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Grote K, Nicolai M, Schubert U, Schieffer B, Troidl C, Preissner KT, Bauer S, Fischer S. Extracellular Ribosomal RNA Acts Synergistically with Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonists to Promote Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091440. [PMID: 35563745 PMCID: PMC9103112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-extracellular RNA (eRNA), which is released under pathological conditions from damaged tissue, has recently been identified as a new alarmin and synergistic agent together with toll-like receptor (TLR)2 ligands to induce proinflammatory activities of immune cells. In this study, a detailed investigation of these interactions is reported. The macrophage cell line J774 A.1 or C57 BL/6 J wild-type mice were treated with 18S rRNA and different TLR2 agonists. Gene and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-α; interleukin (Il)-1β, Il-6; or monocyte chemoattractant protein (Mcp)-1 were analyzed and furthermore in vitro binding studies to TLR2 were performed. The TLR2/TLR6-agonist Pam2 CSK4 (Pam2) together with 18S rRNA significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes and the release of TNF-α from macrophages in a TLR2- and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent manner. The injection of 18S rRNA/Pam2 into mice increased the cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in the peritoneal lavage. Mechanistically, 18S rRNA built complexes with Pam2 and thus enhanced the affinity of Pam2 to TLR2. These results indicate that the alarmin eRNA, mainly consisting of rRNA, sensitizes TLR2 to enhance the innate immune response under pathological conditions. Thus, rRNA might serve as a new target for the treatments of bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Grote
- Cardiology & Angiology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Marina Nicolai
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Uwe Schubert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Cardiology & Angiology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Christian Troidl
- Medical Clinic I, Cardiology/Angiology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
- Department Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Department Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Cugini C, Ramasubbu N, Tsiagbe VK, Fine DH. Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617485. [PMID: 33763040 PMCID: PMC7982844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of microbiology and immunology with regard to caries and periodontal disease gained substantial clinical or research consideration in the mid 1960's. This enhanced emphasis related to several simple but elegant experiments illustrating the relevance of bacteria to oral infections. Since that point, the understanding of oral diseases has become increasingly sophisticated and many of the original hypotheses related to disease causality have either been abandoned or amplified. The COVID pandemic has reminded us of the importance of history relative to infectious diseases and in the words of Churchill "those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it." This review is designed to present an overview of broad general directions of research over the last 60 years in oral microbiology and immunology, reviewing significant contributions, indicating emerging foci of interest, and proposing future directions based on technical advances and new understandings. Our goal is to review this rich history (standard microbiology and immunology) and point to potential directions in the future (omics) that can lead to a better understanding of disease. Over the years, research scientists have moved from a position of downplaying the role of bacteria in oral disease to one implicating bacteria as true pathogens that cause disease. More recently it has been proposed that bacteria form the ecological first line of defense against "foreign" invaders and also serve to train the immune system as an acquired host defensive stimulus. While early immunological research was focused on immunological exposure as a modulator of disease, the "hygiene hypothesis," and now the "old friends hypothesis" suggest that the immune response could be trained by bacteria for long-term health. Advanced "omics" technologies are currently being used to address changes that occur in the host and the microbiome in oral disease. The "omics" methodologies have shaped the detection of quantifiable biomarkers to define human physiology and pathologies. In summary, this review will emphasize the role that commensals and pathobionts play in their interaction with the immune status of the host, with a prediction that current "omic" technologies will allow researchers to better understand disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cugini
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
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3
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Semisynthetic, self-adjuvanting vaccine development: Efficient, site-specific sortase A-mediated conjugation of Toll-like receptor 2 ligand FSL-1 to recombinant protein antigens under native conditions and application to a model group A streptococcal vaccine. J Control Release 2019; 317:96-108. [PMID: 31758971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein antigens are, in general, weakly immunogenic, and therefore require co-delivery with adjuvants to stimulate potent immune responses. The fusion of (poly)peptide antigens to immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists) has been demonstrated to greatly improve vaccine potency compared to mixtures of antigen and adjuvant. Chemical approaches, to enable the rapid, site-specific and high-yielding linkage of TLR2 ligands to recombinant protein antigens, have been previously optimized. These approaches require the use of denaturing conditions to ensure high reaction yields, which limits their application, as maintenance of native protein folding is necessary to elicit antibodies against conformational epitopes. Here, this work aimed to optimize an alternative method, to ensure the efficient bioconjugation of TLR2 ligands onto folded protein antigens. An enzyme-mediated approach, using Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (or a penta mutant with enhanced efficiency), was optimized for reaction yield and time, as well as enzyme type and amount. This approach enabled the site-specific conjugation of the TLR2-agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1) onto a model group A Streptococcus (GAS) recombinant polytope antigen under conditions that maintain protein folding, yielding a homogeneous, molecularly-defined product, with ligation yields as high as 90%. Following intramuscular (IM) administration of the ligation product to humanized plasminogen AlbPLG1 mice, high-titer, antigen-specific IgG antibodies were observed, which conferred protection against subcutaneous challenge with GAS strain 5448. In comparison, mixtures of the GAS antigen with aluminum hydroxide or FSL-1 failed to provide protection, with the FSL-1 mixture yielding ~1000-fold lower antigen-specific IgG antibody titers, and the mixture with alum yielding a Th2-biased response compared to the more balanced Th1/Th2 responses observed with the FSL-1 conjugate. Overall, a FSL-1 bioconjugation method for the efficient production of antigen-TLR2 agonist conjugates, which maintain protein folding, was produced, with broad utility for the development of self-adjuvanting vaccines against subunit protein antigens.
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4
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Zhang K, Han Y, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Peng X. gga-miR-146c Activates TLR6/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway through Targeting MMP16 to Prevent Mycoplasma Gallisepticum (HS Strain) Infection in Chickens. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050501. [PMID: 31137698 PMCID: PMC6562429 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), a pathogen that infects chickens and some other birds, triggers chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens, which is characterized by inflammation. The investigation of microbial pathogenesis would contribute to the deep understanding of infection control. Since microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) play a key role in this process, gga-mir-146c, an upregulated miRNA upon MG infection, was selected according to our previous RNA-sequencing data. In this paper, we predicted and validated that MMP16 is one of gga-miR-146c target genes. Results show that MMP16 is the target of gga-miR-146c and gga-miR-146c can downregulate MMP16 expression within limits. gga-miR-146c upregulation significantly increased the expression of TLR6, NF-κB p65, MyD88, and TNF-α, whereas the gga-miR-146c inhibitor led to an opposite result. gga-miR-146c upregulation effectively decreased apoptosis and stimulated DF-1 cells proliferation upon MG infection. On the contrary, gga-miR-146c inhibitor promoted apoptosis and repressed the proliferation. Collectively, our results suggest that gga-miR-146c upregulation upon MG infection represses MMP16 expression, activating TLR6/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, promoting cell proliferation by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and, finally, enhancing cell cycle progression to defend against host MG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, College of Animal science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yun Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, College of Animal science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, College of Animal science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yabo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, College of Animal science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yali Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, College of Animal science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, College of Animal science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Takemasu S, Nigorikawa K, Yamada M, Tsurumi G, Kofuji S, Takasuga S, Hazeki K. Phosphorylation of TMEM55B by Erk/MAPK regulates lysosomal positioning. J Biochem 2019; 166:175-185. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
TMEM55B is first identified as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-P24-phosphatases (PtdIns-4,5-P24-phosphatases) that catalyse dephosphorylation of PtdIns-4,5-P2 to PtdIns-5-P. We demonstrate for the first time that TMEM55B is phosphorylated by Erk/MAPK and that this mechanism participates in regulation of lysosomal clustering. Exposure of RAW264.7 macrophages to various stimuli induces phosphorylation of TMEM55B on Ser76 and Ser169, sites corresponding to consensus sequences (PX(S/T)P) for phosphorylation by MAPK. Of these stimuli, Toll-like receptor ligands most strongly induce TMEM55B phosphorylation, and this is blocked by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. However, phosphorylation does not impact intrinsic phosphatase activity of TMEM55B. TMEM55B has recently been implicated in starvation induced lysosomal translocation. Amino acid starvation induces perinuclear lamp1 clustering in RAW264.7 macrophages, which was attenuated by shRNA-mediated knock-down or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out of TMEM55B. Cells exposed to U0126 also exhibit attenuated lamp1 clustering. Overexpression of TMEM55B but not TMEM55A notably enhances lamp1 clustering, with TMEM55B mutants (lacking phosphorylation sites or mimicking the phosphorylated state) exhibiting lower and higher efficacies (respectively) than wild-type TMEM55B. Collectively, results suggest that phosphorylation of TMEM55B by Erk/MAPK impacts lysosomal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takemasu
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nigorikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miho Yamada
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Go Tsurumi
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takasuga
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hazeki
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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6
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Yong YH, Liu SF, Hua GH, Jia RM, Gooneratne R, Zhao YT, Liao M, Ju XH. Goose toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mediated IFN-γ and IL-6 in anti-H5N1 avian influenza virus response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 197:31-38. [PMID: 29475504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the innate immune pathways is critical for early anti-viral defense. How geese recognize viral molecules and activate these pathways is not well understood. In mammals, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA. Activation of TLR3 induces the activation of NF-кB and the production of type-I interferon. In this study, the goose TLR3 gene was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Goose TLR3 encoded an 896-amino-acid protein, containing a signal secretion peptide, 14 extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains, a transmembrane domain, a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signaling domain, and shared 46.7-84.4% homology with other species. Tissue expression of goose TLR3 varied markedly and was highest in the pancreas and lowest in the skin. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with goose TLR3 and NF-κB-luciferase-containing plasmids responded significantly to poly i:c. The expression of TLR3, IL-6 and IFN-γ mRNA, but not IL-1 mRNA, was significantly upregulated after poly i:c or high pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) stimulation in goose peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in vitro. Furthermore, geese infected with H5N1 showed significant upregulation of TLR3, especially in the lung and brain. We conclude that goose TLR3 is a functional TLR3 homologue of the protein in other species and plays an important role in virus recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Yong
- Center of Modern Biochemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Shao-Feng Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Guo-Hong Hua
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ru-Min Jia
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Yun-Tao Zhao
- MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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7
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Roachford O, Nelson KE, Mohapatra BR. Virulence and molecular adaptation of human urogenital mycoplasmas: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1607556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orville Roachford
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | - Bidyut Ranjan Mohapatra
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
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8
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Takeda Y, Azuma M, Hatsugai R, Fujimoto Y, Hashimoto M, Fukase K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. The second and third amino acids of Pam2 lipopeptides are key for the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells. Innate Immun 2018; 24:323-331. [PMID: 29848176 PMCID: PMC6830919 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918777598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TLR2 agonist, dipalmitoyl lipopeptide (Pam2LP), has been used as an immune
adjuvant without much success. Pam2LP is recognised by TLR2/6 receptors in
humans and in mice. This study examined the proliferative activity of cytotoxic
T lymphocytes (CTL) using mouse Ag-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) and OT-I
assay system, where a library of synthetic Pam2LP was utilised from the
Staphylococcus aureus database. Ag-specific CTL expansion
and IFN-γ levels largely depended on the Pam2LP peptide sequence. The first Aa
is cysteine (Cys), which has an active SH residue to bridge fatty acids, and the
second and third Aa are hydrophilic or non-polar. The sequence structurally
adapted to the residual constitution of the reported TLR2/6 pocket. The inactive
sequence contained proline or leucine/isoleucine after the first Cys. Notably,
no direct activation of OT-I cells was detected without DCs by stimulation with
the active Pam2LP having the Cys-Ser sequence. MyD88, but not TICAM-1 or IFN
pathways, in DCs participates in DC maturation characterised by upregulation of
CD40, CD80 and CD86. Hence, the active Pam2LPs appear suitable for dimeric
TLR2/6 on DCs, resulting in induction of DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- 1 Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Azuma
- 1 Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ryoko Hatsugai
- 1 Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan.,3 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Masahito Hashimoto
- 4 Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- 3 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- 1 Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- 1 Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Saeki A, Sugiyama M, Hasebe A, Suzuki T, Shibata K. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages by mycoplasmal lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:300-311. [PMID: 29682880 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular sensor consisting of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC), and procaspase-1, plays critical roles in host defense against microbial pathogens by inducing production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells activated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) to induce production of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18. The IL-1β production-inducing activities of these mycoplasmas toward BMMs from Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient mice were significantly attenuated compared with those from C57BL/6 mice (B6BMMs). This result suggests the possibility that their lipoproteins as TLR2 agonists are involved in the activity. Lipoproteins of M. salivarium and M. pneumoniae (MsLP and MpLP), and the M. salivarium-derived lipopeptide FSL-1 induced IL-1β production by B6BMMs, but not by BMMs from caspase-1-, NLRP3- or ASC-deficient mice. The activities of MsLP and MpLP were not downregulated by the proteinase K treatment, suggesting that the active sites are their N-terminal lipopeptide moieties. B6BMMs internalized the mycoplasmal N-terminal lipopeptide FSL-1 at least 30 min after incubation, FSL-1-containing endosomes started to fuse with the lysosomes around 2 hours, and then FSL-1 translocated into the cytosol from LAMP-1+ endosomes. The artificial delivery of FSL-1 into the cytosol of B6BMMs drastically enhanced the IL-1β production-inducing activity. FSL-1 as well as the representative NLRP3 inflammasome activator nigericin induced the NLRP3/ASC speck, but FSL-1 located in a compartment different from the NLRP3/ASC speck.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saeki
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Sugiyama
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A Hasebe
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shibata
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Caplan IF, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling and Current Approaches for Therapeutic Modulation in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29780321 PMCID: PMC5945810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to health. Integral to this process are microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS. Microglia express a wide variety of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, that detect changes in the neural environment. The activation of microglia and the subsequent proinflammatory response has become increasingly relevant to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Within these diseases there is evidence of the accumulation of endogenous α-synuclein that stimulates an inflammatory response from microglia via the Toll-like receptors. There have been recent developments in both new and old pharmacological agents designed to target microglia and curtail the inflammatory environment. This review will aim to delineate the process of microglia-mediated inflammation and new therapeutic avenues to manage the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Caplan
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Takeda Y, Azuma M, Funami K, Shime H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Type I Interferon-Independent Dendritic Cell Priming and Antitumor T Cell Activation Induced by a Mycoplasma fermentans Lipopeptide. Front Immunol 2018; 9:496. [PMID: 29593736 PMCID: PMC5861346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans-derived diacylated lipoprotein M161Ag (MALP404) is recognized by human/mouse toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/TLR6. Short proteolytic products including macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP2) have been utilized as antitumor immune-enhancing adjuvants. We have chemically synthesized a short form of MALP2 named MALP2s (S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-CGNNDE). MALP2 and MALP2s provoke natural killer (NK) cell activation in vitro but only poorly induce tumor regression using in vivo mouse models loading NK-sensitive tumors. Here, we identified the functional mechanism of MALP2s on dendritic cell (DC)-priming and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-dependent tumor eradication using CTL-sensitive tumor-implant models EG7 and B16-OVA. Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy in combination with MALP2s + ovalbumin (OVA) showed a significant additive effect on tumor growth suppression. MALP2s increased co-stimulators CD80/86 and CD40, which were totally MyD88-dependent, with no participation of toll-IL-1R homology domain-containing adaptor molecule-1 or type I interferon signaling in DC priming. MALP2s + OVA consequently augmented proliferation of OVA-specific CTLs in the spleen and at tumor sites. Chemokines and cytolytic factors were upregulated in the tumor. Strikingly, longer duration and reinvigoration of CTLs in spleen and tumors were accomplished by the addition of MALP2s + OVA to α-PD-L1 antibody (Ab) therapy compared to α-PD-L1 Ab monotherapy. Then, tumors regressed better in the MALP2s/OVA combination than in the α-PD-L1 Ab monotherapy. Hence, MALP2s/tumor-associated antigens combined with α-PD-L1 Ab is a good therapeutic strategy in some mouse models. Unfortunately, numerous patients are still resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and good DC-priming adjuvants are desired. Cytokine toxicity by MALP2s remains to be settled, which should be improved by chemical modification in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Funami
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Hu Q, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Hou Y, Bi D, Sun J, Peng X. Chicken gga-miR-19a Targets ZMYND11 and Plays an Important Role in Host Defense against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (HS Strain) Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:102. [PMID: 27683641 PMCID: PMC5021716 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), one of the most pathogenic Mycoplasmas, can cause chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens. It has been suggested that micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are involved in microbial pathogenesis. However, little is known about the roles of miRNAs in MG infection. Previously, we found by deep sequencing that gga-miR-19a was significantly up-regulated in the lungs of MG-infected chicken embryos. In this work, we confirmed that gga-miR-19a was up-regulated in both MG-infected chicken embryonic lungs and MG-infected DF-1 (chicken embryo fibroblast) cells. At 72 h post-transfection, we found that the over-expression of gga-miR-19a significantly enhanced the proliferation of MG-infected DF-1 cells by promoting the transition from the G1 phase to the S and G2 phases, while a gga-miR-19a inhibitor repressed the proliferation of MG-infected DF-1 cells by arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Moreover, we found that gga-miR-19a regulated the expression of the host zinc-finger protein, MYND-type containing 11 (ZMYND11), through binding to its 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR). DAVID analysis revealed that ZMYND11 could negatively regulate the NF-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in chickens (Gallus gallus). Upon MG infection, gga-miR-19a, NF-κB, MyD88, and TNF-α were all up-regulated, whereas ZMYND11 was down-regulated. The over-expression of gga-miR-19a in the DF-1 cells did not affect the above gene expression patterns, and gga-miR-19a inhibitor repressed the expression of NF-κB, MyD88, and TNF-α, but enhanced the expression of ZMYND11. In conclusion, gga-miR-19a might suppress the expression of ZMYND11 in MG-infected chicken embryonic lungs and DF-1 cells, activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, and promote pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, the cell cycle progression and cell proliferation to defend against MG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yabo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Dingren Bi
- China National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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He LB, Wang H, Luo LF, Jiang SH, Liu LY, Li YM, Huang R, Liao LJ, Zhu ZY, Wang YP. Characterization, expression analysis and localization pattern of toll-like receptor 1 (tlr1) and toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) genes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1434-1440. [PMID: 27221024 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the toll-like receptor 1 (tlr1) and toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) genes of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were cloned and characterized. tlr1 and tlr2 were found to be highly expressed in immune system organs such as spleen, middle kidney and heart kidney. The expression level of tlr1 and tlr2 was found to be up-regulated at the later stage of viral challenge process. Moreover, subcellular localization indicated that Tlr1 and Tlr2 shared similar localization pattern and both of them may locate in the plasma membrane of transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - L F Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - S H Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Kim Il Song University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - L Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Y M Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - R Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - L J Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Z Y Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Y P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Tian W, Zhao C, Hu Q, Sun J, Peng X. Roles of Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in the inflammatory response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in DF-1 cells and in chicken embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:39-47. [PMID: 26797426 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major pathogen that causes chronic respiratory diseases in chicken, the molecular mechanism of MG infection is not clear. In this study, we investigated the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and 6 (TLR6) in MG infection. We found that TLR2 type 2 (TLR2-2) and TLR6 had differential expressions in chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1 cells), where TLR6 was highly expressed, but TLR2-2 was barely expressed. Upon MG infection, TLR6 expression was upregulated, followed by upregulation of downstream factors, MyD88, NF-κB, IL2, IL6, and TNF-α. Knockdown of TLR6 expression by shRNA abolished the MG-induced inflammatory responses. More interestingly, in the presence of TLR6, TLR2-2 didn't respond to MG infection in DF-1 cells. When TLR6 was knocked down by shRNA, however, TLR2 was upregulated upon MG infection, which was followed by upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Finally, we tested effects of the MG infection on expression of TLR2-2 and TLR6 in the lungs and trachea tissues of chicken embryos. We found both TLR2-2 and TLR6 were upregulated upon MG infection, followed by upregulation of the downstream NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. This study was the first to report the differential roles of TLR2-2 and TLR6 in MG-infected DF-1 cells and chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingchuang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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15
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Yong Y, Liu S, Hua G, Jia R, Zhao Y, Sun X, Liao M, Ju X. Identification and functional characterization of Toll-like receptor 2-1 in geese. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:108. [PMID: 25967535 PMCID: PMC4449522 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), an important pattern recognition receptor, activates proinflammatory pathways in response to various pathogens. It has been reported in humans and chicken, but not in geese, an important waterfowl species in China. Since some vaccines stimulate robust immune responsesl in chicken but not in geeeses we speculated that their immune systems are different. Results In this study, we cloned the goose TLR2-1 gene using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)and showed that geese TLR2-1 encoded a 793-amino-acid protein, containing a signal secretion peptide, an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane domain and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signaling domain deduced from amino acid sequence. TLR2-1 shared 38.4%–93.5% homology with its homologues in other species. Tissue expression of geese TLR2-1 varied markedly, and was higher in kidney, cloacal bursa, skin and brain compared to other organs/tissues. HEK293 cells transfected with plasmids carrying goose TLR2-1 and NF-κB-luciferase responded significantly to stimulation with Mycoplasma fermentans lipopeptide. Furthermore, geese infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Salmonella enteritidis (SE) showed significant upregulation of TLR2-1 in both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Geese TLR2-1 is a functional homologue of TLR2 present in other species and plays an important role in bacterial recognition in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Guohong Hua
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Rumin Jia
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- Center of Modern Biochemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - Ming Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China. .,MOA Key Laboratory for Animal Vaccine Development, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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16
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Lashkari BS, Shahana S, Anumba DO. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in the pregnant and non-pregnant human uterine cervix. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 107:43-51. [PMID: 25467401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic infections and sexually transmitted diseases place a burden on health resources and may be associated with premature birth. The mechanisms by which the female reproductive tract (FRT) combats these infections remain ill understood, but are likely to involve the pattern recognition Toll-like receptors (TLR). We sought to compare the expression of TLR-2 and -4 by human pregnant and non-pregnant ectocervical epithelium as a prelude to the investigation of the function of these receptors in this tissue during pregnancy. Using the techniques of reverse-transcriptase polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, the gene and protein expression of TLR-2 and -4 were studied in the biopsies of ectocervix obtained from non-pregnant premenopausal women (n=21) undergoing hysterectomy, women in the first trimester of pregnancy undergoing non-medically indicated suction pregnancy termination (n=6), and women at term undergoing elective caesarean section (n=11). The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 genes and proteins were upregulated in early and late pregnant ectocervical epithelium, compared with non-pregnant tissue. These findings suggest that the upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in the lower FRT may play a key role in the modulation of the innate immune and inflammatory mechanisms of the ectocervix during pregnancy, interacting with other neuroendocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnia S Lashkari
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
| | - Shahida Shahana
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
| | - Dilly O Anumba
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
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Kasamatsu J, Takahashi S, Azuma M, Matsumoto M, Morii-Sakai A, Imamura M, Teshima T, Takahashi A, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Sato N, Seya T. PolyI:C and mouse survivin artificially embedding human 2B peptide induce a CD4+ T cell response to autologous survivin in HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice. Immunobiology 2014; 220:74-82. [PMID: 25257859 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell effectors are crucial for establishing antitumor immunity. Dendritic cell maturation by immune adjuvants appears to facilitate subset-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation, but the adjuvant effect for CD4 T on induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is largely unknown. Self-antigenic determinants with low avidity are usually CD4 epitopes in mutated proteins with tumor-associated class I-antigens (TAAs). In this study, we made a chimeric version of survivin, a target of human CTLs. The chimeric survivin, where human survivin-2B containing a TAA was embedded in the mouse survivin frame (MmSVN2B), was used to immunize HLA-A-2402/K(b)-transgenic (HLA24(b)-Tg) mice. Subcutaneous administration of MmSVN2B or xenogeneic human survivin (control HsSNV2B) to HLA24(b)-Tg mice failed to induce an immune response without co-administration of an RNA adjuvant polyI:C, which was required for effector induction in vivo. Although HLA-A-2402/K(b) presented the survivin-2B peptide in C57BL/6 mice, 2B-specific tetramer assays showed that no CD8(+) T CTLs specific to survivin-2B proliferated above the detection limit in immunized mice, even with polyI:C treatment. However, the CD4(+) T cell response, as monitored by IFN-γ, was significantly increased in mice given polyI:C+MmSVN2B. The Th1 response and antibody production were enhanced in the mice with polyI:C. The CD4 epitope responsible for effector function was not Hs/MmSNV13-27, a nonconserved region between human and mouse survivin, but region 53-67, which was identical between human and mouse survivin. These results suggest that activated, self-reactive CD4(+) helper T cells proliferate in MmSVN2B+polyI:C immunization and contribute to Th1 polarization followed by antibody production, but hardly participate in CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shojiro Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Morii-Sakai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Imamura
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 requires Mal and PI3K for efficient induction of heme oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103433. [PMID: 25077631 PMCID: PMC4117634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study is to investigate the mechanisms by which macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) induces heme oxygenase (HO)-1, a cytoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme, in human monocytes. METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells were cultured for transient transfection with plasmids and stimulation with MALP-2 for indicative time intervals. After incubation with MALP-2, cells were collected and disrupted, before being tested for promoter activity using luciferase assay. For analysis of proteins, immunoreactive bands were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting system, and the band intensity was measured by densitometryic analysis. For the detection of co-immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE was performed and the membranes were probed using respective antibodies. To investigate the cellular localization of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), cells underwent immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, and were analyzed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS MALP-2-induced HO-1 expression and promoter activity were abrogated by transfection with dominant negative (DN) plasmids of TLR2 and TLR6, or their neutralizing antibodies. However, inhibition of MyD88 or transfection with the DN-MyD88 was insufficient to attenuate HO-1 expression. In contrast, mutation or silencing of MyD88 adapter-like (Mal) by DN-Mal or siRNA almost completely blocked HO-1 induction. Btk, c-Src and PI3K were also involved in MALP-2-induced HO-1 expression, as revealed by specific inhibitors LFM-A13, PP1 and LY294002, or by transfection with siRNA of c-Src. MALP-2-induced activation of PI3K was attenuated by transfection with DN mutant of Mal, and by pretreatment with LFM-A13 or PP1. Furthermore, MALP-2 stimulated the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus and Nrf2 binding to the ARE site in the HO-1 promoter, which could also be inhibited by pretreatment with a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that MALP-2 required TLR2/6, Btk, Mal and c-Src to activate PI3K, which in turn initiated the activation of Nrf2 for efficient HO-1 induction.
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Targeting TLR2 for vaccine development. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:619410. [PMID: 25057505 PMCID: PMC4098989 DOI: 10.1155/2014/619410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of innate immune receptors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-targeting formulations, such as synthetic lipopeptides and antigens expressed in fusion with lipoproteins, have been shown to have built-in adjuvant properties and to be effective at inducing cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in different animal species. However, contradictory data has arisen concerning the profile of the immune response elicited. The benefits of targeting TLR2 for vaccine development are thus still debatable and more studies are needed to rationally explore its characteristics. Here, we resume the main features of TLR2 and TLR2-induced immune responses, focusing on what has been reported for veterinary animals.
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Wang K, Mu Y, Qian T, Ao J, Chen X. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 1 from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:2046-2050. [PMID: 24184976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune receptors that recognize molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens (PAMP) and induce antimicrobial immune responses. Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a TLR1 homologue from the large yellow croaker (LycTLR1). The complete cDNA of LycTLR1 is 3487 nucleotides long, encoding a protein of 802 amino acids. The deduced LycTLR1 has a typical TLR domain architecture including 4 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) (residues 42-491), one C-terminal LRR domain (residues 527-583) at the extracellular region and a TIR domain (residues 646-791) in the cytoplasmic region. Homology comparison shows that LycTLR1 has 76.8%-47.6% amino acid identity to known fish TLR1. Genomic analysis revealed that LycTLR1 consisted of only one exon in the coding region, which is conserved among other TLR1 from different mammalian species and fish analyzed to date, except the zebrafish. The mRNA of LycTLR1 was constitutively expressed in spleen, head kidney, blood, liver, heart, gills, intestine, brains and muscle, with the highest levels in spleen and blood. Upon stimulation with LPS, the LycTLR1 expression obviously increased in the anterior kidney cells of large yellow croaker, suggesting a role for LycTLR1 in the immune response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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21
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Hajishengallis G, Connell TD. Type II heat-labile enterotoxins: structure, function, and immunomodulatory properties. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 152:68-77. [PMID: 23137790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types on the basis of genetic, biochemical, and immunological properties. Type I and Type II HLT have been intensively studied for their exceptionally strong adjuvant activities. Despite general structural similarities, these molecules, in intact or derivative (non-toxic) forms, display notable differences in their mode of immunomodulatory action. The molecular basis of these differences has remained largely uncharacterized until recently. This review focuses on the Type II HLTs and their immunomodulatory properties which depend largely on interactions with unique gangliosides and Toll-like receptors that are not utilized by the Type I HLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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Kumar S, Ingle H, Prasad DVR, Kumar H. Recognition of bacterial infection by innate immune sensors. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:229-46. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.706249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Wang Y, Zhu Z, Church TD, Lugogo NL, Que LG, Francisco D, Ingram JL, Huggins M, Beaver DM, Wright JR, Kraft M. SHP-1 as a critical regulator of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced inflammation in human asthmatic airway epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3371-81. [PMID: 22371396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against exposure of the airway to infectious agents. Src homology protein (SHP)-1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is a negative regulator of signaling pathways that are critical to the development of asthma and host defense. We hypothesize that SHP-1 function is defective in asthma, contributing to the increased inflammatory response induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen known to exacerbate asthma. M. pneumoniae significantly activated SHP-1 in airway epithelial cells collected from nonasthmatic subjects by bronchoscopy with airway brushing but not in cells from asthmatic subjects. In asthmatic airway epithelial cells, M. pneumoniae induced significant PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and IL-8 production compared with nonasthmatic cells, which were reversed by SHP-1 overexpression. Conversely, SHP-1 knockdown significantly increased IL-8 production and PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation in the setting of M. pneumoniae infection in nonasthmatic cells, but it did not exacerbate these three parameters already activated in asthmatic cells. Thus, SHP-1 plays a critical role in abrogating M. pneumoniae-induced IL-8 production in nonasthmatic airway epithelial cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activity, but it is defective in asthma, resulting in an enhanced inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Innate immune receptors respond to common structural patterns in microbial molecules and are called pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in the innate immune system by recognizing microbial lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Precise definition of the ligand "pattern" of TLRs has been difficult to determine primarily owing to a lack of high-resolution structures. Recently, the structures of several TLR-ligand complexes and the intracellular signaling domains have been determined by X-ray crystallography. This new structural information, combined with extensive biochemical and immunological data accumulated over decades, sheds new light on ligand-recognition and -activation mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the TLR structures and discuss proposed ligand-recognition and -activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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Sawahata R, Shime H, Yamazaki S, Inoue N, Akazawa T, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Failure of mycoplasma lipoprotein MALP-2 to induce NK cell activation through dendritic cell TLR2. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:350-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Okazaki N, Hazeki K, Izumi T, Nigorikawa K, Hazeki O. C5a controls TLR-induced IL-10 and IL-12 production independent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J Biochem 2010; 149:265-74. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Azuma M, Sawahata R, Akao Y, Ebihara T, Yamazaki S, Matsumoto M, Hashimoto M, Fukase K, Fujimoto Y, Seya T. The peptide sequence of diacyl lipopeptides determines dendritic cell TLR2-mediated NK activation. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824059 PMCID: PMC2932735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocyte effectors that are activated to control certain microbial infections and tumors. Many NK-activating and regulating receptors are involved in regulating NK cell function. In addition, activation of naïve NK cells is fundamentally triggered by cytokines or myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) in various modes. In this study, we synthesized 16 S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyl)propyl]cysteine (Pam2Cys) lipopeptides with sequences designed from lipoproteins of Staphylococcus aureus, and assessed their functional properties using mouse (C57BL/6) bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and NK cells. NK cell activation was evaluated by three criteria: IFN-γ production, up-regulation of NK activation markers and cytokines, and NK target (B16D8 cell) cytotoxicity. The diacylated lipopeptides acted as TLR2 ligands, inducing up-regulation of CD25/CD69/CD86, IL-6, and IL-12p40, which represent maturation of BMDC. Strikingly, the Pam2Cys lipopeptides induced mouse NK cell activation based on these criteria. Cell-cell contact by Pam2Cys peptide-stimulated BMDC and NK cells rather than soluble mediators released by stimulated BMDC induced activation of NK cells. For most lipopeptides, the BMDC TLR2/MyD88 pathway was responsible for driving NK activation, while some slightly induced direct activation of NK cells via the TLR2/MyD88 pathway in NK cells. The potential for NK activation was critically regulated by the peptide primary sequence. Hydrophobic or proline-containing sequences proximal to the N-terminal lipid moiety interfered with the ability of lipopeptides to induce BMDC-mediated NK activation. This mode of NK activation is distinctly different from that induced by polyI:C, which is closely associated with type I IFN-inducing pathways of BMDC. These results imply that the MyD88 pathway of BMDC governs an alternative NK-activating pathway in which the peptide sequence of TLR2-agonistic lipopeptides critically affects the potential for NK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Sawahata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Akao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Hashimoto
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Akazawa T, Inoue N, Shime H, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Adjuvant engineering for cancer immunotherapy: Development of a synthetic TLR2 ligand with increased cell adhesion. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1596-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Seya T, Shime H, Ebihara T, Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M. Pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity and their application to tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2009; 101:313-20. [PMID: 20059475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) begin maturation in response to complex stimuli consisting of antigens and pattern molecules (PAMP) for the activation of the immune system. Immune adjuvant usually contains PAMP. Infection represents one event that is capable of inducing such a complex set of stimuli. Recently, DC were subdivided into a number of subsets with distinct cell-surface markers, with each subset displaying unique differential maturation in response to pattern molecules to induce various types of effector cells. In the present study, we review how pattern recognition molecules and adaptors in each DC subset drive immune effector cells and their effect in the stimulated DC. Although tumor cells harbor tumor-associated antigens, they usually lack PAMP. Hence, we outline the properties of exogenously-added PAMP in the modulation of raising tumor immunity. In addition, we describe the mechanism by which DC-dependent natural killer activation is triggered for the induction of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Akao Y, Ebihara T, Masuda H, Saeki Y, Akazawa T, Hazeki K, Hazeki O, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Enhancement of antitumor natural killer cell activation by orally administered Spirulina extract in mice. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1494-501. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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31
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Thibault S, Fromentin R, Tardif MR, Tremblay MJ. TLR2 and TLR4 triggering exerts contrasting effects with regard to HIV-1 infection of human dendritic cells and subsequent virus transfer to CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2009; 6:42. [PMID: 19419540 PMCID: PMC2691729 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of microbial products through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiates inflammatory responses orchestrated by innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). As these cells are patrolling mucosal surfaces, a portal of entry for various pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), we investigated the impact of TLR stimulation on productive HIV-1 infection of DCs and viral spreading to CD4+ T cells. RESULTS We report here that engagement of TLR2 on DCs increases HIV-1 transmission toward CD4+ T cells by primarily affecting de novo virus production by DCs. No noticeable and consistent effect was observed following engagement of TLR5, 7 and 9. Additional studies indicated that both HIV-1 infection of DCs and DC-mediated virus transmission to CD4+ T cells were reduced upon TLR4 triggering due to secretion of type-I interferons. CONCLUSION It can thus be proposed that exposure of DCs to TLR2-binding bacterial constituents derived, for example, from pathogens causing sexually transmissible infections, might influence the process of DC-mediated viral dissemination, a phenomenon that might contribute to a more rapid disease progression.
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Liang S, Hosur KB, Lu S, Nawar HF, Weber BR, Tapping RI, Connell TD, Hajishengallis G. Mapping of a microbial protein domain involved in binding and activation of the TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2978-85. [PMID: 19234193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pentameric B subunit of type IIb Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT-IIb-B(5)), a doughnut-shaped oligomeric protein from enterotoxigenic E. coli, activates the TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer (TLR2/1). We investigated the molecular basis of the LT-IIb-B(5) interaction with TLR2/1 to define the structure-function relationship of LT-IIb-B(5) and, moreover, to gain an insight into how TLR2/1 recognizes large, nonacylated protein ligands that cannot fit within its lipid-binding pockets, as previously shown for the Pam(3)CysSerLys(4) (Pam(3)CSK(4)) lipopeptide. We first identified four critical residues in the upper region of the LT-IIb-B(5) pore. Corresponding point mutants (M69E, A70D, L73E, S74D) were defective in binding TLR2 or TLR1 and could not activate APCs, despite retaining full ganglioside-binding capacity. Point mutations in the TLR2/1 dimer interface, as determined in the crystallographic structure of the TLR2/1-Pam(3)CSK(4) complex, resulted in diminished activation by both Pam(3)CSK(4) and LT-IIb-B(5). Docking analysis of the LT-IIb-B(5) interaction with this apparently predominant activation conformation of TLR2/1 revealed that LT-IIb-B(5) might primarily contact the convex surface of the TLR2 central domain. Although the TLR1/LT-IIb-B(5) interface is relatively smaller, the leucine-rich repeat motifs 9-12 in the central domain of TLR1 were found to be critical for cooperative TLR2-induced cell activation by LT-IIb-B(5). Moreover, the putative LT-IIb-B(5) binding site overlaps partially with that of Pam(3)CSK(4); consistent with this, Pam(3)CSK(4) suppressed TLR2 binding of LT-IIb-B(5), albeit not as potently as self-competitive inhibition. We identified the upper pore region of LT-IIb-B(5) as a TLR2/1 interactive domain, which contacts the heterodimeric receptor at a site that is distinct from, although it overlaps with, that of Pam(3)CSK(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Shingai M, Azuma M, Ebihara T, Sasai M, Funami K, Ayata M, Ogura H, Tsutsumi H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Soluble G protein of respiratory syncytial virus inhibits Toll-like receptor 3/4-mediated IFN-beta induction. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1169-80. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Tsukamoto K, Hazeki K, Hoshi M, Nigorikawa K, Inoue N, Sasaki T, Hazeki O. Critical Roles of the p110β Subtype of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Akt Activation and Negative Regulation of Nitrite Production in RAW 264.7 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2054-61. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Higuchi M, Matsuo A, Shingai M, Shida K, Ishii A, Funami K, Suzuki Y, Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Combinational recognition of bacterial lipoproteins and peptidoglycan by chicken Toll-like receptor 2 subfamily. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:147-55. [PMID: 17614130 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) subfamily recognizes bacterial lipoproteins (BLP) and peptidoglycan (PGN). According to the genome information, chicken has structural orthologs of TLRs1 and 2, in addition to TLRs3, 4, 5 and 7. Chicken has two additional TLRs, TLR15 and TLR21, whose orthologs human lacks. The chicken (ch)TLR1 and 2 genes are individually duplicated to encode for four different proteins, chTLR1-1, 1-2, 2-1 and 2-2, of the TLR2 subfamily. Here we investigated the functional profile of these TLR2 subfamily proteins of chicken. By NF-kappaB reporter assay using HEK293 cells, we found that chTLR2-1 and chTLR1-2 cooperatively signal the presence of PGN. A combination of chTLR2-1 and chTLR1-2 also most efficiently recognized diacylated BLP, macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2kDa (Malp-2), while the combination of chTLR2-1 and chTLR1-1 failed to recognize Malp-2. All combinations, however, recognized triacylated BLP, Pam3. Consistent with these results, human TLR2-stimulating mycobacteria preparations, BCG-cell wall and cell lysate of Mycobacterium avium, induced activation of NF-kappaB in cells expressing chTLR2-1 and 1-2 and to lesser extents, cells with chTLR2-2 and either of chTLR1. Strikingly, expression of either of these alone did not activate the reporter for NF-kappaB. These chTLRs are likely to have the combination functional feature as in the human TLR2 subfamily. Confocal and immunoprecipitation analyses of human cell transfectants showed that they cluster on the cell surface by a physical molecular association, causing all of them to merge and coprecipitate. These results suggest that chTLR2 subfamily members discriminate between their ligands by combinational events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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36
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Shingai M, Ebihara T, Begum NA, Kato A, Honma T, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Ogura H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Differential type I IFN-inducing abilities of wild-type versus vaccine strains of measles virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6123-33. [PMID: 17947687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory adapted and vaccine strains of measles virus (MV) induced type I IFN in infected cells. The wild-type strains in contrast induced it to a far lesser extent. We have investigated the mechanism for this differential type I IFN induction in monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected with representative MV strains. Laboratory adapted strains Nagahata and Edmonston infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells and activated IRF-3 followed by IFN-beta production, while wild-type MS failed to activate IRF-3. The viral IRF-3 activation is induced within 2 h, an early response occurring before protein synthesis. Receptor usage of CD46 or CD150 and nucleocapsid (N) protein variations barely affected the strain-to-strain difference in IFN-inducing abilities. Strikingly, most of the IFN-inducing strains possessed defective interference (DI) RNAs of varying sizes. In addition, an artificially produced DI RNA consisting of stem (the leader and trailer of MV) and loop (the GFP sequence) exhibited potential IFN-inducing ability. In this case, however, cytoplasmic introduction was needed for DI RNA to induce type I IFN in target cells. By gene-silencing analysis, DI RNA activated the RIG-I/MDA5-mitochondria antiviral signaling pathway, but not the TLR3-TICAM-1 pathway. DI RNA-containing strains induced IFN-beta mRNA within 2 h while the same recombinant strains with no DI RNA required >12 h postinfection to attain similar levels of IFN-beta mRNA. Thus, the stem-loop structure, rather than full genome replication or specific internal sequences of the MV genome, is required for an early phase of type I IFN induction by MV in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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37
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae-derived lipopeptides induce acute inflammatory responses in the lungs of mice. Infect Immun 2007; 76:270-7. [PMID: 17954722 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00955-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is considered to be in part attributable to excessive immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether synthetic lipopeptides of subunit b of F0F1-type ATPase (F0F1-ATPase), NF-kappaB-activating lipoprotein 1 (N-ALP1), and N-ALP2 (named FAM20, sN-ALP1, and sN-ALP2, respectively) derived from M. pneumoniae induce cytokine and chemokine production and leukocyte infiltration in vivo. Intranasal administration of FAM20 and sN-ALP2 induced infiltration of leukocyte cells and production of chemokines and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but sN-ALP1 failed to do so. The activity of FAM20 was notably higher than that of sN-ALP2. FAM20 and sN-ALP2 induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) through Toll-like receptor 2 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, in the range of low concentrations of lipopeptides, FAM20 showed relatively high activity of inducing TNF-alpha in mouse peritoneal macrophages compared to synthetic lipopeptides such as MALP-2 and FSL-1, derived from Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma salivarium, respectively. These findings indicate that the F0F1-ATPase might be a key molecule in inducing cytokines and chemokines contributing to inflammatory responses during M. pneumoniae infection in vivo.
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Texereau J, Chiche JD, Taylor W, Choukroun G, Comba B, Mira JP. The importance of Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms in severe infections. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 41 Suppl 7:S408-15. [PMID: 16237639 DOI: 10.1086/431990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a member of the TLR family, which plays a central role in the innate immune response to a wide variety of microorganisms. Animal studies have shown that TLR2-knockout mice are more susceptible to septicemia due to Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, and infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting that functional TLR2 polymorphisms may impair host response to a certain spectrum of microbial pathogens. In humans, 2 polymorphisms in the exon part of TLR2, which attenuate receptor signaling, enhance the risk of acute severe infections, tuberculosis, and leprosy. Because gram-positive bacteria have became the first cause of severe infections, including septic shock, knowledge of the role that alteration or lack of TLR2 function plays in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases could contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies, including prevention, pharmacological intervention, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Texereau
- Institut Cochin, INSERM 567, Universite Paris V, Paris, France
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39
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Kauf ACW, Rosenbusch RF, Paape MJ, Bannerman DD. Innate Immune Response to Intramammary Mycoplasma bovis Infection. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3336-48. [PMID: 17582119 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to characterize the systemic and local innate immune response of dairy cows to IMI with Mycoplasma bovis, a pathogen of growing concern to the dairy industry. Ten Holstein cows were each infused in 1 quarter with M. bovis and studied for a 10-d period. Acute phase protein synthesis, which reflects 1 parameter of the systemic response to infection, was induced within 108 h of infection, as evidenced by increased circulating concentrations of lipopolysaccharide binding protein and serum amyloid A. Transient neutropenia was observed from 84 to 168 h postinfection, whereas a constant state of lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia was observed from 84 h until the end of the study. Milk somatic cell counts initially increased within 66 h of M. bovis infusion and remained elevated, relative to control (time 0) concentrations, for the remainder of study. Increased milk concentrations of BSA, which reflect increased permeability of the mammary epithelial-endothelial barrier, were evident within 78 h of infection and were sustained from 90 h until the end of the study. Milk concentrations of several cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-12, tumor growth factor-alpha, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, were elevated in response to infection over a period of several days, whereas increases in milk IL-8 were of a more limited duration. Complement activation, reflected by increased milk concentrations of complement factor 5a, was also observed over several days. Despite the indication by these observed changes that the cows mounted a prolonged inflammatory response to M. bovis intramammary infection, all quarters remained infected throughout the study with persistently high concentrations of this bacterium. Thus, a sustained inflammatory response is not sufficient to eradicate M. bovis from the mammary gland and may reflect the ongoing struggle of the host to clear this persistent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C W Kauf
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Liang S, Wang M, Triantafilou K, Triantafilou M, Nawar HF, Russell MW, Connell TD, Hajishengallis G. The A subunit of type IIb enterotoxin (LT-IIb) suppresses the proinflammatory potential of the B subunit and its ability to recruit and interact with TLR2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4811-9. [PMID: 17404262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The type IIb heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT-IIb) and its nontoxic pentameric B subunit (LT-IIb-B(5)) display different immunomodulatory activities, the mechanisms of which are poorly understood. We investigated mechanisms whereby the absence of the catalytically active A subunit from LT-IIb-B(5) renders this molecule immunostimulatory through TLR2. LT-IIb-B(5), but not LT-IIb, induced TLR2-mediated NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production. These LT-IIb-B(5) activities were antagonized by LT-IIb; however, inhibitors of adenylate cyclase or protein kinase A reversed this antagonism. The LT-IIb antagonistic effect is thus likely dependent upon the catalytic activity of its A subunit, which causes elevation of intracellular cAMP and activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. Consistent with this, a membrane-permeable cAMP analog and a cAMP-elevating agonist, but not catalytically defective point mutants of LT-IIb, mimicked the antagonistic action of wild-type LT-IIb. The mutants moreover displayed increased proinflammatory activity compared with wild-type LT-IIb. Additional mechanisms for the divergent effects on TLR2 activation by LT-IIb and LT-IIb-B(5) were suggested by findings that the latter was significantly stronger in inducing lipid raft recruitment of TLR2 and interacting with this receptor. The selective use of TLR2 by LT-IIb-B(5) was confirmed in an assay for IL-10, which is inducible by both LT-IIb and LT-IIb-B(5) at comparable levels; TLR2-deficient macrophages failed to induce IL-10 in response to LT-IIb-B(5) but not in response to LT-IIb. These differential immunomodulatory effects by LT-IIb and LT-IIb-B(5) have important implications for adjuvant development and, furthermore, suggest that enterotoxic E. coli may suppress TLR-mediated innate immunity through the action of the enterotoxin A subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Department of Periodontics, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Asai Y, Makimura Y, Ogawa T. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated dendritic cell activation by a Porphyromonas gingivalis synthetic lipopeptide. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:459-465. [PMID: 17374884 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A PG1828 gene-encoded triacylated lipoprotein was previously isolated from a Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide preparation as a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist and its lipopeptide derivatives were synthesized based on the chemical structure. In the present study, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-differentiated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDDCs) were stimulated separately with the P. gingivalis synthetic lipopeptide N-palmitoyl-S-[2-pentadecanoyloxy, 3-palmitoyloxy-(2R)-propyl]-l-Cys-Asn-Ser-Gln-Ala-Lys (PGTP2-RL) and its glyceryl stereoisomer (PGTP2-SL). Only PGTP2-RL activated BMDDCs from wild-type mice to secrete tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-12p40, whilst PGTP2-RL-induced cytokine production was eliminated in TLR2 knockout (-/-) BMDDCs. BMDDCs from wild-type mice but not TLR2-/- mice responded to PGTP2-RL as well as Pam(3)CSK(4) by increasing the expression of maturation markers, including CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), CD40, CD275 (B7RP-1/inducible T-cell co-stimulatory ligand) and major histocompatibility complex class II. Taken together, these results indicate that the fatty acid residue at the glycerol position in the P. gingivalis lipopeptide plays a pivotal role in TLR2-mediated dendritic cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Asai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Yutaka Makimura
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ogawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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Ishii A, Matsuo A, Sawa H, Tsujita T, Shida K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Lamprey TLRs with properties distinct from those of the variable lymphocyte receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:397-406. [PMID: 17182578 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish express mammalian-type (M-type) TLRs consisting of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and Toll-IL-1R (TIR) homology domain for immunity, whereas invertebrates in deuterostomes appear to have no orthologs of M-type TLRs. Lampetra japonica (lamprey) belongs to the lowest class of vertebrates with little information about its TLRs. We have identified two cDNA sequences of putative TLRs in the lamprey (laTLRs) that contain LRRs and TIR domains. The two laTLRs were 56% homologous to each other, and their TIRs were similar to those of members of the human TLR2 subfamily, most likely orthologs of fish TLR14. We named them laTLR14a and laTLR14b. We raised a rabbit polyclonal Ab against laTLR14b and identified a 85-kDa protein in a human HEK293 transfectant by immunoblotting using the Ab. FACS, histochemical, and confocal analyses showed that laTLR14b is expressed intracellularly in lamprey gill cells and that the overexpressed protein resides in the endoplasmic reticulum of human and fish (medaka) cell lines. Because natural agonists of TLR14 remained unidentified, we made a chimera construct of extracellular CD4 and the cytoplasmic domain of laTLR14. The chimera molecule of laTLR14b, when expressed in HEK293 cells, elicited activation of NF-kappaB and, consequently, weak activation of the IFN-beta promoter. laTLR14b mRNA was observed in various organs and leukocytes. This lamprey species expressed a variable lymphocyte receptor structurally independent of laTLR14 in leukocytes. Thus, the jawless vertebrate lamprey possesses two LRR-based recognition systems, the variable lymphocyte receptor and TLR, and the M-type TLRs are conserved across humans, fish, and lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Liang S, Wang M, Tapping RI, Stepensky V, Nawar HF, Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K, Connell TD, Hajishengallis G. Ganglioside GD1a is an essential coreceptor for Toll-like receptor 2 signaling in response to the B subunit of type IIb enterotoxin. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7532-42. [PMID: 17227759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611722200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate recognition and signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is facilitated by functionally associated coreceptors, although the cooperativity mechanisms involved are poorly understood. As a model we investigated TLR2 interactions with the GD1a ganglioside binding subunit of type IIb Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT-IIb-B(5)). Both LT-IIb-B(5) and a GD1a binding-defective mutant (LT-IIb-B(5)(T13I)) could modestly bind to TLR2, but only the wild-type molecule displayed a dramatic increase in TLR2 binding activity in the presence of GD1a (although not in the presence of irrelevant gangliosides). Moreover, fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments indicated that LT-IIb-B(5) induces lipid raft recruitment of TLR2 and TLR1 and their clustering with GD1a, in contrast to the GD1a binding-defective mutant, which moreover fails to activate TLR2 signaling. LT-IIb-B(5)-induced cell activation was critically dependent upon the Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein, which was induced to colocalize with TLR2 and GD1a, as shown by confocal imaging. Therefore, GD1a provides TLR2 coreceptor function by enabling the ligand to recruit, bind, and activate TLR2. These findings establish a model of TLR2 coreceptor function and, moreover, suggest novel mechanisms of adjuvanticity by non-toxic derivatives of type II enterotoxins dependent upon GD1a/TLR2 cooperative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease and Department of Periodontics, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Mishra BB, Mishra PK, Teale JM. Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 181:46-56. [PMID: 17011049 PMCID: PMC1779953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In a mouse model of neurocysticercosis, the expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was investigated by using both gene array analyses and in situ immunofluorescence microscopy (IF). In the normal uninfected brain, mRNA of all the TLRs are constitutively expressed albeit TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 to a lesser extent. In these animals, however, expression of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 proteins was not detected. In contrast, parasite infection increased both gene and protein level expression of all the TLRs several fold except TLR5 where only the mRNA was upregulated. Importantly, TLRs were differentially distributed among various central nervous system (CNS) cell types and infiltrating leukocytes. TLR2 was almost exclusively localized to nervous tissue cells, particularly astrocytes, while TLR1 and TLR9 proteins were essentially limited to infiltrating leukocytes. All other TLRs tested were detected in both CNS and immune cell types. Interestingly, ependymal cells and neurofilaments of the cerebellar white matter of infected mice exhibited a substantial upregulation of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins respectively. These data provide a comprehensive analysis of TLR expression in the normal and parasite infected brain and suggest a role for TLRs in the interplay of immune cells and CNS cells during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B. Mishra
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle - San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644
| | - Pramod K. Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Judy M. Teale
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle - San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- *Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Judy M. Teale, PhD, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle - San Antonio, TX 78249-1644; Tel: (210) 458-7024; Fax: (210) 458-7025;
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Chua BY, Zeng W, Lau YF, Jackson DC. Comparison of lipopeptide-based immunocontraceptive vaccines containing different lipid groups. Vaccine 2006; 25:92-101. [PMID: 17055123 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that incorporating the lipid moiety dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine (Pam2Cys) into peptide structures effectively adjuvants otherwise weak immunogens. In this study lipopeptides based on luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) as a B cell epitope, [B], were synthesised in tandem with a 17-residue T-helper epitope, [T], derived from the fusion protein of the morbillivirus canine distemper virus. In this way vaccine candidates with the structure [T]-[B] were produced. These peptides were then lipidated with different diacylated moieties. The acyl moieties used were: palmitic acid (C16) to give Pam2Cys, stearic acid (C18) to give Ste2Cys, lauric acid (C12) to give Lau2Cys and octanoic acid (C8) to give Oct2Cys. We compared the immunogenicities of these simple lipopeptides in BALB/c mice by measuring their ability to induce anti-LHRH antibodies and found that immunogenicity was dependent on the length of the alkane chains of the incorporated lipid moieties with the hierarchy C16=C18>C12>C8. The antibody levels elicited by the lipopeptides also correlated with their ability to inhibit the reproductive capability of female mice in fertility trials. Furthermore, the C16 lipopeptide was the most effective in activating dendritic cells, measured by up regulation of surface MHC Class II molecules, and also in activating NF-kappaB in a Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2)-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y Chua
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Fabisiak JP, Gao F, Thomson RG, Strieter RM, Watkins SC, Dauber JH. Mycoplasma fermentans and TNF-beta interact to amplify immune-modulating cytokines in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L781-93. [PMID: 16751226 PMCID: PMC2897735 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00031.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma can establish latent infections and are associated with arthritis, leukemia, and chronic lung disease. We developed an experimental model in which lung cells are deliberately infected with Mycoplasma fermentans. Human lung fibroblasts (HLF) were exposed to live M. fermentans and immune-modulating cytokine release was assessed with and without known inducers of cytokine production. M. fermentans increased IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2, and Gro-alpha/CXCL1 production. M. fermentans interacted with TNF-beta to release more IL-6, CXCL8, and CXCL1 than predicted by the responses to either stimulus alone. The effects of live infection were recapitulated by exposure to M. fermentans-derived macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2), a Toll-like receptor-2- and receptor-6-specific ligand. The synergistic effect of combined stimuli was more pronounced with prolonged incubations. Preexposure to TNF-beta sensitized the cells to subsequent MALP-2 challenge, but preexposure to MALP-2 did not alter the IL-6 response to TNF-beta. Exposure to M. fermentans or MALP-2 did not enhance nuclear localization, DNA binding, or transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB and did not modulate early NF-kappaB activation in response to TNF-beta. Application of specific inhibitors of various MAPKs suggested that p38 and JNK/stress-activated protein kinase were involved in early IL-6 release after exposure to TNF-beta and M. fermentans, respectively. The combined response to M. fermentans and TNF-beta, however, was uniquely sensitive to delayed application of SP-600125, suggesting that JNK/stress-activated protein kinase contributes to the amplification of IL-6 release. Thus M. fermentans interacts with stimuli such as TNF-beta to amplify lung cell production of immune-modulating cytokines. The mechanisms accounting for this interaction can now be dissected with the use of this in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Fabisiak
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
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Kuwano K, Tanaka N, Shimizu T, Kida Y. Antimicrobial activity of inducible human beta defensin-2 against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Curr Microbiol 2006; 52:435-8. [PMID: 16732451 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Defensins in innate immunity are known to play critical roles to protect the host from infection by invasive microbes, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. However, little is known about the interactions between defensins and mycoplasmas. Human beta defensin (hBD)-2 and hBD-3, but not hBD-1, were found to exert strikingly antimicrobial activity against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To elucidate the role of defensins in M. pneumoniae infection, a human pulmonary squamous cell line EBC-1 was stimulated with M. pneumoniae and interleukin (IL)-1beta. hBD-2 was markedly upregulated by IL-1beta as well as M. pneumoniae, but neither hBD-1 nor hBD-3 was apparently upregulated. Thus, the results suggest that inducible hBD-2 would play a critical role in the protection of M. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kuwano
- Department of Bacteriology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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Tsujita T, Ishii A, Tsukada H, Matsumoto M, Che FS, Seya T. Fish soluble Toll-like receptor (TLR)5 amplifies human TLR5 response via physical binding to flagellin. Vaccine 2006; 24:2193-9. [PMID: 16314010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fish has a soluble form of TLR5 ortholog (TLR5S), which does not exist in mammals. We identified TLR5S from rainbow trout and named rtTLR5S, which was about 38% homologous to the extracellular domains of human (hu) and mouse TLR5. Adjuvancy of rtTLR5S to flagellin response by human TLR5 (huTLR5) was tested in this study. A chimera constructed of rtTLR5S and the intracellular TIR of huTLR5 expressed on HeLa cells signaled the presence of various species of bacterial flagellin resulting in NK-kappaB activation. huTLR5S, when co-expressed with rtTLR5S in HeLa cells, augmented response to flagellin resulting in robust huTLR5-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Physical binding of flagellin to rtTLR5S was detected under the conditions where huTLR5 induced rtTLR5S-amplified NF-kappaB activation. Signal amplification by rtTLR5S was specific to huTLR5: no other huTLRs tested were responded to rtTLR5S. These results suggest that the soluble TLR5 serves as an adjuvant augmenting flagellin-TLR5-mediated NF-kappaB activation even in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Tsujita
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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Takeyama K, Mitsuzawa H, Shimizu T, Konishi M, Nishitani C, Sano H, Kunishima Y, Matsukawa M, Takahashi S, Shibata KI, Tsukamoto T, Kuroki Y. Prostate cell lines secrete IL-8 in response to Mycoplasma hominis through Toll-like receptor 2-mediated mechanism. Prostate 2006; 66:386-91. [PMID: 16302262 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Mycoplasma in prostate inflammation remain unclear. We investigated whether Mycoplasma induced inflammatory cytokine secretion through TLR2-mediated mechanism in prostate cancer cell line. METHODS Cell surface expression of TLR2 on PC-3 cells were examined by flowcytometry. PC-3 cells were stimulated with Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), and IL-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activation were examined. RESULTS PC-3 cells expressed TLR2 mRNA and cell surface TLR2 protein. The membrane fraction of M. hominis induced IL-8 secretion from PC-3 cells and NF-kappaB activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Transient transfection of the dominant negative mutant TLR2(P681H) into PC-3 cells attenuated M. hominis-induced IL-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activation. Antibody against the extracellular TLR2 domain significantly suppressed M. homnis-induced IL-8 secretion from the prostate cell lines including PC-3, PrEC, and transformed myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly demonstrate that the prostate cell line can secrete inflammatory cytokine in response to M. hominis through a TLR2-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Takeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Hazeki K, Kinoshita S, Matsumura T, Nigorikawa K, Kubo H, Hazeki O. Opposite Effects of Wortmannin and 2-(4-Morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one Hydrochloride on Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production: Negative Regulation of Nuclear Factor-κB by Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1717-24. [PMID: 16474002 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have suggested the involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, there have also been a number of conflicting reports. The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin greatly enhanced TLR-mediated inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cytokine production in the mouse macrophage cell line Raw264.7. The effect of wortmannin was common to TLR2, -3, -4, and -9 and was accompanied by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA production. We were surprised to find that another PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, strongly suppressed the production of iNOS and cytokines. This effect of 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride (LY294002) was based on its inhibitory effect on mRNA synthesis. Expression of dominant-negative mutants of PI3K in macrophages augmented the lipopolysaccharideinduced expression of iNOS. Introduction of a pH1 vector producing short hairpin RNA that targets a catalytic subunit of PI3K (p110beta) also enhanced the TLR-mediated responses. Thus, the augmentation of TLR signals by wortmannin was mediated through the inhibition of PI3K, whereas the effect of LY294002 was not explained by its effect on PI3K. These discrepancies in the effects of pharmacological inhibitors in TLR-signaling may have caused confusion regarding the role of PI3K in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hazeki
- Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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