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Li H, Niu J, Wang X, Niu M, Liao C. The Contribution of Antimicrobial Peptides to Immune Cell Function: A Review of Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2278. [PMID: 37765247 PMCID: PMC10535326 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel antimicrobial agents to replace antibiotics has become urgent due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, present strong antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. The potential of AMPs as new alternatives to antibiotics has gradually attracted considerable interest. In addition, AMPs exhibit strong anticancer potential as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. Many studies have provided evidence that AMPs can recruit and activate immune cells, controlling inflammation. This review highlights the scientific literature focusing on evidence for the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of different AMPs in immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils. A variety of immunomodulatory characteristics, including the abilities to activate and differentiate immune cells, change the content and expression of inflammatory mediators, and regulate specific cellular functions and inflammation-related signaling pathways, are summarized and discussed in detail. This comprehensive review contributes to a better understanding of the role of AMPs in the regulation of the immune system and provides a reference for the use of AMPs as novel anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Li
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Anmal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (J.N.)
| | - Junhui Niu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Anmal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (J.N.)
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Mingfu Niu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Anmal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (H.L.); (J.N.)
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2
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Dong X, Shan H, Wang S, Jiang Z, Wang S, Qin Z. High expression of antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin-BF in Pichia pastoris and verification of its activity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1153365. [PMID: 37362941 PMCID: PMC10288212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1153365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial peptides are endogenous polypeptides produced by multicellular organisms to protect the host against pathogenic microbes, they show broad spectrum antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms and possess low propensity for developing resistance. The purpose of this study is to develop recombinant antibacterial peptide cathelicidin-BF by genetic engineering and protein engineering technology, and study its antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo, so as to provide reference for the production and application of recombinant antibacterial peptide cathelicidin-BF. In this study, on account of Pichia pastoris eukaryotic expression system, we expressed and prepared antibacterial peptide cathelicidin-BF. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibacterial peptide cathelicidin-BF and the comparison with the antibacterial activity of antibiotics were determined through the antibacterial experiment in vitro. Chickens as infection model were used to verify the antibacterial peptide activity in vivo. The results show that the bacteriostatic ability of antibacterial peptide cathelicidin-BF is similar to that of antibiotics in certain concentration, and can reach the treatment level of antibiotics. Although the mode of administration of antibacterial peptide is still limited, this study can provide reference for the future research of antibacterial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shubai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengjun Jiang
- Shandong Hwatson Biochem Co. Ltd, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shaojuan Wang
- Shandong Hwatson Biochem Co. Ltd, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Napoli MD, Luccia BD, Vitiello G, D'Errico G, Carpentieri A, Pezzella A, Pizzo E, Notomista E, Varcamonti M, Zanfardino A. Characterisation of EFV12 a bio-active small peptide produced by the human intestinal isolate Lactobacillus gasseri SF1109. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:815-824. [PMID: 33245013 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EFV12 is a small bioactive peptide produced by Lactobacillus gasseri SF1109, a human intestinal isolate with probiotic features. In this study, EFV12 antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are characterised. In particular, we propose a possible mechanism of action for EFV12 involving bacterial membranes targeting. Moreover, we show that this small peptide is able to bind lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and to counteract its inflammatory insult preventing LPS action on Toll-like receptor 4, thus interfering with extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases signalling pathways. Altogether these observations suggest that the bioactive peptide EFV12 is a good candidate to promote L. gasseri induced gut homeostasis and counteracting intestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Napoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - B Di Luccia
- Department of Pathology and immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, 425 Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - G Vitiello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napels, Italy
| | - G D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - A Carpentieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - A Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - E Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - E Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - M Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - A Zanfardino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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5
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Tong M, Suttapitugsakul S, Wu R. Effective Method for Accurate and Sensitive Quantitation of Rapid Changes of Newly Synthesized Proteins. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10048-10057. [PMID: 32531160 PMCID: PMC7425198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is quickly and tightly regulated in cells to adapt to the ever-changing extracellular and intracellular environment. Accurate quantitation of rapid protein synthesis changes can provide insights into protein functions and cellular activities, but it is very challenging to achieve because of the lack of effective analysis methods. Here, we developed an effective mass spectrometry-based method named quantitative O-propargyl-puromycin tagging (QOT) by integrating O-propargyl-puromycin (OPP) labeling, bioorthogonal chemistry, and multiplexed proteomics for global and quantitative analysis of rapid protein synthesis. The current method enables us to accurately quantitate rapid changes of newly synthesized proteins because, unlike amino acids and their analogs, OPP can be utilized by the ribosome immediately without being activated and conjugated to tRNA, and thus cell starvation or pretreatment is not required. This method was applied to quantitate rapid changes of protein synthesis in THP-1 macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For 15-min labeling, >3000 proteins were quantitated, and the synthesis of 238 proteins was significantly altered, including transcription factors and cytokines. The results demonstrated that protein synthesis was modulated to facilitate protein secretion in macrophages in response to LPS. Considering the importance of protein synthesis, this method can be extensively applied to investigate rapid changes of protein synthesis in the biological and biomedical research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Suttipong Suttapitugsakul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Ion R, Necula MG, Mazare A, Mitran V, Neacsu P, Schmuki P, Cimpean A. Drug Delivery Systems Based on Titania Nanotubes and Active Agents for Enhanced Osseointegration of Bone Implants. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:854-902. [PMID: 31362646 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190726123229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) are attractive nanostructures for localized drug delivery. Owing to their excellent biocompatibility and physicochemical properties, numerous functionalizations of TNTs have been attempted for their use as therapeutic agent delivery platforms. In this review, we discuss the current advances in the applications of TNT-based delivery systems with an emphasis on the various functionalizations of TNTs for enhancing osteogenesis at the bone-implant interface and for preventing implant-related infection. Innovation of therapies for enhancing osteogenesis still represents a critical challenge in regeneration of bone defects. The overall concept focuses on the use of osteoconductive materials in combination with the use of osteoinductive or osteopromotive factors. In this context, we highlight the strategies for improving the functionality of TNTs, using five classes of bioactive agents: growth factors (GFs), statins, plant derived molecules, inorganic therapeutic ions/nanoparticles (NPs) and antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Georgiana Necula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Mazare
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Materials Science, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentina Mitran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Patricia Neacsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Patrik Schmuki
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Materials Science, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anisoara Cimpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Antimicrobial activity of protein-containing fractions isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496 culture. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1289-1296. [PMID: 32232745 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496, has increased in recent years as bio-preservatives, due to the production of secondary metabolites capable of inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and the anti-inflammatory response of L. plantarum NRRL B-4496 cell-free supernatant (CFS). Furthermore, the CFS was fractionated by size exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-25, and a minimal inhibitory volume test was determined against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. The cytotoxicity and the inflammatory activities of the fractions were evaluated using the human-derived THP-1 cell line. Results of this study indicates that CFS of L. plantarum NRRL B-4496 possesses antimicrobial protein compounds against the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and showed no toxicity nor a pro-inflammatory response to human macrophages. The obtained results contribute to the development of novel bio-preservatives, L. plantarum cell-free supernatant or its fractions, with a potential use in the food industry.
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8
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Potential role of a series of lysine-/leucine-rich antimicrobial peptide in inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Biochem J 2018; 475:3687-3706. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have broad-spectrum killing activities against bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi and several parasites via cell membrane permeation and exhibit primarily immunomodulatory and anti-infective functions in their interactions with host cells. However, the mechanism underlying their anti-inflammatory activity remains to be elucidated. L-K6, an analog of temporin-1CEb isolated from the skin secretion of Rana chensinensis, has demonstrated a wide range of antimicrobial activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In this study, the potent anti-inflammatory mechanism of L-K6 and its analogs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophage U937 cells were evaluated. We found that L-K6 suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors by two downstream signaling components in the MyD88-dependent pathway, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the NF (nuclear factor)-κB signaling pathway, but its analog L-K5, which had the same amino acid sequence as L-K6 but no Lys residue at the –COOH terminal, only inhibited the phosphorylation of I-κB and NF-κB. Importantly, L-K6 and L-K5 were actively taken up by U937 cells through an independent cell membrane disruption mechanism and were eventually localized to the perinuclear region. The L-K6 uptake process was mediated by endocytosis, but L-K5 was specifically taken up by U937 cells via TLR4 endocytosis. Our results demonstrated that L-K6 can neutralize LPS and diassociate LPS micelles to inhibit LPS from triggering the proinflammatory signaling pathway, and by partially inhibiting inflammatory responses by the intracellular target. However, L-K5 may mainly inhibit proinflammatory responses by intracellular reporters to modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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LncRNA HOTAIR regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine expression and inflammatory response in macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15670. [PMID: 30353135 PMCID: PMC6199307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as major regulators of a variety of cell signaling processes. Many lncRNAs are expressed in immune cells and appear to play critical roles in the regulation of immune response. Here, we have investigated the potential role of a well-known lncRNA, HOTAIR, in inflammatory and immune response. Our studies demonstrate that HOTAIR expression is induced in immune cells (macrophages) upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knockdown of HOTAIR reduces NF-κB-mediated inflammatory gene and cytokine expression in macrophages. Inhibition of NF-κB resulted in down-regulation of LPS-induced expression of HOTAIR as well as IL-6 and iNOS expression. We further demonstrated that HOTAIR regulates activation of NF-κB and its target genes (IL-6 and iNOS) expression via facilitating the degradation of IκBα. HOTAIR knockdown reduces the expression of NF-κB target gene expression via inhibiting the recruitment of NF-κB and associated cofactors at the target gene promoters. Taken together, our findings suggest that HOTAIR is a critical player in NF-κB activation in macrophages suggesting its potential functions in inflammatory and immune response.
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Wu D, Gao Y, Tan Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhou M, Xi X, Ma C, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Chen T, Shaw C. Discovery of Distinctin-Like-Peptide-PH (DLP-PH) From the Skin Secretion of Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, a Prototype of a Novel Family of Antimicrobial Peptide. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 29628917 PMCID: PMC5876494 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions are an important treasure house of bioactive antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Despite having been the focus of decades of research in this context, investigations of phyllomedusine frogs continue to identify new AMPs from their skin secretions. In this study, the prototype of a novel family of AMP distinctin-like-peptide-PH (DLP-PH) was identified from the skin secretion of the otherwise well-studied Tiger-Legged Tree Frog Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis through cloning of its precursor-encoding cDNA from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library by a 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) strategy. Subsequently, the mature peptide was isolated and characterized using reverse-phase HPLC and MS/MS fragmentation sequencing. DLP-PH adopted an α-helical conformation in membrane mimetic solution and demonstrated unique structural features with two distinct domains that differed markedly in their physiochemical properties. Chemically synthesized replicates of DLP-PH showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic bacterial and yeast cells, but more potent against Escherichia coli at 32 μg/mL. However, DLP-PH showed much weaker inhibitory activity against the growth of sessile cells in biofilms. In addition, DLP-PH exhibited anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cell lines, H157, and PC3, but with no major toxicity against normal human cell, HMEC-1. These combined properties make DLP-PH deserving further study as an antimicrobial agent and further investigations of its structure-activity relationship could provide valuable new insights into drug lead candidates for antimicrobial and/or anti-cancer purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Yitian Gao
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Yining Tan
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Yuzhang Liu
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Wang
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Zhou
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Xinping Xi
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chengbang Ma
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf R P Bininda-Emonds
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU-Faculty V, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tianbao Chen
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Shaw
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections remains very difficult due to its capacity to survive intracellularly and its multidrug resistance. In this study, the extracellular/intracellular activities of plectasin derivatives-MP1102/NZ2114 were investigated against three methicillin-susceptible/-resistant S. aureus (MSSA/MRSA) strains in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mice to overcome poor intracellular activity. Antibacterial activities decreased 4–16-fold under a mimic phagolysosomal environment. MP1102/NZ2114 were internalized into the cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis and distributed in the cytoplasm; they regulated tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 levels. The extracellular maximal relative efficacy (Emax) values of MP1102/NZ2114 towards the three S. aureus strains were >5-log decrease in colony forming units (CFU). In the methicillin-resistant and virulent strains, MP1102/NZ2114 exhibited intracellular bacteriostatic efficacy with an Emax of 0.42–1.07-log CFU reduction. In the MSSA ATCC25923 mouse peritonitis model, 5 mg/kg MP1102/NZ2114 significantly reduced the bacterial load at 24 h, which was superior to vancomycin. In MRSA ATCC43300, their activity was similar to that of vancomycin. The high virulent CVCC546 strain displayed a relatively lower efficiency, with log CFU decreases of 2.88–2.91 (total), 3.41–3.50 (extracellular) and 2.11–2.51 (intracellular) compared with vancomycin (3.70). This suggests that MP1102/NZ2114 can be used as candidates for treating intracellular S. aureus.
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Sanjaya A, Elder JR, Shah DH. Identification of new CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs that induce expression of interleukin-1β and nitric oxide in avian macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:1-7. [PMID: 29042009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs are known to stimulate mammalian toll-like receptor-9 expressing cells such as macrophages. However, the magnitude of immune-stimulation by CpG-motif can be sequence- and host-specific, implying the importance of identifying new immune-stimulatory motifs. This study aimed to determine the frequency distribution of 256 unique hexamers CpG-motifs in the Salmonella genome and to characterize their immune-stimulatory activity in avian host. We synthesized 256 CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) each containing triplicates of a unique hexamer CpG-motif and tested their ability to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in avian macrophages using q-RT PCR in four rounds of screening assays. CpG-ODNs that induced significantly higher IL-1β expression were also subjected to Griess assay to determine their ability to induce nitric oxide (NO) production in avian macrophages. This analysis resulted in identification of 7 CpG-ODNs that consistently induced IL-1β expression and NO production in avian macrophages at a level similar to the expression achieved using commercially available PTO-CpG-ODN 2007 and LPS derived from Salmonella. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing comprehensive screening of all possible unique CpG hexamer (n=256) motifs for their ability to induce IL-1β expression and NO production in avian macrophages. We also show that the newly identified CpG-motifs with high immune-stimulatory activity are widely distributed in Salmonella genome. The CpG-ODNs identified in this study may serve as promising immunoprophylactics to potentiate innate responses in chickens against Salmonella and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Sanjaya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Jacob R Elder
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States; Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States.
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Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:80-92. [PMID: 26662484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.
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Buri MV, Torquato HFV, Barros CC, Ide JS, Miranda A, Paredes-Gamero EJ. Comparison of Cytotoxic Activity in Leukemic Lineages Reveals Important Features of β-Hairpin Antimicrobial Peptides. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1764-1773. [PMID: 27987312 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several reports described different modes of cell death triggered by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) due to direct effects on membrane disruption, and more recently by apoptosis and necrosis-like patterns. Cytotoxic curves of four β-hairpin AMPs (gomesin, protegrin, tachyplesin, and polyphemusin) were obtained from several human leukemic lineages and normal monocytes and Two cell lines were then selected based on their cytotoxic sensitivity. One was sensitive to AMPs (K562) and the other resistant (KG-1) and their effect compared between these lineages. Thus, these lineages were chosen to further investigate biological features related with their cytotoxicities to AMPs. Stimulation with AMPs produced cell death, with activation of caspase-3, in K562 lineage. Increase on the fluidity of plasmatic membrane by reducing cholesterol potentiated cytotoxicity of AMPs in both lineages. Quantification of internal and external gomesin binding to the cellular membrane of both K562 and KG-1 cells showed that more peptide is accumulated inside of K562 cells. Additionally, evaluation of multi-drug resistant pumps activity showed that KG-1 has more activity than K562 lineage. A comparison of intrinsic gene patterns showed great differences between K562 and KG-1, but stimulation with gomesin promoted few changes in gene expression patterns. Differences in internalization process through the plasma membrane, multidrug resistance pumps activity, and gene expression pattern are important features to AMPs regulated cell death. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1764-1773, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V Buri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Heron F Vieira Torquato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Castilho Barros
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro, n°1, 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06519, Connecticut
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquı́mica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200. Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
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15
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Bowdish DM, Hancock RE. Anti-endotoxin properties of cationic host defence peptides and proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system of mammals contains a series of peptides with overall positive charge and an amphipathic structure which have a variety of important properties in host defences. Although these are often termed cationic antimicrobial peptides, they have numerous roles in innate defences in all complex species of life and thus we prefer to refer to them as host defence peptides. These roles include: (i) an ability to kill micro-organisms directly, ranging from bacteria to viruses, fungi, parasites and helminths; (ii) an adjuvant activity in the adaptive response; and (iii) a multiplicity of roles in modulating innate immunity, including an apparent ability to stimulate protective innate immunity while suppressing harmful inflammatory/septic responses. This latter property may be one of the more important activities of these peptides in vivo. Innate immunity is thought to be triggered by the interaction of conserved bacterial components with particular receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells. However, the initiation of the innate immune response through this route may trigger a pro-inflammatory cascade that is the principle cause of harmful conditions such as sepsis. Since we are exposed to potentially dangerous pathogens on a daily basis, the host response must contain certain checks and balances. We propose that host defence peptides have a role in feed-back modulation of inflammation under normal (low-pathogen exposure) conditions. This review surveys the available information regarding the antiendotoxic/anti-inflammatory properties of host defence peptides, and will address whether this potential might be exploited for therapeutic benefit in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M.E. Bowdish
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E.W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
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16
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Pane K, Sgambati V, Zanfardino A, Smaldone G, Cafaro V, Angrisano T, Pedone E, Di Gaetano S, Capasso D, Haney EF, Izzo V, Varcamonti M, Notomista E, Hancock REW, Di Donato A, Pizzo E. A new cryptic cationic antimicrobial peptide from human apolipoprotein E with antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory effects on human cells. FEBS J 2016; 283:2115-31. [PMID: 27028511 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) possess fast and broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as fungi. It has become increasingly evident that many AMPs, including those that derive from fragments of host proteins, are multifunctional and able to mediate various immunomodulatory functions and angiogenesis. Among these, synthetic apolipoprotein-derived peptides are safe and well tolerated in humans and have emerged as promising candidates in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Here, we report the characterization of a new AMP corresponding to residues 133-150 of human apolipoprotein E. Our results show that this peptide, produced either by chemical synthesis or by recombinant techniques in Escherichia coli, possesses a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. As shown for several other AMPs, ApoE (133-150) is structured in the presence of TFE and of membrane-mimicking agents, like SDS, or bacterial surface lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and an anionic polysaccharide, alginate, which mimics anionic capsular exo-polysaccharides of several pathogenic microorganisms. Noteworthy, ApoE (133-150) is not toxic toward several human cell lines and triggers a significant innate immune response, assessed either as decreased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in differentiated THP-1 monocytic cells or by the induction of chemokines released from PBMCs. This novel bioactive AMP also showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect on human keratinocytes, suggesting its potential use as a model for designing new immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pane
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valeria Sgambati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Zanfardino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Gaetano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Evan F Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Mario Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alberto Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Shah P, Hsiao FSH, Ho YH, Chen CS. The proteome targets of intracellular targeting antimicrobial peptides. Proteomics 2016; 16:1225-37. [PMID: 26648572 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have been considered well-deserving candidates to fight the battle against microorganisms due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Several studies have suggested that membrane disruption is the basic mechanism of AMPs that leads to killing or inhibiting microorganisms. Also, AMPs have been reported to interact with macromolecules inside the microbial cells such as nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), protein synthesis, essential enzymes, membrane septum formation and cell wall synthesis. Proteins are associated with many intracellular mechanisms of cells, thus protein targets may be specifically involved in mechanisms of action of AMPs. AMPs like pyrrhocoricin, drosocin, apidecin and Bac 7 are documented to have protein targets, DnaK and GroEL. Moreover, the intracellular targeting AMPs are reported to influence more than one protein targets inside the cell, suggesting for the multiple modes of actions. This complex mechanism of intracellular targeting AMPs makes them more difficult for the development of resistance. Herein, we have summarized the current status of AMPs in terms of their mode of actions, entry to cytoplasm and inhibition of macromolecules. To reveal the mechanism of action, we have focused on AMPs with intracellular protein targets. We have also included the use of high-throughput proteome microarray to determine the unidentified AMP protein targets in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Shah
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Felix Shih-Hsiang Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Ho
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
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Li J, Csakai A, Jin J, Zhang F, Yin H. Therapeutic Developments Targeting Toll-like Receptor-4-Mediated Neuroinflammation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:154-65. [PMID: 26136385 PMCID: PMC4983275 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play an important role in the immune system, which warrants study of their remarkable potential as pharmacological targets. Activation of TLRs requires participation from specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and accessory proteins such as myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and cluster differentiation antigen 14 (CD14). Assembly of the TLR4-MD2-LPS complex is essential in TLR4 activation. Recent studies have revealed that TLR4 activation is a significant trigger of signal transmission pathways in the nervous system, which could result in chronic pain as well as opioid tolerance and dependence. Researchers of the molecular structure of TLRs and their accessory proteins have opened a door to syntheses of TLRs agonists and antagonists, such as eritoran. Small-molecule modulators of TLR4, such as MD2-I and tricyclic antidepressants, offer more promising prospects than peptides, given their convenience in oral administration and lower cost. Herein we mainly discuss the mechanisms and clinical prospects of TLR4 agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Adam Csakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA
| | - Jialin Jin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100082, China
- Physikalisch-Astronomische Fakultät, Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100032, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA.
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100082, China.
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A cecropin-like antimicrobial peptide with anti-inflammatory activity from the black fly salivary glands. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:561. [PMID: 26497304 PMCID: PMC4620007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) belonging to the cecropin family have been identified from the salivary glands of different black fly species, however, the immunological functions for these molecules were poorly understood. METHODS A novel cecropin-like antimicrobial peptide (SibaCec) was purified using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) from the salivary glands of the black fly Simulium bannaense. The amino acid sequence of SibaCec was determined by a combination method of automated Edman degradation and cDNA sequencing. The morphologic changes of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli treated with SibaCec were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nitric oxide (NO) generation was examined using a Griess assay and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) were assessed by Western blotting analysis. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the secondary structure of SibaCec in solvent environment. Interaction of SibaCec with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- conjugated LPS aggregates. Neutralization of LPS by SibaCec was assayed with the chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. qPCR was also used to analyze the expression of SibaCec mRNA in the salivary glands of insects after oral infection with the bacteria E.coli. RESULTS SibaCec possessed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, and showed low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. SEM analysis indicated that SibaCec killed bacteria through the disruption of cell membrane integrity. Furthermore, SibaCec significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-6 (IL-6) by blocking the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. It mainly adopted an α-helix conformation in membrane-mimetic environments. SibaCec could interact and neutralize LPS. Infection of black flies with bacteria caused an upregulation of the expression of SibaCec. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that in addition to the bactericidal capacity, SibaCec can function as immune regulator, inhibiting host secretion of inflammatory factors.
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Mandal SM, Silva ON, Franco OL. Recombinant probiotics with antimicrobial peptides: a dual strategy to improve immune response in immunocompromised patients. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1045-50. [PMID: 24881782 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infectious diseases are currently a serious health problem, especially in patients compromised by illness or those receiving immune-suppressant drugs. In this context, it is not only essential to improve the understanding of infectious mechanisms and host response but also to discover novel therapies with extreme urgency. Probiotics and antimicrobial peptides are also favorably viewed as novel strategies in the control of resistant bacteria. The present review will shed some light on the use of probiotic microorganisms expressing antimicrobial peptides as a dual therapy to control bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Osmar N Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises, Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises, Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil.
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Brogden KA, Johnson GK, Vincent SD, Abbasi T, Vali S. Oral inflammation, a role for antimicrobial peptide modulation of cytokine and chemokine responses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:1097-113. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.836059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Antimicrobial peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1543-75. [PMID: 24287494 PMCID: PMC3873676 DOI: 10.3390/ph6121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in drug-resistant infections has presented a serious challenge to antimicrobial therapies. The failure of the most potent antibiotics to kill “superbugs” emphasizes the urgent need to develop other control agents. Here we review the history and new development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a growing class of natural and synthetic peptides with a wide spectrum of targets including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. We summarize the major types of AMPs, their modes of action, and the common mechanisms of AMP resistance. In addition, we discuss the principles for designing effective AMPs and the potential of using AMPs to control biofilms (multicellular structures of bacteria embedded in extracellular matrixes) and persister cells (dormant phenotypic variants of bacterial cells that are highly tolerant to antibiotics).
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23
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Cuperus T, Coorens M, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Avian host defense peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:352-369. [PMID: 23644014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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24
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides toward the Development of Novel Antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1055-81. [PMID: 24276381 PMCID: PMC3817730 DOI: 10.3390/ph6081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents have eradicated many infectious diseases and significantly improved our living environment. However, abuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and there is an urgent need for novel antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel class of antimicrobial agents because AMPs efficiently kill a wide range of species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, via a novel mechanism of action. In addition, they are effective against pathogens that are resistant to almost all conventional antibiotics. AMPs have promising properties; they directly disrupt the functions of cellular membranes and nucleic acids, and the rate of appearance of AMP-resistant strains is very low. However, as pharmaceuticals, AMPs exhibit unfavorable properties, such as instability, hemolytic activity, high cost of production, salt sensitivity, and a broad spectrum of activity. Therefore, it is vital to improve these properties to develop novel AMP treatments. Here, we have reviewed the basic biochemical properties of AMPs and the recent strategies used to modulate these properties of AMPs to enhance their safety.
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25
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Marotte H, Tsou PS, Rabquer BJ, Pinney AJ, Fedorova T, Lalwani N, Koch AE. Blocking of interferon regulatory factor 1 reduces tumor necrosis factor α-induced interleukin-18 bioactivity in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by induction of interleukin-18 binding protein a: role of the nuclear interferon regulatory factor 1-NF-κB-c-jun complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3253-62. [PMID: 21834067 DOI: 10.1002/art.30583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced interleukin-18 binding protein a (IL-18BPa) expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). METHODS TNFα-induced IRF-1 expression was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The effect of TNFα on IRF-1 was assessed using nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts, Western blots, and immunofluorescence. Chemical inhibitors of NF-κB or MAP kinases were used to analyze the signaling pathways of TNFα-induced IRF-1 expression and IRF-1 nuclear translocation. Control and IRF-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to analyze the effect of IRF-1 down-regulation on TNFα-induced IL-18BP expression. IL-18BPa expression was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IL-18 was assessed at the transcription and bioactivity levels using KG-1 cells. RESULTS TNFα induced RASF IRF-1 expression at the messenger RNA and protein levels, with a maximal effect at 2 hours (P < 0.05; n ≥ 3). Furthermore, TNFα induced nuclear translocation of IRF-1, with maximal translocation at 2 hours (∼6 fold-induction) (P < 0.05; n = 4). Blocking of the NF-κB or JNK-2 pathways reduced TNFα-induced IRF-1 nuclear translocation by 35% and 50%, respectively (P < 0.05; n ≥ 4). Using siRNA to knock down IRF-1, we observed reduced IL-18BPa expression. Additionally, IL-18 bioactivity was higher when siRNA was used to knock down IRF-1 expression. CONCLUSION These results show that IRF-1 is a key regulator of IL-18BPa expression and IL-18 bioactivity in RASFs. Regulation of IRF-1 will be a new therapeutic target in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Marotte
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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Aoki W, Kuroda K, Ueda M. Next generation of antimicrobial peptides as molecular targeted medicines. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:365-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Popovic S, Urbán E, Lukic M, Conlon JM. Peptides with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities that have therapeutic potential for treatment of acne vulgaris. Peptides 2012; 34:275-82. [PMID: 22374306 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial involving infection of the pilosebaceous unit with Propionibacterium acnes and a cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. Five frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides ([D4k]ascaphin-8, [G4K]XT-7, [T5k]temporin-DRa, brevinin-2GU, and B2RP-ERa), chosen for their low hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes, were assessed for their effects on the growth of clinical isolates of P. acnes and on the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. All peptides inhibited the growth of P. acnes with the highest potency exhibited by [D4k]ascaphin-8 (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC=3-12.5 μM). Release of TNF-α from concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated PBM cells was significantly reduced by [D4k]ascaphin-8, [G4K]XT-7, brevinin-2GU, and B2RP-ERa (1 and 20 μg/ml) and by [T5k]temporin-DRa (20 μg/ml). Release of IFN-γ from unstimulated PBM cells was significantly reduced by [D4k]ascaphin-8 and brevinin-2GU (1 and 20 μg/ml). No peptide showed significant effects on Il-17 release. Release of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10 from both unstimulated and ConA-treated PBM cells was significantly increased by [T5k]temporin-DRa and B2RP-ERa (1 and 20μg/ml). The potent activities of [D4k]ascaphin-8 and [T5k]temporin-DRa in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines suggest a possible therapeutic role in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Popovic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
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Additive, antagonistic, and synergistic effects of procyanidins and polyunsaturated fatty acids over inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. Nutrition 2012; 28:447-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dose-response effects of an antimicrobial peptide, a cecropin hybrid, on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, bacterial counts in the digesta and intestinal morphology in broilers. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1756-63. [PMID: 22251659 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511007240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of an antimicrobial peptide, cecropin A(1-11)-D(12-37)-Asn (CADN), as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) in poultry diets. A total of 1500 14-d-old indigenous male chickens (222 (sd 13) g) were randomly allocated to five groups with five replicate cages of sixty birds each, and fed ad libitum five grower diets and subsequently five finisher diets for 14 d each. The diets were made up by supplementing their basal diets with a CADN liquid sample (CADNL) at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ml/kg, respectively. During the feeding period, a metabolic experiment was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility of diethyl ether extract, nitrogen retention and apparent metabolisable energy of the diet sample fed to each cage of chicks. At the end of the feeding experiment, one chick from each cage was killed for bacteriological, light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination of the intestinal villi. CADN had a negative linear, positive quadratic and negative linear effect on feed intake (F), weight gain (G) and feed:gain ratio (F:G), respectively, for the growers; it had a quadratic effect on F, G or F:G for the finishers; it increased nutrient utilisation for both growers and finishers; it decreased aerobic bacterial counts in both jejunal and caecal digesta in a dose-dependent manner; it enhanced intestinal villus heights in a dose-dependent manner and made the duodenum villi of the CADNL8 group at 42 d appear as a netted leaf-like structure. CADN is therefore a possible alternative to AGP in broiler feeds.
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Enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol and EPA in treated endotoxin-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1562-73. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511007057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in immunogenic challenges by producing reactive oxygen species, NO and proinflammatory cytokines that can aggravate and propagate local inflammation. Multiple mechanisms regulate these inflammatory processes. NF-κB and activator protein 1 pathways are crucial in the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1 (α or β) and -6. Some polyphenols, which are present in beverages, vegetables and fruits, and PUFA, which are present in marine oils and fish food, possess anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. Our aim in the present study was to assess whether polyphenols and PUFA have synergistic anti-inflammatory effects in murine macrophages in vitro. Inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages was induced by lipopolysaccharide at 100 ng/ml. The treatments with molecules were performed by co-incubation for 19 h. A NO production assay by Griess reaction, a phosphoprotein assay by Pathscan ELISA kit and gene expression analysis using the TaqMan® Low-density Array for ninety-one genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolism were performed to assess the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and resveratrol (Res; 2·5 μg/ml), and the PUFA, DHA and EPA (30 μm). Adding Res+EPA had an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect, in comparison with EPA and Res alone, leading to decreased NO levels; modulating the phospho-stress activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase (P-SAPK/JNK) level; down-regulating proinflammatory genes, such as IL, chemokines, transcription factors; and up-regulating several antioxidant genes. Therefore, this combination has a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than either of these molecules separately in RAW macrophages.
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Pasupuleti M, Schmidtchen A, Malmsten M. Antimicrobial peptides: key components of the innate immune system. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 32:143-71. [PMID: 22074402 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2011.594423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening infectious diseases are on their way to cause a worldwide crisis, as treating them effectively is becoming increasingly difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form an ancient type of innate immunity found universally in all living organisms, providing a principal first-line of defense against the invading pathogens. The unique diverse function and architecture of AMPs has attracted considerable attention by scientists, both in terms of understanding the basic biology of the innate immune system, and as a tool in the design of molecular templates for new anti-infective drugs. AMPs are gene-encoded short (<100 amino acids), amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and cationic amino acids arranged spatially, which exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. AMPs have been the subject of natural evolution, as have the microbes, for hundreds of millions of years. Despite this long history of co-evolution, AMPs have not lost their ability to kill or inhibit the microbes totally, nor have the microbes learnt to avoid the lethal punch of AMPs. AMPs therefore have potential to provide an important breakthrough and form the basis for a new class of antibiotics. In this review, we would like to give an overview of cationic antimicrobial peptides, origin, structure, functions, and mode of action of AMPs, which are highly expressed and found in humans, as well as a brief discussion about widely abundant, well characterized AMPs in mammals, in addition to pharmaceutical aspects and the additional functions of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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33
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Andrès E. Cationic antimicrobial peptides in clinical development, with special focus on thanatin and heliomicin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:881-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peri F, Piazza M. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:251-60. [PMID: 21664961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Early recognition of invading bacteria by the innate immune system has a crucial function in antibacterial defense by triggering inflammatory responses that prevent the spread of infection and suppress bacterial growth. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the innate immunity receptor of bacterial endotoxins, plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory responses. TLR4 activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is achieved by the coordinate and sequential action of three other proteins, LBP, CD14 and MD-2 receptors, that bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and present it to TLR4 by forming the activated (TLR4-MD-2-LPS)(2) complex. Small molecules active in modulating the TLR4 activation process have great pharmacological interest as vaccine adjuvants, immunotherapeutics or antisepsis and anti-inflammatory agents. In this review we present natural and synthetic molecules active in inhibiting TLR4-mediated LPS signalling in humans and their therapeutic potential. New pharmacological applications of TLR4 antagonists will be also presented related to the recently discovered role of TLR4 in the insurgence and progression of neuropathic pain and sterile inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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35
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Lin MC, Lin SB, Lee SC, Lin CC, Hui CF, Chen JY. Antimicrobial peptide of an anti-lipopolysaccharide factor modulates of the inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells. Peptides 2010; 31:1262-72. [PMID: 20385189 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, to clarify the protective mechanism of a peptide from shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factor (SALF) against endotoxin shock, we evaluated the effects of the SALF and LPS on the production and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alphain vitro using the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Stimulation by LPS induced the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the SALF was able to modulate TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Microarray studies revealed a transcriptional profile which was assessed in the presence or absence of the SALF by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pretreatment with the SALF significantly downregulated the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in the presence of LPS. In contrast, pretreatment with the SALF significantly elevated the expressions of Anp32a, CLU, and SLPI, which are considered to be immune-related genes in the presence of LPS. Inhibitor studies suggested that the SALF's modulation of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production involved a complex mechanism with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, calcium, and protein kinase C. The data from this study, which imply that the SALF can suppress TNF-alpha production, suggest a role for the SALF in the defense mechanism which can potentially be applied to mammals for endotoxin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ching Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
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Yu PL, Cross ML, Haverkamp RG. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of an ovine proline/arginine-rich cathelicidin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:288-91. [PMID: 20031378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In in vitro co-culture experiments, the ovine-derived cathelicidin OaBac5mini showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli cells and modulated production of a cytokine by a mammalian inflammatory cell type (macrophage). Using atomic force microscopy, the morphology of peptide-treated E. coli bacteria showed no cell lysis, indicating an intracellular mode of action of the peptide leading to bacterial cell inhibition. At a concentration of 50microg/mL OaBac5mini, the peptide suppressed production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 by murine J774A cells that had been stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan; levels of other cytokines were unaffected. Thus, certain cationic peptides can enter and disrupt invading Gram-negative pathogens and may be able to modulate inflammatory responses induced by Gram-positive bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Lam Yu
- Biotechnology Group, School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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37
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Assay systems for measurement of anti-inflammatory activity. Methods Mol Biol 2010. [PMID: 20094874 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-594-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cationic antimicrobial peptides possess potent microbicidal properties. Recent studies show that in addition to their antimicrobial action, these peptides can exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this chapter is to describe in vivo ear inflammation models that can be used for evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of antimicrobial peptides. The models are based on different mechanisms of inflammation development and include irritant dermatitis (a model induced by a single application of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [TPA]) and allergic dermatitis, or delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (a model induced by repetitive application of oxazolone).
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38
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Subramanian S, Ross NW, MacKinnon SL. Myxinidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the epidermal mucus of hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:748-757. [PMID: 19330556 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish epidermal mucus contains innate immune components that provide a first line of defense against various infectious pathogens. This study reports the bioassay-guided fractionation and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide, myxinidin, from the acidic epidermal mucus extract of hagfish (Myxine glutinosa L.). Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed that myxinidin consists of 12 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 1,327.68 Da. Myxinidin showed activity against a broad range of bacteria and yeast pathogens at minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 microg/mL. Screened pathogens, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium C610, Escherichia coli D31, Aeromonas salmonicida A449, Yersinia ruckeri 96-4, and Listonella anguillarum 02-11 were found to be highly sensitive to myxinidin at the MBC of 1.0-2.5 microg/mL; Staphylococcus epidermis C621 and yeast (Candida albicans C627) had an MBC of 10.0 microg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of myxinidin was found to be two to 16 times more active than a potent fish-derived antimicrobial peptide, pleurocidin (NRC-17), against most of the screened pathogens. The microbicidal activity of myxinidin was retained in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) at concentrations up to 0.3 M and had no hemolytic activity against mammalian red blood cells. These results suggest that myxinidin may have potential applications in fish and human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Subramanian
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 3Z1
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Terova G, Forchino A, Rimoldi S, Brambilla F, Antonini M, Saroglia M. Bio-Mos: an effective inducer of dicentracin gene expression in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:372-7. [PMID: 19393760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Concern over the use of dietary antibiotics in aquaculture has encouraged the industry to search for alternatives that both enhance performance and afford protection from disease. Bio-Mos, derived from the outer cell wall of a specific strain of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alltech Inc, USA) is a product that fits these criteria. Here, we present data on the impact of a Bio-Mos supplemented diet on the mRNA copy number of the antimicrobial peptide dicentracin, whose transcript regulation has not yet been explored in fish.We analyzed Bio-Mos-induced changes in the expression of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) dicentracin,using a one-tube two-temperature real-time RT-PCR with which the gene expression can be absolutely quantified using the standard curve method. Our results revealed that 30 days of feeding fish with diets containing Bio-Mos supplemented at either 3 per thousand or 5 per thousand significantly increased the dicentracin mRNA copy number in the head kidney. Furthermore, the mRNA copy number in fish fed at 3 per thousand was significantly higher than that of the group fed at 5 per thousand for the same period of feeding Bio-Mos. A longer feeding period (60 days)did not further increase the dicentracin transcript levels as compared to the values recorded after 30 days of feeding either in the group fed at 3 per thousand or in the one fed at 5 per thousand diet. However, the transcript levels in fish fed at 3 per thousand proved to be significantly higher than those of the controls after 60 days of feeding. These findings offer new information about the response of antimicrobial peptides at the transcriptional level to diets supplemented with immune response modulators, and support a role of Bio-Mos in promoting sea bass nonspecific immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy.
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40
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Garlapati S, Facci M, Polewicz M, Strom S, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri G, Hancock REW, Elliott MR, Gerdts V. Strategies to link innate and adaptive immunity when designing vaccine adjuvants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 128:184-91. [PMID: 19042032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are important components of vaccine formulations. Their functions include the delivery of antigen, recruitment of specific immune cells to the site of immunization, activation of these cells to create an inflammatory microenvironment, and maturation of antigen-presenting cells for enhancement of antigen-uptake and -presentation in secondary lymphoid tissues. Adjuvants include a large family of molecules and substances, many of which were developed empirically and without knowledge of their specific mechanisms of action. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like-, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)- and mannose-receptors, has significantly advanced the field of adjuvant research. It is now clear that effective adjuvants link innate and adaptive immunity by signaling through a combination of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Research in our lab is focused towards the development of novel adjuvants and immunomodulators that can be used to improve neonatal vaccines for humans and animals. Using a neonatal pig model for pertussis, we are currently analyzing the effectiveness of host defence peptides (HDPs), bacterial DNA and polyphosphazenes as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Garlapati
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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41
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Bishop RE. Structural biology of membrane-intrinsic beta-barrel enzymes: sentinels of the bacterial outer membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1778:1881-96. [PMID: 17880914 PMCID: PMC5007122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria are replete with integral membrane proteins that exhibit antiparallel beta-barrel structures, but very few of these proteins function as enzymes. In Escherichia coli, only three beta-barrel enzymes are known to exist in the outer membrane; these are the phospholipase OMPLA, the protease OmpT, and the phospholipidColon, two colonslipid A palmitoyltransferase PagP, all of which have been characterized at the structural level. Structural details have also emerged for the outer membrane beta-barrel enzyme PagL, a lipid A 3-O-deacylase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lipid A can be further modified in the outer membrane by two beta-barrel enzymes of unknown structure; namely, the Salmonella enterica 3'-acyloxyacyl hydrolase LpxR, and the Rhizobium leguminosarum oxidase LpxQ, which employs O(2) to convert the proximal glucosamine unit of lipid A into 2-aminogluconate. Structural biology now indicates how beta-barrel enzymes can function as sentinels that remain dormant when the outer membrane permeability barrier is intact. Host immune defenses and antibiotics that perturb this barrier can directly trigger beta-barrel enzymes in the outer membrane. The ensuing adaptive responses occur instantaneously and rapidly outpace other signal transduction mechanisms that similarly function to restore the outer membrane permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Bishop
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, 1200 Main Street West, Health Sciences Centre 4H19, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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42
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Rosenfeld Y, Sahl HG, Shai Y. Parameters Involved in Antimicrobial and Endotoxin Detoxification Activities of Antimicrobial Peptides. Biochemistry 2008; 47:6468-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Rosenfeld
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel, and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel, and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel, and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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43
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Andreu D. Bruce Merrifield's contribution to antimicrobial peptide research. Biopolymers 2008; 90:236-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Energetics and partition of two cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides to model membranes of different composition. Biophys J 2007; 94:2128-41. [PMID: 18032555 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The energetics and partition of two hybrid peptides of cecropin A and melittin (CA(1-8)M(1-18) and CA(1-7)M(2-9)) with liposomes of different composition were studied by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and surface plasmon resonance. The study was carried out with large unilamellar vesicles of three different lipid compositions: 1,2-dimyristoil-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (DMPG), and a 3:1 binary mixture of DMPC/DMPG in a wide range of peptide/lipid ratios. The results are compatible with a model involving a strong electrostatic surface interaction between the peptides and the negatively charged liposomes, giving rise to aggregation and precipitation. A correlation is observed in the calorimetric experiments between the observed events and charge neutralization for negatively charged and mixed membranes. In the case of zwitterionic membranes, a very interesting case study was obtained with the smaller peptide, CA(1-7)M(2-9). The calorimetric results obtained for this peptide in a large range of peptide/lipid ratios can be interpreted on the basis of an initial and progressive surface coverage until a threshold concentration, where the orientation changes from parallel to perpendicular to the membrane, followed by pore formation and eventually membrane disruption. The importance of negatively charged lipids on the discrimination between bacterial and eukaryotic membranes is emphasized.
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45
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Mookherjee N, Rehaume LM, Hancock REW. Cathelicidins and functional analogues as antisepsis molecules. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:993-1004. [PMID: 17665972 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.8.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria together with the limited success of sepsis therapeutics has lead to an urgent need for the development of alternative strategies for the treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and related disorders. Immunomodulatory compounds that do not target the pathogen directly (therefore limiting the development of pathogen resistance), and target multiple inflammatory mediators, are attractive candidates as novel therapeutics. Cationic host defence peptides such as cathelicidins have been demonstrated to be selectively immunomodulatory in that they can confer anti-infective immunity and modulate the inflammatory cascade through multiple points of intervention. The human cathelicidin LL-37, for example, has modest direct antimicrobial activity under physiological conditions, but has been demonstrated to have potent antiendotoxin activity in animal models, as well as the ability to resolve certain bacterial infections. A novel synthetic immunomodulatory peptide, IDR-1, built on this same theme has no direct antimicrobial activity, but is effective in restricting many types of infection, while limiting pro-inflammatory responses. The ability of these peptides to selectively suppress harmful pro-inflammatory responses, while maintaining beneficial infection-fighting components of host innate defences makes them a good model for antisepsis therapies that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloffer Mookherjee
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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46
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Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, He H, Li MA, Jiang YW. The effects of the BT/TAMUS 2032 cationic peptides on innate immunity and susceptibility of young chickens to extraintestinal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:912-9. [PMID: 17499193 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The BT/TAMUS 2032 (BT) cationic peptides are a group of related cationic peptides produced by a Gram-positive bacterium. Cationic amphiphilic peptides have been found to stimulate or prime the innate immune responses in mammals. The innate immune system of poultry is functionally inefficient during the first week post-hatch enabling pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) to invade and colonize the visceral organs of these immature birds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of BT as an immunostimulator of the innate immune response of young chickens. BT, provided as a feed additive at three different concentrations (12, 24, or 48 ppm) for 4 days post-hatch, significantly increased protection against SE organ invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. The functional efficiency of heterophils, the avian equivalent to mammalian neutrophils, isolated from chickens fed the BT rations at the three concentrations was significantly up-regulated when compared to heterophils isolated from chickens fed a control starter ration as determined with an array of functional assays. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation were all significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner in heterophils isolated from chickens fed the BT diets. This is the first report of bacterial cationic peptides inducing the up-regulation of the avian innate immune response and providing protection against extraintestinal Salmonella infections. The significance of these data is that the orally delivered cationic peptides stimulate the innate response at a time of immunologic inefficiency and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections (first week post-hatch). Because of the nonspecific nature of the innate response, we speculate that BT given as a feed additive during the first week post-hatch could provide increased protection against a variety of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kogut
- SPARC, USDA-ARS, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, United States.
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47
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Andrès E, Dimarcq JL. Peptides antimicrobiens cationiques: de l'étude de l'immunité innée à la production de médicaments. Mise à jour. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37:194-9. [PMID: 17306486 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Host defense, cationic anti-microbial peptides are recognized as an important component of innate immune response in most multicellular organisms. NEW FEATURES These cationic amphipathic peptides include 20 to 50 amino acids and several hundreds of peptides have been identified. They have a broad spectrum activity against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The mode of action is best known for cecropins and magainins, which act on the cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms, causing its disruption by a detergent-like activity and pore formation. Several of these peptides or analogs (from magainin, protegrin, indolicidin, and histatin) are under advanced clinical development, especially when used for localized infections. PROJECTS AND PERSPECTIVES Several other molecules (rBPI, heliomicin, and thanatine) are currently under development for various systemic infections. These will probably be important drugs for future anti-infectious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andrès
- Service de Médecine Interne, Clinique Médicale B, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.
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48
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Marta Guarna M, Coulson R, Rubinchik E. Anti-inflammatory activity of cationic peptides: application to the treatment of acne vulgaris. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 257:1-6. [PMID: 16553825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant microorganisms including Propionibacterium acnes. Recent studies showed that, in addition to the antimicrobial activity, these peptides can exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect. These properties make cationic peptides attractive drug candidates for the treatment of acne vulgaris, a disease with both bacterial and inflammatory components. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides and its application for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The anti-inflammatory activity of cationic peptides in acne vulgaris can be explained by their ability to both bind proinflammatory bacterial factors (e.g. lipoteichoic acid), sequestering them from the site of inflammation, and to inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1) by host cells. These anti-inflammatory effects combined with potent antimicrobial activity may translate into a novel therapeutic option for acne vulgaris.
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49
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Hancock REW, Brown KL, Mookherjee N. Host defence peptides from invertebrates – emerging antimicrobial strategies. Immunobiology 2006; 211:315-22. [PMID: 16697922 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial (host defence) peptides are found as potent components of the innate immune system of all invertebrates in which they have been investigated. They vary substantially in their amino acid sequences, secondary structures, inducibility, potency and antimicrobial activity spectra. This enormous diversity is providing templates for the design and development of both antibiotic peptides and peptides that selectively modulate innate immunity to increase protection against infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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50
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Monaghan RL, Barrett JF. Antibacterial drug discovery—Then, now and the genomics future. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:901-9. [PMID: 16494849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery research in the area of infectious diseases, in particular that dealing with antibacterial/antibiotic susceptibility and resistance, is in a process of continuing evolution. Steeped in the history of the highly successful intervention with chemotherapeutic agents to treat human infections, the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens worldwide presents a serious unmet medical need, if not a pending catastrophe. Research in both academia and industry over the past 30 years using molecular biology, genetics and more recently--bacterial genomics--has assembled key enabling technologies to increase productivity and success rates in the discovery and development of novel antibacterial agents. However genomics is not limited only to antibacterial target selection but provides the opportunity to further understand key interactions in the use of antibacterial compounds as therapeutic agents (such as resistance emergence, susceptibility, efflux, interactions between compound and pathogen, etc.). Genomics also offers the potential for insights into: bacterial niche adaptation, host susceptibility, treatment regimens, antibiotic resistance, pharmacokinetics (e.g., host metabolism differences), safety and the microbial genesis of chronic diseases (e.g., gastric ulceration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Monaghan
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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