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Wu M, Downie LE, Hill LJ, Chinnery HR. Topical Decorin Reduces Corneal Inflammation and Imparts Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Benzalkonium Chloride-induced Corneal Neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:20. [PMID: 36809303 PMCID: PMC9946044 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We evaluated the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of topical decorin in a murine model of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-induced corneal neuropathy. Methods Topical BAK (0.1%) was administered daily to both eyes of female C57BL/6J mice (n = 14) for 7 days. One group of mice received topical decorin (1.07 mg/mL) eye drops to one eye and saline (0.9%) to the contralateral eye; the other group received saline eye drops to both eyes. All eye drops were given three times daily over the experimental period. A control group (n = 8) received daily topical saline only, instead of BAK. Optical coherence tomography imaging was performed before (at day 0) and after (day 7) treatment to evaluate the central corneal thickness. Whole-mount immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate the density of corneal intraepithelial nerves and immune cells. Results BAK-exposed eyes showed corneal epithelial thinning, infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils, and a lower density of intraepithelial nerves. No change to the corneal stromal thickness or dendritic cell density was observed. After BAK exposure, decorin-treated eyes had a lower density of macrophages and less neutrophil infiltration and a higher nerve density than the saline-treated group. Contralateral eyes from the decorin-treated animals showed fewer macrophages and neutrophils relative to saline-treated animals. A negative correlation was found between corneal nerve density and macrophage or neutrophil density. Conclusions Topical decorin provides neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in a chemical model of BAK-induced corneal neuropathy. The attenuation of corneal inflammation by decorin may contribute to decreasing corneal nerve degeneration induced by BAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Wu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura E. Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Holly R. Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Lv Z, Lv Z, Song L, Zhang Q, Zhu S. Role of lncRNAs in the pathogenic mechanism of human decreased ovarian reserve. Front Genet 2023; 14:1056061. [PMID: 36845376 PMCID: PMC9944763 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1056061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is defined as a decrease in the quality and quantity of oocytes, which reduces ovarian endocrine function and female fertility. The impaired follicular development and accelerated follicle atresia lead to a decrease in the number of follicles, while the decline of oocyte quality is related to the disorder of DNA damage-repair, oxidative stress, and the dysfunction of mitochondria. Although the mechanism of DOR is still unclear, recent studies have found that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as a group of functional RNA molecules participate in the regulation of ovarian function, especially in the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells in the ovary. LncRNAs participate in the occurrence of DOR by affecting follicular development and atresia, the synthesis and secretion of ovarian hormones. This review summarizes current research on lncRNAs associated with DOR and reveals the potential underlying mechanisms. The present study suggests that lncRNAs could be considered as prognostic markers and treatment targets for DOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexi Lv
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Affiliated Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zekai Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Affiliated Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinxiu Zhang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Affiliated Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaomi Zhu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Affiliated Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Shaomi Zhu,
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3
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Li J, Li R, Tuleta I, Hernandez SC, Humeres C, Hanna A, Chen B, Frangogiannis NG. The role of endogenous Smad7 in regulating macrophage phenotype following myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22400. [PMID: 35695814 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101956rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smad7 restrains TGF-β responses, and has been suggested to exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions that may involve effects on macrophages. Myocardial infarction triggers a macrophage-driven inflammatory response that not only plays a central role in cardiac repair, but also contributes to adverse remodeling and fibrosis. We hypothesized that macrophage Smad7 expression may regulate inflammation and fibrosis in the infarcted heart through suppression of TGF-β responses, or via TGF-independent actions. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, infiltration with Smad7+ macrophages peaked 7 days after coronary occlusion. Myeloid cell-specific Smad7 loss in mice had no effects on homeostatic functions and did not affect baseline macrophage gene expression. RNA-seq predicted that Smad7 may promote TREM1-mediated inflammation in infarct macrophages. However, these alterations in the transcriptional profile of macrophages were associated with a modest and transient reduction in infarct myofibroblast infiltration, and did not affect dysfunction, chamber dilation, scar remodeling, collagen deposition, and macrophage recruitment. In vitro, RNA-seq and PCR arrays showed that TGF-β has profound effects on macrophage profile, attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression, modulating synthesis of matrix remodeling genes, inducing genes associated with sphingosine-1 phosphate activation and integrin signaling, and inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis genes. However, Smad7 loss did not significantly affect TGF-β-mediated macrophage responses, modulating synthesis of only a small fraction of TGF-β-induced genes, including Itga5, Olfml3, and Fabp7. Our findings suggest a limited role for macrophage Smad7 in regulation of post-infarction inflammation and repair, and demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-β in macrophages are not restrained by endogenous Smad7 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruoshui Li
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Izabela Tuleta
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Silvia C Hernandez
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anis Hanna
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Bijun Chen
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
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4
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Wu M, Downie LE, Hill LJ, Chinnery HR. The effect of topical decorin on temporal changes to corneal immune cells after epithelial abrasion. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:90. [PMID: 35414012 PMCID: PMC9006562 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corneal immune cells interact with corneal sensory nerves during both homeostasis and inflammation. This study sought to evaluate temporal changes to corneal immune cell density in a mouse model of epithelial abrasion and nerve injury, and to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of topical decorin, which we have shown previously to promote corneal nerve regeneration. METHODS Bilateral corneal epithelial abrasions (2 mm) were performed on C57BL/6J mice. Topical decorin or saline eye drops were applied three times daily for 12 h, 24 h, 3 days or 5 days. Optical coherence tomography imaging was performed to measure the abrasion area. The densities of corneal sensory nerves (β-tubulin III) and immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs; CD11c+), macrophages (Iba-1+) and neutrophils (NIMP-R14+) were measured. Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice that spontaneously lack resident corneal intraepithelial DCs were used to investigate the specific contribution of epithelial DCs. Neuropeptide and cytokine gene expression was evaluated using qRT-PCR at 12 h post-injury. RESULTS In decorin-treated corneas, higher intraepithelial DC densities and lower neutrophil densities were observed at 24 h after injury, compared to saline controls. At 12 h post-injury, topical decorin application was associated with greater re-epithelialisation. At 5 days post-injury, corneal stromal macrophage density in the decorin-treated and contralateral eyes was lower, and nerve density was higher, compared to eyes treated with saline only. Lower expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and higher expression of CSPG4 mRNA was detected in corneas treated with topical decorin. There was no difference in corneal neutrophil density in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice treated with or without decorin at 12 h. CONCLUSIONS Topical decorin regulates immune cell dynamics after corneal injury, by inhibiting neutrophils and recruiting intraepithelial DCs during the acute phase (< 24 h), and inhibiting macrophage density at the study endpoint (5 days). These immunomodulatory effects were associated with faster re-epithelialisation and likely contribute to promoting sensory nerve regeneration. The findings suggest a potential interaction between DCs and neutrophils with topical decorin treatment, as the decorin-induced neutrophil inhibition was absent in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice that lack corneal epithelial DCs. TGF-β and CSPG4 proteoglycan likely regulate decorin-mediated innate immune cell responses and nerve regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Wu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Asthma reduces glioma formation by T cell decorin-mediated inhibition of microglia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7122. [PMID: 34880260 PMCID: PMC8654836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the reduced incidence of brain tumors in children with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and asthma, we leverage Nf1 optic pathway glioma (Nf1OPG) mice, human and mouse RNAseq data, and two different experimental asthma models. Following ovalbumin or house dust mite asthma induction at 4-6 weeks of age (WOA), Nf1OPG mouse optic nerve volumes and proliferation are decreased at 12 and 24 WOA, indicating no tumor development. This inhibition is accompanied by reduced expression of the microglia-produced optic glioma mitogen, Ccl5. Human and murine T cell transcriptome analyses reveal that inhibition of microglia Ccl5 production results from increased T cell expression of decorin, which blocks Ccl4-mediated microglia Ccl5 expression through reduced microglia NFκB signaling. Decorin or NFκB inhibitor treatment of Nf1OPG mice at 4-6 WOA inhibits tumor formation at 12 WOA, thus establishing a potential mechanistic etiology for the attenuated glioma incidence observed in children with asthma.
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Choi YS, Jeong E, Lee JS, Kim SK, Jo SH, Kim YG, Sung HJ, Cho SW, Jin Y. Immunomodulatory Scaffolds Derived from Lymph Node Extracellular Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14037-14049. [PMID: 33745275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulation in the local tissue microenvironment is pivotal for the determination of macrophage phenotypes and regulation of functions necessary for pro-healing effects. Herein, we demonstrate that a lymph node extracellular matrix (LNEM) prepared by the decellularization of lymph node tissues can mimic lymph node microenvironments for immunomodulation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) formats. The LNEM exhibits strengthened immunomodulatory effects in comparison to conventional collagen-based platforms. A 3D LNEM hydrogel is more effective than the 2D LNEM coating in inducing M2 macrophage polarization. The 3D LNEM induces macrophage elongation and enhances the M2-type marker expression and the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the phagocytic function of macrophages is improved upon exposure to the intricate 3D LNEM environment. We demonstrate the reduced susceptibility of liver organoids to a hepatotoxic drug when co-cultured with macrophages in a 3D LNEM. This effect could be attributed to the enhanced anti-inflammatory functions and indicates its potential as a drug-testing platform that enables drug responses similar to those observed in vivo. Finally, the implantation of an LNEM hydrogel in a mouse volumetric muscle loss model facilitates the recruitment of host macrophages to the site of injury and enhances macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype for tissue healing in vivo. Therefore, 3D immune system-mimicking biomaterials could serve as useful platforms for tissue modeling and regenerative medicine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseon Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kyeom Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Yao X, Gao X, Bao Y, El-Samahy MA, Yang J, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang F. lncRNA FDNCR promotes apoptosis of granulosa cells by targeting the miR-543-3p/DCN/TGF-β signaling pathway in Hu sheep. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:223-240. [PMID: 33767918 PMCID: PMC7973142 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate the development of follicles and reproductive diseases, but the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate ovarian functions and fertility remain elusive. We profiled the expression of lncRNAs in ovarian tissues of Hu sheep with different prolificacy and identified 21,327 lncRNAs. Many of the lncRNAs were differentially expressed in different groups. We further characterized an lncRNA that was predominantly expressed in the ovaries of the low prolificacy FecB+ (LPB+) group and mainly present in granulosa cells (GCs), and the expression of this lncRNA decreased during follicular development, which we named follicular development-associated lncRNA (FDNCR). Next, we found that FDNCR directly binds miR-543-3p, and decorin (DCN) was identified as a target of miR-543-3p. FDNCR overexpression promoted GC apoptosis through increased expression of DCN, which could be attenuated by miR-543-3p. Furthermore, miR-543-3p increased and FDNCR reduced the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway-related genes, including TGF-β1 and inhibin beta A (INHBA), which were upregulated upon DCN silencing. Our results demonstrated that FDNCR sponges miR-543-3p in GCs and prevents miR-543-3p from binding to the DCN 3′ UTR, resulting in DCN transactivation and TGF-β pathway inhibition and promotion of GC apoptosis in Hu sheep. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying prolificacy in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yao
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - XiaoXiao Gao
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongjin Bao
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - M A El-Samahy
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guomin Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wujun Liu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Hu Sheep Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Neointimal Hyperplasia after Carotid Transection and Anastomosis Surgery is Associated with Degradation of Decorin and Platelet Derived Growth Factor Signaling. JVS Vasc Sci 2020; 2:2-12. [PMID: 33842897 PMCID: PMC8034587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the expansion of the vascular intimal region after intervention, which can lead to stenosis and eventual failure of vascular grafts or interventional procedures such as angioplasty or stent placement. Our goals were to investigate the development of IH in a rabbit open surgical model and to evaluate the associated pathophysiologic processes involving decorin and the platelet-derived growth factor-BB/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β/mitogen-activated protein kinase (PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β/MAPK) pathway. Methods We conducted carotid transection and primary anastomosis on five New Zealand white rabbits to induce IH and examined the associated pathophysiologic changes. Tissue was obtained for histological and protein analysis on postoperative day 21 using the contralateral vessel as a control. Intimal medial thickness (IMT) was calculated to measure IH and compared with the unoperated side. Western blot analysis was performed on tissue lysates to determine the expression of decorin core protein, PDGF-BB, PDGFR-β, and phosphorylated-MAPK (ph-MAPK). Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to assess tissue distribution of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and ph-PDGFR-β. Results Bilateral carotid arteries were harvested on postoperative day 21. We compared the IMT in operated with unoperated specimens. IMT was significantly elevated in operated arteries vs unoperated arteries in all five animals (148.6 μm ± 9.09 vs 103.40 μm ± 7.08; 135.2 μm ± 8.30 vs 92.40 μm ± 2.35; 203.1 μm ± 30.23 vs 104.00 μm ± 4.52; 236.2 μm ± 27.22 vs 141.50 μm ± 9.95; 226.9 μm ± 11.12 vs 98.8 μm ± 3.78). Western blot analysis revealed degradation of decorin protein in the operated tissue, including loss of a 50 kDa band and the appearance of a cleaved fragment at 10 kDa. Decorin and MMP-2 were observed, via immunofluorescence microscopy, in the neointima of the operated vessels. Western blot analysis also revealed increased PDGF-BB, PDGFR-β, and ph-MAPK levels in operated tissue. Immunofluorescent staining for ph-PDGFR-β primarily localized to the neointima, indicating increased signaling through PDGF in this region. Conclusions Carotid transection and primary reanastomosis in rabbits induced IH that was associated with MMP-2 activation, degradation of decorin, and activation of the PDGF/PDGFR-β/MAPK pathway. The findings in this study should lead to further mechanistic evaluation of these pathways to better understand the potential to modify the intimal hyperplastic response to surgery. (JVS–Vascular Science 2020;2:2-12.) Clinical Relevance Intimal hyperplasia remains a significant challenge to the vascular surgeon in open and interventional procedures. Basic science studies have made headway into understanding the process, but this has not translated into many therapeutic options particularly for primary prevention after a procedure. Decorin is gaining popularity as an important mediator of various pathophysiologic processes involving the extracellular matrix. We sought to determine the possible role of decorin in the development of neointimal hyperplasia in an open surgical model. This study provides a replicable model for the development of intimal hyperplasia and potential therapeutic targets going forward.
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9
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Birch JL, Coull BJ, Spender LC, Watt C, Willison A, Syed N, Chalmers AJ, Hossain-Ibrahim MK, Inman GJ. Multifaceted transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signalling in glioblastoma. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109638. [PMID: 32320860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and devastating primary brain cancer which responds very poorly to treatment. The average survival time of patients is only 14-15 months from diagnosis so there is a clear and unmet need for the development of novel targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes. The multifunctional cytokine TGFβ plays fundamental roles in development, adult tissue homeostasis, tissue wound repair and immune responses. Dysfunction of TGFβ signalling has been implicated in both the development and progression of many tumour types including GBM, thereby potentially providing an actionable target for its treatment. This review will examine TGFβ signalling mechanisms and their role in the development and progression of GBM. The targeting of TGFβ signalling using a variety of approaches including the TGFβ binding protein Decorin will be highlighted as attractive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry J Coull
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lindsay C Spender
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Courtney Watt
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alice Willison
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- The John Fulcher Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - M Kismet Hossain-Ibrahim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
| | - Gareth J Inman
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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10
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Matsuda M, Seki E. The liver fibrosis niche: Novel insights into the interplay between fibrosis-composing mesenchymal cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111556. [PMID: 32640349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a hepatic wound-healing response caused by chronic liver diseases that include viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver fibrosis eventually progresses to cirrhosis that is histologically characterized by an abnormal liver architecture that includes distortion of liver parenchyma, formation of regenerative nodules, and a massive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite intensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis, developments of anti-fibrotic therapies for liver fibrosis are still unsatisfactory. Recent novel experimental approaches, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics, have revealed the heterogeneity of ECM-producing cells (mesenchymal cells) and ECM-regulating cells (immune cells and endothelial cells). These approaches have accelerated the identification of fibrosis-specific subpopulations among these cell types. The ECM also consists of heterogenous components. Their production, degradation, deposition, and remodeling are dynamically regulated in liver fibrosis, further affecting the functions of cells responsible for fibrosis. These cellular and ECM elements cooperatively form a unique microenvironment: a fibrotic niche. Understanding the complex interplay between these elements could lead to a better understanding of underlying fibrosis mechanisms and to the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Matsuda
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Wu M, Downie LE, Grover LM, Moakes RJA, Rauz S, Logan A, Jiao H, Hill LJ, Chinnery HR. The neuroregenerative effects of topical decorin on the injured mouse cornea. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:142. [PMID: 32366307 PMCID: PMC7199348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cornea is innervated with a rich supply of sensory nerves that play important roles in ocular surface health. Any injury or pathology of the corneal nerves increases the risk of dry eye disease and infection. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of topical decorin to improve corneal nerve regeneration in a mouse model of sterile epithelial abrasion injury. Methods Bilateral central corneal epithelial abrasions (2-mm, Alger Brush) were performed on young C57BL/6 J mice to remove the corneal sensory nerves. Decorin, or vehicle, was applied topically, three times per day for 1 week or every 2 h for 6 h. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed to measure the abrasion area and corneal thickness. Wholemount immunofluorescence staining was used to assess sensory nerve regeneration (β-tubulin III) and immune cell density (CD45, Iba1, CD11c). To investigate the specific role of dendritic cells (DCs), Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice, which spontaneously lack resident corneal epithelial DCs, were also investigated. The effect of prophylactic topical administration of recombinant human decorin (applied prior to the abrasion) was also investigated. Nerve tracing (NeuronJ software) was performed to compare recovery of basal nerve axons and superficial nerve terminals in the central and peripheral cornea. Results At 6 h after injury, topical decorin application was associated with greater intraepithelial DC recruitment but no change in re-epithelialisation or corneal thickness, compared to the vehicle control. One week after injury, sub-basal nerve plexus and superficial nerve terminal density were significantly higher in the central cornea in the decorin-treated eyes. The density of corneal stromal macrophages in the decorin-treated eyes and their contralateral eyes was significantly lower compared to saline-treated corneas. No significant improvement in corneal nerve regeneration was observed in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice treated with decorin. Conclusions Decorin promotes corneal epithelial nerve regeneration after injury. The neuroregenerative effect of topical decorin was associated with a higher corneal DC density during the acute phase, and fewer macrophages at the study endpoint. The corneal neuroregenerative effects of decorin were absent in mice lacking intraepithelial DCs. Together, these findings support a role for decorin in DC-mediated neuroregeneration following corneal abrasion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Wu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard J A Moakes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK.,Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Haihan Jiao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
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12
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Abstract
Recent advances in the field of glycobiology have exposed a multitude of biological processes that are controlled or influenced by proteoglycans, in both physiological and pathological conditions ranging from early embryonic development, inflammation, and fibrosis to tumor invasion and metastasis. The first part of this article reviews the biosynthesis of proteoglycans and their multifunctional roles in health and disease; the second part of this review focuses on their putative roles in peritoneal homeostasis and peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis in the context of chronic peritoneal dialysis and peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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13
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Zhao J, Feng M, Liu D, Liu H, Shi M, Zhang J, Qu J. Antagonism between HTRA3 and TGFβ1 Contributes to Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2853-2864. [PMID: 30940659 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High temperature requirement A3 (HTRA3, long and short isoforms) is a member of the HtrA family and has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in cancer progression in multiple cancer types, yet its molecular functions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not well understood. Here, we report that decreased levels of HTRA3 negatively correlate with elevated TGFβ1 in lung tumor tissue with metastasis. Furthermore, high expression of HTRA3 indicated better prognosis independent of TGFβ1 expression. In NSCLC cell lines, exogenous TGFβ1 significantly downregulated the level of HTRA3, especially the long isoform, during induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, c-Jun, which is elevated by TGFβ1, directly bound the promoter of HTRA3-L and inhibited its transcription. As a negative feedback loop, overexpression of HTRA3-L attenuated TGFβ1-mediated invasion-metastasis cascades via activation of SMAD2/3 and sensitized cells to anti-PD-L1 treatment. Taken together, our findings suggest that in the early stages of cancer, overexpressed HTRA3 acts as a brake on the oncogenic effects of TGFβ1 and inhibits tumor metastasis. In later stages, the role of HTRA3 is weakened and TGFβ1 efficiently promotes EMT in the absence of the HTRA3 brake. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides new mechanistic insight of the interaction between HTRA3 and TGFβ in lung cancer by illustrating that HTRA3 is a novel mediator acting as a suppressor of TGFβ1-related oncogenic effects.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Smad2 Protein/genetics
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxiang Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Hinderer S, Sudrow K, Schneider M, Holeiter M, Layland SL, Seifert M, Schenke-Layland K. Surface functionalization of electrospun scaffolds using recombinant human decorin attracts circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:110. [PMID: 29311692 PMCID: PMC5758628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin (DCN) is an important small leucine-rich proteoglycan present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many organs and tissues. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are able to interact with the surrounding ECM and bind to molecules such as DCN. Here, we recombinantly produced full-length human DCN under good laboratory practice (GLP) conditions, and after detailed immunological characterization, we investigated its potential to attract murine and human EPCs (mEPCs and hECFCs). Electrospun polymeric scaffolds were coated with DCN or stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1α) and were then dynamically cultured with both cell types. Cell viability was assessed via imaging flow cytometry. The number of captured cells was counted and compared with the non-coated controls. To characterize cell-scaffold interactions, immunofluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed. We identified that DCN reduced T cell responses and attracted innate immune cells, which are responsible for ECM remodeling. A significantly higher number of EPCs attached on DCN- and SDF-1α-coated scaffolds, when compared with the uncoated controls. Interestingly, DCN showed a higher attractant effect on hECFCs than SDF-1α. Here, we successfully demonstrated DCN as promising EPC-attracting coating, which is particularily interesting when aiming to generate off-the-shelf biomaterials with the potential of in vivo cell seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hinderer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer-Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women´s Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Sudrow
- Institute of Medical Immunology and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schneider
- Institute of Medical Immunology and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Holeiter
- Department of Women´s Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon Lee Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer-Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women´s Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Seifert
- Institute of Medical Immunology and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer-Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Women´s Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Habuchi H, Ushida T, Habuchi O. Mice deficient in N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase exhibit enhanced liver fibrosis and delayed recovery from fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00138. [PMID: 27547834 PMCID: PMC4983273 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) rich in N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate (GalNAc(4,6SO4)) residues is present as decorin and/or biglycan in mouse liver, and GalNAc(4,6SO4) residues disappeared completely in N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST) knockout (KO) mice. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CS/DS rich in GalNAc(4,6SO4) residues participate in the progression or resolution of liver fibrosis. Methods Wild type (WT) and GalNAc4S-6ST KO mice were treated with CCl4 for 5 weeks. After discontinuation of CCl4 administration, histochemical and biochemical changes and expression of genes related to matrix components were compared between WT and GalNAc4S-6ST KO mice. Results and conclusion On 2 days after cessation of CCl4 administration, higher fibrosis was observed in KO mice than in WT mice by Sirius Red staining. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity was higher in KO mice than in WT mice. Hydroxyproline contents and Sirius Red staining showed that repair of liver fibrosis in the recovery stages appeared to be delayed in KO mice. Expression of mRNA of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-13 and versican peaked at 2 days after cessation of CCl4 administration and was higher in KO mice than in WT mice. Expression of MMP-9 in the recovery stage was lower in KO mice than in WT mice. Our findings demonstrate that defect in GalNAc4S-6ST, which resulted in disappearance of CS/DS containing GalNAc(4,6SO4), appear to contribute to progression of liver fibrosis, delayed recovery from fibrosis, and various changes in the expression of proteoglycans and MMPs in carbon tetrachloride–treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Habuchi
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Osami Habuchi
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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16
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Karsdal MA, Manon-Jensen T, Genovese F, Kristensen JH, Nielsen MJ, Sand JMB, Hansen NUB, Bay-Jensen AC, Bager CL, Krag A, Blanchard A, Krarup H, Leeming DJ, Schuppan D. Novel insights into the function and dynamics of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G807-30. [PMID: 25767261 PMCID: PMC4437019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00447.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and posttranslational modifications of proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) may both initiate and drive disease progression. The ECM is a complex grid consisting of multiple proteins, most of which play a vital role in containing the essential information needed for maintenance of a sophisticated structure anchoring the cells and sustaining normal function of tissues. Therefore, the matrix itself may be considered as a paracrine/endocrine entity, with more complex functions than previously appreciated. The aims of this review are to 1) explore key structural and functional components of the ECM as exemplified by monogenetic disorders leading to severe pathologies, 2) discuss selected pathological posttranslational modifications of ECM proteins resulting in altered functional (signaling) properties from the original structural proteins, and 3) discuss how these findings support the novel concept that an increasing number of components of the ECM harbor signaling functions that can modulate fibrotic liver disease. The ECM entails functions in addition to anchoring cells and modulating their migratory behavior. Key ECM components and their posttranslational modifications often harbor multiple domains with different signaling potential, in particular when modified during inflammation or wound healing. This signaling by the ECM should be considered a paracrine/endocrine function, as it affects cell phenotype, function, fate, and finally tissue homeostasis. These properties should be exploited to establish novel biochemical markers and antifibrotic treatment strategies for liver fibrosis as well as other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten A. Karsdal
- 1Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade, Herlev, Denmark; ,2University of Southern Denmark, SDU, Odense, Denmark;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aleksander Krag
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
| | - Andy Blanchard
- 4GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;
| | - Henrik Krarup
- 5Section of Molecular Biology, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- 6Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; ,7Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Niimori D, Kawano R, Niimori-Kita K, Ihn H, Ohta K. Tsukushi is involved in the wound healing by regulating the expression of cytokines and growth factors. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:173-7. [PMID: 25159578 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the wound-healing process, macrophages, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts play a leading role in shifting from the inflammation phase to the proliferation phase, although little is known about the cell differentiation and molecular control mechanisms underlying these processes. Previously, we reported that Tsukushi (TSK), a member of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family, functions as a key extracellular coordinator of multiple signalling networks. In this study, we investigated the contribution of TSK to wound healing. Analysis of wound tissue in heterozygous TSK-lacZ knock-in mice revealed a pattern of sequential TSK expression from macrophages to myofibroblasts. Quantitative PCR and in vitro cell induction experiments showed that TSK controls macrophage function and myofibroblast differentiation by inhibiting TGF-β1 secreted from macrophages. Our results suggest TSK facilitates wound healing by maintaining inflammatory cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Niimori
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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18
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Hsieh LTH, Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Soluble biglycan as a biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:223-35. [PMID: 25091702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal inflammation is often associated with a progressive accumulation of various extracellular matrix constituents, including several members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) gene family. It is becoming increasingly evident that the matrix-unbound SLRPs strongly regulate the progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble SLRPs are generated either via partial proteolytic processing of collagenous matrices or by de novo synthesis evoked by stress or injury. Liberated SLRPs can then bind to and activate Toll-like receptors, thus modulating downstream inflammatory signaling. Preclinical animal models and human studies have recently identified soluble biglycan as a key initiator and regulator of various inflammatory renal diseases. Biglycan, generated by activated macrophages, can enter the circulation and its elevated levels in plasma and renal parenchyma correlate with unfavorable renal function and outcome. In this review, we will focus on the critical role of soluble biglycan in inflammatory signaling in various renal disorders. Moreover, we will provide new data implicating proinflammatory effects of soluble decorin in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Finally, we will critically evaluate the potential application of soluble biglycan vis-à-vis other SLRPs (decorin, lumican and fibromodulin) as a promising target and novel biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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19
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Piccinini AM, Midwood KS. Illustrating the interplay between the extracellular matrix and microRNAs. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:158-80. [PMID: 24761792 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cell surface receptors that bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) components marked a new era in biological research. Since then there has been an increasing appreciation of the importance of studying cells in the context of their extracellular environment. Cell behaviour is profoundly affected by the ECM, whose synthesis and turnover must be finely balanced in order to maintain normal function and prevent disease. In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of ECM gene expression. As new technologies for the identification and validation of miRNA targets continue to be developed, a growing body of data supporting the role of miRNAs in regulating the ECM biology has arisen from a variety of cell and animal models along with clinical studies. However, more recent findings suggest an intriguing interplay between the ECM and miRNAs: not only can miRNAs control the composition of the ECM, but also the ECM can affect the expression of specific miRNAs. Here we discuss how miRNAs contribute to the synthesis, maintenance and remodelling of the ECM during development and disease. Furthermore, we bring to light evidence that points to a role for the ECM in regulating miRNA expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Piccinini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
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20
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Botfield H, Gonzalez AM, Abdullah O, Skjolding AD, Berry M, McAllister JP, Logan A. Decorin prevents the development of juvenile communicating hydrocephalus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2842-58. [PMID: 23983032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In post-haemorrhagic and other forms of communicating hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid flow and drainage is obstructed by subarachnoid fibrosis in which the potent fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-β has been aetiologically implicated. Here, the hypothesis that the transforming growth factor-β antagonist decorin has therapeutic potential for reducing fibrosis and ventriculomegaly was tested using a rat model of juvenile communicating hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was induced by a single basal cistern injection of kaolin in 3-week-old rats, immediately followed by 3 or 14 days of continuous intraventricular infusion of either human recombinant decorin or phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle). Ventricular expansion was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at Day 14. Fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β/Smad2/3 activation and hydrocephalic brain pathology were evaluated at Day 14 and the inflammatory response at Days 3 and 14 by immunohistochemistry and basic histology. Analysis of ventricular size demonstrated the development of hydrocephalus in kaolin-injected rats but also revealed that continuous decorin infusion prevented ventricular enlargement, such that ventricle size remained similar to that in intact control rats. Decorin prevented the increase in transforming growth factor-β1 and phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels throughout the ventricular system after kaolin injection and also inhibited the deposition of the extracellular matrix molecules, laminin and fibronectin in the subarachnoid space. In addition, decorin protected against hydrocephalic brain damage inferred from attenuation of glial and inflammatory reactions. Thus, we conclude that decorin prevented the development of hydrocephalus in juvenile rats by blocking transforming growth factor-β-induced subarachnoid fibrosis and protected against hydrocephalic brain damage. The results suggest that decorin is a potential clinical therapeutic for the treatment of juvenile post-haemorrhagic communicating hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Botfield
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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21
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A comparison of the behavioral and anatomical outcomes in sub-acute and chronic spinal cord injury models following treatment with human mesenchymal precursor cell transplantation and recombinant decorin. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:343-59. [PMID: 23867131 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the potential of highly purified (Stro-1(+)) human mesenchymal precursor cells (hMPCs) in combination with the anti-scarring protein decorin to repair the injured spinal cord (SC). Donor hMPCs isolated from spinal cord injury (SCI) patients were transplanted into athymic rats as a suspension graft, alone or after previous treatment with, core (decorin(core)) and proteoglycan (decorin(pro)) isoforms of purified human recombinant decorin. Decorin was delivered via mini-osmotic pumps for 14 days following sub-acute (7 day) or chronic (1 month) SCI. hMPCs were delivered to the spinal cord at 3 weeks or 6 weeks after the initial injury at T9 level. Behavioral and anatomical analysis in this study showed statistically significant improvement in functional recovery, tissue sparing and cyst volume reduction following hMPC therapy. The combination of decorin infusion followed by hMPC therapy did not improve these measured outcomes over the use of cell therapy alone, in either sub-acute or chronic SCI regimes. However, decorin infusion did improve tissue sparing, reduce spinal tissue cavitation and increase transplanted cell survivability as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of spinal cord sections revealed differences in glial, neuronal and extracellular matrix molecule expression within each experimental group. hMPC transplanted spinal cords showed the increased presence of serotonergic (5-HT) and sensory (CGRP) axonal growth within and surrounding transplanted hMPCs for up to 2 months; however, no evidence of hMPC transdifferentiation into neuronal or glial phenotypes. The number of hMPCs was dramatically reduced overall, and no transplanted cells were detected at 8 weeks post-injection using lentiviral GFP labeling and human nuclear antigen antibody labeling. The presence of recombinant decorin in the cell transplantation regimes delayed in part the loss of donor cells, with small numbers remaining at 2 months after transplantation. In vitro co-culture experiments with embryonic dorsal root ganglion explants revealed the growth promoting properties of hMPCs. Decorin did not increase axonal outgrowth from that achieved by hMPCs. We provide evidence for the first time that (Stro-1(+)) hMPCs provide: i) an advantageous source of allografts for stem cell transplantation for sub-acute and chronic spinal cord therapy, and (ii) a positive host microenvironment that promotes tissue sparing/repair that subsequently improves behavioral outcomes after SCI. This was not measurably improved by recombinant decorin treatment, but does provide important information for the future development and potential use of decorin in contusive SCI therapy.
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22
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Juneja SC. Cellular distribution and gene expression profile during flexor tendon graft repair: A novel tissue engineering approach(*). J Tissue Eng 2013; 4:2041731413492741. [PMID: 23762501 PMCID: PMC3677358 DOI: 10.1177/2041731413492741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand scar and adhesion formation during postsurgical period of intrasynovial tendon graft healing, a murine model of flexor digitorum longus tendon graft repair was developed, by utilizing flexor digitorum longus tendon allograft from donor Rosa26/+ mouse, and the healing process at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post surgery of host wild-type mouse was followed. Using X-gal staining, β-galactosidase positive cells of allograft origin were detectable in tissue sections of grafted tendon post surgery. Graft healing was assessed for the cellular density, scar and adhesion formation, and their interaction with surrounding tissue. From histological analysis, it was evident that the healing of intrasynovial flexor digitorum longus tendon graft takes place in an interactive environment of donor graft, host tendon, and host surrounding tissue. A total of 32 genes, analyzed by RNA analysis, expressed during healing process. Particularly, Alk1, Postn, Tnc, Tppp3, and Mkx will be further investigated for therapeutical value in reducing scars and adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Juneja
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA ; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Bocian C, Urbanowitz AK, Owens RT, Iozzo RV, Götte M, Seidler DG. Decorin potentiates interferon-γ activity in a model of allergic inflammation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12699-711. [PMID: 23460644 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.419366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteoglycan decorin modulates leukocyte recruitment during delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Decorin-deficient (Dcn(-/-)) mice show reduced edema formation during the first 24 h with a concurrent attenuated recruitment of CD8(+) leukocytes in the inflamed Dcn(-/-) ears. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular pathways affected by the loss of decorin. In vivo, reduced numbers of CD8(+) cells in Dcn(-/-) ears correlated with a reduced interferon-γ (Ifn-γ) and CXCL-10 expression. In vitro, Dcn(-/-) lymphocytes displayed an increased adhesion to brain microvascular (bEnd.3) endothelial cells. Decorin treatment of bEnd.3 increased Icam1 and down-regulated Vcam1 expression after TNF-α stimulation. However, Dcn(-/-) and wild-type lymphocytes produced IFN-γ after activation with CD3ε. Upon incubation with decorin, endothelial cells and fibroblasts responded differently to IFN-γ and TNF-α; CCL2 in bEnd.3 cells was more prominently up-regulated by TNF-α compared with IFN-γ. Notably, both factors were more potent in the presence of decorin. Compared with TNF-α, IFN-γ treatment induced significantly more CXCL-10, and both factors increased synthesis of CXCL-10 in the presence of decorin. The response to IFN-γ was similar in Dcn(-/-) and wild-type fibroblasts, an additional source of CXCL-10. However, addition of decorin yielded significantly more CXCL-10. Notably, decorin increased the stability of IFN-γ in vitro and potentiated IFN-γ-induced activation of STAT-1. Furthermore, only dermatan sulfate influenced IFN-γ signaling by significantly increasing CXCL-10 expression in contrast to decorin protein core alone. Our data demonstrate that decorin modulates delayed-type hypersensitivity responses by augmenting the induction of downstream effector cytokines of IFN-γ and TNF-α, thereby influencing the recruitment of CD8(+) lymphocytes into the inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bocian
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Karsdal MA, Nielsen MJ, Sand JM, Henriksen K, Genovese F, Bay-Jensen AC, Smith V, Adamkewicz JI, Christiansen C, Leeming DJ. Extracellular matrix remodeling: the common denominator in connective tissue diseases. Possibilities for evaluation and current understanding of the matrix as more than a passive architecture, but a key player in tissue failure. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 11:70-92. [PMID: 23046407 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased attention is paid to the structural components of tissues. These components are mostly collagens and various proteoglycans. Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and noncoded modifications of the matrix may be both initiators and drivers of disease, exemplified by excessive tissue remodeling leading to tissue stiffness, as well as by changes in the signaling potential of both intact matrix and fragments thereof. Although tissue structure until recently was viewed as a simple architecture anchoring cells and proteins, this complex grid may contain essential information enabling the maintenance of the structure and normal functioning of tissue. The aims of this review are to (1) discuss the structural components of the matrix and the relevance of their mutations to the pathology of diseases such as fibrosis and cancer, (2) introduce the possibility that post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as protease cleavage, citrullination, cross-linking, nitrosylation, glycosylation, and isomerization, generated during pathology, may be unique, disease-specific biochemical markers, (3) list and review the range of simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that have been developed for assessing the extracellular matrix (ECM) and detecting abnormal ECM remodeling, and (4) discuss whether some PTMs are the cause or consequence of disease. New evidence clearly suggests that the ECM at some point in the pathogenesis becomes a driver of disease. These pathological modified ECM proteins may allow insights into complicated pathologies in which the end stage is excessive tissue remodeling, and provide unique and more pathology-specific biochemical markers.
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Fukuyama A, Tanaka K, Kakizaki I, Kasai K, Chiba M, Nakamura T, Mizunuma H. Anti-inflammatory effect of proteoglycan and progesterone on human uterine cervical fibroblasts. Life Sci 2012; 90:484-8. [PMID: 22314502 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of proteoglycan (PG) with that of progesterone (P) in the cultured fibroblasts from human uterine cervix. MAIN METHODS After obtaining informed consent, the cervix was collected from normal women undergoing total hysterectomy. The cervix was cultured until fibroblasts proliferated and had grown to confluence, then, the fibroblasts were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without PG, P and a combination of both; they were cultured for 24-48 h. The anti-inflammatory effects of PG and P were evaluated by the suppression of IL-6 or IL-8 secretion. The expression of the IL-6 or IL-8 gene and the expression of their protein were determined by real-time PCR, and ELISA, respectively. Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 was evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS LPS markedly enhanced gene and protein expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human uterine cervical fibroblasts. The up-regulation of the IL-6 or IL-8 gene and protein expression by LPS was significantly suppressed with PG, P and a combination of both. Western blotting revealed that combination of PG and P showed more potent inhibition on LPS-stimulated TLR4 induction than that seen by each. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that both PG and P have an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced inflammation. This anti-inflammatory effect of PG and P was augmented by co-administration of both, suggesting for the first time that PG has an anti-inflammatory effect on human uterine cervical fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Fukuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Despite tremendous strides in understandings its pathogenesis, it still remains a challenge because of gaps in our understanding of its initiation, progression and complications leading to the clinical syndromes of angina, acute coronary syndrome, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Recent studies have provided impetus on the shift from models of atherosclerosis based on cellular interactions to models where the important role of extracellular matrix is recognized. Proteoglycans, especially those belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family of which decorin is a representative example, have come under close scrutiny for their role in atherogenesis. There is evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal models as well as humans to suggest an important role of decorin in attenuating progression of atherosclerosis. Decorin distribution in different blood vessels has been shown to inversely correlate with the tendency to develop atherosclerosis. Decorin seems to interact closely with different cellular components of the plaque milieu, thereby suggesting its role in influencing atherogenesis at different steps. Here we review the current understanding of the role of decorin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singla
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Merline R, Moreth K, Beckmann J, Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Tralhão JG, Lemarchand P, Pfeilschifter J, Schaefer RM, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Signaling by the matrix proteoglycan decorin controls inflammation and cancer through PDCD4 and MicroRNA-21. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra75. [PMID: 22087031 PMCID: PMC5029092 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms linking immune responses and inflammation with tumor development are not well understood. Here, we show that the soluble form of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan decorin controls inflammation and tumor growth through PDCD4 (programmed cell death 4) and miR-21 (microRNA-21) by two mechanisms. First, decorin acted as an endogenous ligand of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and stimulated production of proinflammatory molecules, including PDCD4, in macrophages. Second, decorin prevented translational repression of PDCD4 by decreasing the activity of transforming growth factor-β1 and the abundance of oncogenic miR-21, a translational inhibitor of PDCD4. Moreover, increased PDCD4 abundance led to decreased release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, thereby making the cytokine profile more proinflammatory. This pathway operates in both pathogen-mediated and sterile inflammation, as shown here for sepsis and growth retardation of established tumor xenografts, respectively. Decorin was an early response gene evoked by septic inflammation, and protein concentrations of decorin were increased in the plasma of septic patients and mice. In cancer, decorin reduced the abundance of anti-inflammatory molecules and increased that of proinflammatory molecules, thereby shifting the immune response to a proinflammatory state associated with reduced tumor growth. Thus, by stimulating proinflammatory PDCD4 and decreasing the abundance of miR-21, decorin signaling boosts inflammatory activity in sepsis and suppresses tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosetta Merline
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janet Beckmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Madalina V. Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - José Guilherme Tralhão
- Department of Surgery, Surgery 3, Coimbra University Hospital, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Lemarchand
- Inserm, UMR915, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, l’Institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schaefer
- Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Alan C, Kocoglu H, AltIntas R, AlIcI B, Resit Ersay A. Protective effect of decorin on acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:211-6. [PMID: 22291758 PMCID: PMC3258707 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has a crucial role in collagen synthesis and fibrosis. TGF-β1 can be antagonized and/or reduced by the action of certain agents. We propose to identify the role of decorin in treatment of tubular and interstitial fibrosis and in the inhibition of TGF-β1 in an acute ischaemic kidney. MATERIAL AND METHODS We grouped 34 female Sprague Dawley type rats into 3 groups as 9 sham, 9 ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) and 16 I/R + decorin respectively. The rats in the I/R + decorin group had decorin administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg for 9 days after reperfusion. After 9 days, all the rats in the 3 groups were unilaterally nephrectomized. The TGF-β1 level was measured immunohistochemically in the nephrectomized material. RESULTS The TGF-β1 level was lower in the I/R + decorin group. Evaluation of apoptotic activity level by caspase staining showed a statistically significant difference between the 3 groups. The number of caspase stained cells was lower in the I/R + decorin group. The amount of collagen in interstitial tissue was higher in the I/R group than in the I/R + decorin group, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We found that the TGF-β1 level - the so-called initiator of fibrotic activity - and apoptotic activity were low in the I/R + decorin group. Additional studies must be performed to understand the role of decorin in inhibition of TGF-β1 and to assess decorin's routine use in acute renal ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cabir Alan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kocoglu
- Department of Urology, Canakkale Military Hospital, Turkey
| | - Ramazan AltIntas
- Department of Urology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Bülent AlIcI
- Department of Urology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Resit Ersay
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
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Intratumoral drug delivery with nanoparticulate carriers. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1819-30. [PMID: 21213021 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stiff extracellular matrix, elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and the affinity for the tumor cells in the peripheral region of a solid tumor mass have long been recognized as significant barriers to diffusion of small-molecular-weight drugs and antibodies. However, their impacts on nanoparticle-based drug delivery have begun to receive due attention only recently. This article reviews biological features of many solid tumors that influence transport of drugs and nanoparticles and properties of nanoparticles relevant to their intratumoral transport, studied in various tumor models. We also discuss several experimental approaches employed to date for enhancement of intratumoral nanoparticle penetration. The impact of nanoparticle distribution on the effectiveness of chemotherapy remains to be investigated and should be considered in the design of new nanoparticulate drug carriers.
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Petrie Aronin CE, Tuan RS. Therapeutic potential of the immunomodulatory activities of adult mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:67-74. [PMID: 20301222 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) include a select population of resident cells within adult tissues, which retain the ability to differentiate along several tissue-specific lineages under defined media conditions and have finite expansion potential in vitro. These adult progenitor populations have been identified in various tissues, but it remains unclear exactly what role both transplanted and native MSCs play in processes of disease and regeneration. Interestingly, increasing evidence reveals a unique antiinflammatory immunomodulatory phenotype shared among this population, lending support to the idea that MSCs play a central role in early tissue remodeling responses where a controlled inflammatory response is required. However, additional evidence suggests that MSCs may not retain infinite immune privilege and that the context with which these cells are introduced in vivo may influence their immune phenotype. Therefore, understanding this dynamic microenvironment in which MSCs participate in complex feedback loops acting upon and being influenced by a plethora of secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix molecules, and fragments will be critical to elucidating the role of MSCs in the intertwined processes of immunomodulation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Petrie Aronin
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Merline R, Schaefer RM, Schaefer L. The matricellular functions of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:323-35. [PMID: 19809894 PMCID: PMC2778586 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are biologically active components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting of a protein core with leucine rich-repeat (LRR) motifs covalently linked to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. The diversity in composition resulting from the various combinations of protein cores substituted with one or more GAG chains along with their pericellular localization enables SLRPs to interact with a host of different cell surface receptors, cytokines, growth factors, and other ECM components, leading to modulation of cellular functions. SLRPs are capable of binding to: (i) different types of collagens, thereby regulating fibril assembly, organization, and degradation; (ii) Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement C1q, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), regulating innate immunity and inflammation; (iii) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), and c-Met, influencing cellular proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, tumor growth and metastasis as well as synthesis of other ECM components; (iv) low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1) and TGF-beta, modulating cytokine activity and fibrogenesis; and (v) growth factors such as bone morphogenic protein (BMP-4) and Wnt-I-induced secreted protein-1 (WISP-1), controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, the ability of SLRPs, as ECM components, to directly or indirectly regulate cell-matrix crosstalk, resulting in the modulation of various biological processes, aptly qualifies these compounds as matricellular proteins.
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Wien TN, Sorby R, Landsverk T, Husby G. Presentation at the annual meeting of The Norwegian Society for Rheumatology, Bergen, November 24, 2004. Scand J Rheumatol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740510017841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the expression of the small leucine-rich glycoprotein decorin in adipose tissue. DESIGN Real-time PCR was used to measure decorin gene expression in adipose tissue from normal glucose tolerant (NGT), impaired glucose tolerant and type 2 diabetic (T2D) Psammomys obesus. Adipose tissue was fractionated to determine which cells were responsible for decorin expression. The location of decorin protein expression in adipose tissue was determined using immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR was used to measure decorin mRNA levels in human adipose tissue from 16 insulin-sensitive, 16 insulin-resistant and 6 T2D human subjects. Circulating plasma decorin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 145 NGT and 141 T2D human individuals from a large-scale epidemiological study in Mauritius. RESULTS Decorin mRNA was found to be highly expressed in adipose tissue, and decorin gene expression was significantly higher in visceral than that in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in both P. obesus and human subjects (P=0.002 and P=0.001, respectively). Decorin mRNA was predominantly expressed by stromal/vascular cells of adipose tissue, and decorin protein in adipose tissue was primarily detected adjacent to blood vessels. Circulating plasma decorin levels in humans were elevated by 12% in T2D (P=0.049) compared to NGT subjects. There was a significant independent correlation between plasma decorin levels and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, P=0.024). In male subjects, plasma decorin levels were significantly correlated with WHR (P=0.006), and fasting and 2-h glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test (P=0.027 and P=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Decorin expression in adipose tissue was markedly upregulated in the obese state and may therefore play a role in adipose tissue homeostasis or in pathophysiology associated with obesity.
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Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, Comalada M, Olivares M, Xaus J. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid equally incorporate as decosahexaenoic acid but differ in inflammatory effects. Nutrition 2008; 24:245-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Popovic ZV, Sandhoff R, Sijmonsma TP, Kaden S, Jennemann R, Kiss E, Tone E, Autschbach F, Platt N, Malle E, Gröne HJ. Sulfated glycosphingolipid as mediator of phagocytosis: SM4s enhances apoptotic cell clearance and modulates macrophage activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6770-82. [PMID: 17982067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoglycolipids are present on the surface of a variety of cells. The sulfatide SM4s is increased in lung, renal, and colon cancer and is associated with an adverse prognosis, possibly due to a low immunoreactivity of the tumor. As macrophages significantly contribute to the inflammatory infiltrate in malignancies, we postulated that SM4s may modulate macrophage function. We have investigated the effect of SM4s on the uptake of apoptotic tumor cells, macrophage cytokine profile, and receptor expression. Using flow cytometry and microscopic analyses, we found that coating apoptotic murine carcinoma cells from the colon and kidney with SM4s promoted their phagocytosis by murine macrophages up to 3-fold ex vivo and in vivo. This increased capacity was specifically inhibited by preincubation of macrophages with oxidized or acetylated low density lipoprotein and maleylated albumin, indicating involvement of scavenger receptors in this interaction. The uptake of SM4s-coated apoptotic cells significantly enhanced macrophage production of TGF-beta1, expression of P-selectin, and secretion of IL-6. These data suggest that SM4s within tumors may promote apoptotic cell removal and alter the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran V Popovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Yang X, Cao X. SOCS3 promotes TLR4 response in macrophages by feedback inhibiting TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1405-13. [PMID: 17920684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays an important role in the negative regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in a feedback manner. Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) has been shown to be induced by TGF-beta1 in osteoclast/macrophage, while the reports on the role of SOCS3 in regulating TLR4 signaling were controversial. The functional relationship between SOCS3 and TGF-beta1/Smad3 pathway in TLR4 response also remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that LPS-induced endogenous TGF-beta1 contributes to the inducible SOCS3 expression in macrophages. SOCS3 silencing could markedly decrease the LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages. Interestingly, less decrease of LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-6 by SOCS3 silencing was observed in Smad3 null macrophages. Furthermore, we found SOCS3 could interact with Smad3, and inhibit Smad3 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Therefore, our data demonstrate that SOCS3 is a positive regulator of TLR4 response by feedback inhibiting endogenous TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling, thus outlining a new feedback regulatory manner for TLR4 response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Nakajima M, Kizawa H, Saitoh M, Kou I, Miyazono K, Ikegawa S. Mechanisms for asporin function and regulation in articular cartilage. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32185-92. [PMID: 17827158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700522200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent form of skeletal disease, represents a leading cause of disability following middle age. OA is characterized by the loss of articular cartilage; however, the details of its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Recently, we demonstrated a genetic association between the cartilage extracellular matrix protein asporin and OA (Kizawa, H., Kou, I., Iida, A., Sudo, A., Miyamoto, Y., Fukuda, A., Mabuchi, A., Kotani, A., Kawakami, A., Yamamoto, S., Uchida, A., Nakamura, K., Notoya, K., Nakamura, Y., and Ikegawa, S. (2005) Nat. Genet. 37, 138-144). Furthermore, we showed that asporin binds to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a key cytokine in OA pathogenesis, and inhibits TGF-beta-induced chondrogenesis. To date, functional data for asporin have come primarily from mouse cell culture models of developing cartilage rather than from human articular cartilage cells, in which OA occurs. Here, we describe mechanisms for asporin function and regulation in human articular cartilage. Asporin blocks chondrogenesis and inhibits TGF-beta1-induced expression of matrix genes and the resulting chondrocyte phenotypes. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of asporin increases the expression of cartilage marker genes and TGF-beta1; in turn, TGF-beta1 stimulates asporin expression in articular cartilage cells, suggesting that asporin and TGF-beta1 form a regulatory feedback loop. Asporin inhibits TGF-beta/Smad signaling upstream of TGF-beta type I receptor activation in vivo by co-localizing with TGF-beta1 on the cell surface and blocking its interaction with the TGF-beta type II receptor. Our results provide a basis for elucidating the role of asporin in the molecular pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakajima
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Fernández-Medarde A, Porteros A, de las Rivas J, Núñez A, Fuster JJ, Santos E. Laser microdissection and microarray analysis of the hippocampus of Ras-GRF1 knockout mice reveals gene expression changes affecting signal transduction pathways related to memory and learning. Neuroscience 2007; 146:272-85. [PMID: 17321057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We used manual macrodissection or laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate tissue sections of the hippocampus area of Ras-GRF1 wild type and knockout mice brains, and analyzed their transcriptional patterns using commercial oligonucleotide microarrays. Comparison between the transcriptomes of macrodissected and microdissected samples showed that the LCM samples allowed detection of significantly higher numbers of differentially expressed genes, with higher statistical rates of significance. These results validate LCM as a reliable technique for in vivo genomic studies in the brain hippocampus, where contamination by surrounding areas (not expressing Ras-GRF1) increases background noise and impairs identification of differentially expressed genes. Comparison between wild type and knockout LCM hippocampus samples revealed that Ras-GRF1 elimination caused significant gene expression changes, mostly affecting signal transduction and related neural processes. The list of 36 most differentially expressed genes included loci concerned mainly with Ras/G protein signaling and cytoskeletal organization (i.e. 14-3-3gamma/zeta, Kcnj6, Clasp2) or related, cross-talking pathways (i.e. jag2, decorin, strap). Consistent with the phenotypes shown by Ras-GRF1 knockout mice, many of these differentially expressed genes play functional roles in processes such as sensory development and function (i.e. Sptlc1, antiquitin, jag2) and/or neurological development/neurodegeneration processes affecting memory and learning. Indeed, potential links to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) or Creutzfeldt-Jacobs disease (CJD), have been reported for a number of differentially expressed genes identified in this study (Ptma, Aebp2, Clasp2, Hebp1, 14-3-3gamma/zeta, Csnk1delta, etc.). These data, together with the previously described role of IRS and insulin (known Ras-GRF1 activators) in AD, warrant further investigation of a potential functional link of Ras-GRF1 to neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL), Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Jahanyar J, Joyce DL, Southard RE, Loebe M, Noon GP, Koerner MM, Torre-Amione G, Youker KA. Decorin-mediated Transforming Growth Factor-β Inhibition Ameliorates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:34-40. [PMID: 17234515 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been shown to induce regression of fibrosis in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and improve myocardial function. The mechanism of reverse remodeling after mechanical circulatory support (MCS), however, has not been fully characterized. In this study we examined the anti-fibrotic effects of decorin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan, on the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway. METHODS Human myocardial tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing LVAD implantation and again following subsequent transplantation after a sustained period of MCS. The specimens were examined by utilizing different molecular and histologic techniques, including human cardiac fibroblast in vitro studies. We assessed gene expression, mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in interstitial fibrosis after MCS, with a decrease in collagen mRNA transcription rates, serving as an indirect measurement of collagen synthesis. Both the mRNA and protein levels of decorin were significantly increased after a period of MCS. Decorin mRNA was up-regulated by 44% after MCS (p < 0.01), which paralleled the increase in interstitial decorin deposition (p < 0.001). In addition, p-SMAD2, a molecular marker downstream of the TGF-beta pathway, was found to be inactivated after MCS (p < 0.02). Moreover, cultured human cardiac fibroblasts exposed to TGF-beta demonstrated decreased collagen production when exogenous decorin was added (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The decorin molecule is potentially involved in reverse cardiac remodeling, by directly inhibiting the TGF-beta pathway and its pro-fibrotic effects on the failing human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jama Jahanyar
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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40
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Sashinami H, Takagaki K, Nakane A. Salmon cartilage proteoglycan modulates cytokine responses to Escherichia coli in mouse macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:1005-10. [PMID: 17094950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are complex glycohydrates, which are composed of core proteins and glycosaminoglycans and widely distributed in connective tissues and on the cell surface of mammalian tissues. We investigated the effect of PG extracted from salmon cartilage on cytokine responses to stimulation with heat-killed Escherichia coli (HKEC) in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. PG exhibited the suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production compared with chondroitin 4 sulfate (C4S) and chondroitin 6 sulfate (C6S). PG also revealed the up-regulation of interleukin-10 production. HKEC-induced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was dose-dependently suppressed by treatment with PG, C4S or C6S, and the PG showed the strongest suppressive effect among 3 compounds. Only PG dramatically up-regulated the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and the phosphorylation of STAT3 in mouse macrophages. Our results suggested that the novel interaction might exist between the extracellular matrix and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sashinami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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41
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Shelton GD, Hoffman EP, Ghimbovschi S, Peters IR, Day MJ, Mullins M, Moore PF, Nagaraju K. Immunopathogenic pathways in canine inflammatory myopathies resemble human myositis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 113:200-14. [PMID: 16797723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the treatment of inflammatory myopathies is impeded by the lack of suitable animal models. Inflammatory myopathies occur spontaneously in the dog, are a heterogeneous group of disorders, and are more common than in humans. Clinical signs of weakness and muscle atrophy are reliably present, and there are histological and immunohistological similarities to forms of human myositis. In this study, microarray technology followed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry on muscle biopsy sections was used to investigate gene expression in cases of canine inflammatory myopathies. Several genes involved with innate and adaptive immunity were highly upregulated including those that participate in macrophage and dendritic cell activation and migration, and antigen processing and presentation. Other genes including those that participate in B cell growth, development, migration and activation, immunoglobulin genes, genes in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways, and genes involved with tissue remodeling were upregulated. In previous reports utilizing microarray technology in human myositis, there was activation of similar pathways involved in the immune response. This study strengthens the argument that forms of canine myositis may be important animal models of human myositis and suggests useful biomarkers for therapeutic response using the dog in pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA.
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42
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Comalada M, Ballester I, Bailón E, Sierra S, Xaus J, Gálvez J, de Medina FS, Zarzuelo A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids: analysis of the structure-activity relationship. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1010-21. [PMID: 16934226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids possess several biological/pharmacological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of flavonoids on macrophage physiology. For this purpose we selected some flavonoids belonging to the most common and abundant groups (flavonols--quercetin and kaempferol; flavones--diosmetin, apigenin, chrysin and luteolin; isoflavones--genistein and daidzein and flavanones--hesperetin). We decided to use primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) as cellular model, since they represent a homogenous, non-transformed population of macrophages that can be stimulated in vitro to proliferate by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or activated by LPS. In this regard, we demonstrated that most of the flavonoids assayed reduce macrophage M-CSF-induced proliferation without affecting cellular viability. Moreover, some flavonoids also inhibit TNFalpha production as well as iNOS expression and NO production in LPS-activated macrophages, an effect that has been associated with the inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway. We also found that luteolin and quercetin are able to stimulate the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at low concentrations (<50microM). Analysis of the structure-activity relationship showed that four hydroxylations at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4', together with the double bond at C(2)-C(3) and the position of the B ring at 2, seem to be necessary for the highest anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Comalada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario La Cartuja s/n, 18071-Granada, Spain.
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43
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Boche D, Cunningham C, Docagne F, Scott H, Perry VH. TGFβ1 regulates the inflammatory response during chronic neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:638-50. [PMID: 16510291 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ME7 model of murine prion disease shows an atypical inflammatory response characterized by morphologically activated microglia and an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile with a marked expression of TGFbeta1. The investigation of the role of TGFbeta1 during a time course disease shows that its expression is correlated with (i) the onset of behavioral abnormalities, (ii) increased activated microglia, (iii) thickening of the basement membrane, and (iv) is associated with increased PrP(sc) deposition. Increasing TGFbeta1 using an adenoviral vector has no significant impact on prion-associated behavioral impairments or on neuropathology. In contrast, inhibition of TGFbeta1 activity using an adenovirus expressing decorin induces severe cerebral inflammation, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and acute neuronal death in prion-diseased animals only. These data suggest that TGFbeta1 plays a critical role in the downregulation of microglial responses minimizing brain inflammation and thus avoiding exacerbation of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Boche
- CNS Inflammation Group, Southampton Neurosciences Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7PX Hampshire, UK.
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Köninger J, Giese NA, Bartel M, di Mola FF, Berberat PO, di Sebastiano P, Giese T, Büchler MW, Friess H. The ECM proteoglycan decorin links desmoplasia and inflammation in chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:21-7. [PMID: 16394277 PMCID: PMC1860264 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.023135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent inflammation in chronic pancreatitis (CP) is not well understood. AIMS To investigate whether decorin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan with macrophage modulating activity, is a pathogenic factor allowing diseased pancreatic stroma to sustain inflammation by affecting the cytokine profile of accumulating inflammatory cells. METHODS Decorin was examined in 18 donors and 32 patients with CP by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry of pancreatic specimens. QRT-PCR was used to assess cytokine expression in donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), exposed or not to decorin in vitro, and to compare it with the cytokine profile of circulating and resident mononuclear cells (MNC) of patients with CP. RESULTS In CP, desmoplasia is associated with overexpression of decorin in the growing ECM and enlarged pancreatic nerves. In culture, exposure of MNC to decorin stimulated expression of the MNC recruiting chemokine MCP-1. In biopsies, MNC infiltrates in decorin rich CP tissue showed a 300-fold upregulation of MCP-1 compared with decorin free peripheral blood, whereas no difference was found in basal MCP-1 expression in PBMC of patients versus donors. This effect was specific for MCP1-other inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha, were not affected. CONCLUSION Decorin is a molecular marker of desmoplasia in CP, and excessive decorin may allow fibrotic masses to nourish and protract inflammation by deregulating the process of MNC accumulation and activation. These data provide a molecular basis for surgical resection of diseased tissue as a treatment option in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Köninger
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery and Molecular Pancreatic Research, Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Li W, He H, Kawakita T, Espana EM, Tseng SC. Amniotic membrane induces apoptosis of interferon-gamma activated macrophages in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:282-92. [PMID: 16109408 PMCID: PMC3193177 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amniotic membrane (AM) used as a temporary or permanent graft for ocular surface reconstruction has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. We would like to investigate the mechanism whereby AM induces macrophage apoptosis in vitro. Mouse macrophages, Raw 264.7 cells, were cultured on plastic, type I collagen, corneal stromal slice or AM stromal matrix in serum-free medium with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Cells were stained by LIVE/DEAD assay, Hoechst-33342, and TUNEL assay for cell death and apoptosis. Cell lysates and conditioned media were analysed by Cell Death Detection ELISA assay for quantitation of apoptosis. Conditioned media were also analysed by Griess assay for the nitrite concentration and ELISA assay for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentration. Lysates of cells were subjected to Western blot analyses of IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, p65 (RelA) subunit of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), total Akt, phospho-Akt (Ser473), and phospho-FKHR (Thr24)/phosphor-FKHRL1 (Thr32). At 48hr after cultivation, cells showed a low level of apoptosis when cultured on plastic, type I collagen and corneal stromal slice with or without IFN-gamma and on AM without IFN-gamma. Nevertheless, cells showed a significant increase of apoptosis when cultured on AM with IFN-gamma activation, and this phenomenon became apparent only after 48 hr. IFN-gamma-activated macrophages on plastic continuously produced nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha during 72 hr culturing. In contrast, there was no NO and TNF-alpha production after 48 hr culture on AM. NO inhibitors, L-NMMA and L-NIL, attenuated NO production of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages on AM, while apoptosis was not decreased accordingly. Expression of IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, p65 (RelA) subunit of NF-kappaB total Akt, phosopho-Akt (Ser473), and phospho-FKHR (Thr24)/FKHRL1 (Thr32) was all down-regulated in IFN-gamma-activated macrophages cultured on AM. In conclusion, AM stromal matrix induces apoptosis of IFN-gamma activated, but not non-activated macrophages, not through the generation of NO, but instead by down-regulating anti-apoptotic NF-kappaB and Akt-FKHR signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scheffer C.G. Tseng
- Corresponding author. Ocular Surface Center and Tissue Tech, Inc., 7000 SW 97 Avenue, Suite 213, Miami, FL 33173, USA. address:
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46
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Schaefer L, Babelova A, Kiss E, Hausser HJ, Baliova M, Krzyzankova M, Marsche G, Young MF, Mihalik D, Götte M, Malle E, Schaefer RM, Gröne HJ. The matrix component biglycan is proinflammatory and signals through Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 in macrophages. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2223-33. [PMID: 16025156 PMCID: PMC1174916 DOI: 10.1172/jci23755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biglycan, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, is a ubiquitous ECM component; however, its biological role has not been elucidated in detail. Here we show that biglycan acts in macrophages as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 and TLR2, which mediate innate immunity, leading to rapid activation of p38, ERK, and NF-kappaB and thereby stimulating the expression of TNF-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). In agreement, the stimulatory effects of biglycan are significantly reduced in TLR4-mutant (TLR4-M), TLR2-/-, and myeloid differentiation factor 88-/- (MyD88-/-) macrophages and completely abolished in TLR2-/-/TLR4-M macrophages. Biglycan-null mice have a considerable survival benefit in LPS- or zymosan-induced sepsis due to lower levels of circulating TNF-alpha and reduced infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lung, which cause less end-organ damage. Importantly, when stimulated by LPS-induced proinflammatory factors, macrophages themselves are able to synthesize biglycan. Thus, biglycan, upon release from the ECM or from macrophages, can boost inflammation by signaling through TLR4 and TLR2, thereby enhancing the synthesis of TNF-alpha and MIP-2. Our results provide evidence for what is, to our knowledge, a novel role of the matrix component biglycan as a signaling molecule and a crucial proinflammatory factor. These findings are potentially relevant for the development of new strategies in the treatment of sepsis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Biglycan
- Extracellular Matrix/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sepsis/chemically induced
- Sepsis/metabolism
- Sepsis/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Zymosan/toxicity
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Department of Medicine D, Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Bi Y, Stuelten CH, Kilts T, Wadhwa S, Iozzo RV, Robey PG, Chen XD, Young MF. Extracellular matrix proteoglycans control the fate of bone marrow stromal cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30481-9. [PMID: 15964849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans bind a variety of growth factors and cytokines thereby regulating matrix assembly as well as bone formation. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which extracellular matrix molecules modulate osteogenic stem cells and bone formation. Using mice deficient in two members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, we uncovered a role for these two extracellular matrix proteoglycans in modulating bone formation from bone marrow stromal cells. Our studies showed that the absence of the critical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, prevents TGF-beta from proper sequestration within the extracellular matrix. The excess TGF-beta directly binds to its receptors on bone marrow stromal cells and overactivates its signaling transduction pathway. Overall, the predominant effect of the increased TGF-beta signaling in bgn/dcn-deficient bone marrow stromal cells is a "switch in fate" from growth to apoptosis, leading to decreased numbers of osteoprogenitor cells and subsequently reduced bone formation. Thus, biglycan and decorin appear to be essential for maintaining an appropriate number of mature osteoblasts by modulating the proliferation and survival of bone marrow stromal cells. These findings underscore the importance of the micro-environment in controlling the fate of adult stem cells and reveal a novel cellular and molecular basis for the physiological and pathological control of bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Bi
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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48
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Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K. Regulation and role of transforming growth factor-beta in immune tolerance induction and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 16:709-16. [PMID: 15511662 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to mediate pleiotropic functions both inside and outside the immune system. Recent progress in this field underlines the role of TGF-beta in regulatory T (Treg) cells, where it participates in both suppression and differentiation. In addition, recent information highlights the role of TGF-beta in repair responses that lead to matrix deposition and tissue remodelling. Many chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, profit from the suppression of specific immune responses by TGF-beta; however, TGF-beta-mediated tissue remodelling can be a serious complication in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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49
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Hosaka Y, Kirisawa R, Mafune N, Takehana K. Downregulation of decorin and transforming growth factor-beta1 by decorin gene suppression in tendinocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2005; 46:18-26. [PMID: 16019410 DOI: 10.1080/03008200590935510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Scars formed after tendonitis result in altered tissue mechanical properties after injury. The interaction of collagen molecules with decorin affects collagen fibrogenesis, and scar tissue is fragile as a consequence of a large amount of decorin in the scar. We hypothesized that scar formation could be prevented by controlling decorin expression in tendinocytes. As a preliminary experiment, we treated tendinocytes with decorin antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Tendinocytes were isolated from Achilles tendons of New Zealand white rabbits and treated with ODN. When tendinocytes were transfected with decorin sense ODN, there was no alteration, whereas decorin antisense ODN-treated tendinocytes showed suppression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 production. Decorin and TGF-beta1-production of tendinocytes is regulated by decorin gene suppression. The results showed that the antisense approach is an attractive therapeutic strategy not only for preventing decorin deposition in scar tissue, which decreases collagen fibril diameter, but also for controlling TGF-beta1 production, which leads to organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Hosaka
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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50
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Wien TN, Sørby R, Omtvedt LA, Landsverk T, Husby G. Kinetics of Glycosaminoglycan Deposition in Splenic AA Amyloidosis Induced in Mink. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:600-8. [PMID: 15584971 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of splenic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression in mink has been investigated during the course of AA amyloid induction, i.e. at 3 to 6 weeks of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Splenic amyloid was demonstrated by means of Congo red staining in five of 19 LPS-treated mink. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), as well as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), was extracted from amyloid and control spleens. Independently of the presence of amyloid, the total amount of splenic GAGs increased with the duration of LPS treatment, and an HSPG population was found confined to the LPS-treated spleens. The differential expression of various PG and GAG epitopes in mink spleen was investigated with the help of immunohistochemistry. The amyloid deposits were shown to contain GAG chains of CS and HS, and the core proteins of DSPG decorin and the HSPGs perlecan and agrin. Decorin and perlecan were shown in normal spleens localized to the splenic ellipsoids, an early target for AA amyloid deposition. The constitutive expression of PGs at predilection sites for amyloid deposition and their increased expression in the tissues developing amyloidosis at these early stages show that PGs are available for the formation and deposition of AA amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Wien
- Department of Rheumatology/Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Finland.
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