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Jeong D, Woo YD, Chung DH. Invariant natural killer T cells in lung diseases. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1885-1894. [PMID: 37696892 PMCID: PMC10545712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T cells that are characterized by a restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and a unique ability to recognize glycolipid antigens. These cells are found in all tissues, and evidence to date suggests that they play many immunological roles in both homeostasis and inflammatory conditions. The latter include lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma and infections: the roles of lung-resident iNKT cells in these diseases have been extensively researched. Here, we provide insights into the biology of iNKT cells in health and disease, with a particular focus on the role of pulmonary iNKT cells in airway inflammation and other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Jeong
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Duk Woo
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Lu H, Liu Z, Deng X, Chen S, Zhou R, Zhao R, Parandaman R, Thind A, Henley J, Tian L, Yu J, Comai L, Feng P, Yuan W. Potent NKT cell ligands overcome SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion to mitigate viral pathogenesis in mouse models. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011240. [PMID: 36961850 PMCID: PMC10128965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major pathogenesis mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is its potent suppression of innate immunity, including blocking the production of type I interferons. However, it is unknown whether and how the virus interacts with different innate-like T cells, including NKT, MAIT and γδ T cells. Here we reported that upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, invariant NKT (iNKT) cells rapidly trafficked to infected lung tissues from the periphery. We discovered that the envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 efficiently down-regulated the cell surface expression of the antigen-presenting molecule, CD1d, to suppress the function of iNKT cells. E protein is a small membrane protein and a viroporin that plays important roles in virion packaging and envelopment during viral morphogenesis. We showed that the transmembrane domain of E protein was responsible for suppressing CD1d expression by specifically reducing the level of mature, post-ER forms of CD1d, suggesting that it suppressed the trafficking of CD1d proteins and led to their degradation. Point mutations demonstrated that the putative ion channel function was required for suppression of CD1d expression and inhibition of the ion channel function using small chemicals rescued the CD1d expression. Importantly, we discovered that among seven human coronaviruses, only E proteins from highly pathogenic coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS suppressed CD1d expression, whereas the E proteins of human common cold coronaviruses, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, did not. These results suggested that E protein-mediated evasion of NKT cell function was likely an important pathogenesis factor, enhancing the virulence of these highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Remarkably, activation of iNKT cells with their glycolipid ligands, both prophylactically and therapeutically, overcame the putative viral immune evasion, significantly mitigated viral pathogenesis and improved host survival in mice. Our results suggested a novel NKT cell-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Graduate Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhewei Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiangxue Deng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Siyang Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ruiting Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rongqi Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ramya Parandaman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amarjot Thind
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jill Henley
- The Hastings and Wright Laboratories, Keck School of Medicine, University Southern California, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The Hastings and Wright Laboratories, Keck School of Medicine, University Southern California, California, United States of America
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Iweha C, Graham A, Cui W, Marsh C, Nothnick WB. The uterine natural killer cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and granulysin levels are elevated in the endometrium of women with nonstructural abnormal uterine bleeding. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:246-254. [PMID: 35654738 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in endometrial biopsies from reproductive-age women with and without nonstructural abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and evaluate the expression of granulysin within these cell populations and potential modulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. DESIGN Experimental study, retrospective design. SETTING Academic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Patients with nonstructural AUB with no other gynecological pathologies and control patients without AUB. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunohistochemical analysis of granulysin, CD56 (uNK cell marker), and CD8 (CTL marker) expression as well as granulysin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels in endometrial biopsy samples. Assessment of granulysin regulation of human endometrial stromal cell MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA expression. RESULT(S) The numbers of uNK cells and CTLs were significantly greater in endometrial biopsy tissue from women with AUB than those from controls. In accord with the increased expression of uNK cells and CTLs, granulysin expression was significantly greater in endometrial biopsies from patients with AUB than in from controls and colocalized to both cell types but not endometrial stromal or epithelial cells. The increased granulysin protein expression was associated with the increased granulysin mRNA expression in adjacent serial sections from these same samples. The treatment of the human endometrial stromal cell line t-HESC with granulysin resulted in a significant increase in MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION(S) In the current study, immunohistochemistry showed an increased expression of uNK cells, CTLs, and granulysin among subjects with AUB compared with that of subjects without AUB, leading to conclusions that disturbances in the balance of immune cells and an increase in granulysin expression may have implications in the pathophysiology of AUB and include enhanced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma Iweha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Amanda Graham
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Courtney Marsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Warren B Nothnick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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4
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Human iNKT Cells Modulate Macrophage Survival and Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071723. [PMID: 35885028 PMCID: PMC9313099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells whose functions highly depend on the interactions they establish with other immune cells. Although extensive studies have been reported on the communication between iNKT cells and macrophages in mice, less data is available regarding the relevance of this crosstalk in humans. Here, we dove into the human macrophage-iNKT cell axis by exploring how iNKT cells impact the survival and polarization of pro-inflammatory M1-like and anti-inflammatory M2-like monocyte-derived macrophages. By performing in vitro iNKT cell-macrophage co-cultures followed by flow cytometry analysis, we demonstrated that antigen-stimulated iNKT cells induce a generalized activated state on all macrophage subsets, leading to upregulation of CD40 and CD86 expression. CD40L blocking with a specific monoclonal antibody prior to co-cultures abrogated CD40 and CD86 upregulation, thus indicating that iNKT cells required CD40-CD40L co-stimulation to trigger macrophage activation. In addition, activated iNKT cells were cytotoxic towards macrophages in a CD1d-dependent manner, killing M1-like macrophages more efficiently than their naïve M0 or anti-inflammatory M2-like counterparts. Hence, this work highlighted the role of human iNKT cells as modulators of macrophage survival and phenotype, untangling key features of the human macrophage-iNKT cell axis and opening perspectives for future therapeutic modulation.
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Ichikawa T, Negishi Y, Kasano S, Yokote R, Yonezawa M, Ouchi N, Kuwabara Y, Suzuki S, Takeshita T. Upregulated serum granulysin levels in women with antiphospholipid antibody‐associated recurrent miscarriage are downregulated by heparin treatment. Reprod Med Biol 2022; 21:e12460. [PMID: 35444491 PMCID: PMC9013493 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Granulysin is a cytotoxic protein that simultaneously activates innate and cellular immunity. The authors aimed to evaluate whether granulysin is associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and whether heparin changes the granulysin levels. Methods A cohort study was performed with women with antiphospholipid antibody‐positive recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The authors examined granulysin levels under RPL and evaluated the changes in serum granulysin levels before and 1 week after the commencement of heparin treatment. Results Serum granulysin levels before heparin treatment were significantly higher in women who tested positive for one or more types of antiphospholipid antibodies (2.75 ± 1.03 vs. 2.44 ± 0.69, p = 0.0341 by Welch's t test), particularly anti‐phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (IgG: 2.98 ± 1.09 vs. 2.51 ± 0.86, p = 0.0013; IgM: 2.85 ± 1.09 vs. 2.47 ± 0.77, p = 0.0024 by Welch's t test). After heparin treatment for 1 week, serum granulysin levels were significantly reduced (p = 0.0017 by the paired t test). The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women whose serum granulysin levels were not reduced by heparin treatment (p = 0.0086 by Fisher's exact probability test). Conclusion The results suggest that heparin may reduce the incidence of miscarriage by suppressing serum granulysin levels. We examined granulysin levels under recurrent pregnancy loss and evaluated the changes in serum granulysin with heparin treatment. The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women whose serum granulysin levels were not reduced by heparin treatment. The results suggest that heparin may reduce the incidence of miscarriage by suppressing serum granulysin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ichikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Negishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Kasano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryoko Yokote
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Mirei Yonezawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Nozomi Ouchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Shunji Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
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High Dimensionality Reduction and Immune Phenotyping of Natural Killer and Invariant Natural Killer Cells in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes Comorbidity. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2422790. [PMID: 35242883 PMCID: PMC8886750 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2422790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are unique innate lymphocytes that coordinate diverse immune responses and display antimycobacterial potential. However, the role of NK and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers in latent tuberculosis (LTB), diabetes mellitus (DM), or preDM (PDM) and nonDM (NDM) comorbidities is not known. Thus, we have studied the unstimulated (UNS), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb [PPD, WCL]), and mitogen (P/I)-stimulated NK and iNKT cells expressing Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), Type 17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) cytokines, cytotoxic (perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin) and immune (GMCSF, PD-1, and CD69) markers in LTB comorbidities by dimensionality reduction and flow cytometry. Our results suggest that LTB DM and PDM individuals express diverse NK and iNKT cell immune clusters compared to LTB NDM individuals. In UNS condition, frequencies of NK and iNKT cells expressing markers are not significantly different. After Mtb antigen stimulation, NK cell expressing [Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), GMCSF in PPD and IFNγ in WCL), Type 17 [(IL-17A), PD-1 in PPD), (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22), PD-1 in WCL], and cytotoxic (perforin, granzyme B in PPD, and WCL)] marker frequencies were significantly reduced in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Similarly, iNKT cells expressing [Type 1 (IFNγ, IL-2), GMCSF in PPD), TNFα, GMCSF in WCL), Type 17 (IL-17A), PD-1 in PPD, IL-17F in WCL) cytokines were increased and cytotoxic or immune (perforin, granzyme B, granulysin), CD69 in PPD, perforin and CD69 in WCL] marker frequencies were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM compared to LTB NDM individuals. Finally, NK and iNKT cell frequencies did not exhibit significant differences upon positive control antigen stimulation between the study population. Therefore, altered NK cell and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers are characteristic features in LTB PDM/DM comorbidities.
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Cruz MS, Loureiro JP, Oliveira MJ, Macedo MF. The iNKT Cell-Macrophage Axis in Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031640. [PMID: 35163561 PMCID: PMC8835952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted, lipid-reactive T cells that exhibit preponderant immunomodulatory properties. The ultimate protective or deleterious functions displayed by iNKT cells in tissues are known to be partially shaped by the interactions they establish with other immune cells. In particular, the iNKT cell–macrophage crosstalk has gained growing interest over the past two decades. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that this immune axis plays central roles not only in maintaining homeostasis but also during the development of several pathologies. Hence, this review summarizes the reported features of the iNKT cell–macrophage axis in health and disease. We discuss the pathophysiological significance of this interplay and provide an overview of how both cells communicate with each other to regulate disease onset and progression in the context of infection, obesity, sterile inflammation, cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S. Cruz
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.C.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Loureiro
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.C.); (J.P.L.)
- Experimental Immunology Group, Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- Tumour and Microenvironment Interactions Group, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Fatima Macedo
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.C.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers represent a complex array of cancers that affect the digestive system. This includes liver, pancreatic, colon, rectal, anal, gastric, esophageal, intestinal and gallbladder cancer. Patients diagnosed with certain GI cancers typically have low survival rates, so new therapeutic approaches are needed. A potential approach is to harness the potent immunoregulatory properties of natural killer T (NKT) cells which are true T cells, not natural killer (NK) cells, that recognize lipid instead of peptide antigens presented by the non-classical major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule CD1d. The NKT cell subpopulation is known to play a vital role in tumor immunity by bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. In GI cancers, NKT cells can contribute to either antitumor or protumor immunity depending on the cytokine profile expressed and type of cancer. This review discusses the complexities of the role of NKT cells in liver, colon, pancreatic and gastric cancers with an emphasis on type I NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Burks
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,CONTACT Julian Burks National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Building 41/Room D702, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, Maryland20892, USA
| | - Purevdorj B. Olkhanud
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Xiang L, Meng X. Emerging cellular and molecular interactions between the lung microbiota and lung diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:577-610. [PMID: 34693852 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1992345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the discovery of the lung microbiota, its study in both pulmonary health and disease has become a vibrant area of emerging research interest. Thus far, most studies have described the lung microbiota composition in lung disease quite well, and some of these studies indicated alterations in lung microbial communities related to the onset and development of lung disease and vice versa. However, the underlying mechanisms, particularly the cellular and molecular links, are still largely unknown. In this review, we highlight the current progress in the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the lung microbiome interacts with immune homeostasis and pulmonary disease pathogenesis to advance our understanding of the elaborate function of the lung microbiota in lung disease. We hope that this work can attract more attention to this still-young yet very promising field to facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets and provide more innovative therapies. Additional accurate standard-based methodologies and technological breakthroughs are critical to propel the field forward to ultimately achieve the goal of maintaining respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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10
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Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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iNKT Cel Transfer: The Use of Cell Sorting Combined with Flow Cytometry Validation Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2388:113-122. [PMID: 34524666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1775-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d-expressing antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. They can be subdivided into two different subsets according to the variation in αβ TCR chains: type I and type II NKT cells. Type I, also called invariant NKT cells (iNKT), express restricted TCRs with an invariant α-chain (Vα24-Jα18 in humans and Vα14-Jα18 in mice) and limited β-chains. Here we have established a protocol in which iNKT cells are isolated from a donor wild-type mouse and transferred into iNKT KO (Jα18-/-) mouse. Below we will explore the methods for cell sorting of splenic iNKTs, iNKT cells transfer, and detection of transferred cells into the liver using flow cytometry technique.
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12
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Animal models for human group 1 CD1 protein function. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:159-163. [PMID: 33384157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 antigen presenting system is evolutionary conserved and found in mammals, birds and reptiles. Humans express five isoforms, of which CD1a, CD1b and CD1c represent the group 1 CD1-molecules. They are recognized by T cells that express diverse αβ-T cell receptors. Investigation of the role of group 1 CD1 function has been hampered by the fact that CD1a, CD1b and CD1c are not expressed by mice. However, other animals, such as guinea pigs or cattle, serve as alternative models and have established basic aspects of CD1-dependent, antimicrobial immune functions. Group 1 CD1 transgenic mouse models became available about ten years ago. In a series of seminal studies these mouse models coined the mechanistical understanding of the role of the corresponding CD1 restricted T cell responses. This review gives a short overview of available animal studies and the lessons that have been and still can be learned.
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Coordinated In Vitro Release of Granulysin, Perforin and IFN-γ in TB and HIV/TB Co-Infection Associated with Clinical Outcomes before and after Anti-TB Treatment. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080655. [PMID: 32823923 PMCID: PMC7459825 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Granule-associated killing molecules released from cytotoxic T lymphocytes participate as a crucial step in immunity against tuberculosis (TB), but the role of coordinated production remains controversial. Coordinated release of effector molecules in vitro after stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of active TB or HIV/TB coinfection patients with PPD, purified protein derivative of tuberculin and avirulent Mtb, H37Ra, an attenuated strain were investigated in association with clinical outcomes. Perforin, granzyme-B, granulysin and IFN-γ were measured using ELISA. Before anti-TB treatment, PBMCs of TB stimulated with PPD or H37Ra released higher perforin, granzyme-B, and granulysin levels than in HIV/TB and released significantly higher IFN-γ (p = 0.045, p = 0.022). Granulysin positively correlated with perforin in TB (p = 0.042, r = 0.385), HIV/TB coinfection (p = 0.003, r = 0.941) after PPD stimulation, and after H37Ra stimulation in TB (p = 0.005, r = 0.549), but negatively correlated with granzyme B in TB (p = 0.042, r = −0.386), HIV/TB coinfection (p = 0.042, r = 0.754) were noted. After anti-TB treatment, increased levels of perforin, granulysin and IFN-γ in TB or HIV/TB upon PPD or H37Ra stimulation, and decreased granzyme-B levels after PPD (p = 0.003) or H37Ra (p = 0.028) stimulation in TB were observed. These results suggest that granulysin may act synergistic with perforin and IFN-γ in TB, indicating its crucial function in host immunity to tuberculosis. Future studies with larger numbers of patients ought to be conducted in the future.
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14
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Chen ZY, Wang L, Gu L, Qu R, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Sha W, Fan XY. Decreased Expression of CD69 on T Cells in Tuberculosis Infection Resisters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1901. [PMID: 32849474 PMCID: PMC7426741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD69 is a biomarker of T-cell activation status, but its activation status in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains elusive. METHODS A set of cohorts of patients with different tuberculosis (TB) infection status including active TB patients (ATB), latent tuberculous infection patients (LTBI) and close contacts (CCs) of ATB was designed, and the expression profiles of CD69 and several T-cell markers were determined on Mtb antigen-stimulated T cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both comparable among Mtb-infected individuals including ATB and LTBI, which guaranteed the consistency of the background level. A t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) analysis on a panel of six phenotypic markers showed a unique color map axis gated on T cells in the CCs group compared with ATB and LTBI populations. By further gating on cells positive for each individual marker and then overlaying those events on top of the tSNE plots, their distribution suggested that some markers were expressed differently in the CCs group. Further analysis showed that the expression levels of CD69 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in the CCs group, especially in interferon-γ-responding T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the T-cell activation status of CD69 is associated with Mtb infection and may have the potential to distinguish LTBI from those populations who have been exposed continuously to Mtb but have not become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Qu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
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15
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License to Kill: When iNKT Cells Are Granted the Use of Lethal Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113909. [PMID: 32486268 PMCID: PMC7312231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a non-conventional, innate-like, T cell population that recognize lipid antigens presented by the cluster of differentiation (CD)1d molecule. Although iNKT cells are mostly known for mediating several immune responses due to their massive and diverse cytokine release, these cells also work as effectors in various contexts thanks to their cytotoxic potential. In this Review, we focused on iNKT cell cytotoxicity; we provide an overview of iNKT cell subsets, their activation cues, the mechanisms of iNKT cell cytotoxicity, the specific roles and outcomes of this activity in various contexts, and how iNKT killing functions are currently activated in cancer immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives for the better understanding and potential uses of iNKT cell killing functions in tumor immunosurveillance.
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16
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Chai Q, Lu Z, Liu CH. Host defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1859-1878. [PMID: 31720742 PMCID: PMC11104961 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious pathogen. Mtb is a paradigmatic intracellular pathogen that primarily invades the lungs after host inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets via the airway. However, the majority of Mtb-exposed individuals can spontaneously control the infection by virtue of a robust immune defense system. The mucosal barriers of the respiratory tract shape the first-line defense against Mtb through various mucosal immune responses. After arriving at the alveoli, the surviving mycobacteria further encounter a set of host innate immune cells that exert multiple cellular bactericidal functions. Adaptive immunity, predominantly mediated by a range of different T cell and B cell subsets, is subsequently activated and participates in host anti-mycobacterial defense. During Mtb infection, host bactericidal immune responses are exquisitely adjusted and balanced by multifaceted mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, metabolic regulation and neuroendocrine regulation, which are indispensable for maintaining host immune efficiency and avoiding excessive tissue injury. A better understanding of the integrated and equilibrated host immune defense system against Mtb will contribute to the development of rational TB treatment regimens especially novel host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Falco A, Medina-Gali RM, Poveda JA, Bello-Perez M, Novoa B, Encinar JA. Antiviral Activity of a Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) NK-Lysin Peptide by Inhibition of Low-pH Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020087. [PMID: 30717094 PMCID: PMC6410327 DOI: 10.3390/md17020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global health is under attack by increasingly-frequent pandemics of viral origin. Antimicrobial peptides are a valuable tool to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Previous studies from our group have shown that the membrane-lytic region of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) NK-lysine short peptide (Nkl71–100) exerts an anti-protozoal activity, probably due to membrane rupture. In addition, NK-lysine protein is highly expressed in zebrafish in response to viral infections. In this work several biophysical methods, such as vesicle aggregation, leakage and fluorescence anisotropy, are employed to investigate the interaction of Nkl71–100 with different glycerophospholipid vesicles. At acidic pH, Nkl71–100 preferably interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS), disrupts PS membranes, and allows the content leakage from vesicles. Furthermore, Nkl71–100 exerts strong antiviral activity against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) by inhibiting not only the binding of viral particles to host cells, but also the fusion of virus and cell membranes, which requires a low pH context. Such antiviral activity seems to be related to the important role that PS plays in these steps of the replication cycle of SVCV, a feature that is shared by other families of virus-comprising members with health and veterinary relevance. Consequently, Nkl71–100 is shown as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Regla María Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Poveda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
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18
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Hertz D, Schneider B. Sex differences in tuberculosis. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:225-237. [PMID: 30361803 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most prevalent bacterial infectious disease in humans and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is carried by an estimated two billion people globally and claims more than 1.5 million lives each year. Tuberculosis rates are significantly higher in men than in women, reflected by a male-to-female ratio for worldwide case notifications of 1.7. This phenomenon is not new and has been reported in various countries and settings over the last century. However, the reasons for the observed gender bias are not clear, potentially highly complex and discussed controversially in the literature. Both gender- (referring to sociocultural roles and behavior) and sex-related factors (referring to biological aspects) likely contribute to higher tuberculosis rates in men and will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hertz
- Coinfection Unit, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1-40, 23847, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bianca Schneider
- Coinfection Unit, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1-40, 23847, Borstel, Germany.
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19
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Juan-García J, García-García S, Guerra-Laso JM, Raposo-García S, Diez-Tascón C, Nebreda-Mayoral T, López-Fidalgo E, López-Medrano R, Fernández-Maraña A, Rivero-Lezcano OM. In vitro infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a distinct immunological pattern in blood from healthy relatives of tuberculosis patients. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4430633. [PMID: 29048475 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Part of the susceptibility to tuberculosis has a genetic basis, which is clear in primary immunodeficiencies, but is less evident in apparently immunocompetent subjects. Immune responses were analysed in blood samples from tuberculosis patients and their healthy first-degree relatives who were infected in vitro with mycobacteria (either Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG). The antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis in blood from relatives was significantly lower than that observed in healthy controls. Tuberculosis patients exhibited a higher number of neutrophils, and monocyte phagocytosis was inhibited in both relatives and tuberculosis patients. A remarkable finding was that the production of reactive oxygen species by infected neutrophils was higher in relatives than in healthy controls. A higher production of TNFα in infected blood from relatives was also observed. These results may indicate that relatives display a stronger inflammatory response and that their immune response to M. tuberculosis is different from those of unrelated controls. First-degree relatives may represent a highly informative group for the analysis of tuberculosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Juan-García
- Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain
| | - Silvia García-García
- Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain
| | | | - Sara Raposo-García
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain
| | - Cristina Diez-Tascón
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Teresa Nebreda-Mayoral
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Fidalgo
- Unidad de Investigación, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain
| | | | | | - Octavio Miguel Rivero-Lezcano
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain.,Unidad de Investigación, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24008 León, Spain.,Fundación Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León, Parque de Santa Clara s/n. 42002 Soria, Spain
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20
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Abstract
Protective immunity in tuberculosis (TB) is subject of debate in the TB research community, as this is key to fully understand TB pathogenesis and to develop new promising tools for TB diagnosis and prognosis as well as a more efficient TB vaccine. IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are key in TB control, but may not be sufficient to provide protection. Additional subsets have been identified that contribute to protection such as multifunctional and cytolytic T-cell subsets, including classical and nonclassical T cells as well as novel innate immune cell subsets resulting from trained immunity. However, to define protective immune responses against TB, the complexity of balancing TB immunity also has to be considered. In this review, insights into effector cell immunity and how this is modulated by regulatory cells, associated comorbidities and the host microbiome, is discussed. We systematically map how different suppressive immune cell subsets may affect effector cell responses at the local site of infection. We also dissect how common comorbidities such as HIV, helminths and diabetes may bias protective TB immunity towards pathogenic and regulatory responses. Finally, also the composition and diversity of the microbiome in the lung and gut could affect host TB immunity. Understanding these various aspects of the immunological balance in the human host is fundamental to prevent TB infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Brighenti
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Gupta N, Kumar R, Agrawal B. New Players in Immunity to Tuberculosis: The Host Microbiome, Lung Epithelium, and Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:709. [PMID: 29692778 PMCID: PMC5902499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious infection and devastating chronic disease, causing 10.4 million new infections and 1.8 million deaths every year globally. Efforts to control and eradicate TB are hampered by the rapid emergence of drug resistance and limited efficacy of the only available vaccine, BCG. Immunological events in the airways and lungs are of major importance in determining whether exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in successful infection or protective immunity. Several studies have demonstrated that the host microbiota is in constant contact with the immune system, and thus continually directs the nature of immune responses occurring during new infections. However, little is known about its role in the eventual outcome of the mycobacterial infection. In this review, we highlight the changes in microbial composition in the respiratory tract and gut that have been linked to the alteration of immune responses, and to the risk, prevention, and treatment of TB. In addition, we summarize our current understanding of alveolar epithelial cells and the innate immune system, and their interaction with Mtb during early infection. Extensive studies are warranted to fully understand the all-inclusive role of the lung microbiota, its interaction with epithelium and innate immune responses and resulting adaptive immune responses, and in the pathogenesis and/or protection from Mtb infection. Novel interventions aimed at influencing the microbiota, the alveolar immune system and innate immunity will shape future strategies of prevention and treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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22
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Chancellor A, White A, Tocheva AS, Fenn JR, Dennis M, Tezera L, Singhania A, Elliott T, Tebruegge M, Elkington P, Gadola S, Sharpe S, Mansour S. Quantitative and qualitative iNKT repertoire associations with disease susceptibility and outcome in macaque tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:86-95. [PMID: 28610792 PMCID: PMC6168056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Correlates of immune protection that reliably predict vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are urgently needed. Invariant NKT cells (iNKTs) are CD1d-dependent innate T cells that augment host antimicrobial immunity through production of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined peripheral blood iNKT numbers, their proliferative responses and iNKT subset proportions after in vitro antigen expansion by α-galactosylceramide (αGC) in a large cohort of mycobacteria-naïve non-human primates, and macaques from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and Mtb challenge studies. Animals studied included four genetically distinct groups of macaques within cynomolgus and rhesus species that differ in their susceptibility to Mtb infection. We demonstrate significant differences in ex vivo iNKT frequency between groups, which trends towards an association with susceptibility to Mtb, but no significant difference in overall iNKT proliferative responses. Susceptible animals exhibited a skewed CD4+/CD8+ iNKT subset ratio in comparison to more Mtb-resistant groups. Correlation of iNKT subsets post BCG vaccination with clinical disease manifestations following Mtb challenge in the Chinese cynomolgus and Indian rhesus macaques identified a consistent trend linking increased CD8+ iNKTs with favourable disease outcome. Finally, a similar iNKT profile was conferred by BCG vaccination in rhesus macaques. Our study provides the first detailed characterisation of iNKT cells in macaque tuberculosis infection, suggesting that iNKT repertoire differences may impact on disease outcome, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joe R Fenn
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Akul Singhania
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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23
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Robinson RT, Huppler AR. The Goldilocks model of immune symbiosis with Mycobacteria and Candida colonizers. Cytokine 2017; 97:49-65. [PMID: 28570933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria and Candida species include significant human pathogens that can cause localized or disseminated infections. Although these organisms may appear to have little in common, several shared pathways of immune recognition and response are important for both control and infection-related pathology. In this article, we compare and contrast the innate and adaptive components of the immune system that pertain to these infections in humans and animal models. We also explore a relatively new concept in the mycobacterial field: biological commensalism. Similar to the well-established model of Candida infection, Mycobacteria species colonize their human hosts in equilibrium with the immune response. Perturbations in the immune response permit the progression to pathologic disease at the expense of the host. Understanding the immune factors required to maintain commensalism may aid with the development of diagnostic and treatment strategies for both categories of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Anna R Huppler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital and Health System, Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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24
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Asfaw H, Laqua K, Walkowska AM, Cunningham F, Martinez-Martinez MS, Cuevas-Zurita JC, Ballell-Pages L, Imming P. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of wollamide B; a new potential anti TB agent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176088. [PMID: 28423019 PMCID: PMC5397059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wollamide B is a cationic antimycobacterial cyclohexapeptide that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) (IC50 of 3.1 μM). Aiming to define its structural activity relationship (SAR), optimizing potency and pharmacokinetic properties, libraries of analogues were synthesized following a standard Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis approach. The antimycobacterial activities of wollamide B and all the synthesized analogues were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Parallely, in vitro drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (ADME) profiling was done for the synthesized compounds to evaluate their drug likeness. Among the 25 synthesized wollamides five of them showed potent activities with MICs ≤ 3.1 μM and found to be nontoxic against human HepG2 cells up to 100 μM. The results of the in vitro ADME profiling revealed the remarkable plasma stability and very good aqueous solubility of the class in general while the metabolic stability was found to be moderate to low. Of particular note, compounds 7c (MIC = 1.1 μM) and 13c (0.6 μM) that exhibited good balance of antimycobacterial activity vs. optimal pharmacokinetic properties could be used as a new lead for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Asfaw
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katja Laqua
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anna Maria Walkowska
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fraser Cunningham
- Diseases of the Developing World, Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Cuevas-Zurita
- Diseases of the Developing World, Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Ballell-Pages
- Diseases of the Developing World, Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen J, Lee MO, Womack JE. Genetic variation and gene conversions within the bovine NK-lysin gene family. Anim Genet 2016; 48:225-227. [PMID: 27925267 DOI: 10.1111/age.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to a single copy of the NK-lysin gene in humans and many other mammals, we previously identified a family of four expressed NK-lysin genes arising by tandem duplications on cattle chromosome 11. Here, we report two genetic variants in the bovine NK-lysin complex with potential importance in the bovine innate immune system. The first one is a 9-bp deletion causing a three-amino-acid deletion in the pro-region of the NK1 gene product. The second is a deletion of NK2B in some Holstein cattle, resulting in copy number variation that is in disequilibrium with a SNP from the bovine 770K HD SNP array. We also show evidence for gene conversions within the three new NK2 genes, which at least partially accounts for their high degree of sequence identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M O Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - J E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Thuong PH, Tam DB, Sakurada S, Hang NTL, Hijikata M, Hong LT, Ngoc PTM, Anh PT, Cuong VC, Matsushita I, Lien LT, Keicho N. Circulating granulysin levels in healthcare workers and latent tuberculosis infection estimated using interferon-gamma release assays. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:580. [PMID: 27756230 PMCID: PMC5070182 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin (GNLY) is produced by human lymphocyte subpopulations and exhibits antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We examined the association between GNLY levels in blood and latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Methods Latency of TB infection among Vietnamese healthcare workers was estimated using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA), and serum GNLY concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The levels of GNLY expression in whole blood and the presence of GNLY alleles with the exon-4 polymorphism rs11127 were also determined using PCR-based methods. Results Among 109 study participants, 41 (37.6 %) were IGRA positive and had significantly lower serum GNLY concentrations compared with IGRA-negative participants (adjusted mean, 95 % confidence interval; 2.03, 1.72–2.44 vs. 2.48, 2.10–2.92 ng/ml, P = 0.0127; analysis of covariance). Serum GNLY concentrations and TB antigen-stimulated interferon-gamma values were weakly inversely correlated (r = −0.20, P = 0.0333). Serum GNLY concentrations varied with GNLY genotypes even after adjustment for gender and age (adjusted P = 0.0015) and were moderately correlated with GNLY expression in blood cells (r = 0.40, P < 0.0001). In subsequent analyses, low serum GNLY concentrations were significantly associated with IGRA status (adjusted odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval, 0.55 and 0.31–0.98, respectively), although GNLY genotype and mRNA levels were not. Conclusions Decreased GNLY, presumably at the protein level, is linked to the immunological condition of latent TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Do Bang Tam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shinsaku Sakurada
- Bureau of International Medical Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis JATA, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Le Thi Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Pham Thu Anh
- Department of National Tuberculosis Program, Hanoi Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Ikumi Matsushita
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis JATA, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis JATA, Tokyo, Japan.,National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Expression, Purification and Antibacterial Activity of NK-Lysin Mature Peptides from the Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wu C, Li Z, Fu X, Yu S, Lao S, Yang B. Antigen-specific human NKT cells from tuberculosis patients produce IL-21 to help B cells for the production of immunoglobulins. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28633-45. [PMID: 26416419 PMCID: PMC4745682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells from mouse and human play an important role in the immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the function of CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells at the local site of M. tuberculosis infection remains poorly defined. In the present study, we found that after stimulation with M. tuberculosis antigens, NKT cells isolated from tuberculosis (TB) pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) produced IL-21 and other cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-17. IL-21-expressing NKT cells in PFMCs displayed effector memory phenotype, expressing CD45RO(high)CD62L(low)CCR7(low). Moreover, NKT cells expressed high levels of CXCR5 and all of IL-21-expressing NKT cells co-expressed CXCR5. The frequency of BCL-6-expression was higher in IL-21-expressing but not in non-IL-21-expressing CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells. Sorted CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells from PFMCs produced IFN-γ and IL-21 after stimulation, which expressed CD40L. Importantly, CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells provided help to B cells for the production of IgG and IgA. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells from a local site of M. tuberculosis infection produce IL-21, express CXCR5 and CD40L, help B cells to secrete IgG and IgA, and may participate in local immune responses against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitao Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sifei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suihua Lao
- Chest Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Hempel RJ, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Transcriptional Profiling of Ileocecal Valve of Holstein Dairy Cows Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153932. [PMID: 27093613 PMCID: PMC4836751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease is a chronic infection of the small intestine caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), an intracellular bacterium. The events of pathogen survival within the host cell(s), chronic inflammation and the progression from asymptomatic subclinical stage to an advanced clinical stage of infection, are poorly understood. This study examines gene expression in the ileocecal valve (ICV) of Holstein dairy cows at different stages of MAP infection. The ICV is known to be a primary site of MAP colonization and provides an ideal location to identify genes that are relevant to the progression of this disease. RNA was prepared from ICV tissues and RNA-Seq was used to compare gene transcription between clinical, subclinical, and uninfected control animals. Interpretation of the gene expression data was performed using pathway analysis and gene ontology categories containing multiple differentially expressed genes. Results demonstrated that many of the pathways that had strong differential gene expression between uninfected control and clinical cows were related to the immune system, such as the T- and B-cell receptor signaling, apoptosis, NOD-like receptor signaling, and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways. In contrast, the comparison of gene transcription between control and subclinical cows identified pathways that were primarily involved in metabolism. The results from the comparison between clinical and subclinical animals indicate recruitment of neutrophils, up regulation of lysosomal peptidases, increase in immune cell transendothelial migration, and modifications of the extracelluar matrix. This study provides important insight into how cattle respond to a natural MAP infection at the gene transcription level within a key target tissue for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy J. Hempel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yacoub HA, Al-Maghrabi OA, Ahmed ES, Uversky VN. Abundance and functional roles of intrinsic disorder in the antimicrobial peptides of the NK-lysin family. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:836-856. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1164077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A. Yacoub
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekram S. Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Abstract
NK-lysin is an antimicrobial peptide and effector protein in the host innate immune system. It is coded by a single gene in humans and most other mammalian species. In this study, we provide evidence for the existence of four NK-lysin genes in a repetitive region on cattle chromosome 11. The NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C genes are tandemly arrayed as three copies in ∼30-35-kb segments, located 41.8 kb upstream of NK1. All four genes are functional, albeit with differential tissue expression. NK1, NK2A, and NK2B exhibited the highest expression in intestine Peyer's patch, whereas NK2C was expressed almost exclusively in lung. The four peptide products were synthesized ex vivo, and their antimicrobial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were confirmed with a bacteria-killing assay. Transmission electron microcopy indicated that bovine NK-lysins exhibited their antimicrobial activities by lytic action in the cell membranes. In summary, the single NK-lysin gene in other mammals has expanded to a four-member gene family by tandem duplications in cattle; all four genes are transcribed, and the synthetic peptides corresponding to the core regions are biologically active and likely contribute to innate immunity in ruminants.
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Kehler T, Laskarin G, Massari D, Dominovic M, Persic V, Rosovic I, Laginja J, Rukavina D. Possible role of granulysin in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:850-3. [PMID: 26508721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased presence of immune mediator and cytotoxic/apoptotic molecule granulysin was noticed in different tissues during pathological processes with the domination of Th1 over Th2 mediated immunity. Beside granulysin expression in T and NKT cells, activated NK cells are thought to be the major source of chemotactic 15 kDa and cytotoxic 9 kDa granulysin in vivo. As NK cells are the principal joint's tissue-infiltrating lymphocyte subset, we hypothesized that granulysin mediated human cell death (apoptosis) could be responsible for the relatively silent damage of the joint's tissue without clinically notable signs of systemic inflammation in the patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The analyzes of the presence and frequency of granulysin expressing lymphocytes at protein and gene levels in peripheral blood and synovial samples and/or the samples of joint's tissue after the joint replacement therapy in patients with OA could give the initial insight to evaluate our hypothesis. It would be of the particular interest to differentiate the expression of 9 kDa and 15 kDa granulysin forms in the effector cells, since only the shorter form exhibits cytotoxic properties. The measurement of granulysin mediated early apoptosis in human NK sensitive K562 cells could be suitable in vitro model for evaluating granulysin activity. Furthermore, disturbed balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in OA patients, could influence the level of the granulysin expression. Having in mind that the granulysin and its regulation is still unknown in the pathogenesis of OA, it could be worth to explore this important pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic/apoptotic mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kehler
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Drazen Massari
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Marin Dominovic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Viktor Persic
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Rosovic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia.
| | - Josip Laginja
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia.
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Clinical and Transplantation Immunology and Molecular Medicine in Rijeka, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Radmile Matejcic 2, Rijeka, Croatia.
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Booth JS, Salerno-Goncalves R, Blanchard TG, Patil SA, Kader HA, Safta AM, Morningstar LM, Czinn SJ, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Human Gastric Mucosa and Blood: Role in Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:466. [PMID: 26441971 PMCID: PMC4585133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a class of antimicrobial innate-like T cells that have been characterized in human blood, liver, lungs, and intestine. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the presence of MAIT cells in the stomach of children, adults, and the elderly undergoing routine endoscopy and assessed their reactivity to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori – Hp), a major gastric pathogen. We observed that MAIT cells are present in the lamina propria compartment of the stomach and display a similar memory phenotype to blood MAIT cells. We then demonstrated that gastric and blood MAIT cells are able to recognize H. pylori. We found that CD8+ and CD4−CD8− (double negative) MAIT cell subsets respond to H. pylori-infected macrophages stimulation in a MR-1 restrictive manner by producing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A) and exhibiting cytotoxic activity. Interestingly, we observed that blood MAIT cell frequency in Hp+ve individuals was significantly lower than in Hp−ve individuals. However, gastric MAIT cell frequency was not significantly different between Hp+ve and Hp−ve individuals, demonstrating a dichotomy between blood and gastric tissues. Further, we observed that the majority of gastric MAIT cells (>80%) expressed tissue-resident markers (CD69+ CD103+), which were only marginally present on PBMC MAIT cells (<3%), suggesting that gastric MAIT cells are readily available to respond quickly to pathogens. These results contribute important new information to the understanding of MAIT cells function on peripheral and mucosal tissues and its possible implications in the host response to H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Seema A Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Howard A Kader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Anca M Safta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Lindsay M Morningstar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Persic V, Ruzic A, Miletic B, Samsa DT, Rakic M, Raljevic D, Pejcinovic VP, Eminovic S, Zaputovic L, Laskarin G. Granulysin Expression in Lymphocytes that Populate the Peripheral Blood and the Myocardium after an Acute Coronary Event. Scand J Immunol 2015; 75:231-42. [PMID: 21967803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse granulysin (GNLY)-mediated cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) treated with anti-ischaemic drug therapy. Thirty-nine NSTEMI patients with a median age of 70 years and 28 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. On day 7 after MI, the number of GNLY(+) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased approximately six-fold of that in the healthy subjects, measured by flow cytometry. On day 14, the number of GNLY(+) cells significantly decreased in T, NKT, and both CD56(+dim) and CD56(+bright) NK subsets. GNLY(+) CD3(+) and GNLY(+) CD56(+) cells infiltrated central zone of myocardial infarction (MI). In persons who died in the first week after MI, GNLY(+) cells were found within accumulation of apoptotic leucocytes and reached the apoptotic cardiomyocytes in border MI zones probably due to the influence of interleukin-15 in peri-necrotic cardiomyocytes, as it is was shown by immunohistology. By day 28, the percentage of GNLY(+) lymphocytes in peripheral blood returned to the levels similar to that of the healthy subjects. Anti-GNLY mAb decreased apoptosis of K562 targets using peripheral blood NK cells from days 7 and 28 after MI, while in assays using cells from days 1 and 21, both anti-GNLY and anti-perforin mAbs were required to significantly decrease apoptosis. Using NK cells from day 14, K562 apoptosis was nearly absent. In conclusion, it seems that GNLY(+) lymphocytes, probably attracted by IL-15, not only participate partially in myocardial cell apoptosis, but also hasten resolution of cardiac leucocyte infiltration in patients with NSTEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Persic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - A Ruzic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - B Miletic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - D Travica Samsa
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - M Rakic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - D Raljevic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - V Pehar Pejcinovic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Eminovic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - L Zaputovic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - G Laskarin
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapija" Opatija, Opatija, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDivision of Cardiology Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Ma J, Lu J, Huang H, Teng X, Tian M, Yu Q, Yuan X, Jing Y, Shi C, Li J, Fan X. Inhalation of recombinant adenovirus expressing granulysin protects mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene Ther 2015; 22:968-76. [PMID: 26181627 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytolytic molecule with perforin and granzymes that is expressed by activated human CTLs, NK and γδ T cells, and it has broad antimicrobial activity, including to drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We hypothesized that approaches facilitating the expression of granulysin in M. tuberculosis-infected host cells in the lung may provide a novel treatment strategy for pulmonary TB. In this study, a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5-based rAdhGLi was constructed that expressed human granulysin in the cytosol of the U937 and RAW264.7 macrophage-like cell lines as confirmed by western blotting and co-localization technology using indirect immunofluorescence staining. Ninety-six hours after both cell lines were infected with M. tuberculosis, acid-fast staining and enumeration demonstrated that rAdhGLi-treated cells had a lower colony-forming units (CFU) of intracellular bacteria than culture medium or AdNull controls. Granulysin was only expressed in the lung and not in other organs following inhalation of rAdhGLi. In particular, immunocompetent BALB/c mice or SCID mice intranasally infected with ~200 CFU of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv intranasally were treated with rAdhGLi, and they showed decreased bacterial loads in the lung when compared with phosphate-buffered saline or AdNull controls. Importantly, a clear dose-dependent rAdhGLi treatment efficacy was found in infected BALB/c mice, with the most significant reduction in lung bacteria obtained in BALB/c mice treated with 10(9) plaque-forming units of rAdhGLi without any pathological changes. Our study indicates that rAdhGLi may be used as a novel and efficient treatment strategy with the capability to directly kill intracellular M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Teng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Jing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chennamadhavuni D, Howell AR. A Solvent-free Approach to Glycosyl Amides: Towards the Synthesis of α- N-Galactosyl Ceramides. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3583-3586. [PMID: 26028787 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new, simple and efficient method for the synthesis of both α- and β-glycosyl amides using solvent-free conditions is described. This method involves the coupling of glycosyl amines with the p-nitrophenol esters of lipids as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060
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Jiang ZM, Luo W, Wen Q, Liu SD, Hao PP, Zhou CY, Zhou MQ, Ma L. Development of genetically engineered iNKT cells expressing TCRs specific for the M. tuberculosis 38-kDa antigen. J Transl Med 2015; 13:141. [PMID: 25943357 PMCID: PMC4428004 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell has been shown to play a central role in early stages immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which become nonresponsive (anergic) and fails to control the growth of Mtb in patients with active tuberculosis. Enhancement of iNKT cell responses to Mtb antigens can help to resist infection. Study design and methods In the present study, an Mtb 38-kDa antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) was isolated from human CD8+ T cells stimulated by 38-kDa antigen in vitro, and then transduced into primary iNKT cells by retrovirus vector. Results The TCR gene-modified iNKT cells are endowed with new features to behave as a conventional MHC class I restricted CD8+ T lymphocyte by displaying specific antigen recognition and anti-Mtb antigen activity in vitro. At the same time, the engineered iNKT cells retaining its original capacity to be stimulated proliferation by non-protein antigens α-Gal-Cer. Conclusions This work is the first attempt to engineer iNKT cells by exogenous TCR genes and demonstrated that iNKT cell, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, can be genetically engineered to confer them a defined and alternative specificity, which provides new insights into TCR gene therapy for tuberculosis patients, especially those infected with drug-resistant Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Min Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Su-Dong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Pei-Pei Hao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chao-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Ming-Qian Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Elgarhy LH, Shareef MM, Moustafa SM. Granulysin expression increases with increasing clinical severity of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 40:361-6. [PMID: 25639185 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an erythematosquamous dermatosis, which has strong expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), imparting a high resistance to lesional skin infection. Granulysin is a proinflammatory AMP that has been found in some infection-resistant dermatoses. AIM To assess granulysin expression in psoriasis. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of granulysin was assessed in lesional skin biopsies taken from 30 patients with psoriasis and 10 normal skin specimens from healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, gender and skin site. Granulysin expression was found to be high in 11 patients (36.7%), moderate in 10 (33.3%) and low in 9 (30%). A highly significant (P = 0.001) difference in granulysin expression between patients with psoriasis and HCs was found. There were also significant differences in granulysin expression between patients with low Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (≤ 10) and those with high PASI (> 10) (P = 0.001), and between patients with early-onset (< 40 years of age) and those with late-onset (> 40 years of age) disease (P < 0.04). There was a significant (P = 0.001) positive correlation between granulysin expression and PASI (r = 0.84) and a significant (P = 0.02) negative correlation with age of onset (r = -0.38). Patients with psoriasis hadhigh granulysin expression, which increased with increased clinical severity of the disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a role for granulysin in psoriasis pathogenesis, and may explain the triggering effect of skin infection in psoriasis. If the pathogenic role of granulysin is substantiated by further studies, granulysin may be a potential target for immunomodulatory therapy for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Elgarhy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and , Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - M M Shareef
- Department of Pathology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - S M Moustafa
- Department of Dermatology, Om-El-Masryeen Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Laurent X, Renault N, Farce A, Chavatte P, Hénon E. Relationships between Th1 or Th2 iNKT cell activity and structures of CD1d-antigen complexes: meta-analysis of CD1d-glycolipids dynamics simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003902. [PMID: 25376021 PMCID: PMC4222593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of potentially bioactive molecules can be found in nature. In particular, marine organisms are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The activity of an α-galactosylceramide was first discovered in 1993 via screening of a Japanese marine sponge (Agelas mauritanius). Very rapidly, a synthetic glycololipid analogue of this natural molecule was discovered, called KRN7000. Associated with the CD1d protein, this α-galactosylceramide 1 (KRN7000) interacts with the T-cell antigen receptor to form a ternary complex that yields T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 responses with opposing effects. In our work, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations (11.5 µs in total) involving eight different ligands (conducted in triplicate) in an effort to find out correlation at the molecular level, if any, between chemical modulation of 1 and the orientation of the known biological response, Th1 or Th2. Comparative investigations of human versus mouse and Th1 versus Th2 data have been carried out. A large set of analysis tools was employed including free energy landscapes. One major result is the identification of a specific conformational state of the sugar polar head, which could be correlated, in the present study, to the biological Th2 biased response. These theoretical tools provide a structural basis for predicting the very different dynamical behaviors of α-glycosphingolipids in CD1d and might aid in the future design of new analogues of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Laurent
- Intestinal Biotech Development, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique EA4481, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique EA4481, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique EA4481, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique EA4481, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol EA4481, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims UMR CNRS 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- * E-mail:
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific memory NKT cells in patients with tuberculous pleurisy. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:979-90. [PMID: 25190196 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells from mouse and human play a protective role in the immune responses against the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the characteristic of CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells at the local site of M. tuberculosis infection remains poorly defined. In the present study, we found that the numbers of CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells in pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) were significantly lower than those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). However, CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells from PFMCs spontaneously expressed high levels of CD69 and CD25 and effector memory phenotypes of CD45RO(high)CD62L(low)CCR7(low). After stimulation with the antigens of M. tuberculosis, CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells from PFMCs produced high levels of IFN-γ. Sorted CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells from PFMCs cultured with antigen presenting cells (APCs) produced IFN-γ protein and mRNA. The production of IFN-γ could be completely inhibited by AG490 and Wortmannin. In addition, CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells from PFMCs expressed higher levels of Fas (CD95), FasL (CD178) and perforin but lower levels of granzyme B compared with those from PBMCs. Taken together, our data demonstrated for the first time that M. tuberculosis-specific CD3(+)TCRvβ11(+) NKT cells participated in the local immune responses against M. tuberculosis through the production of IFN-γ and the secretion of cytolytic molecules.
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De Libero G, Singhal A, Lepore M, Mori L. Nonclassical T cells and their antigens in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a018473. [PMID: 25059739 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T cells that recognize nonpeptidic antigens, and thereby are identified as nonclassical, represent important yet poorly characterized effectors of the immune response. They are present in large numbers in circulating blood and tissues and are as abundant as T cells recognizing peptide antigens. Nonclassical T cells exert multiple functions including immunoregulation, tumor control, and protection against infections. They recognize complexes of nonpeptidic antigens such as lipid and glycolipid molecules, vitamin B2 precursors, and phosphorylated metabolites of the mevalonate pathway. Each of these antigens is presented by antigen-presenting molecules other than major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including CD1, MHC class I-related molecule 1 (MR1), and butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) molecules. Here, we discuss how nonclassical T cells participate in the recognition of mycobacterial antigens and in the mycobacterial-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amit Singhal
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Shekhar S, Joyee AG, Yang X. Invariant natural killer T cells: boon or bane in immunity to intracellular bacterial infections? J Innate Immun 2014; 6:575-84. [PMID: 24903638 DOI: 10.1159/000361048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a specialized subset of innate lymphocytes that recognize lipid and glycolipid antigens presented to them by nonclassical MHC-I CD1d molecules and are able to rapidly secrete copious amounts of a variety of cytokines. iNKT cells possess the ability to modulate innate as well as adaptive immune responses against various pathogens. Intracellular bacteria are one of the most clinically significant human pathogens that effectively evade the immune system and cause a myriad of diseases of public health concern globally. Emerging evidence suggests that iNKT cells can confer immunity to intracellular bacteria but also inflict pathology in certain cases. We summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of iNKT cells in the host defense against intracellular bacterial infections, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms by which these cells induce protective or pathogenic reactions including the pathways of direct action (acting on infected cells) and indirect action (modulating dendritic, NK and T cells). The rational exploitation of iNKT cells for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes awaits a profound understanding of their functional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada
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Park KT, Allen AJ, Barrington GM, Davis WC. Deletion of relA abrogates the capacity of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis to establish an infection in calves. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:64. [PMID: 24860792 PMCID: PMC4030200 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous comparative studies in goats revealed deletion of relA but not pknG abrogates the capacity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) to establish a persistent infection. The immune response elicited by the mutant cleared infection. The objective of the present study was to extend the studies in calves and compare the proliferative response elicited by the relA deletion mutant (ΔrelA) and Map using flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Six 3-day-old calves were divided into two groups. Three were vaccinated with ΔrelA and 3 inoculated with wild type Map. The calves were challenged with Map 1 month later and necropsied 3 months post challenge. Three untreated calves were used as uninfected controls. Examination of tissues revealed the ΔrelA mutant was immune eliminated. Bacterial load of Map was significantly reduced in the calves vaccinated with ΔrelA and challenged with Map in comparison with calves inoculated and challenged with Map. A vigorous CD4 memory T cell response was detected at necropsy in PBMC from both infected groups. CD8 positive NK cells proliferated in the presence and absence of antigen stimulation in both treated groups but not in the uninfected group. IFN-γ, IL17, and IL22 gene expression were up-regulated with an associated increase in their transcription factors, Tbet and RORC, in both treated groups. TGF-β, IL-10, and FoxP3 were not up-regulated, indicating no activation of regulatory T cells. The findings show that the immune response to ΔrelA is clearly different than the response to Map. Understanding the immunological basis for this difference should facilitate development of a vaccine that elicits sterile immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Taek Park
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Allen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - George M Barrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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44
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Lee MO, Jang HJ, Han JY, Womack JE. Chicken NK-lysin is an alpha-helical cationic peptide that exerts its antibacterial activity through damage of bacterial cell membranes. Poult Sci 2014; 93:864-70. [PMID: 24706963 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are important elements of the first line of defense against pathogens in animals, and an important constituent of innate immunity. Antimicrobial peptides act on a broad spectrum of microbial organisms. NK-Lysin is a cationic antibacterial peptide that was originally isolated from porcine intestinal tissue based on its antibacterial activity. We synthesized peptides corresponding to each helical region of chicken NK-lysin and analyzed their secondary structures in addition to their antimicrobial activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the synthetic chicken NK-lysin (cNK-78) and 4 small peptides in negatively charged liposomes demonstrated transition in the conformation of α-helical peptides relative to the charged environment. Chicken NK-lysin inhibits the growth of a representative gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of 2 peptides designated H23 and H34 was similar to that of mature NK-lysin, cNK-78. Microscopic analyses revealed the death of bacterium with disrupted membranes after peptide treatment, suggesting that chicken NK-lysin, an alpha-helical cationic peptide, exerts its antimicrobial activity by damaging the bacterial cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ok Lee
- World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 151-742
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Petranovic D, Pilcic G, Valkovic T, Sotosek Tokmadzic V, Laskarin G. Perforin- and granulysin-mediated cytotoxicity and interleukin 15 play roles in neurocognitive impairment in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:122-6. [PMID: 24735844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is an aggressive disease. The course of disease is regulated by pro-inflammatory agents, and malignant cell infiltration of tissues plays a deleterious role in disease progression, greatly impacting quality of life, especially in the cognitive domains. Our hypothesis is that significant serum concentrations of interleukin 15 (IL-15) are responsible for higher expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB) which allow leukaemia cells and/or normal lymphocytes the infiltration into the brain. In brain tissue these cells could be stimulated to release perforin and granulysin causing induction of apoptosis in brain cells that are involved in complex neural signalling mediated by neurotransmitters, and consequent fine cognitive impairment. Such changes could be detected early, even before notable clinical psycho-neurological or radiological changes in patients with ALL. To evaluate this hypothesis we propose measuring cognitive function using Complex Reactiometer Drenovac (CRD) scores in patients with ALL. The expression of different adhesion molecules on BBB as well as presence and distribution of different lymphocytes in brain tissue will be analyzed. We will then correlate CRD scores with levels of IL-15 and the percentages of T cells, natural killer T cells, and natural killer cells expressing perforin and/or granulysin proteins. CRD is a scientifically recognised and highly sensitive psychometric laboratory test based on the complex chronometric mathematical measuring of speed of reaction to various stimuli. It provides an objective assessment of cognitive functions from the most complex mental activities to the simplest reaction reflexes. Early recognition of cognitive dysfunction might be important when selecting the most appropriate chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy regimens, and could allow for the implementation of preventive measures against further deterioration in cognitive function and quality of life in patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duska Petranovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| | - Gorazd Pilcic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| | - Toni Valkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotosek Tokmadzic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia; Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia; Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia.
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Abstract
Clinical trials of vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are well under way and results are starting to come in. Some of these results are not so encouraging, as exemplified by the latest Aeras-422 and MVA85A trials. Other than empirically determining whether a vaccine reduces the number of cases of active tuberculosis, which is a daunting prospect given the chronic nature of the disease, we have no way of assessing vaccine efficacy. Therefore, investigators seek to identify biomarkers that predict vaccine efficacy. Historically, focus has been on the production of interferon-γ by CD4(+) T cells, but this has not been a useful correlate of vaccine-induced protection. In this Opinion article, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the immune control of M. tuberculosis and how this knowledge could be used for vaccine design and evaluation.
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Laurent X, Bertin B, Renault N, Farce A, Speca S, Milhomme O, Millet R, Desreumaux P, Hénon E, Chavatte P. Switching Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Response from Anticancerous to Anti-Inflammatory Effect: Molecular Bases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5489-508. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4010863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Laurent
- Faculté
de Médecine, Intestinal Biotech Development, Amphis J et K, Boulevard du Professeur Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Bertin
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Silvia Speca
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Ophélie Milhomme
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Régis Millet
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Université
de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles,
BSMA-ICMR, UMR CNRS 6229, Moulin de
la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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Rothchild AC, Jayaraman P, Nunes-Alves C, Behar SM. iNKT cell production of GM-CSF controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003805. [PMID: 24391492 PMCID: PMC3879349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are activated during infection, but how they limit microbial growth is unknown in most cases. We investigated how iNKT cells suppress intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replication. When co-cultured with infected macrophages, iNKT cell activation, as measured by CD25 upregulation and IFNγ production, was primarily driven by IL-12 and IL-18. In contrast, iNKT cell control of Mtb growth was CD1d-dependent, and did not require IL-12, IL-18, or IFNγ. This demonstrated that conventional activation markers did not correlate with iNKT cell effector function during Mtb infection. iNKT cell control of Mtb replication was also independent of TNF and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. By dissociating cytokine-driven activation and CD1d-restricted effector function, we uncovered a novel mediator of iNKT cell antimicrobial activity: GM-CSF. iNKT cells produced GM-CSF in vitro and in vivo in a CD1d-dependent manner during Mtb infection, and GM-CSF was both necessary and sufficient to control Mtb growth. Here, we have identified GM-CSF production as a novel iNKT cell antimicrobial effector function and uncovered a potential role for GM-CSF in T cell immunity against Mtb. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the cause of tuberculosis, a leading cause of sickness and death worldwide. Although much is known about CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to Mtb, the role of other T cell subsets is poorly understood. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d. Although iNKT cells participate in the immune response to many different pathogens, little is known about how iNKT cells directly kill microbes. We previously showed that when co-cultured with Mtb-infected macrophages, iNKT cells inhibit intracellular Mtb replication. Now, we used this model to dissociate the signals that induce iNKT cell activation markers including IFNγ production, from the signals that activate iNKT cell antimicrobial activity. This allowed us to uncover a novel antimicrobial effector function produced by iNKT cells: GM-CSF. GM-CSF is essential for immunity to Mtb, but its role has never been defined. This study is the first report to demonstrate a protective function of GM-CSF production by any T cell subset during Mtb infection. T cell production of GM-CSF should be considered as a potential mechanism of antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa C. Rothchild
- Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pushpa Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ibarrondo FJ, Yang OO, Chodon T, Avramis E, Lee Y, Sazegar H, Jalil J, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Schmid I, Gomez-Navarro J, Jamieson BD, Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B. Natural killer T cells in advanced melanoma patients treated with tremelimumab. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76829. [PMID: 24167550 PMCID: PMC3805549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier to effective immune clearance of cancer is loss of antitumor cytotoxic T cell activity. Antibodies to block pro-apoptotic/downmodulatory signals to T cells are currently being tested. Because invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) can regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses, we characterized the frequencies of circulating iNKT cell subsets in 21 patients with melanoma who received the anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody tremelimumab alone and 8 patients who received the antibody in combination with MART-126–35 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (MART-1/DC). Blood T cell phenotypes and functionality were characterized by flow cytometry before and after treatment. iNKT cells exhibited the central memory phenotype and showed polyfunctional cytokine production. In the combination treatment group, high frequencies of pro-inflammatory Th1 iNKT CD8+ cells correlated with positive clinical responses. These results indicate that iNKT cells play a critical role in regulating effective antitumor T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
| | - Otto O. Yang
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Earl Avramis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohan Lee
- Department of Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, Untied States of America
| | - Hooman Sazegar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Jalil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Gomez-Navarro
- Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Global Research and Development (PGRD), New London, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
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Blockade of invariant TCR-CD1d interaction specifically inhibits antibody production against blood group A carbohydrates. Blood 2013; 122:2582-90. [PMID: 23943651 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-407452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we detected B cells expressing receptors for blood group A carbohydrates in the CD11b(+)CD5(+) B-1a subpopulation in mice, similar to that in blood group O or B in humans. In the present study, we demonstrate that CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are required to produce anti-A antibodies (Abs), probably through collaboration with B-1a cells. After immunization of wild-type (WT) mice with human blood group A red blood cells (A-RBCs), interleukin (IL)-5 exclusively and transiently increased and the anti-A Abs were elevated in sera. However, these reactions were not observed in CD1d(-/-) mice, which lack NKT cells. Administration of anti-mouse CD1d blocking monoclonal Abs (mAb) prior to immunization abolished IL-5 production by NKT cells and anti-A Ab production in WT mice. Administration of anti-IL-5 neutralizing mAb also diminished anti-A Ab production in WT mice, suggesting that IL-5 secreted from NKT cells critically regulates anti-A Ab production by B-1a cells. In nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID/γc(null)) mice, into which peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type O human volunteers were engrafted, administration of anti-human CD1d mAb prior to A-RBC immunization completely inhibited anti-A Ab production. Thus, anti-CD1d treatment might constitute a novel approach that could help in evading Ab-mediated rejection in ABO-incompatible transplant recipients.
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