1
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Karmakar S, Pal P, Lal G. Key Activating and Inhibitory Ligands Involved in the Mobilization of Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapies. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:387-407. [PMID: 34754837 PMCID: PMC8570289 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s306109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the most potent arm of the innate immune system and play an important role in immunity, alloimmunity, autoimmunity, and cancer. NK cells recognize “altered-self” cells due to oncogenic transformation or stress due to viral infection and target to kill them. The effector functions of NK cells depend on the interaction of the activating and inhibitory receptors on their surface with their cognate ligand expressed on the target cells. These activating and inhibitory receptors interact with major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) expressed on the target cells and make decisions to mount an immune response. NK cell immune response includes cytolytic activity and secretion of cytokines to help with the ongoing immune response. The advancement of our knowledge on the expression of inhibitory and activating molecules led us to exploit these molecules in the treatment of cancer. This review discusses the importance of activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells and their clinical importance in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Karmakar
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, MH, 411007, India
| | - Pradipta Pal
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, MH, 411007, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, MH, 411007, India
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2
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Paul S, Lal G. The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Killer Cells Function and Its Importance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 28955340 PMCID: PMC5601256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that show strong cytolytic function against physiologically stressed cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells show a broad array of tissue distribution and phenotypic variability. NK cells express several activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize the altered expression of proteins on target cells and control the cytolytic function. NK cells have been used in several clinical trials to control tumor growth. However, the results are encouraging only in hematological malignancies but not very promising in solid tumors. Increasing evidence suggests that tumor microenvironment regulate the phenotype and function of NK cells. In this review, we discussed the NK cell phenotypes and its effector function and impact of the tumor microenvironment on effector and cytolytic function of NK cells. We also summarized various NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies used in the past and the possibilities to improve the function of NK cell for the better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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3
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Marquez EA, Kane KP. Identities of P2 and P3 Residues of H-2Kb-Bound Peptides Determine Mouse Ly49C Recognition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131308. [PMID: 26147851 PMCID: PMC4493100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly49 receptors can be peptide selective in their recognition of MHC-I-peptide complexes, affording them a level of discrimination beyond detecting the presence or absence of specific MHC-I allele products. Despite this ability, little is understood regarding the properties that enable some peptides, when bound to MHC-I molecules, to support Ly49 recognition, but not others. Using RMA-S target cells expressing MHC-I molecules loaded with individual peptides and effector cells expressing the ectodomain of the inhibitory Ly49C receptor, we found that two adjacent amino acid residues, P2 and P3, both buried in the peptide binding groove of H-2Kb, determine mouse Ly49C specificity. If both are aliphatic residues, this is supportive. Whereas, small amino acids at P2 and aromatic amino acids at the P3 auxiliary anchor residue are detrimental to Ly49C recognition. These results resemble those with a rat Ly49 where the identity of a peptide anchor residue determines recognition, suggesting that dependence on specific peptide residues buried in the MHC-I peptide-binding groove may be fundamental to Ly49 peptide selectivity and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa A. Marquez
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin P. Kane
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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4
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The activating Ly49W and inhibitory Ly49G NK cell receptors display similar affinities for identical MHC class I ligands. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:467-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Rahim MMA, Tu MM, Mahmoud AB, Wight A, Abou-Samra E, Lima PDA, Makrigiannis AP. Ly49 receptors: innate and adaptive immune paradigms. Front Immunol 2014; 5:145. [PMID: 24765094 PMCID: PMC3980100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ly49 receptors are type II C-type lectin-like membrane glycoproteins encoded by a family of highly polymorphic and polygenic genes within the mouse natural killer (NK) gene complex. This gene family is designated Klra, and includes genes that encode both inhibitory and activating Ly49 receptors in mice. Ly49 receptors recognize class I major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) and MHC-I-like proteins on normal as well as altered cells. Their functional homologs in humans are the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, which recognize HLA class I molecules as ligands. Classically, Ly49 receptors are described as being expressed on both the developing and mature NK cells. The inhibitory Ly49 receptors are involved in NK cell education, a process in which NK cells acquire function and tolerance toward cells that express “self-MHC-I.” On the other hand, the activating Ly49 receptors recognize altered cells expressing activating ligands. New evidence shows a broader Ly49 expression pattern on both innate and adaptive immune cells. Ly49 receptors have been described on multiple NK cell subsets, such as uterine NK and memory NK cells, as well as NKT cells, dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and cells of the adaptive immune system, such as activated T cells and regulatory CD8+ T cells. In this review, we discuss the expression pattern and proposed functions of Ly49 receptors on various immune cells and their contribution to immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Megan M Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University , Madinah Munawwarah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew Wight
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Elias Abou-Samra
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Patricia D A Lima
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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6
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Nonobese diabetic natural killer cells: a barrier to allogeneic chimerism that can be reduced by rapamycin. Transplantation 2011; 92:977-84. [PMID: 21956197 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182313e70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of allogeneic hematopoietic chimerism is a promising strategy to induce tolerance to donor islets for treating type 1 diabetes. Successful induction of chimerism requires overcoming host alloimmunity. In diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, this is challenging due to their general tolerance resistance. Although the adaptive alloimmunity of NOD mice is a known barrier to allogeneic chimerism, whether NOD natural killer (NK) cells are an additional barrier has not been examined. Because NOD NK cells exhibit functional defects, they may not inhibit chimerism generation. METHODS Antibody depletion of NK cells in vivo, or transplantation of F1 hybrid donor cells to eliminate the "missing-self" trigger of NK cells, was preformed to test the NK-mediated rejection of donor bone marrow cells. We also studied the capacity of rapamycin to block the NK cell response against allogeneic cells in vivo. RESULTS Depleting NK cells or rendering them unresponsive to the donor greatly improved the level of chimerism obtained in NOD mice. Rapamycin significantly reduced the resistance to allogeneic chimerism mounted by NOD NK cells; however, it was much less effective than NK cell depletion by antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the view that NOD NK cells are defective, we found these cells to be a substantial barrier to allogeneic chimerism in the presence or absence of adaptive immunity. Moreover, rapamycin will need to be combined with other approaches to fully overcome the NK cell barrier.
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7
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Pyzik M, Charbonneau B, Gendron-Pontbriand EM, Babić M, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Vidal SM. Distinct MHC class I-dependent NK cell-activating receptors control cytomegalovirus infection in different mouse strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1105-17. [PMID: 21518798 PMCID: PMC3092355 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MCMV-infected cells are recognized by multiple MHC class I–restricted Ly49-activating receptors in genetically distinct mouse strains. Recognition of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–infected cells by activating NK cell receptors was first described in the context of Ly49H, which confers resistance to C57BL/6 mice. We investigated the ability of other activating Ly49 receptors to recognize MCMV-infected cells in mice from various H-2 backgrounds. We observed that Ly49P1 from NOD/Ltj mice, Ly49L from BALB mice, and Ly49D2 from PWK/Pas mice respond to MCMV-infected cells in the context of H-2Dk and the viral protein m04/gp34. Recognition was also seen in the H-2d and/or H-2f contexts, depending on the Ly49 receptor examined, but never in H-2b. Furthermore, BALB.K (H-2k) mice showed reduced viral loads compared with their H-2d or H-2b congenic partners, a reduction which was dependent on interferon γ secretion by Ly49L+ NK cells early after infection. Adoptive transfer of Ly49L+, but not Ly49L−, NK cells significantly increased resistance against MCMV infection in neonate BALB.K mice. These results suggest that multiple activating Ly49 receptors participate in H-2–dependent recognition of MCMV infection, providing a common mechanism of NK cell–mediated resistance against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Pyzik
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
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8
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Pegram HJ, Andrews DM, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Activating and inhibitory receptors of natural killer cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:216-24. [PMID: 20567250 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent immune effector cells that can respond to infection and cancer, as well as allowing maternal adaptation to pregnancy. In response to malignant transformation or pathogenic invasion, NK cells can secrete cytokine and may be directly cytolytic, as well as exerting effects indirectly through other cells of the immune system. To recognize and respond to inflamed or infected tissues, NK cells express a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors including NKG2D, Ly49 or KIR, CD94-NKG2 heterodimers and natural cytotoxicity receptors, as well as co-stimulatory receptors. These receptors recognize cellular stress ligands as well as major histocompatibility complex class I and related molecules, which can lead to NK cell responses. Importantly, NK cells must remain tolerant of healthy tissue, and some of these receptors can also prevent activation of NK cells. In this review, we describe the expression of prominent NK cell receptors, as well as expression of their ligands and their role in immune responses. In addition, we describe the main signaling pathways used by NK cell receptors. Although we now appreciate that NK cell biology is more complicated than first thought, there are still facets of their biology that remain unclear. These will be highlighted and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie J Pegram
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Abstract
Genetically distinct inbred strains of mice that differ in their susceptibility to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) are invaluable for dissecting complex host-pathogen interactions. Their study has allowed the identification of host-resistance loci, including several activating NK cell receptors of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. In this chapter, we provide a practical guide to the genetic mapping and functional characterization of NK cell receptors that control innate immunity against MCMV via specific recognition of infected cells.
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10
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Determining ligand specificity of Ly49 receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 20033649 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-362-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Ly49 receptors in rodents, like KIR in humans, play an integral role in the regulation of NK cell activity. Some inhibitory Ly49 are known to interact with specific MHC I alleles to maintain tolerance to self tissues, and NK activation is triggered upon the loss of inhibitory signals due to pathological downregulation of self MHC I. Although a virally encoded ligand has been identified that can trigger NK cytotoxicity through an activating Ly49, some activating Ly49 also recognize MHC I and the role of most activating receptors in NK effector function remains poorly defined. As many Ly49 remain orphan receptors, we describe methods to unambiguously discern receptor-ligand pairs. Additionally, we describe a method for the mutagenesis of Ly49 and MHC ligands that can be used to define the motifs conferring receptor specificity for their ligands. Further elucidation of Ly49 ligands is required to continue to define the role of Ly49 in regulating NK cell effector function and may give vital clues to the role of KIR in human health and disease.
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11
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Abstract
The DAP10 and DAP12 signaling subunits are highly conserved in evolution and associate with a large family of receptors in hematopoietic cells, including dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and some B and T cells. Some receptors are able to associate with either DAP10 or DAP12, which contribute unique intracellular signaling functions. Studies of humans and mice deficient in these signaling subunits have provided surprising insights into the physiological functions of DAP10 and DAP12, demonstrating that they can either activate or inhibit immune responses. DAP10- and DAP12-associated receptors have been shown to recognize both host-encoded ligands and ligands encoded by microbial pathogens, indicating that they play an important role in innate immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Carbohydrates/immunology
- Conserved Sequence/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Feedback, Physiological/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Infections/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Semaphorins/immunology
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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12
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Ly49 cluster sequence analysis in a mouse model of diabetes: an expanded repertoire of activating receptors in the NOD genome. Genes Immun 2008; 9:509-21. [PMID: 18528402 PMCID: PMC2678550 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mouse Ly49 and human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) gene clusters encode activating and inhibitory class I MHC receptors on natural killer (NK) cells. A direct correlation between the presence of multiple activating KIR and various human autoimmune diseases including diabetes has been shown. Previous studies have implicated NK cell receptors in the development of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) inbred mouse strain. To assess the contribution of Ly49 to NOD disease acceleration the Ly49 gene cluster of these mice was sequenced. Remarkably, the NOD Ly49 haplotype encodes the largest haplotype and the most functional activating Ly49 of any known mouse strain. These activating Ly49 include three Ly49p-related and two Ly49h-related genes. The NOD cluster contains large regions highly homologous to both C57BL/6 and 129 haplotypes, suggesting unequal crossing over as a mechanism of Ly49 haplotype evolution. Interestingly, the 129-like region has duplicated in the NOD genome. Thus, the NOD Ly49 cluster is a unique mix of elements seen in previously characterized Ly49 haplotypes resulting in a disproportionately large number of functional activating Ly49 genes. Finally, the functionality of activating Ly49 in NOD mice was confirmed in cytotoxicity assays.
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13
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Lavender KJ, Kane KP. Cross-species dependence of Ly49 recognition on the supertype defining B-pocket of a class I MHC molecule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8578-86. [PMID: 17142756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ly49 recognition of MHC class I (MHC I) can be allele specific. However, the site of interaction on MHC I consists of highly conserved solvent-exposed amino acids, leaving it unclear how allele specificity occurs. In examining the specificity of mouse and rat Ly49, we noticed that MHC I ligands for mouse Ly49G and W, and the rat Ly49i2, typically share the HLA-B7 supertype, defined by a B-pocket that prefers a proline at position 2 in bound peptides. Through mutagenesis, we show that the supertype-defining B-pocket of RT1-A1(c) controls its allele-specific recognition by the syngeneic rat Ly49i2 inhibitory receptor and xenogeneic mouse inhibitory Ly49G and activating Ly49W receptors. Single amino acid substitutions in the B-pocket that did not prevent peptide binding disrupted Ly49 recognition. In contrast, single mutations in other regions of the peptide-binding groove had no effect. We provide a model whereby the B-pocket dictates the conformation of conserved residues at the Ly49 interaction site below, defining Ly49 allele specificity for MHC I. Therefore, at least some Ly49 may recognize supertypes, detectable even across species, and are sensitive to polymorphisms in the supertype-defining B-pocket. This would ensure that expression of specific MHC I supertypes capable of Ag presentation to T cells is sensed by NK cells, and if lacking, targets a cell for elimination, suggesting a supertype-mediated link between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-60 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Aulwurm S, Wischhusen J, Friese M, Borst J, Weller M. Immune stimulatory effects of CD70 override CD70-mediated immune cell apoptosis in rodent glioma models and confer long-lasting antiglioma immunityin vivo. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1728-35. [PMID: 16217761 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CD70 (CD27 ligand) promotes the expansion of primed lymphocytes by enhancing cell survival. Surprisingly, we previously observed that CD70 aberrantly expressed on human glioma cells promoted immune cell apoptosis and inhibited alloreactive lysis. Here we report that ectopic expression of CD70 in mouse glioma cells enhances apoptosis of T, B and NK cells in coculture, but nevertheless promotes glioma cell lysis by NK cells in vitro. In nude mice, CD70 expression in SMA-560 gliomas delays the glioma growth upon subcutaneous (s.c.) or intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation, suggesting a role for CD70/CD27-dependent NK cell activity in tumor surveillance. In syngeneic immunocompetent VM/Dk mice, CD70 allows the rejection of s.c. and i.c. implanted SMA-560 tumors. The tumorigenicity of CD70-expressing glioma cells is abrogated when TGF-beta signaling is blocked. Moreover, mice surviving the s.c. CD70 glioma challenge subsequently also reject wild-type glioma cells administered i.c. Similarly, CD70-expressing GL-261 gliomas are rejected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, while glioma growth is restored in C57BL/6 CD27(-/-) mice, suggesting that the CD70/CD27 interaction recruits a tumor-specific T-cell repertoire and induces tumor-specific memory. Altogether, these observations indicate that the net effect of aberrant CD70 expression in gliomas is immune stimulatory rather than immune paralytic and encourage its application in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Aulwurm
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
The integrated processing of signals transduced by activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors regulates NK cell effector functions. Here, I review the structure, function, and ligand specificity of the receptors responsible for NK cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA.
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16
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Anderson SK, Dewar K, Goulet ML, Leveque G, Makrigiannis AP. Complete elucidation of a minimal class I MHC natural killer cell receptor haplotype. Genes Immun 2005; 6:481-92. [PMID: 15931229 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/c inbred mouse is widely used in models of infectious disease, transplantation, and cancer. The differences in the immune responses of BALB/c compared to C57BL/6 mice are especially valuable for the identification of immune regulation genes. One striking immune variance between these mice is in the function of natural killer (NK) cells, and there is strong evidence implicating differential expression of Ly49 genes. In this study, the complete BALB/c Ly49 gene cluster has been sequenced and found to contain six functional genes and two pseudogenes. Compared to C57BL/6 mice, there is a 200 kb region absent in the BALB/c cluster including a complete lack of Ly49h-related genes, which explains the increased susceptibility of BALB/c to cytomegalovirus infection. In addition, there is no BALB/c Ly49d allele, explaining the inability of BALB/c NK cells to kill certain tumor cells. The Ly49 region has now been sequenced in three different inbred mouse strains, and comparisons indicate that the evolution of each haplotype is not straightforward and has involved large-scale deletions/insertions, gene recombination, and unequal crossing over between divergent haplotypes. This study confirms that relatively small murine class I MHC receptor haplotypes exist, analogous to observations made of human killer cell Ig-like receptor gene haplotypes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Exons
- Haplotypes
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Pseudogenes
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Anderson
- Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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17
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Desrosiers MP, Kielczewska A, Loredo-Osti JC, Adam SG, Makrigiannis AP, Lemieux S, Pham T, Lodoen MB, Morgan K, Lanier LL, Vidal SM. Epistasis between mouse Klra and major histocompatibility complex class I loci is associated with a new mechanism of natural killer cell-mediated innate resistance to cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Genet 2005; 37:593-9. [PMID: 15895081 PMCID: PMC1200556 DOI: 10.1038/ng1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experimental infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been used to elucidate the intricate host-pathogen mechanisms that determine innate resistance to infection. Linkage analyses in F(2) progeny from MCMV-resistant MA/My (H2 (k)) and MCMV-susceptible BALB/c (H2 (d)) and BALB.K (H2 (k)) mouse strains indicated that only the combination of alleles encoded by a gene in the Klra (also called Ly49) cluster on chromosome 6, and one in the major histocompatibility complex (H2) on chromosome 17, is associated with virus resistance. We found that natural killer cell-activating receptor Ly49P specifically recognized MCMV-infected cells, dependent on the presence of the H2 (k) haplotype. This binding was blocked using antibodies to H-2D(k) but not antibodies to H-2K(k). These results are suggestive of a new natural killer cell mechanism implicated in MCMV resistance, which depends on the functional interaction of the Ly49P receptor and the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule H-2D(k) on MCMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Desrosiers
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Kielczewska
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J-C Loredo-Osti
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Sonia Girard Adam
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | | | - Trung Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
| | - Kenneth Morgan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to S.M.V. ()
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18
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Osman MS, Silver ET, Varghese JC, Chang CS, Gong DE, Audette GF, Hazes B, Kane KP. Epitope mapping of Ly-49G and G-like receptors: CK-1 antibody defines a polymorphic site of functional interaction with class I ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:644-51. [PMID: 15703200 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0704407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly-49 receptors regulate mouse natural killer cell functions. Members of the polymorphic Ly-49 multigene family recognize specific alleles of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) or MHC I-like proteins. Previous studies have provided insight into the nature of Ly-49A and -C interaction with their high-affinity MHC I ligands, H-2Dd and Kb, respectively. Unlike Ly-49C, recognition of MHC I by Ly-49A is regulated in part by residues within the beta4-beta5 loop of its ectodomain. Ly-49A and -G are within the same Ly-49 subfamily, and both receptors recognize Dd. However, there have been no studies that define specific sites on Ly-49G that mediate class I MHC recognition. The Ly-49G receptors of different inbred mouse strains can differ as a result of amino acid polymorphisms within their ectodomains. In this report, we have generated a novel antibody, CK-1, which recognizes Ly-49G(B6) and a Ly-49G(B6)-like receptor, Ly-49M(nonobese diabetic), but not Ly-49G(BALB/c). By exploiting the differences within ectodomains of C57BL/6 and BALB/c Ly-49G allele products, we identified epitopes recognized by the Ly-49G-specific antibodies CK-1 and Cwy-3, whose epitopes mapped within the beta4-beta5 loop and the beta1 strand, respectively, and were nonoverlapping. Although both antibodies specifically recognized the Ly-49G(B6) ectodomain, Cwy-3 was unable to block its interaction with MHC I, and CK-1 significantly inhibited it. The importance of residues within the beta4-beta5 loop in Ly-49G recognition demonstrates that its interaction with MHC I is similar to that of Ly-49A but not Ly-49C.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/chemistry
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Epitope Mapping
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Osman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2S2
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19
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Proteau MF, Rousselle E, Makrigiannis AP. Mapping of the BALB/c Ly49 cluster defines a minimal natural killer cell receptor gene repertoire. Genomics 2004; 84:669-77. [PMID: 15475244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/c inbred mouse strain is one of the most commonly used for immunological studies and is an animal model for natural killer (NK) cell function during pathogen infection and tumorigenesis. To understand better NK cell function in this strain, the complete BALB/c Ly49 haplotype was deduced. The BALB/c haplotype spans approximately 300 kb with a gene order and content of Ly49q, e, x, i, g, l, c, and a. Functional BALB/c alleles of Ly49q and e were isolated and found to be conserved. The BALB/c cluster represents a minimal haplotype as it contains many fewer functional genes than the 129 or B6 mouse strains. The small number of BALB/c Ly49 genes is due mainly to an absent group of genes (relative to B6 and 129) between Ly49x and i, although other smaller deletions are present. These gene deletions provide a genetic basis for the lack of certain Ly49-associated NK cell functions in this mouse strain. Finally, the mapping of a third Ly49 haplotype reveals that the basic murine Ly49 repertoire is composed of three framework gene pairs (Ly49q and e, Ly49i and g, and Ly49c and a) that are interspersed with variable numbers of strain-specific Ly49.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Proteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Room 1340, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, QC, Canada H2W 1R7
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20
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Ma BJ, Silver ET, Hazes B, Kane KP. Reciprocal transfer of class I MHC allele specificity between activating Ly-49P and Ly-49W receptors by exchange of beta 4-beta 5 loop residues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5337-44. [PMID: 14607936 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors of the Ly-49 multigene family regulate rodent NK cell functions. Ly-49Rs are highly polymorphic and exist in either activating or inhibitory forms. Examples of both Ly-49 receptor types have been shown to recognize class I MHC ligands. Ly-49Rs can distinguish between class I alleles, but the molecular basis of this discrimination is unknown. Two activating receptors, Ly-49P and Ly-49W, differ in class I recognition, recognizing H-2D(d), or H-2D(d) and D(k), respectively. In this report, we demonstrate that specificity for H-2D(k) can be transferred from Ly-49W to Ly-49P by substituting 3 aa predicted to reside in the beta4-beta5 loop of Ly-49W into Ly-49P. Replacement of these same residues of Ly-49W with corresponding residues in Ly-49P eliminates H-2D(k) recognition while still preserving H-2D(d) recognition. Further mutagenesis indicates that all 3 aa facilitate optimal class I specificity exchange. These results provide the first evidence for a specific site on Ly-49Rs, the beta4-beta5 loop, in determining class I MHC allele specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/pharmacology
- Aspartic Acid/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Female
- Glycine/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Structure, Secondary/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Mason LH, Willette-Brown J, Anderson SK, Alvord WG, Klabansky RL, Young HA, Ortaldo JR. Receptor glycosylation regulates Ly-49 binding to MHC class I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4235-42. [PMID: 14530347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Murine NK cells express the Ly-49 family of class I MHC-binding receptors that control their ability to lyse tumor or virally infected host target cells. X-ray crystallography studies have identified two predominant contact sites (sites 1 and 2) that are involved in the binding of the inhibitory receptor, Ly-49A, to H-2D(d). Ly-49G2 (inhibitory) and Ly-49D (activating) are highly homologous to Ly-49A and also recognize H-2D(d). However, the binding of Ly-49D and G(2) to H-2D(d) is of lower affinity than Ly-49A. All Ly-49s contain N-glycosylation motifs; however, the importance of receptor glycosylation in Ly-49-class I interactions has not been determined. Ly-49D and G(2) contain a glycosylation motif (NTT (221-223)), absent in Ly-49A, adjacent to one of the proposed binding sites for H-2D(d) (site 2). The presence of a complex carbohydrate group at this critical site could interfere with class I binding. In this study, we are able to demonstrate for the first time that Ly-49D binds H-2D(d) in the presence of mouse beta(2)-microglobulin. We also demonstrate that glycosylation of the NTT (221-23) motif of Ly-49D inteferes with recognition of H-2D(d). Alteration of the Ly-49D-NTT (221-23) motif to abolish glycosylation at this site resulted in enhanced H-2D(d) binding and receptor activation. Furthermore, glycosylation of Ly-49G2 at NTT (221-23) also reduces receptor binding to H-2D(d) tetramers. Therefore, the addition of complex carbohydrates to the Ly-49 family of receptors may represent a mechanism by which NK cells regulate affinity for host class I ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llewellyn H Mason
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Clinical Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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22
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Chalifour A, Roger J, Lemieux S, Duplay P. Receptor/ligand avidity determines the capacity of Ly49 inhibitory receptors to interfere with T-cell receptor-mediated activation. Immunology 2003; 109:58-67. [PMID: 12709018 PMCID: PMC1782942 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity and the relative affinity of many Ly49 receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I ligands have been studied in detail in various adhesion and binding assays. However, how the level of cell surface expression of a given Ly49 receptor and its ligand affinity influence the strength of the inhibition signal is not well documented. To address this issue, we developed a series of human Jurkat T-cell transfectants expressing the whole range of Ly49A and Ly49C levels found in vivo on natural killer and T cells and evaluated their capacity to alter superantigen-induced NF-AT activation and interleukin-2 production. We show that the strength of the inhibition induced by Ly49A/H-2Dd interaction correlates with Ly49A density up to a certain level after which increasing expression does not further inhibit significantly the T-cell receptor-induced activation. This system also represents a valuable tool for the determination of the relative strength of the inhibitory signals of Ly49 receptors following their interactions with different ligands. Even at high levels of expression there was no evidence that engagement of Ly49A with H-2b class I molecules provided an inhibitory signal. Moreover, we showed that functional inhibitory interactions of Ly49C with H-2b class I molecules were only the result of H-2Kb and that H-2d represent lower affinity ligands for Ly49C than H-2b. Therefore, depending on the relative affinity of Ly49 receptors for their ligands, the modulation of their expression level will be determinant for the functional outcome of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anick Chalifour
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
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23
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Morris MA, Koulich E, Liu J, Arora V, George TC, Schatzle JD, Kumar V, Bennett M. Definition of additional functional ligands for Ly49I(B6) using FVBLy49I(B6) transgenic mice and B6 natural killer cell effectors. Transplantation 2002; 74:1449-54. [PMID: 12451247 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200211270-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells use inhibitory Ly49 receptors to differentiate self from foreign cells based on interactions with major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules. Inhibitory receptors may recognize multiple MHC class I molecules. Studies to define ligands for the Ly49 receptors are complicated by the fact that receptors are expressed in overlapping subsets on NK cells. Binding studies can predict which MHC class I molecules are ligands for Ly49 receptors, but functional tests are required to substantiate results from binding studies. METHODS We developed Ly49 receptor transgenic mice and studied the function of Ly49I(B6) in FVB.Ly49I(B6) transgenic mice using bone marrow transplantation assays to determine additional functional ligands for Ly49I(B6). We have also used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate specific populations of B6 NK cells bearing Ly49I for use as effectors in chromium-release assays against a panel of Concanavalin A blast targets. RESULTS Bone marrow transplantation studies indicate that H2-K(b), H2(s), and H2(v) serve as functional ligands for Ly49I(B6). In vitro cytotoxicity assays indicate that Ly49I recognizes H2(q), but not H2(d) or H2(k), target cells to inhibit NK killing. CONCLUSIONS These data add support to previous binding studies by showing functional interactions between the B6-strain Ly49I and H2-K(b), H2(s), H2(v), and H2(q) class I antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Morris
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
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24
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Silver ET, Lavender KJ, Gong DE, Hazes B, Kane KP. Allelic variation in the ectodomain of the inhibitory Ly-49G2 receptor alters its specificity for allogeneic and xenogeneic ligands. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4752-60. [PMID: 12391184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ly-49 multigene receptor family regulates mouse NK cell functions. A number of Ly-49 genes exhibit allelic variation, but the functional significance of allelic differences in extracellular domains of Ly-49 receptors regarding ligand specificity is largely unknown. Amino acid differences exist in the extracellular domains of the B6 and BALB/c allele products of the inhibitory Ly-49G receptor. We constructed chimeric Ly-49 receptors consisting of common cytoplasmic and transmembrane regions of the activating Ly-49W receptor fused with the ectodomains of the B6 and BALB/c alleles of Ly-49G. Expression of these chimeras in the RNK-16 rat NK cell line allowed us to study the specificity of inhibitory receptor ectodomains as they stimulated NK lytic activity. We found that the ectodomain of the BALB/c allele of Ly-49G recognizes both H-2D(d) and D(k) class I MHC alleles, whereas the ectodomain of the B6 allele of Ly-49G recognizes D(d), and not D(k). The specificity for D(k) as well as D(d) of the wild-type Ly-49G(BALB/c) allele product was confirmed with RNK-16 transfectants of this inhibitory receptor. Furthermore, the ectodomain of the Ly-49G(BALB/c) allele recognizes a distinct repertoire of xenogeneic ligands that only partially overlaps with that recognized by Ly-49G(B6). Our results indicate that allelic variation in Ly-49 extracellular domains can have functional significance by altering Ly-49 receptor specificity for mouse class I MHC and xenogeneic ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Heterophile/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Extracellular Space/genetics
- Extracellular Space/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Isoantigens/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Species Specificity
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Silver
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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25
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Abstract
NK cells are important effector lymphocytes of innate immunity; they kill infected cells and produce cytokines that stimulate other immune effects. Once considered relatively homogeneous, NK cells are now seen to be highly diverse. Within an individual, expression of different combinations of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors creates a diverse NK cell repertoire, which exhibits specificity in the immune response. Rapid evolution of NK cell receptor gene families distinguishes members of a species and causes substantial species-specific differences in NK cell receptor systems. All known ligands for these diverse receptors are MHC class I molecules, or molecules of host or pathogen origin that are homologous to MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L McQueen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Fairchild Building D-157, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA.
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26
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Furukawa H, Iizuka K, Poursine-Laurent J, Shastri N, Yokoyama WM. A ligand for the murine NK activation receptor Ly-49D: activation of tolerized NK cells from beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:126-36. [PMID: 12077237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse NK cells express inhibitory NK receptors that recognize target cell MHC class I molecules and activation receptors that are less well defined. The Ly-49D activation receptor on C57BL/6 NK cells recognizes Chinese hamster ovary cells and triggers natural killing. In this study, we demonstrate that a Chinese hamster classical MHC class I molecule is the ligand for Ly-49D in a reporter gene assay system as well as in NK cell killing assays. Ly-49D recognizes the Chinese hamster class I molecule better when it is expressed with Chinese hamster beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) than murine beta(2)m. However, it is still controversial that Ly-49D recognizes H-2D(d), as we were unable to demonstrate the specificity previously reported. Using this one ligand-one receptor recognition system, function of an NK activation receptor was, for the first time, investigated in NK cells that are tolerized in beta(2)m-deficient mice. Surprisingly, Ly-49D-killing activity against ligand-expressing targets was observed with beta(2)m-deficient mouse NK cells, albeit reduced, even though "tolerized" function of Ly-49D was expected. These results indicate that Ly-49D specifically recognizes the Chinese hamster MHC class I molecule associated with Chinese hamster beta(2)m, and indicate that the Ly-49D NK cell activation receptor is not tolerized in beta(2)m deficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Ly
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus/genetics
- Cricetulus/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Species Specificity
- Transduction, Genetic
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Furukawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rheumatology Division, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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27
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Saleh A, Makrigiannis AP, Hodge DL, Anderson SK. Identification of a novel Ly49 promoter that is active in bone marrow and fetal thymus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5163-9. [PMID: 11994471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of several Ly49 genes has identified a tissue-specific promoter adjacent to the previously defined first exon. The current study reveals the presence of an additional Ly49 promoter (Pro-1) and two noncoding exons upstream of the previously defined promoter (Pro-2). DNA sequences homologous to Pro-1 are present 4-10 kb upstream of Pro-2 in all Ly49 genes examined, and Pro-1 transcripts were detected from the Ly49a, e, g, o, and v genes. Pro-1 activity can be detected in bone marrow, embryonic thymus, freshly isolated liver NK cells, and the murine LNK cell line, but it does not function in adult thymus, sorted NK-T cells, spleen NK cells, or the EL-4 T cell line, even though these cells express Ly49 proteins. Luciferase reporter assays identified a Pro-1 core promoter region that functions in the LNK cell line but not EL-4 cells. The novel promoter is not active in mature NK cells, suggesting that Pro-1 represents an early Ly49 promoter.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/immunology
- Alternative Splicing/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Exons/immunology
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Initiation Site
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saleh
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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28
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Makrigiannis AP, Pau AT, Schwartzberg PL, McVicar DW, Beck TW, Anderson SK. A BAC contig map of the Ly49 gene cluster in 129 mice reveals extensive differences in gene content relative to C57BL/6 mice. Genomics 2002; 79:437-44. [PMID: 11863373 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The murine Ly49 gene family is functionally analogous to the human killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptors. The number of KIR genes varies dramatically between individuals; however, the organization of the Ly49 genes has only been determined for the C57BL/6 (B6) mouse. The organization of the 129 Ly49 loci was determined from a BAC contig map by PCR and Southern blot analysis. In addition to the 10 Ly49 genes known from previous studies of the 129/J strain, 8 new genes were localized to the 129 Ly49 cluster. A gene order of Ly49q(1), e, (v, q(2)), e/c(2), l/r, s, t, e/c(1), r, u, u/i, i(1), g, p/d, (i(2), p), and o was determined. The 129 Ly49 gene cluster is predicted to span approximately 600 kb. These results indicate that Ly49 gene numbers can be significantly different between inbred mouse strains, analogous to the haplotype differences observed in the human KIR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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29
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Sundbäck J, Achour A, Michaëlsson J, Lindström H, Kärre K. NK cell inhibitory receptor Ly-49C residues involved in MHC class I binding. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:793-800. [PMID: 11777974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse NK cells express Ly-49 receptors specific for classical MHC class I molecules. Several of the Ly-49 receptors have been characterized in terms of function and ligand specificity. However, the only Ly-49 receptor-ligand interaction previously described in detail is that between Ly-49A and H-2D(d), as studied by point mutations in the ligand and the crystal structure of the co-complex of these molecules. It is not known whether other Ly-49 receptors bind MHC class I in a similar manner as Ly-49A. Here we have studied the effect of mutations in Ly-49C on binding to the MHC class I molecules H-2K(b), H-2D(b), and H-2D(d). The MHC class I molecules were used as soluble tetramers to stain transiently transfected 293T cells expressing the mutated Ly-49C receptors. Three of nine mutations in Ly-49C led to loss of MHC class I binding. The three Ly-49C mutations that affected MHC binding correspond to Ly-49A residues that are in contact or close to H-2D(d) in the co-crystal, demonstrating that MHC class I binding by Ly-49C is dependent on residues in the same area as that used by Ly-49A for ligand contacts.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Amino Acids/genetics
- Amino Acids/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Cell Line
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sundbäck
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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