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Taus E, Shino MY, Ibarrondo FJ, Hausner MA, Hofmann C, Yang OO. Predominantly defective CD8 + T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in lung transplant recipients. J Transl Med 2023; 21:374. [PMID: 37291575 PMCID: PMC10248978 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mRNA vaccines have overall efficacy preventing morbidity/mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, immunocompromised persons remain at risk. Antibodies mostly prevent early symptomatic infection, but cellular immunity, particularly the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, is protective against disease. Defects in T cell responses to vaccination have not been well characterized in immunocompromised hosts; persons with lung transplantation are particularly vulnerable to vaccine failure with severe illness. METHODS Comparison groups included persons with lung transplantation and no history of COVID-19 (21 and 19 persons after initial mRNA vaccination and a third booster vaccination respectively), 8 lung transplantation participants recovered from COVID-19, and 22 non-immunocompromised healthy control individuals after initial mRNA vaccination (without history of COVID-19). Anti-spike T cell responses were assayed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with pooled small overlapping peptides spanning the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, followed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and flow cytometry for release of cytokines in response to stimulation, including negative controls (no peptide stimulation) and positive controls (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] and ionomycin stimulation). To evaluate for low frequency memory responses, PBMCs were cultured in the presence of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for 14 days before this evaluation. RESULTS Ionophore stimulation of PBMCs revealed a less inflammatory milieu in terms of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10 profiling in lung transplantation individuals, reflecting the effect of immunosuppressive treatments. Similar to what we previously reported in healthy vaccinees, spike-specific responses in lung transplantation recipients were undetectable (< 0.01%) when tested 2 weeks after vaccination or later, but were detectable after in vitro culture of PBMCs with mRNA-1273 vaccine to enrich memory T cell responses. This was also seen in COVID-19-recovered lung transplantation recipients. Comparison of their enriched memory responses to controls revealed relatively similar CD4+ T cell memory, but markedly reduced CD8+ T cell memory both after primary vaccination or a booster dose. These responses were not correlated to age or time after transplantation. The vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ responses correlated well in the healthy control group, but poorly in the transplantation groups. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a specific defect in CD8+ T cells, which have key roles both in transplanted organ rejection but also antiviral effector responses. Overcoming this defect will require strategies to enhance vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Y Shino
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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2
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Taus E, Hofmann C, Ibarrondo FJ, Gong LS, Hausner MA, Fulcher JA, Krogstad P, Kitchen SG, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Persistent memory despite rapid contraction of circulating T Cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100594. [PMID: 36860850 PMCID: PMC9968837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While antibodies raised by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have had compromised efficacy to prevent breakthrough infections due to both limited durability and spike sequence variation, the vaccines have remained highly protective against severe illness. This protection is mediated through cellular immunity, particularly CD8+ T cells, and lasts at least a few months. Although several studies have documented rapidly waning levels of vaccine-elicited antibodies, the kinetics of T cell responses have not been well defined. Methods Interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) were utilized to assess cellular immune responses (in isolated CD8+ T cells or whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) to pooled peptides spanning spike. ELISA was performed to quantitate serum antibodies against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD). Results In two persons receiving primary vaccination, tightly serially evaluated frequencies of anti-spike CD8+ T cells using ELISpot assays revealed strikingly short-lived responses, peaking after about 10 days and becoming undetectable by about 20 days after each dose. This pattern was also observed in cross-sectional analyses of persons after the first and second doses during primary vaccination with mRNA vaccines. In contrast, cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19-recovered persons using the same assay showed persisting responses in most persons through 45 days after symptom onset. Cross-sectional analysis using IFN-γ ICS of PBMCs from persons 13 to 235 days after mRNA vaccination also demonstrated undetectable CD8+ T cells against spike soon after vaccination, and extended the observation to include CD4+ T cells. However, ICS analyses of the same PBMCs after culturing with the mRNA-1273 vaccine in vitro showed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that were readily detectable in most persons out to 235 days after vaccination. Discussion Overall, we find that detection of spike-targeted responses from mRNA vaccines using typical IFN-γ assays is remarkably transient, which may be a function of the mRNA vaccine platform and an intrinsic property of the spike protein as an immune target. However, robust memory, as demonstrated by capacity for rapid expansion of T cells responding to spike, is maintained at least several months after vaccination. This is consistent with the clinical observation of vaccine protection from severe illness lasting months. The level of such memory responsiveness required for clinical protection remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura S Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Gelb M, Messina KMM, Vinciguerra D, Ko JH, Collins J, Tamboline M, Xu S, Ibarrondo FJ, Maynard HD. Poly(trehalose methacrylate) as an Excipient for Insulin Stabilization: Mechanism and Safety. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:37410-37423. [PMID: 35968684 PMCID: PMC9412841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, the oldest U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved recombinant protein and a World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicine for treating diabetes globally, faces challenges due to its storage instability. One approach to stabilize insulin is the addition of poly(trehalose methacrylate) (pTrMA) as an excipient. The polymer increases the stability of the peptide to heat and mechanical agitation and has a low viscosity suitable for injection and pumps. However, the safety and stabilizing mechanism of pTrMA is not yet known and is required to understand the potential suitability of pTrMA as an insulin excipient. Herein is reported the immune response, biodistribution, and insulin plasma lifetime in mice, as well as investigation into insulin stabilization. pTrMA alone or formulated with ovalbumin did not elicit an antibody response over 3 weeks in mice, and there was no observable cytokine production in response to pTrMA. Micropositron emission tomography/microcomputer tomography of 64Cu-labeled pTrMA showed excretion of 78-79% ID/cc within 24 h and minimal liver accumulation at 6-8% ID/cc when studied out to 120 h. Further, the plasma lifetime of insulin in mice was not altered by added pTrMA. Formulating insulin with 2 mol equiv of pTrMA improved the stability of insulin to standard storage conditions: 46 weeks at 4 °C yielded 87.0% intact insulin with pTrMA present as compared to 7.8% intact insulin without the polymer. The mechanism by which pTrMA-stabilized insulin was revealed to be a combination of inhibiting deamidation of amino acid residues and preventing fibrillation, followed by aggregation of inactive and immunogenic amyloids all without complexing insulin into its hexameric state, which could delay the onset of insulin activity. Based on the data reported here, we suggest that pTrMA stabilizes insulin as an excipient without adverse effects in vivo and is promising to investigate further for the safe formulation of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline
B. Gelb
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathryn M. M. Messina
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Daniele Vinciguerra
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular
Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, United States
| | - Mikayla Tamboline
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular
Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, United States
| | - Shili Xu
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular
Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, United States
| | - F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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4
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Gunawardana M, Breslin J, Cortez JM, Rivera S, Webster S, Ibarrondo FJ, Yang OO, Pyles RB, Ramirez CM, Adler AP, Anton PA, Baum MM. Longitudinal COVID-19 Surveillance and Characterization in the Workplace with Public Health and Diagnostic Endpoints. mSphere 2021; 6:e0054221. [PMID: 34232081 PMCID: PMC8386432 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00542-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Public health practices and high vaccination rates currently represent the primary interventions for managing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We initiated a clinical study based on frequent, longitudinal workplace disease surveillance to control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission among employees and their household members. We hypothesized that the study would reduce the economic burden and loss of productivity of both individuals and small businesses resulting from standard isolation methods, while providing new insights into virus-host dynamics. Study participants (27 employees and 27 household members) consented to provide frequent nasal or oral swab samples that were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Two study participants were found to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the study. One subject, a household member, was SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive for at least 71 days and had quantifiable serum virus-specific antibody concentrations for over 1 year. One unrelated employee became positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA over the course of the study but remained asymptomatic, with low associated viral RNA copy numbers, no detectable serum IgM and IgG concentrations, and IgA concentrations that decayed rapidly (half-life: 1.3 days). A COVID-19 infection model was used to predict that without surveillance intervention, up to 7 employees (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3 to 10) would have become infected, with at most 1 of them requiring hospitalization. Our scalable and transferable surveillance plan met its primary objectives and represents a powerful example of an innovative public health initiative dovetailed with scientific discovery. IMPORTANCE The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated COVID-19 has precipitated a global pandemic heavily challenging our social behavior, economy, and health care infrastructure. In the absence of widespread, worldwide access to safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics, public health measures represent a key intervention for curbing the devastating impacts from the pandemic. We are conducting an ongoing clinical study based on frequent, longitudinal workplace disease surveillance to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission among employees and their household members. Our study was successful in surveying the viral and immune response dynamics in two participants with unusual infections: one remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 for 71 days, while the other was asymptomatic, with low associated viral RNA copy numbers. A COVID-19 infection model was used to predict that without surveillance intervention, up to 7 employees would have become infected, with at most 1 of them requiring hospitalization, underscoring the importance of our program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Gunawardana
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Jessica Breslin
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - John M. Cortez
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Sofia Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Simon Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - F. Javier Ibarrondo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Otto O. Yang
- University of California, Los Angeles, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina M. Ramirez
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amy P. Adler
- Jumpstart Research Consulting, LLC, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Marc M. Baum
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, California, USA
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5
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Ibarrondo FJ, Hofmann C, Fulcher JA, Goodman-Meza D, Mu W, Hausner MA, Ali A, Balamurugan A, Taus E, Elliott J, Krogstad P, Tobin NH, Ferbas KG, Kitchen SG, Aldrovandi GM, Rimoin AW, Yang OO. Primary, Recall, and Decay Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Antibody Responses. ACS Nano 2021; 15:11180-11191. [PMID: 34159781 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies of two SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines suggested that they yield ∼95% protection from symptomatic infection at least short-term, but important clinical questions remain. It is unclear how vaccine-induced antibody levels quantitatively compare to the wide spectrum induced by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine response kinetics and magnitudes in persons with prior COVID-19 compared to virus-naı̈ve persons are not well-defined. The relative stability of vaccine-induced versus infection-induced antibody levels is unclear. We addressed these issues with longitudinal assessments of vaccinees with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of anti-RBD antibodies. SARS-CoV-2-naı̈ve individuals achieved levels similar to mild natural infection after the first vaccination; a second dose generated levels approaching severe natural infection. In persons with prior COVID-19, one dose boosted levels to the high end of severe natural infection even in those who never had robust responses from infection, increasing no further after the second dose. Antiviral neutralizing assessments using a spike-pseudovirus assay revealed that virus-naı̈ve vaccinees did not develop physiologic neutralizing potency until the second dose, while previously infected persons exhibited maximal neutralization after one dose. Finally, antibodies from vaccination waned similarly to natural infection, resulting in an average of ∼90% loss within 90 days. In summary, our findings suggest that two doses are important for quantity and quality of humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2-naı̈ve persons, while a single dose has maximal effects in those with past infection. Antibodies from vaccination wane with kinetics very similar to that seen after mild natural infection; booster vaccinations will likely be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David Goodman-Meza
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - William Mu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ayub Ali
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arumugam Balamurugan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ellie Taus
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Julie Elliott
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Ibarrondo FJ, Fulcher JA, Goodman-Meza D, Elliott J, Hofmann C, Hausner MA, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1085-1087. [PMID: 32706954 PMCID: PMC7397184 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2025179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Ibarrondo
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Goodman-Meza
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Julie Elliott
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christian Hofmann
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary A Hausner
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otto O Yang
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Fulcher JA, Tamshen K, Wollenberg AL, Kickhoefer VA, Mrazek J, Elliott J, Ibarrondo FJ, Anton PA, Rome LH, Maynard HD, Deming T, Yang OO. Human Vault Nanoparticle Targeted Delivery of Antiretroviral Drugs to Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2216-2227. [PMID: 31265254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
"Vaults" are ubiquitously expressed endogenous ribonucleoprotein nanoparticles with potential utility for targeted drug delivery. Here, we show that recombinant human vault nanoparticles are readily engulfed by certain key human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), predominately dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and activated T cells. As these cell types are the primary targets for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, we examined the utility of recombinant human vaults for targeted delivery of antiretroviral drugs. We chemically modified three different antiretroviral drugs, zidovudine, tenofovir, and elvitegravir, for direct conjugation to vaults. Tested in infection assays, drug-conjugated vaults inhibited HIV-1 infection of PBMC with equivalent activity to free drugs, indicating vault delivery and drug release in the cytoplasm of HIV-1-susceptible cells. The ability to deliver functional drugs via vault nanoparticle conjugates suggests their potential utility for targeted drug delivery against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Kyle Tamshen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Alexander L Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Valerie A Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Jan Mrazek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Julie Elliott
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Peter A Anton
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States.,AIDS Healthcare Foundation , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Timothy Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States.,AIDS Healthcare Foundation , Los Angeles , California , United States
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8
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Elliott J, Fulcher JA, Ibarrondo FJ, Tanner K, McGowan I, Anton PA. Comparative Assessment of Small and Large Intestine Biopsies for Ex Vivo HIV-1 Pathogenesis Studies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:900-906. [PMID: 29631414 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo mucosal explants have become a mainstay of HIV-1 studies using human tissue. In this study, we examine the baseline phenotypic and virologic differences between biopsies derived from the small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) for use in ex vivo explant studies. To do this, we collected endoscopic mucosal biopsies from both SI and LI from the same healthy, HIV-seronegative participants. Mucosal mononuclear cell phenotypes and quantity were compared using flow cytometry. Comparative HIV-1 infectibility of the explants was assessed using an ex vivo explant HIV-1 infection assay. We found that all biopsies had similar numbers of T cells per biopsy. While the percentage of CD4+ T cells from SI biopsies expressed significantly more activation markers (CD38, HLA-DR) and HIV coreceptors (CXCR4, CCR5), the absolute numbers of activated CD4+ T cells were similar between both sites. LI explants, however, supported more efficient HIV-1 infection, as evidenced by earlier rise in p24 accumulation and greater percent of infected explants at limiting infectious doses. These results suggest that explants from LI biopsies support more efficient HIV-1 infection than SI biopsies, despite similar numbers of available, activated HIV-1 target cells. These findings highlight important differences in LI and SI explants, which must be considered in designing and interpreting ex vivo HIV-1 infection studies, and suggest that factors within the tissue other than target cell number and activation state may play a role in regulating HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Elliott
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer A. Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen Tanner
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ian McGowan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Ali A, Ng HL, Blankson JN, Burton DR, Buckheit RW, Moldt B, Fulcher JA, Ibarrondo FJ, Anton PA, Yang OO. Highly Attenuated Infection With a Vpr-Deleted Molecular Clone of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1447-1452. [PMID: 29878133 PMCID: PMC6151090 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 48-year-old woman was infected with a vpr-defective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 molecular clone. Seroconversion was markedly delayed, and without treatment she had durably suppressed viremia and normal T-cell levels. Neutralizing antibody and CD8+ T-cell immune responses against HIV-1 were unremarkable. Viral sequences confirmed the source but evolved defective nef, suggesting an unknown mechanistic link to vpr. There were subtle qualitative defects in T and B cells. To our knowledge, this is the only case of human infection with a characterized defective HIV-1 molecular clone, which furthermore recapitulated live-attenuated vaccination in macaque models of HIV-1 vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Ali
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hwee L Ng
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert W Buckheit
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter A Anton
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Baltimore, Maryland
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Yang OO, Ibarrondo FJ, Price C, Hultin LE, Elliott J, Hultin PM, Shih R, Hausner MA, Ng HL, Hoffman J, Jamieson BD, Anton PA. Differential blood and mucosal immune responses against an HIV-1 vaccine administered via inguinal or deltoid injection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88621. [PMID: 24558403 PMCID: PMC3928250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is central to sexual transmission and overall pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection, but the ability of vaccines to induce immune responses in mucosal tissue compartments is poorly defined. Because macaque vaccine studies suggest that inguinal (versus limb) vaccination may better target sexually-exposed mucosa, we performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase I trial in HIV-1-uninfected volunteers, using the recombinant Canarypox (CP) vaccine vCP205 delivered by different routes. 12 persons received vaccine and 6 received placebo, divided evenly between deltoid-intramuscular (deltoid-IM) or inguinal-subcutaneous (inguinal-SC) injection routes. The most significant safety events were injection site reactions (Grade 3) in one inguinal vaccinee. CP-specific antibodies were detected in the blood of all 12 vaccinees by Day 24, while HIV-1-specific antibodies were observed in the blood and gut mucosa of 1/9 and 4/9 evaluated vaccinees respectively, with gut antibodies appearing earlier in inguinal vaccinees (24–180 versus 180–365 days). HIV-1-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) were observed in 7/12 vaccinees, and blood and gut targeting were distinct. Within blood, both deltoid and inguinal responders had detectable CTL responses by 17–24 days; inguinal responders had early responses (within 10 days) while deltoid responders had later responses (24–180 days) in gut mucosa. Our results demonstrate relative safety of inguinal vaccination and qualitative or quantitative compartmentalization of immune responses between blood and gut mucosa, and highlight the importance of not only evaluating early blood responses to HIV-1 vaccines but also mucosal responses over time. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00076817
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Price
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lance E. Hultin
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Elliott
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia M. Hultin
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Shih
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hoffman
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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11
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Ibarrondo FJ, Yang OO, Chodon T, Avramis E, Lee Y, Sazegar H, Jalil J, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Schmid I, Gomez-Navarro J, Jamieson BD, Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B. Natural killer T cells in advanced melanoma patients treated with tremelimumab. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76829. [PMID: 24167550 PMCID: PMC3805549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier to effective immune clearance of cancer is loss of antitumor cytotoxic T cell activity. Antibodies to block pro-apoptotic/downmodulatory signals to T cells are currently being tested. Because invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) can regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses, we characterized the frequencies of circulating iNKT cell subsets in 21 patients with melanoma who received the anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody tremelimumab alone and 8 patients who received the antibody in combination with MART-126–35 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (MART-1/DC). Blood T cell phenotypes and functionality were characterized by flow cytometry before and after treatment. iNKT cells exhibited the central memory phenotype and showed polyfunctional cytokine production. In the combination treatment group, high frequencies of pro-inflammatory Th1 iNKT CD8+ cells correlated with positive clinical responses. These results indicate that iNKT cells play a critical role in regulating effective antitumor T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
| | - Otto O. Yang
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Earl Avramis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohan Lee
- Department of Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, Untied States of America
| | - Hooman Sazegar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Jalil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Gomez-Navarro
- Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Global Research and Development (PGRD), New London, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
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12
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Ibarrondo FJ, Wilson SB, Hultin LE, Shih R, Hausner MA, Hultin PM, Anton PA, Jamieson BD, Yang OO. Preferential depletion of gut CD4-expressing iNKT cells contributes to systemic immune activation in HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:591-600. [PMID: 23149661 PMCID: PMC3865278 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inappropriate immune activation is the central defect-driving loss of CD4(+) T helper cells and progression to AIDS in persons with HIV-1 infection, but the mechanisms remain controversial. We examined key regulatory invariant receptor natural killer T (iNKT) cells in the gut, the largest reservoir of lymphocytes and a key arena of HIV-1 pathogenesis. In healthy control persons, the anti-inflammatory CD4(+) iNKT-cell subset predominated over the pro-inflammatory CD4(-) iNKT-cell subset in the gut, but not in the blood, compartment. HIV-1 infection resulted in a preferential loss of this anti-inflammatory CD4(+) iNKT-cell subset within the gut. The degree of loss of the CD4(+) iNKT-cell subset in the gut, but not in the blood, correlated to the systemic immune activation and exhaustion that have been linked to disease progression. These results suggest a potentially important contribution of gut iNKT-cell imbalance in determining the systemic immune activation that is the hallmark of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- FJ Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - SB Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - LE Hultin
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - R Shih
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - MA Hausner
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - PM Hultin
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - PA Anton
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - BD Jamieson
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - OO Yang
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Anton PA, Ibarrondo FJ, Boscardin WJ, Zhou Y, Schwartz EJ, Ng HL, Hausner MA, Shih R, Elliott J, Hultin PM, Hultin LE, Price C, Fuerst M, Adler A, Wong JT, Yang OO, Jamieson BD. Differential immunogenicity of vaccinia and HIV-1 components of a human recombinant vaccine in mucosal and blood compartments. Vaccine 2008; 26:4617-23. [PMID: 18621451 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses induced by HIV-1 vaccines are likely critical for prevention. We report a Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity trial in eight participants using the vaccinia-based TBC-3B vaccine given subcutaneously to determine the relationship between HIV-1 specific systemic and gastrointestinal mucosal responses. Across all subjects, detectable levels of blood vaccinia- and HIV-1-specific antibodies were elicited but none were seen mucosally. While the vaccinia component was immunogenic for CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in both blood and mucosa, it was greater in blood. The HIV-1 component of the vaccine was poorly immunogenic in both blood and mucosa. Although only eight volunteers were studied intensively, the discordance between mucosal and blood responses may highlight mechanisms contributing to recent vaccine failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Anton
- Center for Prevention Research and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
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14
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Yang OO, Wilson SB, Hultin LE, Detels R, Hultin PM, Ibarrondo FJ, Jamieson BD. Delayed reconstitution of CD4+ iNKT cells after effective HIV type 1 therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:913-22. [PMID: 17678476 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (iNKT) cells are increasingly recognized as key immunoregulatory cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. These fall into functionally distinct CD4+ versus CD4- subsets that are believed to steer cellular immunity toward tolerigenic/atopic versus proinflammatory phenotypes, respectively. Preferential depletion of the CD4+ subset has been observed in HIV-1 infection, but the repletion of these cells after antiretroviral therapy has not been examined in detail. T lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte activation, viremia, and iNKT cell subsets in peripheral blood were compared between 18 HIV-1-uninfected (Control) and 18 seropositive (SP) men initially not on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Compared to the Control group, the SP group demonstrated reduction of CD4+ and lesser reduction of CD4- iNKT cells at baseline. After initiation of suppressive antiretroviral treatment, the SP CD4+ iNKT cell levels remained unchanged after a year and increased by 2 years, while CD4+ iNKT cells showed a gradual increase notable after the first year. Over the first year of treatment, there was a significant correlation between changes in total CD4+ T lymphocyte and changes in CD4+ iNKT cell levels, and a significant inverse correlation between changes in CD8+ T lymphocyte activation and changes in CD4- iNKT cell levels. These results confirm preferential depletion of tolerigenic/atopic CD4+ iNKT cells by HIV-1, and suggest that disproportionate persistence of proinflammatory CD4- iNKT cells could contribute to the inappropriate immune activation believed to cause immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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15
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Jamieson BD, Ibarrondo FJ, Wong JT, Hausner MA, Ng HL, Fuerst M, Price C, Shih R, Elliott J, Hultin PM, Hultin LE, Anton PA, Yang OO. Transience of vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific CTL and definition of vaccine "response". Vaccine 2006; 24:3426-31. [PMID: 16545508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 01/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many vaccine approaches emphasize producing HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Towards this goal, many studies simply classify vaccinees as "responders" or "nonresponders," based on arbitrary cutoff criteria. HIV-1-uninfected participants receiving the TBC-3B vaccine were assessed for HIV-1-specific CTL by interferon-gamma ELISpot, and compared to HIV-1-infected control subjects not on antiretroviral therapy. Vaccinees also were tested for HIV-1-specific antibody responses and generalized CD8+ T-lymphocyte activation. Different criteria for vaccine "responder" status were applied to the measured CTL values. The vaccinees showed evidence of vaccine exposure by CD8+ T-lymphocyte activation and HIV-1-specific antibodies. Considering any single positive HIV-1-specific CTL measurement a vaccine "response," all vaccinees could be classified as "responders," but even slight increases in the stringency of response criteria resulted in a steep decline of the "response" rate. In contrast, HIV-1-infected persons were clearly "responders" against the same proteins by the same criteria. Quantitative assessment of CTL demonstrated low and transient HIV-1-specific CTL compared to natural infection. These analyses emphasize the pitfalls of summarizing vaccine study results using simple cutoff criteria to define response rates, and suggest the utility of more comprehensive descriptions to describe vaccine immunogenicity and persistence of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth D Jamieson
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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16
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Ibarrondo FJ, Anton PA, Fuerst M, Ng HL, Wong JT, Matud J, Elliott J, Shih R, Hausner MA, Price C, Hultin LE, Hultin PM, Jamieson BD, Yang OO. Parallel human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses in blood and mucosa during chronic infection. J Virol 2005; 79:4289-97. [PMID: 15767429 PMCID: PMC1061549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4289-4297.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is the major reservoir of lymphocytes and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vivo, yet little is known about HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in this compartment. Here we assessed the breadth and magnitude of HIV-1-specific CTL in the peripheral blood and sigmoid colon mucosa of infected subjects not on antiretroviral therapy by enzyme-linked immunospot analysis with 53 peptide pools spanning all viral proteins. Comparisons of blood and mucosal CTL revealed that the magnitude of pool-specific responses is correlated within each individual (mean r2 = 0.82 +/- 0.04) and across all individuals (r2 = 0.75; P < 0.001). Overall, 85.1% of screened peptide pools yielded concordant negative or positive results between compartments. CTL targeting was also closely related between blood and mucosa, with Nef being the most highly targeted (mean of 2.4 spot-forming cells [SFC[/10(6) CD8+ T lymphocytes/amino acid [SFC/CD8/aa]), followed by Gag (1.5 SFC/CD8/aa). Finally, comparisons of peptide pool responses seen in both blood and mucosa (concordant positives) versus those seen only in one but not the other (discordant positives) showed that most discordant results were likely an artifact of responses being near the limit of detection. Overall, these results indicate that HIV-1-specific CTL responses in the blood mirror those seen in the mucosal compartment in natural chronic infection. For protective or immunotherapeutic vaccination, it will be important to determine whether immunity is elicited in the mucosa, which is a key site of initial infection and subsequent HIV-1 replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Ibarrondo
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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17
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Krogstad P, Geng YZ, Rey O, Canon J, Ibarrondo FJ, Ackerson B, Patel J, Aldovini A. Human immunodeficiency virus nucleocapsid protein polymorphisms modulate the infectivity of RNA packaging mutants. Virology 2002; 294:282-8. [PMID: 12009869 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NC) of retroviruses is involved in viral RNA packaging and initiation of reverse transcription. NC also mediates interactions between Gag and actin filaments. We found that residues at the amino terminus of NC are involved in efficient actin binding. When alanine residues were substituted for the arginine and lysine at positions 10 and 11 of NC in HIV(NL4-3), these mutations decreased actin binding but had only a modest effect on virus infectivity. A similarly mutated virus based on the HXB2 clone of HIV was not infectious. Mutational analysis of NL4-3 NC residues demonstrated that NC polymorphisms modulated the phenotype of NC mutations. Conservative amino acid differences between HXB2 and NL4-3 NCs were sufficient to explain the difference in infectivity of viruses carrying the R10A and K11A mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Krogstad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA.
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18
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Ibarrondo FJ, Choi R, Geng YZ, Canon J, Rey O, Baldwin GC, Krogstad P. HIV type 1 Gag and nucleocapsid proteins: cytoskeletal localization and effects on cell motility. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:1489-500. [PMID: 11709093 DOI: 10.1089/08892220152644197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is likely to play a pivotal role in HIV infection by promoting the dissemination of infected cells. On the basis of observations indicating an interaction between HIV-1 Gag and target cell filamentous actin, we hypothesized that these interactions would promote cell motility of HIV-infected cells. Indeed, we have found that HIV-1 infection enhances the chemotactic response of macrophages. To specifically investigate the significance of the interactions between Gag and cellular actin, we transfected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and HeLa cells with a construct that permits the expression of HIV-1 Gag in the absence of any other viral protein. Fractionation experiments showed that Gag was present in cytoskeletal fraction containing long actin filaments and in a high-speed postcytoskeletal fraction with short actin filaments. We have also localized HIV-1 Gag to the lamellipodia of chemoattractant-stimulated cells. Significantly, the motility of Gag-expressing cells was enhanced in chemotaxis assays. In vitro mutagenesis experiments showed that HIV-1 Gag binds filamentous actin through the nucleocapsid domain (NC). An NC-green fluorescent protein fusion had the same cellular distribution as the complete protein, and its expression increased cell motility. These data suggest that interactions between HIV-1 Gag and actin in infected cells enhance cell motility. Ultimately this enhanced motility of infected cells could promote the dissemination of virus into the brain and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Ibarrondo
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Ibarrondo FJ, Torres M, Coates TD. Periodic formation of nascent lamellae is driven by changes in the stable F-actin pool of polymorphonuclear neutrophils after stimulation with chemotactic peptide and cross-linking of CD18 or CD61. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1999; 44:234-47. [PMID: 10602253 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(199912)44:4<234::aid-cm2>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility and changes in cell shape are largely powered by actin polymerization and depolymerization. Eight to ten second periodic changes in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) shape were detected by video-image analysis of PMN crawling on a surface and by right angle light scattering (RALS) in suspended PMN. However, sustained RALS oscillations in suspended PMN requires pre-treatment with an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or an activator of protein kinase C. Here, we show that cross-linking of the beta(2) (CD18) or beta(3) (CD61), but not beta(1) (CD 29) integrins in the presence of a low dose of formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP) enables similar 8-s periodic RALS oscillations in suspended PMN in response to stimulation with two consecutive doses of chemoattractants. This effect did not appear to be due to increased surface expression of CD18 or CD61. RALS oscillations occurred in phase with 8-s oscillations in the stable F-actin pool and peaks in F-actin correlated with predominance of cells exhibiting a nascent lamella. Thus, simulation of surface attachment by CD18 and CD61 cross-linking after exposure to fMLP in suspended cells supports shape oscillations that are the result of actin-driven cyclic extension/retraction of nascent lamellae at the same frequency as the shape changes previously observed in crawling PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Ibarrondo
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Research Institute, Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90025-1752, USA
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