ production in NK and T cell-deficient mice and by intracellular cytokine expression in the cell subsets. Concordant with the demonstrations that both cell populations produced IFN-γ and that this factor was critical for lethality, removal of either subset alone was not sufficient to protect mice from death resulting from dual challenges. Increased resistance required absence of both cell subsets. Taken together, the data show that during viral infections, the normally protective immune responses can profoundly modify reactions to secondary heterologous challenges, to result in dysregulated cytokine expression and consequent heightened detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong B. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Christine A. Biron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Ruzek MC, Pearce BD, Miller AH, Biron CA. Endogenous Glucocorticoids Protect Against Cytokine-Mediated Lethality During Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Certain cytokines activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis for glucocorticoid release, and these hormones can protect against cytokine-mediated pathologies. However, endogenous activation of such a pathway has not been established during infections. A prominent glucocorticoid response peaks 36 h following murine CMV (MCMV) infection, coincident with circulating levels of the cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6, and dependent on IL-6 for maximal release. These studies examined functions of the hormone induction. Mice rendered glucocorticoid deficient by adrenalectomy were more susceptible than intact mice to MCMV-induced lethality, and the increased sensitivity was reversed by hormone replacement. Lack of endogenous glucocorticoids resulted in increases in IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6 production, as well as in mRNA expression for a wider range of cytokines, also including IL-1α and IL-1β. Viral burdens did not increase, and actually decreased, in the livers of glucocorticoid-deficient mice. TNF, but not IFN-γ, was required for increased lethality in the absence of endogenous hormone. These results conclusively demonstrate the importance of induced endogenous glucocorticoids in protection against life-threatening effects resulting from infection-elicited cytokine responses. Taken together with the dependence on induced IL-6, they document existence of an immune system-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathway for regulating endogenous responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C. Ruzek
- *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; and
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- †Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Andrew H. Miller
- †Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christine A. Biron
- *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; and
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10
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Oxenius A, Karrer U, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. IL-12 Is Not Required for Induction of Type 1 Cytokine Responses in Viral Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the physiological role of IL-12 in viral infections in terms of T cell cytokine responses involved in virus-specific Ig isotype induction and in antiviral protection, immune responses elicited upon infection of IL-12-deficient mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were studied. Infection of IL-12-deficient mice with LCMV induced a virus-specific type 1 cytokine response as determined by in vitro cytokine secretion patterns as well as by in vivo intracellular cytokine staining of LCMV-specific CD4+ TCR transgenic T cells that had clonally expanded in LCMV-infected IL-12-deficient recipient mice. In addition, LCMV- and VSV-specific IgG responses exhibited normal serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratios, demonstrating again virus-specific CD4+ T cell induction of type 1 phenotype in IL-12-deficient mice upon viral infection. LCMV and VSV immune mice were found to be protected against challenge immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the LCMV- or the VSV-derived glycoprotein, respectively. This protection is known to be mediated by T cell-secreted type 1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. In contrast, IL-12-deficient mice showed impaired abilities to control infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes at early time points after infection. However, at later time points of infection, IL-12-deficient mice were able to clear infection. These findings may indicate that viruses are able to induce type 1 T cell responses in the absence of IL-12 as opposed to some bacterial or parasitical infections that are crucially dependent on the presence of IL-12 for the induction of type 1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Karrer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf M. Zinkernagel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hengartner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Fogler WE, Volker K, Watanabe M, Wigginton JM, Roessler P, Brunda MJ, Ortaldo JR, Wiltrout RH. Recruitment of Hepatic NK Cells by IL-12 Is Dependent on IFN-γ and VCAM-1 and Is Rapidly Down-Regulated by a Mechanism Involving T Cells and Expression of Fas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
NK cells have been shown to be important antitumor or antiviral effector cells in the liver. In the present study we have examined the factors that regulate the initial recruitment and subsequent fate of hepatic NK and T cells in mice treated with IL-12 or IL-2. Daily administration of IL-12 caused a rapid initial increase in NK cells followed by a subsequent decrease that coincided with an accumulation of T cells. The recruitment of hepatic NK cells by IL-12, but not the subsequent T cell infiltrate, was abrogated in IFN-γ−/− mice. In contrast, daily administration of IL-2 caused a sustained increase in liver-associated NK cells that was not diminished in IFN-γ−/− mice. The IL-12-induced recruitment in both hepatic NK and T cells was abrogated by in vivo treatment with anti-VCAM-1 mAbs, while treatment with anti-ICAM-1 Abs decreased only the recruitment of T cells in the IL-12-treated mice. The rapid loss of newly recruited hepatic NK cells in IL-12-treated mice did not occur in SCID mice or in B.MRL-Faslpr (Fas−) and B6Smn.C3H-Faslgld (FasL−) mutant mice, suggesting that T cells can actively eliminate hepatic NK cells through a Fas-dependent mechanism. These findings also imply that during the endogenous innate immune response to infectious agents or tumors or in the host response induced by cytokine therapies, the biologic effects of NK cells may be limited by T cell-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Fogler
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, and
| | - Kirk Volker
- †Science Applications International Corp. Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Morihiro Watanabe
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, and
| | - Jon M. Wigginton
- ‡Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Philip Roessler
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, and
| | | | - John R. Ortaldo
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, and
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12
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Frey M, Packianathan NB, Fehniger TA, Ross ME, Wang WC, Stewart CC, Caligiuri MA, Evans SS. Differential Expression and Function of L-Selectin on CD56bright and CD56dim Natural Killer Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
NK cells are the first line of defense against foreign cells, virally infected cells, and tumors. The mechanisms whereby NK cells accumulate in extralymphoid sites in response to pathogenic stimuli are not well understood. The L-selectin adhesion molecule (CD62L) plays a primary role in mediating the initial interaction of leukocytes with vascular endothelium, a crucial step in the extravasation of immune effector cells into tissues. In this report, we show L-selectin to be uniquely expressed on a subset of resting human NK cells (CD56bright). Notably, CD56bright NK cells expressed L-selectin at a higher density than all other peripheral blood leukocytes. NK activation by PMA, IL-2, IL-15, or TGF-β down-regulated L-selectin on the CD56bright subset, while increased L-selectin levels were observed in both the CD56bright and CD56dim NK subsets in response to IL-12, IL-10, or IFN-α. Moreover, CD56bright NK cells bound with high efficiency to physiologic L-selectin ligands on peripheral lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV). In sharp contrast, CD56dim NK cells adhered poorly to HEV and were predominantly L-selectin− or expressed L-selectin only at low density. In CD56bright cells and a subpopulation of CD56dim cells, L-selectin ligation by mAb cross-linking activated lymphocyte function-associated Ag 1 (LFA-1), a second adhesion molecule required for leukocyte extravasation. LFA-1 was expressed on both NK subsets, although its density was constitutively higher on CD56dim cells. Taken together, evidence of differential expression of L-selectin and LFA-1 on CD56bright and CD56dim NK subsets strongly suggests unique migratory properties and functions of these cells during the early immune response to foreign pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd A. Fehniger
- *Molecular Immunology,
- †Medicine, and
- §Department of Hematology/Oncology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | | | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- *Molecular Immunology,
- †Medicine, and
- §Department of Hematology/Oncology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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13
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Su HC, Cousens LP, Fast LD, Slifka MK, Bungiro RD, Ahmed R, Biron CA. CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Interactions in IFN-γ and IL-4 Responses to Viral Infections: Requirements for IL-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytokine responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections were evaluated, and CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, and IL-2 contributions delineated. In immunocompetent mice, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induced both IFN-γ and IL-4 as well as IL-2. Experiments in mice either β2-microglobulin-deficient, lacking MHC class I molecules and CD8+ T cells, or Aβb-deficient, lacking MHC class II molecules and CD4+ T cells, demonstrated that mixtures of T cell responses were required for optimal ex vivo cytokine productions. Intracellular cytokine expression analyses of cells from immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice showed that CD8+ T cells were predominant IFN-γ producers, and that expansion of CD8+ T cells primed to make IFN-γ was independent of CD4+ T cells in vivo. Studies in IL-2-deficient mice demonstrated that this cytokine promoted IFN-γ and IL-4 responses, and ex vivo experiments showed that exogenous IL-2 was required to maintain high-level IFN-γ production by in vivo-primed CD8+ T cells. Conditions associated with cytokine decreases were accompanied by reduced detectable plasma Ab responses. The results indicate that, although IL-2-dependent CD8+ T cell proliferation does not require endogenous CD4+ T cells, IL-2 production by the CD4+ T cells may promote continued cytokine release from activated CD8+ T cells. By defining these critical steps in cellular and cytokine interactions for shaping endogenous immune responses, the studies advance understanding of the unique conditions regulating CD8+ T cell responses to viral challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loren D. Fast
- †Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; and
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- ‡Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Rafi Ahmed
- ‡Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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14
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McRae BL, Semnani RT, Hayes MP, van Seventer GA. Type I IFNs Inhibit Human Dendritic Cell IL-12 Production and Th1 Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated the role of type I IFNs (IFN-α and -β) in human T cell differentiation using anti-CD3 mAb and allogeneic, in vitro-derived dendritic cells (DC) as APCs. DC were very efficient activators of naive CD4+ T cells, providing necessary costimulation and soluble factors to support Th1 differentiation and expansion. Addition of IFN-αβ to DC/T cell cultures resulted in induction of T cell IL-10 production and inhibition of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LT secretion. Diminished T cell IFN-γ production correlated with IFN-αβ-mediated inhibition of the p40 chain of the IL-12 heterodimer secreted by DC. Suppression of p40 IL-12 and IFN-γ was not due to increased levels of IL-10 in these cultures, and production of IFN-γ could be restored by exogenous IL-12. These data indicate that type I IFNs inhibit DC p40 IL-12 expression, which is required for development of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, when T cells were restimulated without IFN-β, these cells induced less p40 IL-12 from DC, suggesting that the functional properties of T cells may regulate DC function. Thus, IFN-αβ inhibits both IL-12-dependent and independent Th1 cytokine production and provides a mechanism for inhibition of IL-12-mediated immunity in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford L. McRae
- *Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Roshanak Tolouei Semnani
- *Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Mark P. Hayes
- †Division of Cytokine Biology, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gijs A. van Seventer
- *Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
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15
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Schijns VECJ, Haagmans BL, Wierda CMH, Kruithof B, Heijnen IAFM, Alber G, Horzinek MC. Mice Lacking IL-12 Develop Polarized Th1 Cells During Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies in IL-12-deficient mice established the necessity for IL-12 to generate a Th1 cytokine response that is often required for elimination of intracellular pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with a targeted disruption of the IL-12p40 and/or p35 gene effectively control liver damage induced by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection, similar to wild-type animals. In contrast, MHV-infected IFN-γ receptor-deficient (IFN-γR−/−) mice showed an increased susceptibility to coronaviral hepatitis. Surprisingly, MHV-infected mice lacking IL-12 produced a polarized Th1-type cytokine response, as evidenced by high IFN-γ and nondetectable IL-4 production by CD4+ splenocytes and normal virus-specific serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratios. The virus-induced type 1 cytokine secretion pattern was not reversed in IL-12-deficient mice by in vivo neutralization of IFN-γ nor in IFN-γR−/− mice receiving IL-12-neutralizing Abs. In IL-12-deficient mice, Th1-type responses were also generated upon immunization with inactivated MHV. In contrast, following immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, mice lacking IL-12 mounted strongly reduced specific IgG2a and increased IgE responses, indicative of a type 2-dominated cytokine pattern. These findings demonstrate that following a virus infection, IL-12 is not essential for the generation of polarized T cell type 1 cytokine expression and associated immune responses, which is in marked contrast to nonviral systems. Our data suggest that viruses may selectively induce IFN-γ production and Th1-type immune reactions even in the absence of IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil E. C. J. Schijns
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M. H. Wierda
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Kruithof
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gottfried Alber
- ‡Immunology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marian C. Horzinek
- *Virology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Mehrotra PT, Donnelly RP, Wong S, Kanegane H, Geremew A, Mostowski HS, Furuke K, Siegel JP, Bloom ET. Production of IL-10 by Human Natural Killer Cells Stimulated with IL-2 and/or IL-12. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human NK cell activity can be augmented in vitro by stimulation with IL-2 or IL-12, both of which also induce the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage CSF by NK cells. For the first time, we demonstrate that freshly purified NK cells stimulated with IL-2 proliferated and produced IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. IL-10 mRNA expression, as detected by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, reached peak levels at 24 h. IL-10 protein was detectable on day 2 and further increased on days 3 and 6 as measured by ELISA. However, IL-12 alone induced neither substantial proliferation nor detectable IL-10 production by fresh NK cells, but it synergized with IL-2 in inducing IL-10 mRNA expression and protein synthesis. IL-10 production by activated NK cells was confirmed by intracytoplasmic cytokine staining by three-color immunofluorescence of CD16+ and/or CD56+ NK cells with anti-IL-10 antibody. IL-10 production by NK cells was further confirmed in the NK-like cell line, YT, which constitutively expressed IL-10 mRNA and protein. IL-12 alone did not induce NK proliferation, but it inhibited IL-2-induced proliferation. Neutralization of endogenously produced IL-10 with anti-IL-10 antibodies did not overcome the inhibition of IL-2-induced proliferation by IL-12. Together, these results demonstrate that IL-2 and IL-12 synergize to induce IL-10 production by human NK cells and that IL-12 inhibits IL-2 induced NK cell proliferation by an IL-10-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti T. Mehrotra
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
| | | | - Susan Wong
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- ‡Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Amare Geremew
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
| | - Howard S. Mostowski
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
| | - Keizo Furuke
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
| | - Jay P. Siegel
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
| | - Eda T. Bloom
- *Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, and Divisions of
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