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den Hollander LS, Beerkens BLH, Dekkers S, van Veldhoven JPD, Ortiz Zacarías NV, van der Horst C, Sieders EG, de Valk B, Wang J, IJzerman AP, van der Es D, Heitman LH. Labeling of CC Chemokine Receptor 2 with a Versatile Intracellular Allosteric Probe. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:2070-2080. [PMID: 39186040 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Interest in affinity-based probes (AfBPs) as novel tools to interrogate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has gained traction in recent years. AfBPs represent an interesting and more versatile alternative to antibodies. In the present study, we report the development and validation of AfBPs that target the intracellular allosteric pocket of CCR2, a GPCR of interest for the development of therapies targeting autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and also cancer. Owing to the two-step labeling process of these CCR2 AfBPs through the incorporation of a click handle, we were successful in applying our most efficient probe in a variety of in vitro experiments and making use of multiple different detection techniques, such as SDS-PAGE and LC/MS-based proteomics. Collectively, this novel probe shows high selectivity, versatility, and applicability. Hence, this is a valuable alternative for CCR2-targeting antibodies and other traditional tool compounds and could aid in target validation and engagement in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S den Hollander
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Bert L H Beerkens
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Dekkers
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Cas van der Horst
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G Sieders
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Bert de Valk
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van der Es
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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2
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Huang CC, Yeh HY, Lin R, Liao TL, Shen HC, Yang YY, Lin HC. Inhibition of visceral adipose tissue-derived pathogenic signals by activation of adenosine A 2AR improves hepatic and cardiac dysfunction of NASH mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G385-G397. [PMID: 38252682 PMCID: PMC11213477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00104.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A2AR-disrupted mice is characterized by severe systemic and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation. Increasing adenosine cyclase (AC), cAMP, and protein kinase A (PKA) formation through A2AR activation suppress systemic/VAT inflammation in obese mice. This study explores the effects of 4 wk A2AR agonist PSB0777 treatment on the VAT-driven pathogenic signals in hepatic and cardiac dysfunction of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) obese mice. Among NASH mice with cardiac dysfunction, simultaneous decrease in the A2AR, AC, cAMP, and PKA levels were observed in VAT, liver, and heart. PSB0777 treatment significantly restores AC, cAMP, PKA, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) levels, decreased SREBP-1/FASN, MCP-1, and CD68 levels, reduces infiltrated CD11b+ F4/80+ cells and adipogenesis in VAT of NASH + PSB0777 mice. The changes in VAT were accompanied by the suppression of hepatic and cardiac lipogenic/inflammatory/injury/apoptotic/fibrotic markers, the normalization of cardiac contractile [sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2)] marker, and cardiac dysfunction. The in vitro approach revealed that conditioned media (CM) of VAT of NASH mice (CMnash) trigger palmitic acid (PA)-like lipotoxic (lipogenic/inflammatory/apoptotic/fibrotic) effects in AML-12 and H9c2 cell systems. Significantly, A2AR agonist pretreatment-related normalization of A2AR-AC-cAMP-PKA levels was associated with the attenuation of CMnash-related upregulation of lipotoxic markers and the normalization of lipolytic (AML-12 cells) or contractile (H9C2 cells) marker/contraction. The in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that A2AR agonists are potential agent to inhibit the effects of VAT inflammation-driven pathogenic signals on the hepatic and cardiac lipogenesis, inflammation, injury, apoptosis, fibrosis, hypocontractility, and subsequently improve hepatic and cardiac dysfunction in NASH mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protective role of adenosine A2AR receptor (A2AR) and AC-cAMP-PKA signaling against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) possibly via its actions on adipocytes is well known in the past decade. Thus, this study evaluates pharmacological activities of A2AR agonist PSB0777, which has already demonstrated to treat NASH. In this study, the inhibition of visceral adipose tissue-derived pathogenic signals by activation of adenosine A2AR with A2AR agonist PSB0777 improves the hepatic and cardiac dysfunction of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH mice.
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Grants
- MOST-110-2634-F-A49-005,NSTC 112-2314-B-A49 -043 -MY3 MOST | Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (HSP)
- MOST 111-2410-H-075-001 MOST | Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (HSP)
- V112C-018,V112C-030,VTA112-A-3-3& V112EA-009 Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- 112Q58504Y National Yang-Ming Chiao University
- MOST-110-2634-F-A49-005,NSTC 112-2314-B-A49 -043 -MY3 NSTC | Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (HSP)
- MOST 111-2410-H-075-001 NSTC | Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (HSP)
- National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chang Huang
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Yeh
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Roger Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chin Shen
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Daly L, Byrne DP, Perkins S, Brownridge PJ, McDonnell E, Jones AR, Eyers PA, Eyers CE. Custom Workflow for the Confident Identification of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides and Their Discrimination from Phosphopeptides. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3754-3772. [PMID: 37939282 PMCID: PMC10696596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation (sY) is a post-translational modification (PTM) catalyzed by Golgi-resident tyrosyl protein sulfo transferases (TPSTs). Information on sY in humans is currently limited to ∼50 proteins, with only a handful having verified sites of sulfation. As such, the contribution of sulfation to the regulation of biological processes remains poorly defined. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is the method of choice for PTM analysis but has yet to be applied for systematic investigation of the "sulfome", primarily due to issues associated with discrimination of sY-containing from phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing peptides. In this study, we developed an MS-based workflow for sY-peptide characterization, incorporating optimized Zr4+ immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and TiO2 enrichment strategies. Extensive characterization of a panel of sY- and pY-peptides using an array of fragmentation regimes (CID, HCD, EThcD, ETciD, UVPD) highlighted differences in the generation of site-determining product ions and allowed us to develop a strategy for differentiating sulfated peptides from nominally isobaric phosphopeptides based on low collision energy-induced neutral loss. Application of our "sulfomics" workflow to a HEK-293 cell extracellular secretome facilitated identification of 21 new sulfotyrosine-containing proteins, several of which we validate enzymatically, and reveals new interplay between enzymes relevant to both protein and glycan sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard
A. Daly
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems,
Molecular & Integrative Biology, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Dominic P. Byrne
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems,
Molecular & Integrative Biology, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Simon Perkins
- Computational
Biology Facility, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Brownridge
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Euan McDonnell
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems,
Molecular & Integrative Biology, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Computational
Biology Facility, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Andrew R. Jones
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems,
Molecular & Integrative Biology, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Computational
Biology Facility, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Patrick A. Eyers
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems,
Molecular & Integrative Biology, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
| | - Claire E. Eyers
- Centre
for Proteome Research, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems,
Molecular & Integrative Biology, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
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4
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Zhang L, Peng X, Wang Q, Li J, Lv S, Han S, Zhang L, Ding H, Wang CY, Xiao G, Du X, Peng K, Li H, Liu W. CCR2 is a host entry receptor for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6856. [PMID: 37531422 PMCID: PMC10396298 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus causing a high fatality rate of up to 30%. To date, the receptor mediating SFTSV entry remained uncharacterized, hindering the understanding of disease pathogenesis. Here, C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) was identified as a host receptor for SFTSV based on a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen. Knockout of CCR2 substantially reduced viral binding and infection. CCR2 enhanced SFTSV binding through direct binding to SFTSV glycoprotein N (Gn), which is mediated by its N-terminal extracellular domain. Depletion of CCR2 in C57BL/6J mouse model attenuated SFTSV replication and pathogenesis. The peripheral blood primary monocytes from elderly individuals or subjects with underlying diabetes mellitus showed higher CCR2 surface expression and supported stronger binding and replication of SFTSV. Together, these data indicate that CCR2 is a host entry receptor for SFTSV infection and a novel target for developing anti-SFTSV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430200, China
| | - Xuefang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shouming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shuo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Heng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430040, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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5
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Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Li G, Nanamiya R, Isoda Y, Okada Y, Kobayashi H, Yoshikawa T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of the Anti-Human CC Chemokine Receptor Type-2 Monoclonal Antibody (K036C2). Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:285-289. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ren Nanamiya
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Isoda
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiyori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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6
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Tanaka T, Li G, Asano T, Kaneko MK, Suzuki H, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of the Anti-Human CCR2 Monoclonal Antibody C 2Mab-9. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:150-156. [PMID: 35666539 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor type-2 (CCR2) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily, localized on cell surface of some immune-related cells, including monocytes and macrophages. CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 are involved in the progression of various diseases such as cancers. Therefore, CCR2-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are needed for treatment and diagnosis. Previously, we successfully developed an anti-human CCR2 (hCCR2) mAb, C2Mab-9 (mouse IgG1, kappa), which is applicable for flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. In this study, we investigated the critical epitope of C2Mab-9. We conducted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using several N-terminal peptides of hCCR2, and demonstrated that C2Mab-9 recognizes 11-29 and 21-39 amino acids of hCCR2. We further performed ELISA using 20 peptides, which include alanine substitution of hCCR2. C2Mab-9 lost the reaction to the alanine-substituted peptides of F23A, F24A, D25A, Y26A, and D27A. Among them, F23A, F24A, D25A, and Y26A did not block the C2Mab-9 reaction with U937 cells in flow cytometry. These results indicate that the critical binding epitope of C2Mab-9 includes Phe23, Phe24, Asp25, and Tyr26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Lambey P, Otun O, Cong X, Hoh F, Brunel L, Verdié P, Grison CM, Peysson F, Jeannot S, Durroux T, Bechara C, Granier S, Leyrat C. Structural insights into recognition of chemokine receptors by Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins. eLife 2022; 11:72555. [PMID: 35311641 PMCID: PMC9005193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) leukocidin ED (LukED) belongs to a family of bicomponent pore forming toxins that play important roles in SA immune evasion and nutrient acquisition. LukED targets specific G protein-coupled chemokine receptors to lyse human erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). The first recognition step of receptors is critical for specific cell targeting and lysis. The structural and molecular bases for this mechanism are not well understood but could constitute essential information to guide antibiotic development. Here, we characterized the interaction of LukE with chemokine receptors ACKR1, CCR2, and CCR5 using a combination of structural, pharmacological, and computational approaches. First, crystal structures of LukE in complex with a small molecule mimicking sulfotyrosine side chain (p-cresyl sulfate) and with peptides containing sulfotyrosines issued from receptor sequences revealed the location of receptor sulfotyrosine binding sites in the toxins. Then, by combining previous and novel experimental data with protein docking, classical and accelerated weight histogram (AWH) molecular dynamics we propose models of the ACKR1-LukE and CCR5-LukE complexes. This work provides novel insights into chemokine receptor recognition by leukotoxins and suggests that the conserved sulfotyrosine binding pocket could be a target of choice for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lambey
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Omolade Otun
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - François Hoh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Brunel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire M Grison
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Peysson
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Jeannot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Granier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Leyrat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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8
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Zhao JF, Ren T, Li XY, Guo TL, Liu CH, Wang X. Research Progress on the Role of Microglia Membrane Proteins or Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:831977. [PMID: 35281298 PMCID: PMC8913711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.831977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells of the central nervous system and play a dual role (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) in the homeostasis of the nervous system. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia serves as an important stage of ischemic hypoxic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage disease, neurodegeneration and neurotumor of the nervous system and is present through the whole course of these diseases. Microglial membrane protein or receptor is the basis of mediating microglia to play the inflammatory role and they have been found to be upregulated by recognizing associated ligands or sensing changes in the nervous system microenvironment. They can then allosterically activate the downstream signal transduction and produce a series of complex cascade reactions that can activate microglia, promote microglia chemotactic migration and stimulate the release of proinflammatory factor such as TNF-α, IL-β to effectively damage the nervous system and cause apoptosis of neurons. In this paper, several representative membrane proteins or receptors present on the surface of microglia are systematically reviewed and information about their structures, functions and specific roles in one or more neurological diseases. And on this basis, some prospects for the treatment of novel coronavirus neurological complications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Lin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chun-Hui Liu,
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Wang,
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9
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Hsu YH, Wu CH, Chiu CJ, Chen WT, Chang YC, Wabitsch M, Chang MS. IL-20 is involved in obesity by modulation of adipogenesis and macrophage dysregulation. Immunology 2021; 164:817-833. [PMID: 34403503 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-20 is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL-10 family and involved in several diseases. However, the regulatory role of IL-20 in obesity is not well understood. We explored the function of IL-20 in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance by ELISA, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The therapeutic potential of IL-20 monoclonal antibody 7E for ameliorating diet-induced obesity was analysed in murine models. Higher serum IL-20 levels were detected in obese patients. It was upregulated in leptin-deficient (ob/ob), leptin-resistant (db/db) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced murine obesity models. In vitro, IL-20 regulated the adipocyte differentiation and the polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages into proinflammatory M1 type. It also caused inflammation and macrophage retention in adipose tissues by upregulating TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), netrin 1 and unc5b (netrin receptor) expression in macrophages and netrin 1, leptin and MCP-1 in adipocytes. IL-20 promoted insulin resistance by inhibiting glucose uptake in mature adipocytes through the SOCS-3 pathway. In HFD-induced obesity in mice, 7E treatment reduced body weight and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity; it also reduced local inflammation and the number of M1-like macrophages in adipose tissues. We have identified a critical role of IL-20 in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, and we conclude that IL-20 may be a novel target for treating obesity and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ming-Shi Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Li M, Chen L, Gao Y, Li M, Wang X, Qiang L, Wang X. Recent advances targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 2 for liver diseases in monocyte/macrophage. Liver Int 2020; 40:2928-2936. [PMID: 33025657 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays a critical role in metabolism, nutrient storage and detoxification. Emergency signals or appropriate immune response leads to pathological inflammation and breaks the steady state when liver dysfunction appears, which makes body more susceptible to chronic liver infection, autoimmune diseases and tumour. Compelling proof has illustrated the non-redundant importance of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), one of G-protein-coupled receptors, in different diseases. Selectively expressed on the surface of cells, CCR2 is involved in various signalling pathways and regulates the migration of cells. Especially, a peculiar role of CCR2 has been identified within decades in the onset and progression of hepatic diseases, which led to particular focusing on CCR2 as a new therapeutic and diagnostic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the effect of CCR2 in monocytes/macrophages on liver diseases. The application and translation of the decades of discoveries into therapies promise novel approaches in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Semisynthesis of an evasin from tick saliva reveals a critical role of tyrosine sulfation for chemokine binding and inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12657-12664. [PMID: 32461364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000605117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding arthropods produce antiinflammatory salivary proteins called evasins that function through inhibition of chemokine-receptor signaling in the host. Herein, we show that the evasin ACA-01 from the Amblyomma cajennense tick can be posttranslationally sulfated at two tyrosine residues, albeit as a mixture of sulfated variants. Homogenously sulfated variants of the proteins were efficiently assembled via a semisynthetic native chemical ligation strategy. Sulfation significantly improved the binding affinity of ACA-01 for a range of proinflammatory chemokines and enhanced the ability of ACA-01 to inhibit chemokine signaling through cognate receptors. Comparisons of evasin sequences and structural data suggest that tyrosine sulfation serves as a receptor mimetic strategy for recognizing and suppressing the proinflammatory activity of a wide variety of mammalian chemokines. As such, the incorporation of this posttranslational modification (PTM) or mimics thereof into evasins may provide a strategy to optimize tick salivary proteins for antiinflammatory applications.
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12
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Tromp AT, van Strijp JAG. Studying Staphylococcal Leukocidins: A Challenging Endeavor. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32351474 PMCID: PMC7174503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer of the human skin and nose, but also a human pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases. It is well established that S. aureus secretes an arsenal of virulence factors that have evolved to circumvent the human immune system. A major group of S. aureus virulence factors is the bi-component β-barrel pore-forming toxins, also known as leukocidins. These pore-forming toxins target specific cells of the innate and adaptive immune system by interacting with specific receptors expressed on the cell membrane. Even though still heavily debated, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest the involvement of one of the bi-component toxin, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), as an important factor contributing to the epidemic spread and increased virulence of CA-MRSA strains. However, the host- and cell-specificity of PVL and other leukocidins, and the lack of adequate in vivo models, fuels the controversy and impairs the appropriate assessment of their role in S. aureus pathophysiology. Currently, the mechanisms of pore-formation and the contribution of PVL and other leukocidins to S. aureus pathophysiology are incompletely understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of leukocidin pore-formation, knowledge gaps, and highlights recent findings identifying novel host-factors involved in the toxin-host interface. As a result, this review furthers emphasizes the complexity behind S. aureus leukocidin cytotoxicity and the challenges associated in the quest to study and understand these major virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelino T Tromp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Ngo T, Stephens BS, Gustavsson M, Holden LG, Abagyan R, Handel TM, Kufareva I. Crosslinking-guided geometry of a complete CXC receptor-chemokine complex and the basis of chemokine subfamily selectivity. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000656. [PMID: 32271748 PMCID: PMC7173943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are orchestrators of cell migration in humans. Because dysregulation of the receptor-chemokine system leads to inflammation and cancer, both chemokines and receptors are highly sought therapeutic targets. Yet one of the barriers for their therapeutic targeting is the limited understanding of the structural principles behind receptor-chemokine recognition and selectivity. The existing structures do not include CXC subfamily complexes and lack information about the receptor distal N-termini, despite the importance of the latter in signaling, regulation, and bias. Here, we report the discovery of the geometry of the complex between full-length CXCR4, a prototypical CXC receptor and driver of cancer metastasis, and its endogenous ligand CXCL12. By comprehensive disulfide cross-linking, we establish the existence and the structure of a novel interface between the CXCR4 distal N-terminus and CXCL12 β1-strand, while also recapitulating earlier findings from nuclear magnetic resonance, modeling and crystallography of homologous receptors. A cross-linking-informed high-resolution model of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex pinpoints the interaction determinants and reveals the occupancy of the receptor major subpocket by the CXCL12 proximal N terminus. This newly found positioning of the chemokine proximal N-terminus provides a structural explanation of CXC receptor-chemokine selectivity against other subfamilies. Our findings challenge the traditional two-site understanding of receptor-chemokine recognition, suggest the possibility of new affinity and signaling determinants, and fill a critical void on the structural map of an important class of therapeutic targets. These results will aid the rational design of selective chemokine-receptor targeting small molecules and biologics with novel pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan S. Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren G. Holden
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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14
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Lin TY, Chiu CJ, Kuan CH, Chen FH, Shen YC, Wu CH, Hsu YH. IL-29 promoted obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:369-379. [PMID: 31363171 PMCID: PMC7109060 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk plays a critical role to regulate adipose tissue microenvironment and cause chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity. Interleukin-29 (IL-29), a member of type 3 interferon family, plays a role in host defenses against microbes, however, little is known about its role in metabolic disorders. We explored the function of IL-29 in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. We found that serum IL-29 level was significantly higher in obese patients. IL-29 upregulated IL-1β, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and decreased glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes through reducing glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and AKT signals. In addition, IL-29 promoted monocyte/macrophage migration. Inhibition of IL-29 could reduce inflammatory cytokine production in macrophage-adipocyte coculture system, which mimic an obese microenvironment. In vivo, IL-29 reduced insulin sensitivity and increased the number of peritoneal macrophages in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. IL-29 increased M1/M2 macrophage ratio and enhanced MCP-1 expression in adipose tissues of HFD mice. Therefore, we have identified a critical role of IL-29 in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, and we conclude that IL-29 may be a novel candidate target for treating obesity and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Chen-Hsiang Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Fang-Hsu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Yin-Chen Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China.
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15
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Yin S, Wang N, Riabov V, Mossel DM, Larionova I, Schledzewski K, Trofimova O, Sevastyanova T, Zajakina A, Schmuttermaier C, Gratchev A, Flatley A, Kremmer E, Zavyalova M, Cherdyntseva N, Simon-Keller K, Marx A, Klüter H, Goerdt S, Kzhyshkowska J. SI-CLP inhibits the growth of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma by preventing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1396-1408. [PMID: 31525266 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase-like proteins (CLP) are chitin-binding proteins that lack chitin hydrolyzing activity, but possess cytokine-like and growth factor-like properties, and play crucial role in intercellular crosstalk. Both human and mice express two members of CLP family: YKL-40 and stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP). Despite numerous reports indicating the role of YKL-40 in the support of angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, the role of its structurally related protein SI-CLP in cancer was not reported. Using gain-of-function approach, we demonstrate in the current study that the expression of recombinant SI-CLP in mouse TS/A mammary adenocarcinoma cells results in significant and persistent inhibition of in vivo tumor growth. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry, we show that on the cellular level this phenomenon is associated with reduced infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), CD4+ and FoxP3+ cells in SI-CLP expressing tumors. Gene expression analysis in TAM isolated from SI-CLP-expressing and control tumors demonstrated that SI-CLP does not affect macrophage phenotype. However, SI-CLP significantly inhibited migration of murine bone-marrow derived macrophages and human primary monocytes toward monocyte-recruiting chemokine CCL2 produced in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Mechanistically, SI-CLP did not affect CCL2/CCR2 interaction, but suppressed cytoskeletal rearrangements in response to CCL2. Altogether, our data indicate that SI-CLP functions as a tumor growth inhibitor in mouse breast cancer by altering cellular composition of TME and blocking cytokine-induced TAM recruitment. Taking into consideration weak to absent expression of SI-CLP in human breast cancer, it can be considered as a therapeutic protein to block TAM-mediated support of breast tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Yin
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science andTechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vladimir Riabov
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Dieuwertje M Mossel
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Kai Schledzewski
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Olga Trofimova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tatyana Sevastyanova
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna Zajakina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Christina Schmuttermaier
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexei Gratchev
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory for Tumor Stromal Cell Biology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, NN Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Zavyalova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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16
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Apel AK, Cheng RK, Tautermann CS, Brauchle M, Huang CY, Pautsch A, Hennig M, Nar H, Schnapp G. Crystal Structure of CC Chemokine Receptor 2A in Complex with an Orthosteric Antagonist Provides Insights for the Design of Selective Antagonists. Structure 2019; 27:427-438.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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How post-translational modifications influence the biological activity of chemokines. Cytokine 2018; 109:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Chen G, Zhang Y, Trinidad JC, Dann C. Distinguishing Sulfotyrosine Containing Peptides from their Phosphotyrosine Counterparts Using Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:455-462. [PMID: 29313205 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfotyrosine and phosphotyrosine are two post-translational modifications present in higher eukaryotes. A simple and direct mass spectrometry method to distinguish between these modifications is crucial to advance our understanding of the sulfoproteome. While sulfation and phosphorylation are nominally isobaric, the accurate mass of the sulfuryl moiety is 9.6 mDa less than the phosphoryl moiety. Based on this difference, we have used an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer to characterize, resolve, and distinguish between sulfotyrosine and phosphotyrosine modifications using a set of model peptides. Multiple fragmentation techniques, namely HCD, CID, ETD, ETciD, and EThcD, have been used to compare the different fragmentation behaviors between peptides modified with these species. Sulfotyrosine undergoes neutral loss using HCD and CID, but the sulfuryl moiety is largely stable under ETD. In contrast, phosphotyrosine is stable during fragmentation using all these methods. This differential stability provides a mechanism to distinguish sulfopeptides from phosphopeptides. Based on the rigorous characterization presented herein, this work serves as a model for accurate identification of phosphotyrosine and, more challenging, sulfotyrosine, in complex proteomic samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Charles Dann
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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19
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Glycosaminoglycan Interactions with Chemokines Add Complexity to a Complex System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030070. [PMID: 28792472 PMCID: PMC5620614 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have two types of interactions that function cooperatively to control cell migration. Chemokine receptors on migrating cells integrate signals initiated upon chemokine binding to promote cell movement. Interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) localize chemokines on and near cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix to provide direction to the cell movement. The matrix of interacting chemokine–receptor partners has been known for some time, precise signaling and trafficking properties of many chemokine–receptor pairs have been characterized, and recent structural information has revealed atomic level detail on chemokine–receptor recognition and activation. However, precise knowledge of the interactions of chemokines with GAGs has lagged far behind such that a single paradigm of GAG presentation on surfaces is generally applied to all chemokines. This review summarizes accumulating evidence which suggests that there is a great deal of diversity and specificity in these interactions, that GAG interactions help fine-tune the function of chemokines, and that GAGs have other roles in chemokine biology beyond localization and surface presentation. This suggests that chemokine–GAG interactions add complexity to the already complex functions of the receptors and ligands.
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20
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Yoshioka Y, Suzuki T, Matsuo Y, Tsurita G, Watanabe T, Dohmae N, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. Protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 is involved in tumorigenesis through regulation of HER2 homodimerization. Cancer Med 2017. [PMID: 28639750 PMCID: PMC5504314 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is amplified and overexpressed in a subset of human cancers including breast and gastric cancers, and is indicated in its involvement in progression of cancer. Although its specific ligand(s) has not been detected, HER2 homodimerization, which is critical for its activation, is considered to be dependent on its expression levels. Here, we demonstrate a significant role of HER2 methylation by protein lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 in HER2 homodimerization. We found that SMYD3 trimethylates HER2 protein at lysine 175. HER2 homodimerization was enhanced in the presence of SMYD3, and substitution of lysine 175 of HER2 with alanine (HER2-K175A) reduced the formation of HER2 homodimers. Furthermore, HER2-K175A revealed lower level of autophosphorylation than wild-type HER2. We also identified that knockdown of SMYD3 attenuated this autophosphorylation in breast cancer cells. Our results imply that SMYD3-mediated methylation of HER2 at Lysine 175 may regulate the formation of HER2 homodimer and subsequent autophosphorylation and suggest that the SMYD3-mediated methylation pathway seems to be a good target for development of novel anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yoshioka
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois, 60637.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yo Matsuo
- OncoTherapy Science Inc., 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Giichiro Tsurita
- Department of Surgery, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois, 60637.,Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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21
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David KS, Oliveira ERA, Horta BAC, Valente AP, de Paula VS. Insights into CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Chemokine Receptor 2 Molecular Recognition: A Step Forward toward Antichemotactic Agents. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3197-3210. [PMID: 28570817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), is a chemokine that recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites by interacting with G protein-coupled receptor CCR2. The CCL2/CCR2 axis is also involved in pathological processes such as tumor growth and metastasis and hence is currently considered as an important drug target. CCL2 exists in a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium that is modulated by CCR2 binding. We used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions between CCL2 and a sulfopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of CCR2 (CCR218-31). Peptide binding induced the dissociation of CCL2 into monomers, forming stable CCL2/CCR218-31 complexes. NMR relaxation measurements indicated that residues around the CCR218-31 binding site, which are located at the dimer interface, undergo a complex regime of motions. NMR data were used to construct a three-dimensional structural model of the CCL2/CCR218-31 complex, revealing that CCR218-31 occupies a binding site juxtaposed to the dimer interface, partially replacing monomer-monomer contacts, explaining why CCR218-31 binding weakens the dimer interface and induces dissociation. We found that the main interactions governing receptor binding are highly stable salt bridges with conserved chemokine residues as well as hydrophobic interactions. These data provide new insights into the structure-function relationship of the CCL2-CCR2 interaction and may be helpful for the design of novel antichemotactic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn S David
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bruno A C Horta
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
| | - Viviane S de Paula
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
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22
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Stone MJ, Hayward JA, Huang C, E Huma Z, Sanchez J. Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E342. [PMID: 28178200 PMCID: PMC5343877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of chemokines with their G protein-coupled receptors promote the migration of leukocytes during normal immune function and as a key aspect of the inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors are regulated, including: selective and competitive binding interactions; genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice variation; variation of expression, degradation and localization; down-regulation by atypical (decoy) receptors; interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; post-translational modifications; oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; and binding to natural or pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zil E Huma
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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23
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Kanabar V, Tedaldi L, Jiang J, Nie X, Panina I, Descroix K, Man F, Pitchford SC, Page CP, Wagner GK. Base-modified UDP-sugars reduce cell surface levels of P-selectin glycoprotein 1 (PSGL-1) on IL-1β-stimulated human monocytes. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1059-1071. [PMID: 27233805 PMCID: PMC5072147 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162) is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is expressed, either constitutively or inducibly, on all myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. PSGL-1 is implicated in cell-cell interactions between platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and a key mediator of inflammatory cell recruitment and transmigration into tissues. Here, we have investigated the effects of the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibitor 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) UDP-Gal (5-FT UDP-Gal, compound 1: ) and two close derivatives on the cell surface levels of PSGL-1 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). PSGL-1 levels were studied both under basal conditions, and upon stimulation of hPBMCs with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Between 1 and 24 hours after IL-1β stimulation, we observed initial PSGL-1 shedding, followed by an increase in PSGL-1 levels on the cell surface, with a maximal window between IL-1β-induced and basal levels after 72 h. All three inhibitors reduce PSGL-1 levels on IL-1β-stimulated cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but show no such effect in resting cells. Compound 1: also affects the cell surface levels of adhesion molecule CD11b in IL-1β-stimulated hPBMCs, but not of glycoproteins CD14 and CCR2. This activity profile may be linked to the inhibition of global Sialyl Lewis presentation on hPBMCs by compound 1: , which we have also observed. Although this mechanistic explanation remains hypothetical at present, our results show, for the first time, that small molecules can discriminate between IL-1β-induced and basal levels of cell surface PSGL-1. These findings open new avenues for intervention with PSGL-1 presentation on the cell surface of primed hPBMCs and may have implications for anti-inflammatory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kanabar
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Jingqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Xiaodan Nie
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Irina Panina
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Karine Descroix
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Francis Man
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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24
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Matsushita S, Mochizuki S, Sakurai K, Kawano T. Prevention of copper-induced cell death by GC-rich DNA oligomers in murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 8:e1017173. [PMID: 27066170 PMCID: PMC4802767 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1017173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impact of redox active transition metals on activation of cell death signaling in plant cells have been documented to date. We have recently reported that GC-rich DNA oligomers with high affinity for binding of copper and catalytic activity for removal of ROS as novel plant cell-protecting agents. Here, we show that similar DNA oligomers protect the mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells from copper-induced cell death, suggesting that the phenomenon firstly observed in plant model can be expanded to a wider range of cells and/or organisms including mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Matsushita
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu ; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mochizuki
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu ; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu ; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu ; Kitakyushu, Japan
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25
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Hauser MA, Kindinger I, Laufer JM, Späte AK, Bucher D, Vanes SL, Krueger WA, Wittmann V, Legler DF. Distinct CCR7 glycosylation pattern shapes receptor signaling and endocytosis to modulate chemotactic responses. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:993-1007. [PMID: 26819318 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2vma0915-432rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and their common cognate chemokine receptor CCR7 orchestrate immune cell trafficking by eliciting distinct signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that human CCR7 is N-glycosylated on 2 specific residues in the N terminus and the third extracellular loop. Conceptually, CCR7 glycosylation adds steric hindrance to the receptor N terminus and extracellular loop 3, acting as a "swinging door" to regulate receptor sensitivity and cell migration. We found that freshly isolated human B cells, as well as expanded T cells, but not naïve T cells, express highly sialylated CCR7. Moreover, we identified that human dendritic cells imprint T cell migration toward CCR7 ligands by secreting enzymes that deglycosylate CCR7, thereby boosting CCR7 signaling on T cells, permitting enhanced T cell locomotion, while simultaneously decreasing receptor endocytosis. In addition, dendritic cells proteolytically convert immobilized CCL21 to a soluble form that is more potent in triggering chemotactic movement and does not desensitize the receptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that soluble CCL21 functionally resembles neither the CCL19 nor the CCL21 phenotype but acts as a chemokine with unique features. Thus, we advance the concept of dendritic cell-dependent generation of micromilieus and lymph node conditioning by demonstrating a novel layer of CCR7 regulation through CCR7 sialylation. In summary, we demonstrate that leukocyte subsets express distinct patterns of CCR7 sialylation that contribute to receptor signaling and fine-tuning chemotactic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hauser
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ilona Kindinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Späte
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry/Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Delia Bucher
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sarah L Vanes
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Valentin Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry/Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany;
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26
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Monneau Y, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lortat-Jacob H. The sweet spot: how GAGs help chemokines guide migrating cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:935-53. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0915-440r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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27
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Vale N, Carvalho Veloso R, Gomes P. Exploring the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine Peptides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Kanan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - Muayyad R. Al Ubaidi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
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29
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Yang YS, Wang CC, Chen BH, Hou YH, Hung KS, Mao YC. Tyrosine sulfation as a protein post-translational modification. Molecules 2015; 20:2138-64. [PMID: 25635379 PMCID: PMC6272617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of inorganic sulfate into biological molecules plays an important role in biological systems and is directly involved in the instigation of diseases. Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a common post-translational modification that was first reported in the literature fifty years ago. However, the significance of PTS under physiological conditions and its link to diseases have just begun to be appreciated in recent years. PTS is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) through transfer of an activated sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to tyrosine in a variety of proteins and peptides. Currently, only a small fraction of sulfated proteins is known and the understanding of the biological sulfation mechanisms is still in progress. In this review, we give an introductory and selective brief review of PTS and then summarize the basic biochemical information including the activity and the preparation of TPST, methods for the determination of PTS, and kinetics and reaction mechanism of TPST. This information is fundamental for the further exploration of the function of PTS that induces protein-protein interactions and the subsequent biochemical and physiological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - You-Hua Hou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chih Mao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
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30
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Ludeman JP, Stone MJ. The structural role of receptor tyrosine sulfation in chemokine recognition. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1167-79. [PMID: 24116930 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification of secreted and transmembrane proteins, including many GPCRs such as chemokine receptors. Most chemokine receptors contain several potentially sulfated tyrosine residues in their extracellular N-terminal regions, the initial binding site for chemokine ligands. Sulfation of these receptors increases chemokine binding affinity and potency. Although receptor sulfation is heterogeneous, insights into the molecular basis of sulfotyrosine (sTyr) recognition have been obtained using purified, homogeneous sulfopeptides corresponding to the N-termini of chemokine receptors. Receptor sTyr residues bind to a shallow cleft defined by the N-loop and β3-strand elements of cognate chemokines. Tyrosine sulfation enhances the affinity of receptor peptides for cognate chemokines in a manner dependent on the position of sulfation. Moreover, tyrosine sulfation can alter the selectivity of receptor peptides among several cognate chemokines for the same receptor. Finally, binding to receptor sulfopeptides can modulate the oligomerization state of chemokines, thereby influencing the ability of a chemokine to activate its receptor. These results increase the motivation to investigate the structural basis by which tyrosine sulfation modulates chemokine receptor activity and the biological consequences of this functional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Ludeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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31
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Liu X, Malins LR, Roche M, Sterjovski J, Duncan R, Garcia ML, Barnes NC, Anderson DA, Stone MJ, Gorry PR, Payne RJ. Site-selective solid-phase synthesis of a CCR5 sulfopeptide library to interrogate HIV binding and entry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2074-81. [PMID: 24963694 PMCID: PMC4168781 DOI: 10.1021/cb500337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Tyrosine (Tyr) sulfation is a common
post-translational modification
that is implicated in a variety of important biological processes,
including the fusion and entry of human immunodeficiency virus type-1
(HIV-1). A number of sulfated Tyr (sTyr) residues on the N-terminus
of the CCR5 chemokine receptor are involved in a crucial binding interaction
with the gp120 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Despite the established
importance of these sTyr residues, the exact structural and functional
role of this post-translational modification in HIV-1 infection is
not fully understood. Detailed biological studies are hindered in
part by the difficulty in accessing homogeneous sulfopeptides and
sulfoproteins through biological expression and established synthetic
techniques. Herein we describe an efficient approach to the synthesis
of sulfopeptides bearing discrete sulfation patterns through the divergent,
site-selective incorporation of sTyr residues on solid support. By
employing three orthogonally protected Tyr building blocks and a solid-phase
sulfation protocol, we demonstrate the synthesis of a library of target
N-terminal CCR5(2-22) sulfoforms bearing discrete and differential
sulfation at Tyr10, Tyr14, and Tyr15, from a single resin-bound intermediate.
We demonstrate the importance of distinct sites of Tyr sulfation in
binding gp120 through a competitive binding assay between the synthetic
CCR5 sulfopeptides and an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody. These studies
revealed a critical role of sulfation at Tyr14 for binding and a possible
additional role for sulfation at Tyr10. N-terminal CCR5 variants bearing
a sTyr residue at position 14 were also found to complement viral
entry into cells expressing an N-terminally truncated CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R. Malins
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Renee Duncan
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mary L. Garcia
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nadine C. Barnes
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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32
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Involvement of Spinal Chemokine CCL2 in the Hyperalgesia Evoked by Bone Cancer in Mice: A Role for Astroglia and Microglia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:143-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Ziarek JJ, Getschman AE, Butler SJ, Taleski D, Stephens B, Kufareva I, Handel TM, Payne RJ, Volkman BF. Sulfopeptide probes of the CXCR4/CXCL12 interface reveal oligomer-specific contacts and chemokine allostery. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1955-63. [PMID: 23802178 DOI: 10.1021/cb400274z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification that enhances protein-protein interactions and may identify druggable sites in the extracellular space. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 is a prototypical example with three potential sulfation sites at positions 7, 12, and 21. Each receptor sulfotyrosine participates in specific contacts with its chemokine ligand in the structure of a soluble, dimeric CXCL12:CXCR4(1-38) complex, but their relative importance for CXCR4 binding and activation by the monomeric chemokine remains undefined. NMR titrations with short sulfopeptides showed that the tyrosine motifs of CXCR4 varied widely in their contributions to CXCL12 binding affinity and site specificity. Whereas the Tyr21 sulfopeptide bound the same site as in previously solved structures, the Tyr7 and Tyr12 sulfopeptides interacted nonspecifically. Surprisingly, the unsulfated Tyr7 peptide occupied a hydrophobic site on the CXCL12 monomer that is inaccessible in the CXCL12 dimer. Functional analysis of CXCR4 mutants validated the relative importance of individual CXCR4 sulfotyrosine modifications (Tyr21 > Tyr12 > Tyr7) for CXCL12 binding and receptor activation. Biophysical measurements also revealed a cooperative relationship between sulfopeptide binding at the Tyr21 site and CXCL12 dimerization, the first example of allosteric behavior in a chemokine. Future ligands that occupy the sTyr21 recognition site may act as both competitive inhibitors of receptor binding and allosteric modulators of chemokine function. Together, our data suggests that sulfation does not ubiquitously enhance complex affinity and that distinct patterns of tyrosine sulfation could encode oligomer selectivity, implying another layer of regulation for chemokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
| | - Anthony E. Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
| | | | - Deni Taleski
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney,
NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bryan Stephens
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 93093, United States
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 93093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 93093, United States
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney,
NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
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Ziarek JJ, Liu Y, Smith E, Zhang G, Peterson FC, Chen J, Yu Y, Chen Y, Volkman BF, Li R. Fragment-based optimization of small molecule CXCL12 inhibitors for antagonizing the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 12:2727-40. [PMID: 23368099 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611212240003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 are high-priority clinical targets because of their involvement in metastatic cancers (also implicated in autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease). Because chemokines interact with two distinct sites to bind and activate their receptors, both the GPCRs and chemokines are potential targets for small molecule inhibition. A number of chemokines have been validated as targets for drug development, but virtually all drug discovery efforts focus on the GPCRs. However, all CXCR4 receptor antagonists with the exception of MSX-122 have failed in clinical trials due to unmanageable toxicities, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies to interfere with CXCL12/CXCR4-guided metastatic homing. Although targeting the relatively featureless surface of CXCL12 was presumed to be challenging, focusing efforts at the sulfotyrosine (sY) binding pockets proved successful for procuring initial hits. Using a hybrid structure-based in silico/NMR screening strategy, we recently identified a ligand that occludes the receptor recognition site. From this initial hit, we designed a small fragment library containing only nine tetrazole derivatives using a fragment-based and bioisostere approach to target the sY binding sites of CXCL12. Compound binding modes and affinities were studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, molecular docking and cell-based functional assays. Our results demonstrate that the sY binding sites are conducive to the development of high affinity inhibitors with better ligand efficiency (LE) than typical protein-protein interaction inhibitors (LE ≤ 0.24). Our novel tetrazole-based fragment 18 was identified to bind the sY21 site with a K(d) of 24 μM (LE = 0.30). Optimization of 18 yielded compound 25 which specifically inhibits CXCL12-induced migration with an improvement in potency over the initial hit 9. The fragment from this library that exhibited the highest affinity and ligand efficiency (11: K(d) = 13 μM, LE = 0.33) may serve as a starting point for development of inhibitors targeting the sY12 site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Semenyuk PI, Muronetz VI, Haertlé T, Izumrudov VA. Effect of poly(phosphate) anions on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structure and thermal aggregation: comparison with influence of poly(sulfoanions). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4800-5. [PMID: 23811344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well documented that poly(sulfate) and poly(sulfonate) anions suppress protein thermal aggregation much more efficiently than poly(carboxylic) anions, but as a rule, they denature protein molecules. In this work, a polymer of different nature, i.e. poly(phosphate) anion (PP) was used to elucidate the influence of phosphate groups on stability and thermal aggregation of the model enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). METHODS Isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry were used for studying the protein-polyanion interactions and the influence of bound polyanions on the protein structure. The enzymatic activity of GAPDH and size of the complexes were measured. The aggregation level was determined from the turbidity. RESULTS Highly polymerized PP chains were able to suppress the aggregation completely, but at significantly higher concentrations as compared with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) or dextran sulfate chains of the same degree of polymerization. The effect of PP on the enzyme structure and activity was much gentler as opposed to the binding of dextran sulfate or, especially, PSS that denatured GAPDH molecules with the highest efficacy caused by short PSS chains. These findings agreed well with the enhanced affinity of polysulfoanions to GAPDH. CONCLUSIONS The revealed trends might help to illuminate the mechanism of control of proteins functionalities by insertion of charged groups of different nature through posttranslational modifications. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Practical implementation of the results could be the use of PP chains as promising tools to suppress the proteins aggregation without noticeable loss in the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, Russia.
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36
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Kreuchwig A, Kleinau G, Krause G. Research resource: novel structural insights bridge gaps in glycoprotein hormone receptor analyses. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1357-63. [PMID: 23798574 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The first version of a glycoprotein hormone receptor (GPHR) information resource was designed to link functional with structural GPHR information, in order to support sequence-structure-function analysis of the LH, FSH, and TSH receptors (http://ssfa-gphr.de). However, structural information on a binding- and signaling-sensitive extracellular fragment (∼100 residues), the hinge region, had been lacking. A new FSHR crystal structure of the hormone-bound extracellular domain has recently been solved. The structure comprises the leucine-rich repeat domain and most parts of the hinge region. We have not only integrated the new FSHR/FSH structure and the derived homology models of TSHR/TSH, LHCGR/CG, and LHCGR/LH into our web-based information resource, but have additionally provided novel tools to analyze the advanced structural features, with the common characteristics and distinctions between GPHRs, in a more precise manner. The hinge region with its second hormone-binding site allows us to assign functional data to the new structural features between hormone and receptor, such as binding details of a sulfated tyrosine (conserved throughout the GPHRs) extending into a pocket of the hormone. We have also implemented a protein interface analysis tool that enables the identification and visualization of extracellular contact points between interaction partners. This provides a starting point for comparing the binding patterns of GPHRs. Together with the mutagenesis data stored in the database, this will help to decipher the essential residues for ligand recognition and the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, extending from the extracellular hormone-binding site toward the intracellular G protein-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Tan JHY, Ludeman JP, Wedderburn J, Canals M, Hall P, Butler SJ, Taleski D, Christopoulos A, Hickey MJ, Payne RJ, Stone MJ. Tyrosine sulfation of chemokine receptor CCR2 enhances interactions with both monomeric and dimeric forms of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10024-10034. [PMID: 23408426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are commonly post-translationally sulfated on tyrosine residues in their N-terminal regions, the initial site of binding to chemokine ligands. We have investigated the effect of tyrosine sulfation of the chemokine receptor CCR2 on its interactions with the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). Inhibition of CCR2 sulfation, by growth of expressing cells in the presence of sodium chlorate, significantly reduced the potency for MCP-1 activation of CCR2. MCP-1 exists in equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric forms. The obligate monomeric mutant MCP-1(P8A) was similar to wild type MCP-1 in its ability to induce leukocyte recruitment in vivo, whereas the obligate dimeric mutant MCP-1(T10C) was less effective at inducing leukocyte recruitment in vivo. In two-dimensional NMR experiments, sulfated peptides derived from the N-terminal region of CCR2 bound to both the monomeric and dimeric forms of wild type MCP-1 and shifted the equilibrium to favor the monomeric form. Similarly, MCP-1(P8A) bound more tightly than MCP-1(T10C) to the CCR2-derived sulfopeptides. NMR chemical shift mapping using the MCP-1 mutants showed that the sulfated N-terminal region of CCR2 binds to the same region (N-loop and β3-strand) of both monomeric and dimeric MCP-1 but that binding to the dimeric form also influences the environment of chemokine N-terminal residues, which are involved in dimer formation. We conclude that interaction with the sulfated N terminus of CCR2 destabilizes the dimerization interface of inactive dimeric MCP-1, thus inducing dissociation to the active monomeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Y Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Justin P Ludeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Wedderburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stephen J Butler
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Deni Taleski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Martin J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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38
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Ziarek JJ, Volkman BF. NMR in the Analysis of Functional Chemokine Interactions and Drug Discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 23166561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of chemokines and chemokine receptors in a great variety of pathological indications underscores their utility as therapeutic targets. In general, chemokine-mediated migration and signaling requires three distinct interactions: self-association, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding, and activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has long been used to determine the apo structure of chemokines and monitor complex formation; however, it has never contributed directly to drug discovery efforts that are traditionally focused on the previously inaccessible chemokine receptors. Our lab recently demonstrated that NMR structures can be successfully utilized to direct drug discovery against chemokines. The ease of collecting chemokine structural data coupled with the increased efficiency of structure-based drug discovery campaigns makes chemokine-directed therapies particularly attractive. In addition, recent advances in sample preparation, spectrometer hardware, and pulse program development are allowing researchers to examine interactions with previously inaccessible partners - including full-length chemokine receptors. These developments will facilitate exploration of novel ways to modulate chemokine activity using structure-guided drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 USA
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39
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Szpakowska M, Fievez V, Arumugan K, van Nuland N, Schmit JC, Chevigné A. Function, diversity and therapeutic potential of the N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1366-80. [PMID: 22935450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play fundamental roles in many physiological and pathological processes such as leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, cancer and HIV-1 infection. Chemokine-receptor interactions are particularly intricate and therefore require precise orchestration. The flexible N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors has regularly been demonstrated to hold a crucial role in the initial recognition and selective binding of the receptor ligands. The length and the amino acid sequences of the N-termini vary considerably among different receptors but they all show a high content of negatively charged residues and are subject to post-translational modifications such as O-sulfation and N- or O-glycosylation. In addition, a conserved cysteine that is most likely engaged in a receptor-stabilizing disulfide bond delimits two functionally distinct parts in the N-terminus, characterized by specific molecular signatures. Structural analyses have shown that the N-terminus of chemokine receptors recognizes a groove on the chemokine surface and that this interaction is stabilized by high-affinity binding to a conserved sulfotyrosine-binding pocket. Altogether, these data provide new insights on the chemokine-receptor molecular interplay and identify the receptor N-terminus-binding site as a new target for the development of therapeutic molecules. This review presents and discusses the diversity and function of human chemokine receptor N-terminal domains and provides a comprehensive annotated inventory of their sequences, laying special emphasis on the presence of post-translational modifications and functional features. Finally, it identifies new molecular signatures and proposes a computational model for the positioning and the conformation of the CXCR4 N-terminus grafted on the first chemokine receptor X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Szpakowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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40
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Ziarek JJ, Heroux MS, Veldkamp CT, Peterson FC, Volkman BF. Sulfotyrosine recognition as marker for druggable sites in the extracellular space. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3740-56. [PMID: 21747703 PMCID: PMC3131587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine signaling is a well-known agent of autoimmune disease, HIV infection, and cancer. Drug discovery efforts for these signaling molecules have focused on developing inhibitors targeting their associated G protein-coupled receptors. Recently, we used a structure-based approach directed at the sulfotyrosine-binding pocket of the chemokine CXCL12, and thereby demonstrated that small molecule inhibitors acting upon the chemokine ligand form an alternative therapeutic avenue. Although the 50 members of the chemokine family share varying degrees of sequence homology (some as little as 20%), all members retain the canonical chemokine fold. Here we show that an equivalent sulfotyrosine-binding pocket appears to be conserved across the chemokine superfamily. We monitored sulfotyrosine binding to four representative chemokines by NMR. The results suggest that most chemokines harbor a sulfotyrosine recognition site analogous to the cleft on CXCL12 that binds sulfotyrosine 21 of the receptor CXCR4. Rational drug discovery efforts targeting these sites may be useful in the development of specific as well as broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Maxime S. Heroux
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Christopher T. Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Francis C. Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (F.C.P.)
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41
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Taleski D, Butler SJ, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Divergent and site-selective solid-phase synthesis of sulfopeptides. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1316-20. [PMID: 21509944 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deni Taleski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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42
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Zhu JZ, Millard CJ, Ludeman JP, Simpson LS, Clayton DJ, Payne RJ, Widlanski TS, Stone MJ. Tyrosine Sulfation Influences the Chemokine Binding Selectivity of Peptides Derived from Chemokine Receptor CCR3. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1524-34. [DOI: 10.1021/bi101240v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Z. Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher J. Millard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Justin P. Ludeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Levi S. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel J. Clayton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry, Building F11, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Theodore S. Widlanski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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43
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Danan LM, Yu Z, Ludden PJ, Jia W, Moore KL, Leary JA. Catalytic mechanism of Golgi-resident human tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2: a mass spectrometry approach. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1633-42. [PMID: 20462768 PMCID: PMC3088362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases catalyze the transfer of a sulfuryl moiety from the universal sulfate donor PAPS to the hydroxyl substituent of tyrosine residues in proteins and peptides to yield tyrosine sulfated products and PAP. Tyrosine sulfation occurs in the trans-Golgi network, affecting an estimated 1% of the tyrosine residues in all secreted and membrane-bound proteins in higher order eukaryotes. In this study, an effective LC-MS-based TPST kinetics assay was developed and utilized to measure the kinetic properties of human TPST-2 and investigate its catalytic mechanism when G protein-coupled CC-chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) peptides were used as acceptor substrates. Through initial rate kinetics, product inhibition studies, and radioactive-labeling experiments, our data strongly suggest a two-site ping-pong model for TPST-2 action. In this mechanistic model, the enzyme allows independent binding of substrates to two distinct sites, and involves the formation of a sulfated enzyme covalent intermediate. Some insights on the important amino acid residues at the catalytic site of TPST-2 and its covalent intermediate are also presented. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of the reaction kinetics and mechanism reported for human TPST-2 or any other Golgi-resident sulfotransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza M. Danan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Zhihao Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Peter J. Ludden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Weitao Jia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Kevin L. Moore
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Julie A. Leary
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, Tel: (530) 754-4987, Fax: (530) 754-9658,
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44
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A competitive binding study of chemokine, sulfated receptor, and glycosaminoglycan interactions by nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:134-40. [PMID: 20696123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are secreted proteins that play roles in inducing chemotaxis, extravasation, and activation of leukocytes associated with inflammatory or homeostatic processes. Tyrosine sulfation of the chemokine receptor has been shown to be important for binding and signaling. We have applied a mass spectrometry method to measure the contribution of this posttranslational modification to binding of its ligand chemokine. Using nano-electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nano-ESI TOF MS), we determined the association constants of C-C motif chemokine 7 (CCL7) with C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), monosulfated CCR2, and disulfated CCR2 peptides to be 1.1×10(4)M(-1), 3.9×10(4)M(-1), and 4.0×10(5)M(-1), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first reported association constant measurement between a protein and sulfated peptide using MS. Furthermore, nano-ESI MS was used to characterize noncovalent binding interactions among CCL7, Arixtra (a pentasaccharide glycosaminoglycan [GAG] analog), and disulfated CCR2 peptide. A lack of observable ternary complex formation prompted investigation of competitive binding. Results of this study suggest that CCR2 competes partially with GAG for CCL7 binding and that disulfated CCR2 peptide has a higher binding affinity than Arixtra, which correlates with data from association constant measurements for CCL7-disulfated CCR2 and CCL7-Arixtra.
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45
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Vomaske J, Nelson JA, Streblow DN. Human Cytomegalovirus US28: a functionally selective chemokine binding receptor. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2010; 9:548-56. [PMID: 19594424 DOI: 10.2174/187152609789105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are small cytokines that are part of a large family of molecules that bind to G-protein coupled receptors, which, as a family, are the most widely targeted group of molecules in the treatment of disease. Chemokines are critical for recruiting and activating the cells of the immune system during inflammation especially during viral infections. However, a number of viruses including the large herpes virus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encode mechanisms to impede the effects of chemokines or has gained the ability to use these molecules to its own advantage. The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded chemokine receptor US28 is the best characterized of the four unique chemokine receptor-like molecules found in the HCMV genome. US28 has been studied as an important virulence factor for HCMV-mediated vascular disease and, more recently, in models of HCMV-associated malignancy. US28 is a rare multi-chemokine family binding receptor with the ability to bind ligands from two distinct chemokine classes. Ligand binding to US28 activates cell-type and ligand-specific signaling pathways leading to cellular migration, which is an important example of receptor functional selectivity. Additionally, US28 has been demonstrated to constitutively activate phospholipase C (PLC) and NF-kB signaling pathways. Understanding the structure/function relationships between US28, its ligands and intracellular signaling molecules will provide essential clues for effective pharmacological targeting of this multifunctional chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vomaske
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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46
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Liu CC, Cellitti SE, Geierstanger BH, Schultz PG. Efficient expression of tyrosine-sulfated proteins in E. coli using an expanded genetic code. Nat Protoc 2010; 4:1784-9. [PMID: 20010929 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is an important post-translational modification that occurs in higher eukaryotes and is involved in cell-cell communication, viral entry and adhesion. We describe a protocol for the heterologous expression of selectively tyrosine-sulfated proteins in Escherichia coli through the use of an expanded genetic code that co-translationally inserts sulfotyrosine in response to the amber nonsense codon, TAG. The components required for this process, an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase specific for sulfotyrosine and its cognate orthogonal tRNA that recognizes the amber codon, are encoded on the plasmid pSUPAR6-L3-3SY, and their use, along with a simple chemical synthesis of sulfotyrosine, are outlined in this protocol. Specifically, the gene for a protein of interest is mutated such that the codon corresponding to the desired location of tyrosine sulfate is TAG. Co-transformation of an expression vector containing this gene and pSUPAR6-L3-3SY into an appropriate E. coli strain allows the overexpression of the site-specifically sulfated protein with high efficiency and fidelity. The resulting protein contains tyrosine sulfate at any location specified by a TAG codon, making this method significantly simpler and more versatile than competing methods such as in vitro enzymatic sulfation, chemical sulfation and peptide synthesis. Once the proper expression vectors are cloned, our protocol should allow the production of the desired sulfated proteins in <1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang C Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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47
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Liu CC, Choe H, Farzan M, Smider VV, Schultz PG. Mutagenesis and evolution of sulfated antibodies using an expanded genetic code. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8891-8. [PMID: 19715291 DOI: 10.1021/bi9011429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the biochemical study of posttranslationally modified proteins, we have developed a strategy in which otherwise posttranslationally modified amino acids are genetically encoded in Escherichia coli in response to unique nonsense or frameshift codons. Here, we illustrate the utility of this approach through the characterization of the doubly tyrosine-sulfated anti-gp120 antibody, 412d. By expressing selectively sulfated variants of 412d directly in E. coli with an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair specific for sulfotyrosine, we were able to determine the contribution of each of the sulfates in 412d to gp120 binding affinity: tyrosine sulfation of 412d at position H100, position H100c, or dual sulfation at both positions (Kabat numbering where H designates heavy chain) leads to an increase in affinity for gp120 of 4.5-fold, 212-fold, or 500-fold, respectively. We also conducted directed evolution experiments to evolve 412d beyond the known sequence constraints required for posttranslational sulfation, while retaining the two tyrosine sulfates essential for function, yielding novel doubly sulfated antibodies, one of which binds gp120 with subnanomolar affinity. Taken together, our studies provide a more complete understanding of the role of 412d sulfation in gp120 binding and highlight the utility of genetically encoded unnatural amino acids in exploring the effects of posttranslational modifications on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang C Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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48
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Westmuckett AD, Moore KL. Lack of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase activity in hematopoietic cells drastically attenuates atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1730-6. [PMID: 19679829 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.192963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocyte recruitment is a major contributor in the development of atherosclerosis and requires a variety of proteins such as adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. Several key molecular players implicated in this process are expressed on monocytes and require protein-tyrosine sulfation for optimal function in vitro, including human CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1, and PSGL-1. We therefore hypothesized that protein-tyrosine sulfation in hematopoietic cells plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Lethally-irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice were rescued with hematopoietic progenitors lacking tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) activity attributable to deletion of the Tpst1 and Tpst2 genes. TPST deficient progenitors efficiently reconstituted hematopoiesis in Ldlr(-/-) recipients and transplantation had no effect on plasma lipids on a standard or atherogenic diet. However, we observed a substantial reduction in the size of atherosclerotic lesions and the number of macrophages in lesions from hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) recipients transplanted with TPST deficient progenitors compared to wild-type progenitors. We also document for the first time that murine Psgl-1 and Cx3cr1 are tyrosine-sulfated. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that protein-tyrosine sulfation is an important contributor to monocytes/macrophage recruitment and/or retention in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
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49
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Jen CH, Moore KL, Leary JA. Pattern and temporal sequence of sulfation of CCR5 N-terminal peptides by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2: an assessment of the effects of N-terminal residues. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5332-8. [PMID: 19402700 DOI: 10.1021/bi900285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is the receptor for several inflammatory chemokines and is a coreceptor for HIV-1. Posttranslational sulfation of tyrosines in the N-terminal regions of chemokine receptors has been shown to be important in the binding affinity for chemokine ligands. In addition, sulfation of CCR5 is crucial for mediating interactions with HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. The major sulfation pathway for peptides derived from the N-terminal domains of CCR5 and CCR8 and variations of the peptides were determined by in vitro enzymatic sulfation by tyrosylprotein sulfotranferase-2 (TPST-2), subsequent separation of products by RP-HPLC, and mass spectrometry analysis. It was found that the patterns of sulfation and the rates of sulfation for CCR5 and CCR8 depend on the number of amino acids N-terminal of Tyr-3. Results herein address previous seemingly contradictory studies and delineate the temporal sulfation of N-terminal chemokine receptor peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie H Jen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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50
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Simpson LS, Zhu JZ, Widlanski TS, Stone MJ. Regulation of chemokine recognition by site-specific tyrosine sulfation of receptor peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:153-61. [PMID: 19246006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation of tyrosine is a common posttranslational modification of secreted proteins that influences numerous physiological and pathological processes. Studies of tyrosine sulfation have been hindered by the difficulty of introducing sulfate groups at specific positions of peptides and proteins. Here we report a general strategy for synthesis of peptides containing sulfotyrosine at one or more specific position(s). The approach provides a substantial improvement in both yield and convenience over existing methods. Using synthetic sulfopeptides derived from the chemokine receptor CCR3, we demonstrate that sulfation enhances affinity for the chemokine eotaxin by approximately 7-fold or more than 28-fold, depending on which of two adjacent tyrosine residues is sulfated. The synthetic methodology will substantially enhance efforts to understand the functional and structural consequences of protein tyrosine sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi S Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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