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Elmorsy EA, Saber S, Kira AY, Alghasham A, Abdel-Hamed MR, Amer MM, Mohamed EA, AlSalloom A. A, Alkhamiss AS, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Ellethy AT, Elsisi HA, Alsharidah M, Elghandour SR, Elnawawy T, Abdelhady R. Hedgehog signaling is a promising target for the treatment of hepatic fibrogenesis: a new management strategy using itraconazole-loaded nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1377980. [PMID: 38808257 PMCID: PMC11130383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1377980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a disease with a great global health and economic burden. Existing data highlights itraconazole (ITRCZ) as a potentially effective anti-fibrotic therapy. However, ITRCZ effect is hindered by several limitations, such as poor solubility and bioavailability. This study aimed to formulate and optimize chitosan nanoparticles (Cht NPs) loaded with ITRCZ as a new strategy for managing liver fibrosis. ITRCZ-Cht NPs were optimized utilizing a developed 22 full factorial design. The optimized formula (F3) underwent comprehensive in vitro and in vivo characterization. In vitro assessments revealed that F3 exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 89.65% ± 0.57%, a 169.6 ± 1.77 nm particle size, and a zeta potential of +15.93 ± 0.21 mV. Furthermore, in vitro release studies indicated that the release of ITRCZ from F3 adhered closely to the first-order model, demonstrating a significant enhancement (p-value < 0.05) in cumulative release compared to plain ITRCZ suspension. This formula increased primary hepatocyte survival and decreased LDH activity in vitro. The in vivo evaluation of F3 in a rat model of liver fibrosis revealed improved liver function and structure. ITRCZ-Cht NPs displayed potent antifibrotic effects as revealed by the downregulation of TGF-β, PDGF-BB, and TIMP-1 as well as decreased hydroxyproline content and α-SMA immunoexpression. Anti-inflammatory potential was evident by reduced TNF-α and p65 nuclear translocation. These effects were likely ascribed to the modulation of Hedgehog components SMO, GLI1, and GLI2. These findings theorize ITRCZ-Cht NPs as a promising formulation for treating liver fibrosis. However, further investigations are deemed necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed A. Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y. Kira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alghasham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R. Abdel-Hamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha M. Amer
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas A. Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A AlSalloom A.
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alkhamiss
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Abousree T. Ellethy
- Department of Oral and Medical Basic Sciences, Biochemistry Division, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam A. Elsisi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alsharidah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar R. Elghandour
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayseer Elnawawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha Abdelhady
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Huang C, Yu X, Shi C, Wang M, Li A, Wang F. Pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation attenuates inflammatory liver injury by STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1352-1361. [PMID: 38155410 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the effect and underling mechanism of dietary supplementation with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium on improving inflammatory liver injury in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of seventy-two crossbred barrows were allotted into four groups as follows: the CTRL group (basal diet + saline injection); the PQQ group (3 mg/kg PQQ diet + saline injection); the CTRL + LPS group (basal diet + LPS injection) and the PQQ + LPS group (3 mg/kg PQQ diet + LPS injection). On days 7, 11 and 14, piglets were challenged with LPS or saline. Blood was sampled at 4 h after the last LPS injection (day 14), and then the piglets were slaughtered and liver tissue was harvested. The results showed that the hepatic morphology was improved in the PQQ + LPS group compared with the CTRL + LPS group. PQQ supplementation decreased the level of serum inflammatory factors, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase, and increased the HDL-cholesterol concentration in piglets challenged with LPS; piglets in the PQQ + LPS group had lower liver mRNA level of inflammatory factors and protein level of α-smooth muscle actin than in the CTRL + LPS group. Besides, mRNA expression of STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway and protein level of p-STAT3(Tyr 705) were decreased, and mRNA level of PPARα and protein expression of p-AMPK in liver were increased in the PQQ + LPS group compared with the CTRL + LPS group (P < 0·05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PQQ alleviated inflammatory liver injury might partly via inhibition of the STAT3/TGF-β1 pathway in piglets challenged with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanci Yu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Shi
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengshi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
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Lumata JL, Hagge LM, Gaspar MA, Trashi I, Ehrman RN, Koirala S, Chiev AC, Wijesundara YH, Darwin CB, Pena S, Wen X, Wansapura J, Nielsen SO, Kovacs Z, Lumata LL, Gassensmith JJ. TEMPO-conjugated tobacco mosaic virus as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for detection of superoxide production in the inflamed liver. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3273-3281. [PMID: 38469725 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Superoxide, an anionic dioxygen molecule, plays a crucial role in redox regulation within the body but is implicated in various pathological conditions when produced excessively. Efforts to develop superoxide detection strategies have led to the exploration of organic-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study compares the effectiveness of two such agents, nTMV-TEMPO and kTMV-TEMPO, for detecting superoxide in a mouse liver model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. The study demonstrates that kTMV-TEMPO, with a strategically positioned lysine residue for TEMPO attachment, outperforms nTMV-TEMPO as an MRI contrast agent. The enhanced sensitivity of kTMV-TEMPO is attributed to its more exposed TEMPO attachment site, facilitating stronger interactions with water protons and superoxide radicals. EPR kinetics experiments confirm kTMV-TEMPO's faster oxidation and reduction rates, making it a promising sensor for superoxide in inflamed liver tissue. In vivo experiments using healthy and LPS-induced inflamed mice reveal that reduced kTMV-TEMPO remains MRI-inactive in healthy mice but becomes MRI-active in inflamed livers. The contrast enhancement in inflamed livers is substantial, validating the potential of kTMV-TEMPO for detecting superoxide in vivo. This research underscores the importance of optimizing contrast agents for in vivo imaging applications. The enhanced sensitivity and biocompatibility of kTMV-TEMPO make it a promising candidate for further studies in the realm of medical imaging, particularly in the context of monitoring oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenica L Lumata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Laurel M Hagge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Miguel A Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Ikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Ryanne N Ehrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Alyssa C Chiev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Cary B Darwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Salvador Pena
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Janaka Wansapura
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Steven O Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Lloyd L Lumata
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
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Zhu M, Cheng Y, Tang Y, Li S, Rao P, Zhang G, Xiao L, Liu J. Nanoparticles alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via ER stress sensor-mediated intestinal barrier damage and gut dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1271835. [PMID: 38516345 PMCID: PMC10956414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. It has been found that the transcription factor XBP1s plays an important role in regulating inflammation and lipid metabolism and maintaining the integrity of intestinal barrier. However, whether XBP1s modulates the development of NASH by regulating the integrity of the intestinal barrier and altering the composition of the gut microbiota remains unknown. Methods Mice fed with a fat-, fructose-, cholesterol-rich (FFC) diet for 24 weeks successfully established the NASH model, as demonstrated by significant hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis. The profile of gut microbiota dynamically changed with the different stages of NAFLD via 16S rDNA sequencing the feces from mice fed with FFC diet for 0, 12, or 24 weeks or NASH mice treated with siRNA-loaded folic acid-modified TPGS (hereafter named FT@XBP1). Results NASH mice had significantly higher abundance of Firmicutes, Blautia and Bacteroides, and lower abundance of Bifidobacterium and GCA-900066575. FT@XBP1 supplementation had a significantly attenuated effect on FFC diet-induced weight gain, hepatic fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, inflammatory cytokines, ER stress and fibrosis. In particularly, FT@XBP1 modulates the composition of the intestinal flora; for example, NASH mice demonstrated higher abundance of Blautia and Bacteroides, and lower abundance of Actinobacteriota, Muribaculaceae and Bifidobacterium, which were partially restored by FT@XBP1 treatment. Mechanistically, FT@XBP1 increased the expression of ZO-1 in the intestine and had the potential to restore intestinal barrier integrity and improve antimicrobial defense to alleviate enterogenic endotoxemia and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Discussion Regulation of the key transcription factor XBP1s can partially restore the intestinal microbiota structure, maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier, and prevent the progression of NASH, providing new evidence for treating NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuojiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guiyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiatao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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5
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Szentirmai E, Buckley K, Massie AR, Kapas L. Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Effects of the Microbiota on Sleep and Body Temperature. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3995260. [PMID: 38496422 PMCID: PMC10942547 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995260/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Recent research suggests that microbial molecules translocated from the intestinal lumen into the host's internal environment may play a role in various physiological functions, including sleep. Previously, we identified that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, produced by intestinal bacteria, and lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria induce sleep when their naturally occurring translocation is mimicked by direct delivery into the portal vein. Building upon these findings, we aimed to explore the sleep signaling potential of intraportally administered lipopolysaccharide, a primary component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, in rats. Results Low dose of lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/kg) increased sleep duration and prolonged fever, without affecting systemic lipopolysaccharide levels. Interestingly, administering LPS systemically outside the portal region at a dose 20 times higher did not affect sleep, indicating a localized sensitivity within the hepatoportal region, encompassing the portal vein and liver, for the sleep and febrile effects of lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, both the sleep- and fever-inducing effects of LPS were inhibited by indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, and replicated by intraportal administration of prostaglandin E2 or arachidonic acid, suggesting the involvement of the prostaglandin system in mediating these actions. Conclusions These findings underscore the dynamic influence of lipopolysaccharide in the hepatoportal region on sleep and fever mechanisms, contributing to a complex microbial molecular assembly that orchestrates communication between the intestinal microbiota and brain. Lipopolysaccharide is a physiological component of plasma in both the portal and extra-portal circulation, with its levels rising in response to everyday challenges like high-fat meals, moderate alcohol intake, sleep loss and psychological stress. The increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide under such conditions may account for their physiological impact in daily life, highlighting the intricate interplay between microbial molecules and host physiology.
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6
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Deng Z, Loyher PL, Lazarov T, Li L, Shen Z, Bhinder B, Yang H, Zhong Y, Alberdi A, Massague J, Sun JC, Benezra R, Glass CK, Elemento O, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Geissmann F. The nuclear factor ID3 endows macrophages with a potent anti-tumour activity. Nature 2024; 626:864-873. [PMID: 38326607 PMCID: PMC10881399 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage activation is controlled by a balance between activating and inhibitory receptors1-7, which protect normal tissues from excessive damage during infection8,9 but promote tumour growth and metastasis in cancer7,10. Here we report that the Kupffer cell lineage-determining factor ID3 controls this balance and selectively endows Kupffer cells with the ability to phagocytose live tumour cells and orchestrate the recruitment, proliferation and activation of natural killer and CD8 T lymphoid effector cells in the liver to restrict the growth of a variety of tumours. ID3 shifts the macrophage inhibitory/activating receptor balance to promote the phagocytic and lymphoid response, at least in part by buffering the binding of the transcription factors ELK1 and E2A at the SIRPA locus. Furthermore, loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrate that ID3 is sufficient to confer this potent anti-tumour activity to mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages and human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived macrophages. Expression of ID3 is therefore necessary and sufficient to endow macrophages with the ability to form an efficient anti-tumour niche, which could be harnessed for cell therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihou Deng
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Li
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeyang Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hairu Yang
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Araitz Alberdi
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joan Massague
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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Wang S, Zhang K, Song X, Huang Q, Lin S, Deng S, Qi M, Yang Y, Lu Q, Zhao D, Meng F, Li J, Lian Z, Luo C, Yao Y. TLR4 Overexpression Aggravates Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis via Excessive Autophagy and NF-κB/MAPK Signaling in Transgenic Mammal Models. Cells 2023; 12:1769. [PMID: 37443803 PMCID: PMC10340758 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial infections pose a significant threat to public health. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induces innate immune responses, autophagy, and cell death, which have major impacts on the body's physiological homeostasis. However, the role of TLR4 in bacterial LPS-induced autophagy and apoptosis in large mammals, which are closer to humans than rodents in many physiological characteristics, remains unknown. So far, few reports focus on the relationship between TLR, autophagy, and apoptosis in large mammal levels, and we urgently need more tools to further explore their crosstalk. Here, we generated a TLR4-enriched mammal model (sheep) and found that a high-dose LPS treatment blocked autophagic degradation and caused strong innate immune responses and severe apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages of transgenic offspring. Excessive accumulation of autophagosomes/autolysosomes might contribute to LPS-induced apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages of transgenic animals. Further study demonstrated that inhibiting TLR4 downstream NF-κB or p38 MAPK signaling pathways reversed the LPS-induced autophagy activity and apoptosis. These results indicate that the elevated TLR4 aggravates LPS-induced monocytes/macrophages apoptosis by leading to lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux, which is associated with TLR4 downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. This study provides a novel TLR4-enriched mammal model to study its potential effects on autophagy activity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. These findings also enrich the biological functions of TLR4 and provide powerful evidence for bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuting Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Sen Lin
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Meiyu Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Yecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Qi Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Duowei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fanming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Jianhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenglong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Yuchang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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8
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Knorr J, Kaufmann B, Inzaugarat ME, Holtmann TM, Geisler L, Hundertmark J, Kohlhepp MS, Boosheri LM, Chilin‐Fuentes DR, Birmingham A, Fisch KM, Schilling JD, Loosen SH, Trautwein C, Roderburg C, Demir M, Tacke F, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE, Wree A. Interleukin-18 signaling promotes activation of hepatic stellate cells in mouse liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2023; 77:1968-1982. [PMID: 36059147 PMCID: PMC9984672 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor-family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation has been shown to result in liver fibrosis. Mechanisms and downstream signaling remain incompletely understood. Here, we studied the role of IL-18 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and its impact on liver fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS We observed significantly increased serum levels of IL-18 (128.4 pg/ml vs. 74.9 pg/ml) and IL-18 binding protein (BP; 46.50 ng/ml vs. 15.35 ng/ml) in patients with liver cirrhosis compared with healthy controls. Single cell RNA sequencing data showed that an immunoregulatory subset of murine HSCs highly expresses Il18 and Il18r1 . Treatment of cultured primary murine HSC with recombinant mouse IL-18 accelerated their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. In vivo , IL-18 receptor-deficient mice had reduced liver fibrosis in a model of fibrosis induced by HSC-specific NLRP3 overactivation. Whole liver RNA sequencing analysis from a murine model of severe NASH-induced fibrosis by feeding a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high fat diet showed that genes related to IL-18 and its downstream signaling were significantly upregulated, and Il18-/- mice receiving this diet for 10 weeks showed protection from fibrotic changes with decreased number of alpha smooth muscle actin-positive cells and collagen deposition. HSC activation triggered by NLRP3 inflammasome activation was abrogated when IL-18 signaling was blocked by its naturally occurring antagonist IL-18BP. Accordingly, we observed that the severe inflammatory phenotype associated with myeloid cell-specific NLRP3 gain-of-function was rescued by IL-18BP. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the role of IL-18 in the development of liver fibrosis by its direct effect on HSC activation identifying IL-18 as a target to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Knorr
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Theresa Maria Holtmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Geisler
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlene Sophia Kohlhepp
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laela M. Boosheri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daisy R. Chilin‐Fuentes
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amanda Birmingham
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joel D. Schilling
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sven H. Loosen
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego California, San Diego, California, USA
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9
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Daniel N, Genua F, Jenab M, Mayén AL, Chrysovalantou Chatziioannou A, Keski-Rahkonen P, Hughes DJ. The role of the gut microbiome in the development of hepatobiliary cancers. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00390. [PMID: 37055022 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cancers of the biliary tract, share high mortality and rising incidence rates. They may also share several risk factors related to unhealthy western-type dietary and lifestyle patterns as well as increasing body weights and rates of obesity. Recent data also suggest a role for the gut microbiome in the development of hepatobiliary cancer and other liver pathologies. The gut microbiome and the liver interact bidirectionally through the "gut-liver axis," which describes the interactive relationship between the gut, its microbiota, and the liver. Here, we review the gut-liver interactions within the context of hepatobiliary carcinogenesis by outlining the experimental and observational evidence for the roles of gut microbiome dysbiosis, reduced gut barrier function, and exposure to inflammatory compounds as well as metabolic dysfunction as contributors to hepatobiliary cancer development. We also outline the latest findings regarding the impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on liver pathologies as mediated by the gut microbiome. Finally, we highlight some emerging gut microbiome editing techniques currently being investigated in the context of hepatobiliary diseases. Although much work remains to be done in determining the relationships between the gut microbiome and hepatobiliary cancers, emerging mechanistic insights are informing treatments, such as potential microbiota manipulation strategies and guiding public health advice on dietary/lifestyle patterns for the prevention of these lethal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Daniel
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Conway Institute, School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Flavia Genua
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Conway Institute, School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ana-Lucia Mayén
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - David J Hughes
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Conway Institute, School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Kirundi J, Moghadamrad S, Urbaniak C. Microbiome-liver crosstalk: A multihit therapeutic target for liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1651-1668. [PMID: 37077519 PMCID: PMC10107210 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i11.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease has become a leading cause of death, particularly in the West, where it is attributed to more than two million deaths annually. The correlation between gut microbiota and liver disease is still not fully understood. However, it is well known that gut dysbiosis accompanied by a leaky gut causes an increase in lipopolysaccharides in circulation, which in turn evoke massive hepatic inflammation promoting liver cirrhosis. Microbial dysbiosis also leads to poor bile acid metabolism and low short-chain fatty acids, all of which exacerbate the inflammatory response of liver cells. Gut microbial homeostasis is maintained through intricate processes that ensure that commensal microbes adapt to the low oxygen potential of the gut and that they rapidly occupy all the intestinal niches, thus outcompeting any potential pathogens for available nutrients. The crosstalk between the gut microbiota and its metabolites also guarantee an intact gut barrier. These processes that protect against destabilization of gut microbes by potential entry of pathogenic bacteria are collectively called colonization resistance and are equally essential for liver health. In this review, we shall investigate how the mechanisms of colonization resistance influence the liver in health and disease and the microbial-liver crosstalk potential as therapeutic target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorum Kirundi
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3014, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano 6900, Switzerland
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11
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Huang C, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Guo X, Shou D, Quan Y, Chen H, Chen H, Zhou Y. Pattern recognition receptors in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma: An emerging therapeutic strategy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1145392. [PMID: 37020586 PMCID: PMC10067914 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1145392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation and has become the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is viewed as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, ranging from simple steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to advanced fibrosis, eventually leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD progression is still not clear. Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated innate immune responses play a critical role in the initiation of NAFLD and the progression of NAFLD-related HCC. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) are the two major PRRs in hepatocytes and resident innate immune cells in the liver. Increasing evidence indicates that the overactivation of TLRs and the cGAS signaling pathways may contribute to the development of liver disorders, including NAFLD progression. However, induction of PRRs is critical for the release of type I interferons (IFN-I) and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), which prime systemic antitumor immunity in HCC therapy. In this review, we will summarize the emerging evidence regarding the molecular mechanisms of TLRs and cGAS in the development of NAFLD and HCC. The dysfunction of PRR-mediated innate immune response is a critical determinant of NAFLD pathology; targeting and selectively inhibiting TLRs and cGAS signaling provides therapeutic potential for treating NALF-associated diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiemin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diwen Shou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjian Zhou, ; Huiting Chen, ; Hanqing Chen,
| | - Huiting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjian Zhou, ; Huiting Chen, ; Hanqing Chen,
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjian Zhou, ; Huiting Chen, ; Hanqing Chen,
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12
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Seo HY, Lee SH, Han E, Hwang JS, Han S, Kim MK, Jang BK. Evogliptin Directly Inhibits Inflammatory and Fibrotic Signaling in Isolated Liver Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911636. [PMID: 36232933 PMCID: PMC9569597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Kupffer cells (KC) secrete proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and so play an important role in liver inflammation, where they induce hepatocellular damage. LPS also activates hepatic stellate cells and induces extracellular matrix deposition. In this study, we used isolated primary KC, primary hepatocytes, and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to investigate whether evogliptin directly inhibits inflammatory and fibrotic signaling. We found that evogliptin inhibited LPS-induced secretion of inducible nitric oxide synthase and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) from KC. Moreover, evogliptin inhibited inflammatory mediator release from hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cell activation that were induced by KC-secreted cytokines. In hepatocytes, evogliptin also inhibited LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrotic TGF-β. In addition, evogliptin inhibited TGF-β-induced increases in connective tissue growth factor levels and HSC activation. These findings indicate that evogliptin inhibits inflammatory and fibrotic signaling in liver cells. We also showed that the inhibitory effect of evogliptin on inflammatory and fibrotic signaling is associated with the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - So-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Eugene Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jae Seok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Sol Han
- Department of Physiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.K.); (B.K.J.); Tel.: +82-53-258-7730 (M.K.K.); +82-53-258-7720 (B.K.J.)
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.K.); (B.K.J.); Tel.: +82-53-258-7730 (M.K.K.); +82-53-258-7720 (B.K.J.)
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Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1347-1366. [PMID: 36148775 PMCID: PMC9508552 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in the liver in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. It is also associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by a combination of the uptake and export of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, and fat utilization by β-oxidation. When the balance between these pathways is altered, hepatic lipid accumulation commences, and long-term activation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways can progress to worsen the liver disease. This review discusses the details of the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatic lipids and the emerging therapies targeting these pathways as potential future treatments for MAFLD.
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14
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Nayek S, Lund AK, Verbeck GF. Inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles induces hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, associated with altered renin-angiotensin system signaling, in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:457-467. [PMID: 34792841 PMCID: PMC8810614 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become increasingly popular in the biomedical field over the last few decades due to its proven antibacterial property. Previous scientific studies have reported that one of the major organs responsible for detoxification of AgNPs is the liver. The liver is also the primary organ responsible for secretion of angiotensinogen (AGT), a key signaling molecule involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in maintaining cardiac output and vascular pressure. The aim of this study was to assess any potential changes in the RAS-associated gene signaling, inflammatory response, and hepatocellular toxicity resulting from AgNP exposure. To do this, 6-week-old, male Wistar rats were exposed to a subacute inhalation exposure of AgNP (200 ppb/days over 4 h/days exposure, for 5 d) and their livers were analyzed for alterations in RAS components, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Real time qPCR analysis showed that AgNP-exposure resulted in a significant increase in hepatic AGT, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-1, and ACE-2 mRNA expression. Expression of inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also upregulated with AgNP-exposure, compared to controls. Furthermore AgNP-exposure mediated a significant increase in hepatic expression of catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and oxidative stress, as assessed via 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine staining. Increased oxidative stress was associated with increased monocyte/macrophage-2 staining in the liver of AgNP-exposed rats. Such findings indicate that subacute inhalation exposure to AgNPs mediate increased hepatic RAS signaling, associated with inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayu Nayek
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Amie K. Lund
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Guido F. Verbeck, Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W. Mulberry St., Denton, TX, 76201,
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15
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Kuchay MS, Balaguer-Román A, Martínez-Sánchez MA, Frutos MD, Fernández-García JC, Ramos-Molina B. Gut microbiota and related metabolites in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its resolution after bariatric surgery. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13367. [PMID: 34729904 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in parallel with the rising prevalence of obesity, leading to major health and socioeconomic consequences. To date, the most effective therapeutic approach for NAFLD is weight loss. Accordingly, bariatric surgery (BS), which produces marked reductions in body weight, is associated with significant histopathological improvements in advanced stages of NAFLD, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis. BS is also associated with substantial taxonomical and functional alterations in gut microbiota, which are believed to play a significant role in metabolic improvement after BS. Interestingly, gut microbiota and related metabolites may be implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD through diverse mechanisms, including specific microbiome signatures, short chain fatty acid production or the modulation of one-carbon metabolism. Moreover, emerging evidence highlights the potential association between gut microbiota changes after BS and NASH resolution. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the relationship between NAFLD severity and gut microbiota, as well as the role of the gut microbiome and related metabolites in NAFLD improvement after BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Mohammad Shafi Kuchay
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medanta - The Medicity Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Andrés Balaguer-Román
- Department of General and Digestive System Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María Dolores Frutos
- Department of General and Digestive System Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Carlos Fernández-García
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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Gao Y, Nepal N, Jin SZ. Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:521-529. [PMID: 34419367 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide issue. However, the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection, and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search up to January 2021 with the following keywords: hepatitis C, toll-like receptors, interferons, inflammation, and immune evasion. We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), susceptibility, fibrosis, cirrhosis, direct-acting antiviral agents, agonists, and antagonists to supplement the query results. We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection. RESULTS TLRs 1-4 and 6-9 are involved in the process of HCV infection. When the host is exposed to the HCV, TLRs, as important participants in HCV immune evasion, trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis. TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different. Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated, and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs, including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents, constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection. Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response. Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist, more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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17
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The Hepatic Sinusoid in Chronic Liver Disease: The Optimal Milieu for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225719. [PMID: 34830874 PMCID: PMC8616349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the development of chronic liver disease, the hepatic sinusoid undergoes major changes that further compromise the hepatic function, inducing persistent inflammation and the formation of scar tissue, together with alterations in liver hemodynamics. This diseased background may induce the formation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most common form of primary liver cancer and a major cause of mortality. In this review, we describe the ways in which the dysregulation of hepatic sinusoidal cells—including liver sinusoidal cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells—may have an important role in the development of HCC. Our review summarizes all of the known sinusoidal processes in both health and disease, and possible treatments focusing on the dysregulation of the sinusoid; finally, we discuss how some of these alterations occurring during chronic injury are shared with the pathology of HCC and may contribute to its development. Abstract The liver sinusoids are a unique type of microvascular beds. The specialized phenotype of sinusoidal cells is essential for their communication, and for the function of all hepatic cell types, including hepatocytes. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) conform the inner layer of the sinusoids, which is permeable due to the fenestrae across the cytoplasm; hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) surround LSECs, regulate the vascular tone, and synthetize the extracellular matrix, and Kupffer cells (KCs) are the liver-resident macrophages. Upon injury, the harmonic equilibrium in sinusoidal communication is disrupted, leading to phenotypic alterations that may affect the function of the whole liver if the damage persists. Understanding how the specialized sinusoidal cells work in coordination with each other in healthy livers and chronic liver disease is of the utmost importance for the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the design of novel pharmacological strategies. In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of sinusoidal cells and their communication both in health and chronic liver diseases, and their potential pharmacologic modulation. Finally, we discuss how alterations occurring during chronic injury may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is usually developed in the background of chronic liver disease.
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18
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Toward a universal influenza virus vaccine: Some cytokines may fulfill the request. Cytokine 2021; 148:155703. [PMID: 34555604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus annually causes widespread damages to the health and economy of the global community. Vaccination is currently the most crucial strategy in reducing the number of patients. Genetic variations, the high diversity of pandemic viruses, and zoonoses make it challenging to select suitable strains for annual vaccine production. If new pandemic viruses emerge, it will take a long time to produce a vaccine according to the new strains. In the present study, intending to develop a universal influenza vaccine, new bicistronic DNA vaccines were developed that expressed NP or NPm antigen with one of modified IL-18/ IL-17A/ IL-22 cytokine adjuvants. NPm is a mutant form of the antigen that has the ability for cytoplasmic accumulation. In order to investigate and differentiate the role of each of the components of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cellular immune systems in the performance of vaccines, Treg competent and Treg suppressed mouse groups were used. Mice were vaccinated with Foxp3-FC immunogen to produce Treg suppressed mouse groups. The potential of the vaccines to stimulate the immune system was assessed by IFN-γ/IL-17A Dual FluoroSpot. The vaccine's ability to induce humoral immune response was determined by measuring IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA-specific antibodies against the antigen. Kinetics of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cellular immune responses after vaccination, were assessed by evaluating the expression changes of IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-22, IL-4, and IL-2 cytokines by semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR. To assess the vaccines' ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, challenge tests with homologous and heterologous viruses were performed and then the virus titer was measured in the lungs of animals. Evaluation of the data obtained from this study showed that the DNA-vaccines coding NPm have more ability to induces a potent cross-cellular immune response and protective immunity than DNA-vaccines coding NP. Although the use of IL-18/ IL-17A/ IL-22 genetic adjuvants enhanced immune responses and protective immunity, Administration of NPm in combination with modified IL-18 (Igk-mIL18-IgFC) induced the most effective immunity in Treg competent mice group.
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19
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Islam SMT, Won J, Khan M, Chavin KD, Singh I. Peroxisomal footprint in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:466-471. [PMID: 31870746 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of fatty liver disease where benign hepatic steatosis leads to chronic inflammation in the steatotic liver of a patient without any history of alcohol abuse. Mechanisms underlying the progression of hepatic steatosis to NASH have long been investigated. This review outlines the potential role of peroxisomal dysfunctions in exacerbating the disease in NASH. Loss of peroxisomes as well as impaired peroxisomal functions have been demonstrated to occur in inflammatory conditions including NASH. Because peroxisomes and mitochondria co-operatively perform many metabolic functions including O2 and lipid metabolisms, a compromised peroxisomal biogenesis and function can potentially contribute to defective lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism which in turn can lead the progression of disease in NASH. Impaired peroxisomal biogenesis and function may be due to the decreased expression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), the major transcription factor of peroxisomal biogenesis. Recent studies indicate that the reduced expression of PPAR-α in NASH is correlated with the activation of the toll-like receptor-4 pathway (TLR-4). Further investigations are required to establish the mechanistic connection between the TLR-4 pathway and PPAR-α-dependent impaired biogenesis/function of peroxisomes in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Chavin
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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20
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The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158309. [PMID: 34361075 PMCID: PMC8347749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic liver disease, the causative factor is important; however, recently, the intestinal microbiome has been associated with the progression of chronic liver disease and the occurrence of side effects. The immune system is affected by the metabolites of the microbiome, and diet is the primary regulator of the microbiota composition and function in the gut–liver axis. These metabolites can be used as therapeutic material, and postbiotics, in the future, can increase or decrease human immunity by modulating inflammation and immune reactions. Therefore, the excessive intake of nutrients and the lack of nutrition have important effects on immunity and inflammation. Evidence has been published indicating that microbiome-induced chronic inflammation and the consequent immune dysregulation affect the development of chronic liver disease. In this research paper, we discuss the overall trend of microbiome-derived substances related to immunity and the future research directions.
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21
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Shi CX, Wang Y, Jiao FZ, Chen Q, Cao P, Pei MH, Zhang LY, Guo J, Deng W, Wang LW, Gong ZJ. Epigenetic Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Macrophage in Chronic Liver Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:683526. [PMID: 34276405 PMCID: PMC8281248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.683526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation is a complex pathological process under different stress conditions, and the roles of stellate cells and macrophages in chronic liver inflammation have been widely reported. Moderate liver inflammation can protect the liver from damage and facilitate the recovery of liver injury. However, an inflammatory response that is too intense can result in massive death of hepatocytes, which leads to irreversible damage to the liver parenchyma. Epigenetic regulation plays a key part in liver inflammation. This study reviews the regulation of epigenetics on stellate cells and macrophages to explore the new mechanisms of epigenetics on liver inflammation and provide new ideas for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mao-Hua Pei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Wen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuo-Jiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Padberg F, Höper T, Henkel S, Driesch D, Luch A, Zellmer S. Novel indirect co-culture of immortalised hepatocytes with monocyte derived macrophages is characterised by pro-inflammatory cytokine networks. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105134. [PMID: 33662514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is composed of different cell populations. Interactions of different cell populations can be investigated by a newly established indirect co-culture system consisting of immortalised primary human hepatocytes and human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Using the time-dependent cytokine secretion of the co-cultures and single cultures, correlation networks (including the cytokines G-CSF, CCL3, MCP-1, CCL20, FGF, TGF-β1, GM-CSF, IL-8 IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) were generated and the correlations were validated by application of IL-8 and TNF-α-neutralising antibodies. The data reveal that IL-8 is crucial for the interaction between hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro. In addition, transcriptome analyses showed that a change in the ratio between macrophages and hepatocytes may trigger pro-inflammatory signalling pathways of the acute phase response and the complement system (release of, e.g., certain cyto- and chemokines). Using diclofenac and LPS showed that the release of cytokines is increasing with higher ratios of MDMs. Altogether, we could demonstrate that the current co-culture system is better suited to mirror the in vivo situation when compared to previously established co-culture systems composed of HepG2 and differentiated THP-1 cells. Further, our data reveal that the cytokine IL-8 is crucial for the interaction between hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Padberg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tessa Höper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Driesch
- BioControl Jena GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Straße 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Fan Y, Li Y, Chu Y, Liu J, Cui L, Zhang D. Toll-Like Receptors Recognize Intestinal Microbes in Liver Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:608498. [PMID: 33708204 PMCID: PMC7940369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.608498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is one major cause of mortality in the clinic, and treatment of this disease is an arduous task. The scenario will be even getting worse with increasing alcohol consumption and obesity in the current lifestyle. To date, we have no medicines to cure cirrhosis. Although many etiologies are associated with cirrhosis, abnormal intestinal microbe flora (termed dysbiosis) is a common feature in cirrhosis regardless of the causes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), one evolutional conserved family of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune systems, play a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and inducing immune responses by recognizing both commensal and pathogenic microbes. Remarkably, recent studies found that correction of intestinal flora imbalance could change the progress of liver cirrhosis. Therefore, correction of intestinal dysbiosis and targeting TLRs can provide novel and promising strategies in the treatment of liver cirrhosis. Here we summarize the recent advances in the related topics. Investigating the relationship among innate immunity TLRs, intestinal flora disorders, and liver cirrhosis and exploring the underlying regulatory mechanisms will assuredly have a bright future for both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjie Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
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24
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Su SB, Qin SY, Xian XL, Huang FF, Huang QL, ZhangDi HJ, Jiang HX. Interleukin-22 regulating Kupffer cell polarization through STAT3/Erk/Akt crosstalk pathways to extenuate liver fibrosis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118677. [PMID: 33129875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin (IL)-22 activates multiple signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects, but few studies have examined whether and how IL-22 may shift macrophage polarization between M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) states and thereby influence the progression of hepatic fibrosis. MAIN METHODS Utilized CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis in mice, detected the role of IL-22 in inhibiting liver fibrosis by regulating Kupffer cells (KCs) polarization in vivo and in vitro. U937 cells were used to confirm the mechanism of IL-22 regulating macrophage polarization via the STAT3/Erk/Akt pathways. Human liver specimens were collected to verify the correlation between the levels of IL-22 and KCs during liver fibrogenesis. KEY FINDINGS During CCl4-induced liver fibrosis progression in mice, adding exogenous IL-22 significantly inhibited pro-fibrogenic and macrophage phenotype-altering factors secreted by M1-KCs, and it increased the number of M2-KCs. In co-cultures of hepatic stellate cells and KCs from mice treated with IL-22, a high M2/M1-KCs ratio inhibited collagen production and stellate cell activation. These results suggest that IL-22 can increase the ratio of M2-KCs to M1-KCs and thereby attenuate the progression of liver fibrosis. Mechanistic studies in vitro showed that IL-22 promoted polarization of lipopolysaccharide-treated U937 macrophages from M1 to M2. The cytokine exerted these effects by activating the STAT3 pathway while suppressing Erk1/2 and Akt pathways. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining in human liver specimens confirmed that IL-22 levels positively correlated with the number of M2-KCs during liver fibrogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE IL-22 regulates the STAT3/Erk/Akt to increase the M2/M1-KCs ratio and thereby slow liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xian
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiu-Lan Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Han-Jing ZhangDi
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China.
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25
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Shao Q, Wu Y, Ji J, Xu T, Yu Q, Ma C, Liao X, Cheng F, Wang X. Interaction Mechanisms Between Major Depressive Disorder and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711835. [PMID: 34966296 PMCID: PMC8710489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is highly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has complex pathogenic mechanisms. However, a limited number of studies have evaluated the mutual pathomechanisms involved in MDD and NAFLD development. Chronic stress-mediated elevations in glucocorticoid (GC) levels play an important role in the development of MDD-related NAFLD. Elevated GC levels can induce the release of inflammatory factors and changes in gut permeability. Elevated levels of inflammatory factors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which further increases the release of GC. At the same time, changes in gut permeability promote the release of inflammatory factors, which results in a vicious circle among the three, causing disease outbreaks. Even though the specific role of the thyroid hormone (TH) in this pathogenesis has not been fully established, it is highly correlated with MDD and NAFLD. Therefore, changing lifestyles and reducing psychological stress levels are necessary measures for preventing MDD-related NAFLD. Among them, GC inhibitors and receptor antagonists may be key in the alleviation of early and mid-term disease progression. However, combination medications may be important in late-stage diseases, but they are associated with various side effects. Traditional Chinese medicines have been shown to be potential therapeutic alternatives for such complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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26
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Ruf B, Heinrich B, Greten TF. Immunobiology and immunotherapy of HCC: spotlight on innate and innate-like immune cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:112-127. [PMID: 33235387 PMCID: PMC7852696 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-based therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the systemic treatment of various cancer types. The therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies targeting inhibitory pathways such as programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CTLA-4 to cells of the adaptive immune system has recently been shown to generate meaningful improvement in the clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, current immunotherapeutic approaches induce durable responses in only a subset of HCC patients. Since immunologic mechanisms such as chronic inflammation due to chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease play a crucial role in the initiation, development, and progression of HCC, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms shaping the unique tumor microenvironment of liver cancer. The liver is an immunologic organ with large populations of innate and innate-like immune cells and is exposed to bacterial, viral, and fungal antigens through the gut-liver axis. Here, we summarize and highlight the role of these cells in liver cancer and propose strategies to therapeutically target them. We also discuss current immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC and outline recent advances in our understanding of how the therapeutic potential of these agents might be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruf
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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27
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the pathogenesis and therapies of liver fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107791. [PMID: 33321113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic wound-healing process associated with the deposition of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. HSCs activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, steatosis and aging play critical roles in the progression of liver fibrosis, which is correlated with the regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway. As nuclear receptors, PPARs reduce inflammatory response, regulate lipid metabolism, and inhibit fibrogenesis in the liver associated with aging. Thus, PPAR ligands have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents. Mounting evidence indicated that some PPAR agonists could reverse steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Consequently, targeting PPARs might be a promising and novel therapeutic option against liver fibrosis. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of PPARs on the pathogenesis and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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28
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Luo QJ, Sun MX, Guo YW, Tan SW, Wu XY, Abassa KK, Lin L, Liu HL, Jiang J, Wei XQ. Sodium butyrate protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury partially via the GPR43/ β-arrestin-2/NF-κB network. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 9:154-165. [PMID: 34026223 PMCID: PMC8128024 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Butyrate acts as a regulator in multiple inflammatory organ injuries. However, the role of butyrate in acute liver injury has not yet been fully explored. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between butyrate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury and the signaling pathways involved. Methods LPS-induced acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) in G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-knockout (KO) and wild-type female C57BL/6 mice. Sodium butyrate (500mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to LPS exposure. Liver injury was detected by serum markers, tissue morphology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Pro-inflammatory-factor levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell models were first treated with sodium butyrate (4 μmol/mL), followed by LPS (1 μg/mL) half an hour later in GPR43 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected or control RAW264.7 cells. Cell-inflammation status was evaluated through detecting pro-inflammatory-factor expression by RT-PCR and also through checking toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB)-element levels including TLR4, TRAF6, IKKβ, IкBα, phospho-IкBα, p65, and phospho-p65 by Western blot. The interaction between GPR43 and β-arrestin-2 was tested by co-immunoprecipitation. Results Sodium butyrate reversed the LPS-induced tissue-morphology changes and high levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, myeloperoxidase, TUNEL, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. The ameliorating effect of sodium butyrate was weakened in GPR43-KO mice and GPR43 siRNA RAW264.7 cells, compared with those of GPR43-positive controls. Sodium butyrate downregulated some elements of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, including phospho-IκBα and phospho-p65, in RAW264.7 cells. Increased interactions between GPR43 and β-arrestin-2, and between β-arrestin-2 and IкBα were observed. Conclusion Sodium butyrate significantly attenuated LPS-induced liver injury by reducing the inflammatory response partially via the GPR43/β-arrestin-2/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Jiang Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Shenzhen Futian Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Xing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Wei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Si-Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kodjo-Kunale Abassa
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qing Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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29
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The Gut Microbiota: How Does It Influence the Development and Progression of Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110501. [PMID: 33207562 PMCID: PMC7697996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–liver axis plays important roles in both the maintenance of a healthy liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where the gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect the function of the liver and modulate the pathology of liver diseases. Accumulating evidence showed that gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives. The translocation of these components to the liver exerts beneficial or pathogenic effects by interacting with liver immune cells. This is a bidirectional relationship. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut and liver and its implications on host health and diseases are essential for the etiology and treatment of diseases. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of liver diseases, but still, the mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on liver pathogenesis remain elusive and not understandable. This review discusses the current progress on the gut microbiota and its components in terms of the progression of liver diseases, and in turn, how liver diseases indirectly affect the intestinal function and induce intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies used to restore the gut microbiota composition and improve host health.
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30
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Castillo-Dela Cruz P, Wanek AG, Kumar P, An X, Elsegeiny W, Horne W, Fitch A, Burr AHP, Gopalakrishna KP, Chen K, Methé BA, Canna SW, Hand TW, Kolls JK. Intestinal IL-17R Signaling Constrains IL-18-Driven Liver Inflammation by the Regulation of Microbiome-Derived Products. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2270-2283.e7. [PMID: 31747600 PMCID: PMC6886715 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17 signaling to the intestinal epithelium regulates the intestinal microbiome. Given the reported links between intestinal dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, and liver disease, we hypothesize that intestinal IL-17R signaling plays a critical role in mitigating hepatic inflammation. To test this, we study intestinal epithelium-specific IL-17RA-deficient mice in an immune-driven hepatitis model. At the naive state, these mice exhibit microbiome dysbiosis and increased translocation of bacterial products (CpG DNA), which drives liver IL-18 production. Upon disease induction, absence of enteric IL-17RA signaling exacerbates hepatitis and hepatocyte cell death. IL-18 is necessary for disease exacerbation and is associated with increased activated hepatic lymphocytes based on Ifng and Fasl expression. Thus, intestinal IL-17R regulates translocation of TLR9 ligands and constrains susceptibility to hepatitis. These data connect enteric Th17 signaling and the microbiome in hepatitis, with broader implications on the effects of impaired intestinal immunity and subsequent release of microbial products observed in other extra-intestinal pathologies. Castillo-dela Cruz et al. describe a unique protective role of intestinal IL-17RA in hepatitis. Disruption of intestinal IL-17RA signaling results in microbiome dysbiosis and translocation of bacterial products, specifically unmethylated CpG DNA, to the liver. This promotes IL-18 production and subsequent lymphocyte activation and cell death to exacerbate liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castillo-Dela Cruz
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alanna G Wanek
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Xiaojing An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Waleed Elsegeiny
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - William Horne
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Adam Fitch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ansen H P Burr
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kathyayini P Gopalakrishna
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Barbara A Methé
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott W Canna
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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31
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Qin T, Fu J, Verkade HJ. The role of the gut microbiome in graft fibrosis after pediatric liver transplantation. Hum Genet 2020; 140:709-724. [PMID: 32920649 PMCID: PMC8052232 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving option for children with end-stage liver disease. However, about 50% of patients develop graft fibrosis in 1 year after LT, with normal liver function. Graft fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, resulting in graft dysfunction and ultimately the need for re-transplantation. Previous studies have identified various risk factors for the post-LT fibrogenesis, however, to date, neither of the factors seems to fully explain the cause of graft fibrosis. Recently, evidence has accumulated on the important role of the gut microbiome in outcomes after solid organ transplantation. As an altered microbiome is present in pediatric patients with end-stage liver diseases, we hypothesize that the persisting alterations in microbial composition or function contribute to the development of graft fibrosis, for example by bacteria translocation due to increased intestinal permeability, imbalanced bile acids metabolism, and/or decreased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Subsequently, an immune response can be activated in the graft, together with the stimulation of fibrogenesis. Here we review current knowledge about the potential mechanisms by which alterations in microbial composition or function may lead to graft fibrosis in pediatric LT and we provide prospective views on the efficacy of gut microbiome manipulation as a therapeutic target to alleviate the graft fibrosis and to improve long-term survival after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Research Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Research Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Research Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Garrido A, Djouder N. Cirrhosis: A Questioned Risk Factor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:29-36. [PMID: 32917550 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is one of the major metabolic organs in the body, susceptible to injury caused by various factors. In response to injury, sophisticated mechanisms are engaged to repair and regenerate the damaged liver, preventing its failure. When the damage is chronic, regeneration goes awry, impairing liver function and causing cirrhosis. Hence, cirrhosis may rather be a protective response to injury, where wound-healing processes are set to primarily repair the damaged liver. Although cirrhosis is clinically considered a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), comprehensive population-based studies demonstrate a very modest incidence, refuting the idea that cirrhosis progresses to HCC. Here, we discuss and shed light on the provocative question of whether cirrhosis predisposes to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garrido
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Dong HN, Park SY, Le CT, Choi DH, Cho EH. Irisin Regulates the Functions of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:647-655. [PMID: 32981307 PMCID: PMC7520590 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are known to play a fundamental role in the progression of liver fibrosis. Once HSCs are activated, they are involved in proliferation, migration, and contractility which are characteristics of liver fibrogenesis. Recent studies have shown that irisin, a myokine secreted during physical exercise, has a protective effect in various metabolic diseases, especially in renal fibrosis. However, whether irisin is involved in HSC activation and other processes associated with liver fibrosis has not yet been investigated. In this study, we reveal the role of irisin in HSC activation as well as in proliferation, migration, and contractile properties of HSCs in vitro. METHODS LX-2 cells, immortalized human HSCs, were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a core regulator of HSC fibrosis, with or without irisin, and markers of the aforementioned processes were analyzed. Further, an inflammatory response was stimulated with TGF-β1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in combination with irisin and the expression of cytokines was measured. RESULTS Recombinant irisin significantly suppressed the expression of TGF-β1-stimulated fibrosis markers including alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 1 alpha 1 and prevented the TGF-β1-induced proliferation, migration, and contractility of LX-2 cells. Additionally, irisin ameliorated the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β induced by TGF-β1 and LPS treatments. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that irisin potently improved the progression of hepatic fibrosis by regulating HSC activation, proliferation, migration, contractility, and HSC-mediated production of inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Nguyen Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Cong Thuc Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Zheng Q, Martin RC, Shi X, Pandit H, Yu Y, Liu X, Guo W, Tan M, Bai O, Meng X, Li Y. Lack of FGF21 promotes NASH-HCC transition via hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9923-9936. [PMID: 32929325 PMCID: PMC7481424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasingly recognized in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is reported to prevent NASH and delay HCC development. In this study, the effects of FGF21 on NASH progression and NASH-HCC transition and the potential mechanism(s) were investigated. Methods: NASH models and NASH-HCC models were established in FGF21Knockout (KO) mice to evaluate NASH-HCC transition. IL-17A signaling was investigated in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cells, splenocytes, and hepatocyte and HCC cell lines. Results: Lack of FGF21 caused significant up-regulation of the hepatocyte-derived IL-17A via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling. Restoration of FGF21 alleviated the high NAFLD activity score (NAS) and attenuated the TLR4-triggered hepatocyte-IL-17A expression. The HCC nodule number and tumor size were significantly alleviated by treatments of anti-IL-17A antibody. Conclusion: This study revealed a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of FGF21 via inhibiting the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling in NASH-HCC models. The negative feedback loop on the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A axis could be a potential anti-carcinogenetic mechanism for FGF21 to prevent NASH-HCC transition.
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35
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Verweyen E, Holzinger D, Weinhage T, Hinze C, Wittkowski H, Pickkers P, Albeituni S, Verbist K, Nichols KE, Schulert G, Grom A, Foell D, Kessel C. Synergistic Signaling of TLR and IFNα/β Facilitates Escape of IL-18 Expression from Endotoxin Tolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:526-539. [PMID: 31710506 PMCID: PMC7047449 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0659oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, and elevated blood IL-18 concentrations associate with disease activity in macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and poor clinical outcomes in severe inflammatory and septic conditions. Objectives: Although recent investigations provide mechanistic evidence for a contribution of IL-18 to inflammation and hyperinflammation in sepsis and MAS, we sought to study regulatory mechanisms underlying human IL-18 expression. Methods: Samples from in vivo and in vitro endotoxin rechallenge experiments, patients with inflammatory disease, and isolated human monocytes treated with various stimulants and drugs were tested for cytokine gene and protein expression. Serum IL-18 expression with or without JAK/STAT inhibition was analyzed in two MAS mouse models and in a patient with recurrent MAS. Measurements and Main Results: Peripheral blood and monocytic IL-18 expression escaped LPS-induced immunoparalysis. LPS-stimulated primary human monocytes revealed specific IL-18 expression kinetics controlled by IFNα/β signaling. JAK/STAT inhibition or IFNβ neutralization during LPS stimulation blunted cytokine expression. Similarly, microtubule-destabilizing drugs abrogated LPS-induced IL18 expression, but this effect could be fully reversed by addition of IFNα/β. Ex vivo analysis of inflammatory disease patients’ whole blood revealed strong correlation of type I IFN score and IL18 expression, whereas JAK/STAT inhibition strongly reduced IL-18 serum levels in two MAS mouse models and in a patient with recurrent MAS. Conclusions: Our data indicate that IL-18 (but not IL-1β) production from human monocytes requires cooperative Toll-like receptor and IFNα/β signaling. Interference with IFNα/β expression or signaling following JAK/STAT inhibition may control catastrophic hyperinflammation in MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Verweyen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Holzinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Toni Weinhage
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Claas Hinze
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Helmut Wittkowski
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sabrin Albeituni
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Katherine Verbist
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Grant Schulert
- Department of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alexei Grom
- Department of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kessel
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
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36
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Wang S, Song X, Zhang K, Deng S, Jiao P, Qi M, Lian Z, Yao Y. Overexpression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Affects Autophagy, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Monocytes of Transgenic Sheep. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:248. [PMID: 32432106 PMCID: PMC7214805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical pattern recognition receptor that plays a critical role in the host innate immune system’s recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. Since it is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, it links the activated inflammatory response with autophagy and oxidative stress. Autophagy, or type II programmed cell death, was reported to have defensive functions in response to the production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. To explore the relationship between autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress, a TLR4-enriched transgenic (Tg) animal model (sheep) was generated. Autophagy activity in the Tg blood monocytes was significantly higher than in the wild-type animal under LPS stress, and it returned to normal after transfection of TLR4 siRNA. Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited autophagy and enhanced oxidative stress and the production of TNF-α. The LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was markedly increased in the Tg group at an early stage before quickly returning to normal values. In addition, suppressing ROS production by N-acetyl-L-cysteine down-regulated the number of intracellular autophagosomes and the expression of Beclin-1, ATG5, and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Further mechanistic investigation suggested that the TLR4-associated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was involved in autophagy and oxidative stress. P38 MAPK promotes intracellular autophagy, ROS production, and inflammatory response. Moreover, TLR4 over-expression suppressed oxidative stress and the production of inflammatory cytokines and increased autophagy activity in vivo. Taken together, our results showed that LPS induced autophagy, which was related to TLR4-mediated ROS production through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, our study also provided a novel transgenic animal model to analyze the effects of TLR4 on autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuting Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peixin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiyu Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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BMP-9 Modulates the Hepatic Responses to LPS. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030617. [PMID: 32143367 PMCID: PMC7140468 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown that Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-9 is constitutively produced and secreted by hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Upon acute liver damage, BMP-9 expression is transiently down-regulated and blocking BMP-9 under conditions of chronic damage ameliorated liver fibrogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Thereby, BMP-9 acted as a pro-fibrogenic cytokine in the liver but without directly activating isolated HSC in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin derived from the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut, is known to be essential in the pathogenesis of diverse kinds of liver diseases. The aim of the present project was therefore to investigate how high levels of BMP-9 in the context of LPS signalling might result in enhanced liver damage. For this purpose, we stimulated human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) with LPS and incubated primary human liver myofibroblasts (MF) with the conditioned medium of these cells. We found that LPS led to the secretion of factors from LSEC that upregulate BMP-9 expression in MF. At least one of these BMP-9 enhancing factors was defined to be IL-6. High BMP-9 in turn, especially in combination with LPS stimulation, induced the expression of certain capillarization markers in LSEC and enhanced the LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary human macrophages. In LSEC, pre-treatment with BMP-9 reduced the LPS-mediated activation of the NfkB pathway, whereas in macrophages, LPS partially inhibited the BMP-9/Smad-1 signaling cascade. In vivo, in mice, BMP-9 led to the enhanced presence of F4/80-positive cells in the liver and it modulated the LPS-mediated regulation of inflammatory mediators. In summary, our data point to BMP-9 being a complex and highly dynamic modulator of hepatic responses to LPS: Initial effects of LPS on LSEC led to the upregulation of BMP-9 in MF but sustained high levels of BMP-9 in turn promote pro-inflammatory reactions of macrophages. Thereby, the spatial and timely fine-tuned presence (or absence) of BMP-9 is needed for efficient wound-healing responses in the liver.
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38
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Danger-associated extracellular ATP counters MDSC therapeutic efficacy in acute GVHD. Blood 2020; 134:1670-1682. [PMID: 31533918 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can subdue inflammation. In mice with acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), donor MDSC infusion enhances survival that is only partial and transient because of MDSC inflammasome activation early posttransfer, resulting in differentiation and loss of suppressor function. Here we demonstrate that conditioning regimen-induced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release is a primary driver of MDSC dysfunction through ATP receptor (P2x7R) engagement and NLR pyrin family domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. P2x7R or NLRP3 knockout (KO) donor MDSCs provided significantly higher survival than wild-type (WT) MDSCs. Although in vivo pharmacologic targeting of NLRP3 or P2x7R promoted recipient survival, indicating in vivo biologic effects, no synergistic survival advantage was seen when combined with MDSCs. Because activated inflammasomes release mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β), we expected that IL-1β KO donor MDSCs would be superior in subverting GVHD, but such MDSCs proved inferior relative to WT. IL-1β release and IL-1 receptor expression was required for optimal MDSC function, and exogenous IL-1β added to suppression assays that included MDSCs increased suppressor potency. These data indicate that prolonged systemic NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and decreased IL-1β could diminish survival in GVHD. However, loss of inflammasome activation and IL-1β release restricted to MDSCs rather than systemic inhibition allowed non-MDSC IL-1β signaling, improving survival. Extracellular ATP catalysis with peritransplant apyrase administered into the peritoneum, the ATP release site, synergized with WT MDSCs, as did regulatory T-cell infusion, which we showed reduced but did not eliminate MDSC inflammasome activation, as assessed with a novel inflammasome reporter strain. These findings will inform future clinical using MDSCs to decrease alloresponses in inflammatory environments.
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Cellular Interplay as a Consequence of Inflammatory Signals Leading to Liver Fibrosis Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020461. [PMID: 32085494 PMCID: PMC7072785 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been known to be an important driver of fibrogenesis in the liver and onset of hepatic fibrosis. It starts off as a process meant to protect the liver from further damage, but it can become the main promoter of liver fibrosis. There are many inflammation-related pathways activated during liver fibrosis that lead to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and collagen-deposition in the liver. Such events are mostly modulated upstream of HSCs and involve signals from hepatocytes and innate immune cells. One particular event is represented by cell death during liver injury that generates multiple inflammatory signals that further trigger sterile inflammation and enhancement of inflammatory response. The assembly of inflammasome that responds to danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and at the same time, initiates programmed cell death called pyroptosis. This review focuses on cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for initiation and progress of inflammation in the liver.
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Bangru S, Kalsotra A. Cellular and molecular basis of liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:74-87. [PMID: 31980376 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and genomics have reinvigorated the field of liver regeneration. It is now possible to combine lineage-tracing with genome-wide studies to genetically mark individual liver cells and their progenies and detect precise changes in their genome, transcriptome, and proteome under normal versus regenerative settings. The recent use of single-cell RNA sequencing methodologies in model organisms has, in some ways, transformed our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of liver regeneration. Here, we review the latest strides in our knowledge of general principles that coordinate regeneration of the liver and reflect on some conflicting evidence and controversies surrounding this topic. We consider the prominent mechanisms that stimulate homeostasis-related vis-à-vis injury-driven regenerative responses, highlight the likely cellular sources/depots that reconstitute the liver following various injuries and discuss the extrinsic and intrinsic signals that direct liver cells to proliferate, de-differentiate, or trans-differentiate while the tissue recovers from acute or chronic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bangru
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center@ Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center@ Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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da Silva Meirelles L, Marson RF, Solari MIG, Nardi NB. Are Liver Pericytes Just Precursors of Myofibroblasts in Hepatic Diseases? Insights from the Crosstalk between Perivascular and Inflammatory Cells in Liver Injury and Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010188. [PMID: 31940814 PMCID: PMC7017158 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis, a late form of liver disease, is characterized by extensive scarring due to exacerbated secretion of extracellular matrix proteins by myofibroblasts that develop during this process. These myofibroblasts arise mainly from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver-specific pericytes that become activated at the onset of liver injury. Consequently, HSCs tend to be viewed mainly as myofibroblast precursors in a fibrotic process driven by inflammation. Here, the molecular interactions between liver pericytes and inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils at the first moments after injury and during the healing process are brought into focus. Data on HSCs and pericytes from other tissues indicate that these cells are able to sense pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and have an important proinflammatory role in the initial stages of liver injury. On the other hand, further data suggest that as the healing process evolves, activated HSCs play a role in skewing the initial proinflammatory (M1) macrophage polarization by contributing to the emergence of alternatively activated, pro-regenerative (M2-like) macrophages. Finally, data suggesting that some HSCs activated during liver injury could behave as hepatic progenitor or stem cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindolfo da Silva Meirelles
- PPGBioSaúde and School of Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Av. Farroupilha 8001, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Renan Fava Marson
- PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Av. Farroupilha 8001, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Gonzalez Solari
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Princesa Isabel 370, 90620-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nance Beyer Nardi
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Princesa Isabel 370, 90620-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-51-3230-3600
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Duvigneau JC, Luís A, Gorman AM, Samali A, Kaltenecker D, Moriggl R, Kozlov AV. Crosstalk between inflammatory mediators and endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver diseases. Cytokine 2019; 124:154577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of cardiometabolic syndrome, which often also includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It is rapidly becoming the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A sizable minority of NAFLD patients develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by inflammatory changes that can lead to progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that in addition to genetic predisposition and diet, the gut microbiota affects hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as influences the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory effectors in the liver, thereby impacting NAFLD and its progression to NASH. In this review, we will explore the impact of gut microbiota and microbiota‐derived compounds on the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH, and the unexplored factors related to potential microbiome contributions to this common liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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44
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Li Y, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K. Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Nitroxidative Stress in Mammals. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060576. [PMID: 31212769 PMCID: PMC6627996 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are important antimicrobial effectors that cause damage to DNA, membrane lipids, and proteins. Professional phagocytes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that contribute towards the destruction of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the innate immune response and respond to conserved microbial products and endogenous molecules resulting from cellular damage to elicit an effective defense against invading pathogens, tissue injury, or cancer. In recent years, several studies have focused on how the TLR-mediated activation of innate immune cells leads to the production of pro-inflammatory factors upon pathogen invasion. Here, we review recent findings that indicate that TLRs trigger a signaling cascade that induces the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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45
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Baroja-Mazo A, Compan V, Martín-Sánchez F, Tapia-Abellán A, Couillin I, Pelegrín P. Early endosome autoantigen 1 regulates IL-1β release upon caspase-1 activation independently of gasdermin D membrane permeabilization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5788. [PMID: 30962463 PMCID: PMC6453936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion represents an important process of the inflammatory response. The release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β which burst during pyroptosis as a consequence of gasdermin D plasma membrane pore formation, can also occur through other unconventional secretion pathways dependent on caspase-1 activation. However, how caspase-1 mediates cytokine release independently of gasdermin D remains poorly understood. Here we show that following caspase-1 activation by different inflammasomes, caspase-1 cleaves early endosome autoantigen 1 (EEA1) protein at Asp127/132. Caspase-1 activation also results in the release of the endosomal EEA1 protein in a gasdermin D-independent manner. EEA1 knock-down results in adecreased release of caspase-1 and IL-1β, but the pyroptotic release of other inflammasome components and lactate dehydrogenase was not affected. This study shows how caspase-1 control the release of EEA1 and IL-1β in a pyroptotic-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Vincent Compan
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Labex ICST; INSERM U661, CNRS UMR5203, University of Montpellier.141, 34094, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Fátima Martín-Sánchez
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Tapia-Abellán
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, NEM, CNRS, UMR7355, University of Orleans, Orleans, 45071, France
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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46
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Zhao ZH, Lai JKL, Qiao L, Fan JG. Role of gut microbial metabolites in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Dig Dis 2019; 20:181-188. [PMID: 30706694 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common, multifactorial liver disease that has emerged as a global challenge due to its increasing prevalence and lack of sustainable treatment options. Gut microbiota possess vital functions in fermenting dietary nutrients and synthesizing bioactive molecules. This function is of great importance in maintaining health because these microbial metabolites are essential in regulating energy metabolism, immune response, and other vital physiological processes. Altered gut flora can result in a change in gut microbial metabolites, affecting the onset and progression of multiple diseases. In this review we summarize the metabolites that may have beneficial or harmful effects on the development and progression of NAFLD. This will help us better understand the possible mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic approaches for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Hua Zhao
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jonathan King-Lam Lai
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jian Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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47
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Interleukin-18 in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030649. [PMID: 30717382 PMCID: PMC6387150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 was originally discovered as a factor that enhanced IFN-γ production from anti-CD3-stimulated Th1 cells, especially in the presence of IL-12. Upon stimulation with Ag plus IL-12, naïve T cells develop into IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) expressing Th1 cells, which increase IFN-γ production in response to IL-18 stimulation. Therefore, IL-12 is a commitment factor that induces the development of Th1 cells. In contrast, IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that facilitates type 1 responses. However, IL-18 without IL-12 but with IL-2, stimulates NK cells, CD4+ NKT cells, and established Th1 cells, to produce IL-3, IL-9, and IL-13. Furthermore, together with IL-3, IL-18 stimulates mast cells and basophils to produce IL-4, IL-13, and chemical mediators such as histamine. Therefore, IL-18 is a cytokine that stimulates various cell types and has pleiotropic functions. IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. IL-18 demonstrates a unique function by binding to a specific receptor expressed on various types of cells. In this review article, we will focus on the unique features of IL-18 in health and disease in experimental animals and humans.
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48
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Kupffer Cells Survive Plasmodium berghei Sporozoite Exposure and Respond with a Rapid Cytokine Release. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040091. [PMID: 30477234 PMCID: PMC6313776 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver stage of the Plasmodium life cycle features sporozoite traversal of the liver sinusoidal barrier through Kupffer cells (KCs) followed by invasion of hepatocytes. Little is known about the interaction of Plasmodium sporozoites with KCs, the liver-resident macrophages. Previous reports suggest KCs do not mount a pro-inflammatory response and undergo cell death following this interaction. Our work explores this interaction using primary rat KCs (PRKCs) and Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. We analyzed PRKC culture supernatants for markers of an immunological response through cytokine arrays. Additionally, cell wounding and death were assessed by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in these supernatants and by live/dead cell imaging. We found that PRKCs mount an immunological response to P. berghei sporozoites by releasing a diverse set of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IFNγ, IL-12p70, Mip-3α, IL-2, RANTES, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, EPO, VEGF, IL-7, and IL-17α. We also observed no difference in LDH level or live/dead staining upon sporozoite exposure, suggesting that the KCs are not deeply wounded or dying. Overall, our data suggest that sporozoites may be actively modulating the KC's reaction to their presence and altering the way the innate immune system is triggered by KCs.
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49
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Protective role of heme oxygenase-1 in fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 52:61-72. [PMID: 30171344 PMCID: PMC6542780 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is a kind of injury resulting from the restoration of the blood supply after blood vessel closure during liver transplantation and is the main cause of graft failure. The pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic IR include a variety of oxidative stress responses. Hepatic IR is characterized by ischemia and hypoxia inducing oxidative stress, immune response and apoptosis. Fat-denatured livers are also used as donors due to the lack of liver donors. Fatty liver is less tolerant to IR than normal liver. Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that breaks down hemoglobin to bilirubin, ferrous iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Inducible HO subtype HO-1 is an important protective molecule in mammalian cells used to improve acute and chronic liver injury owing to its characteristic anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic qualities. HO-1 degrades heme, and its reaction product CO has been shown to reduce hepatic IR injury and increase the survival rate of grafts. As an induced form of HO, HO-1 also exerts a protective effect against liver IR injury and may be useful as a new strategy of ameliorating this kind of damage. This review summarizes the protective effects of HO-1 in liver IR injury, especially in fatty liver.
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50
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Patton A, Church T, Wilson C, Thuma J, Goetz DJ, Berryman DE, List EO, Schwartz F, McCall KD. Phenylmethimazole abrogates diet-induced inflammation, glucose intolerance and NAFLD. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:337-351. [PMID: 29666152 PMCID: PMC5958349 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of both metabolic and inflammatory diseases and has become the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. High-fat (HF) diets promote an increased uptake and storage of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes, which initiates steatosis and induces lipotoxicity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Activation and signaling of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by FFAs induces inflammation evident in NAFLD and insulin resistance. Currently, there are no effective treatments to specifically target inflammation associated with this disease. We have established the efficacy of phenylmethimazole (C10) to prevent lipopolysaccharide and palmitate-induced TLR4 signaling. Because TLR4 is a key mediator in pro-inflammatory responses, it is a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. Here, we show that treatment with C10 inhibits HF diet-induced inflammation in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue measured by a decrease in mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, C10 treatment improves glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis despite the development of obesity due to HF diet feeding. Administration of C10 after 16 weeks of HF diet feeding reversed glucose intolerance, hepatic inflammation, and improved hepatic steatosis. Thus, our findings establish C10 as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Patton
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Tyler Church
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringRuss College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean Thuma
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringRuss College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Engineering ProgramOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Schwartz
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Department of Specialty MedicineHeritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Diabetes Institute Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramCollege of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Engineering ProgramOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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