1
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Chen G, Kong D, Lin Y. Neo-Antigen-Reactive T Cells Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: A More Personalized Cancer Therapy Approach. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200186. [PMID: 37970536 PMCID: PMC10632666 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignancy in women and the third most frequent cancer in men. Evidence has revealed that the survival of patients with metastatic CRC is very low, between one and three years. Neoantigens are known proteins encoded by mutations in tumor cells. It is theorized that recognizing neoantigens by T cells leads to T cell activation and further antitumor responses. Neoantigen-reactive T cells (NRTs) are designed against the mentioned neoantigens expressed by tumor cells. NRTs selectively kill tumor cells without damage to non-cancerous cells. Identifying patient-specific and high immunogen neoantigens is important in NRT immunotherapy of patients with CRC. However, the main challenges are the side effects and preparation of NRTs, as well as the effectiveness of these cells in vivo. This review summarized the properties of neoantigens as well as the preparation and therapeutic outcomes of NRTs for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan‐Liang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Shaoxing UniversityShaoxing312000China
| | - De‐Xia Kong
- Center for General Practice MedicineDepartment of GastroenterologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeNo. 158 Shangtang RoadHangzhouZhejiang310014China
| | - Yan Lin
- Center for General Practice MedicineDepartment of GastroenterologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeNo. 158 Shangtang RoadHangzhouZhejiang310014China
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2
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, Tyler SR, Aranda CJ, Wang J, Sicherer S, Sampson HA, Wood RA, Burks AW, Jones SM, Leung DYM, de Lafaille MC, Berin MC. Allergen recognition by specific effector Th2 cells enables IL-2-dependent activation of regulatory T-cell responses in humans. Allergy 2023; 78:697-713. [PMID: 36089900 PMCID: PMC10111618 DOI: 10.1111/all.15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 allergen-specific T cells are essential for the induction and maintenance of allergies to foods, and Tregs specific for these allergens are assumed to be involved in their resolution. However, it has not been convincingly demonstrated whether allergen-specific Treg responses are responsible for the generation of oral tolerance in humans. We observed that sustained food allergen exposure in the form of oral immunotherapy resulted in increased frequency of Tregs only in individuals with lasting clinical tolerance. We sought to identify regulatory components of the CD4+ T-cell response to food allergens by studying their functional activation over time in vitro and in vivo. Two subsets of Tregs expressing CD137 or CD25/OX40 were identified with a delayed kinetics of activation compared with clonally enriched pathogenic effector Th2 cells. Treg activation was dependent on IL-2 derived from effector T cells. In vivo exposure to peanut in the form of an oral food challenge of allergic subjects induced a delayed and persistent activation of Tregs after initiation of the allergen-specific Th2 response. The novel finding of our work is that a sustained wave of Treg activation is induced by the release of IL-2 from Th2 effector cells, with the implication that therapeutic administration of IL-2 could improve current OIT approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott R Tyler
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos J Aranda
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott Sicherer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert A Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacie M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria Curotto de Lafaille
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Müller D. Targeting Co-Stimulatory Receptors of the TNF Superfamily for Cancer Immunotherapy. BioDrugs 2023; 37:21-33. [PMID: 36571696 PMCID: PMC9836981 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors is an important advancement in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, the percentage of beneficiaries is still limited and it is becoming clear that combination therapies are required to further enhance the treatment efficacy. The potential of strategies targeting the immunoregulatory network by "hitting the gas pedal" as opposed to "blocking the brakes" is being recognized and intensively investigated. Hence, next to immune checkpoint inhibitors, agonists of co-stimulatory receptors of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNF-SF) are emerging as promising options to expand the immunomodulatory toolbox. In this review the development of different categories of recombinant antibody and ligand-based agonists of 4-1BB, OX40, and GITR is summarized and discussed in the context of the challenges presented by the structural and mechanistical features of the TNFR-SF. An overview of current formats, trends, and clinical studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Müller
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell potency: from structural elements to vector backbone components. Biomark Res 2022; 10:70. [PMID: 36123710 PMCID: PMC9487061 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient’s own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved remarkable success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Once equipped with a CAR construct, T cells act as living drugs and recognize and eliminate the target tumor cells in an MHC-independent manner. In this review, we first described all structural modular of CAR in detail, focusing on more recent findings. We then pointed out behind-the-scene elements contributing to CAR expression and reviewed how CAR expression can be drastically affected by the elements embedded in the viral vector backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Kim AMJ, Nemeth MR, Lim SO. 4-1BB: A promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:968360. [PMID: 36185242 PMCID: PMC9515902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.968360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, powered by its relative efficacy and safety, has become a prominent therapeutic strategy utilized in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Within this class of therapeutics, there is a variety of drug types such as immune checkpoint blockade therapies, vaccines, and T cell transfer therapies that serve the purpose of harnessing the body’s immune system to combat disease. Of these different types, immune checkpoint blockades that target coinhibitory receptors, which dampen the body’s immune response, have been widely studied and established in clinic. In contrast, however, there remains room for the development and improvement of therapeutics that target costimulatory receptors and enhance the immune response against tumors, one of which being the 4-1BB (CD137/ILA/TNFRSF9) receptor. 4-1BB has been garnering attention as a promising therapeutic target in the setting of cancer, amongst other diseases, due to its broad expression profile and ability to stimulate various signaling pathways involved in the generation of a potent immune response. Since its discovery and demonstration of potential as a clinical target, major progress has been made in the knowledge of 4-1BB and the development of clinical therapeutics that target it. Thus, we seek to summarize and provide a comprehensive update and outlook on those advancements in the context of cancer and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Min Jung Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Macy Rose Nemeth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute of Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Seung-Oe Lim,
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6
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Zanetti M, Xian S, Dosset M, Carter H. The Unfolded Protein Response at the Tumor-Immune Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823157. [PMID: 35237269 PMCID: PMC8882736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-immune interface has surged to primary relevance in an effort to understand the hurdles facing immune surveillance and cancer immunotherapy. Reports over the past decades have indicated a role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) in modulating not only tumor cell fitness and drug resistance, but also local immunity, with emphasis on the phenotype and altered function of immune cells such as myeloid cells and T cells. Emerging evidence also suggests that aneuploidy correlates with local immune dysregulation. Recently, we reported that the UPR serves as a link between aneuploidy and immune cell dysregulation in a cell nonautonomous way. These new findings add considerable complexity to the organization of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the origin of its altered function. In this review, we summarize these data and also discuss the role of aneuploidy as a negative regulator of local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Zanetti
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Maurizio Zanetti, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6346-8776
| | - Su Xian
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Magalie Dosset
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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7
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Braud VM, Meghraoui-Kheddar A, Elaldi R, Petti L, Germain C, Anjuère F. LLT1-CD161 Interaction in Cancer: Promises and Challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847576. [PMID: 35185935 PMCID: PMC8854185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer has changed our way of thinking, promoting the design of future cancer treatments that places the immune system at the center stage. The knowledge gained on immune regulation and tolerance helped the identification of promising new clinical immune targets. Among them, the lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1) is the ligand of CD161 (NKR-P1A) receptor expressed on natural killer cells and T cells. LLT1/CD161 interaction modulates immune responses but the exact nature of the signals delivered is still partially resolved. Investigation on the role of LLT1/CD161 interaction has been hampered by the lack of functional homologues in animal models. Also, some studies have been misled by the use of non-specific reagents. Recent studies and meta-analyses of single cell data are bringing new insights into the function of LLT1 and CD161 in human pathology and notably in cancer. The advances made on the characterization of the tumor microenvironment prompt us to integrate LLT1/CD161 interaction into the equation. This review recapitulates the key findings on the expression profile of LLT1 and CD161, their regulation, the role of their interaction in cancer development, and the relevance of targeting LLT1/CD161 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique M. Braud
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Veronique M. Braud,
| | - Aïda Meghraoui-Kheddar
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Roxane Elaldi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Luciana Petti
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Fabienne Anjuère
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
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8
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The Implementation of TNFRSF Co-Stimulatory Domains in CAR-T Cells for Optimal Functional Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020299. [PMID: 35053463 PMCID: PMC8773791 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) is a large and important immunoregulatory family that provides crucial co-stimulatory signals to many if not all immune effector cells. Each co-stimulatory TNFRSF member has a distinct expression profile and a unique functional impact on various types of cells and at different stages of the immune response. Correspondingly, exploiting TNFRSF-mediated signaling for cancer immunotherapy has been a major field of interest, with various therapeutic TNFRSF-exploiting anti-cancer approaches such as 4-1BB and CD27 agonistic antibodies being evaluated (pre)clinically. A further application of TNFRSF signaling is the incorporation of the intracellular co-stimulatory domain of a TNFRSF into so-called Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) constructs for CAR-T cell therapy, the most prominent example of which is the 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain included in the clinically approved product Kymriah. In fact, CAR-T cell function can be clearly influenced by the unique co-stimulatory features of members of the TNFRSF. Here, we review a select group of TNFRSF members (4-1BB, OX40, CD27, CD40, HVEM, and GITR) that have gained prominence as co-stimulatory domains in CAR-T cell therapy and illustrate the unique features that each confers to CAR-T cells.
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9
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Zhu Y, Qian Y, Li Z, Li Y, Li B. Neoantigen-reactive T cell: An emerging role in adoptive cellular immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:207-220. [PMID: 34766142 PMCID: PMC8491202 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy harnessing the intrinsic immune system for precise treatment has exhibited preliminary success against malignant tumors. As one of the emerging roles in adoptive cellular immunotherapy, neoantigen-reactive T cell (NRT) focuses on the antigens expressed only by tumor cells. It exclusively obliterates tumor and spares normal tissues, achieving more satisfying effects. However, the development of NRT immunotherapy remains in a relatively primitive stage. Current challenges include identification of NRTs and maintenance of adoptive cell efficacy in vivo. The possible side effects and other limitations of this treatment also hinder its application. Here, we present an overview of NRT immunotherapy and discuss the progress and challenges as well as the prospects in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Youkun Qian
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhile Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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10
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Mascarelli DE, Rosa RSM, Toscaro JM, Semionatto IF, Ruas LP, Fogagnolo CT, Lima GC, Bajgelman MC. Boosting Antitumor Response by Costimulatory Strategies Driven to 4-1BB and OX40 T-cell Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692982. [PMID: 34277638 PMCID: PMC8277962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy explores several strategies to enhance the host immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate cancer cells. The use of antibodies that block immunological checkpoints, such as anti–programed death 1/programed death 1 ligand and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4, is widely recognized to generate a long-lasting antitumor immune response in several types of cancer. Evidence indicates that the elimination of tumors by T cells is the key for tumor control. It is well known that costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways are critical regulators in the activation of T cells. Besides blocking checkpoints inhibitors, the agonistic signaling on costimulatory molecules also plays an important role in T-cell activation and antitumor response. Therefore, molecules driven to costimulatory pathways constitute promising targets in cancer therapy. The costimulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors on lymphocytes surface may transduce signals that control the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of these immune cells. Among the members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, there are 4-1BB and OX40. Several clinical studies have been carried out targeting these molecules, with agonist monoclonal antibodies, and preclinical studies exploring their ligands and other experimental approaches. In this review, we discuss functional aspects of 4-1BB and OX40 costimulation, as well as the progress of its application in immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele E Mascarelli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rhubia S M Rosa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isadora F Semionatto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Ruas
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolinne T Fogagnolo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Lima
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Pro Rectory of Graduation, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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11
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Germain C, Devi-Marulkar P, Knockaert S, Biton J, Kaplon H, Letaïef L, Goc J, Seguin-Givelet A, Gossot D, Girard N, Validire P, Lefèvre M, Damotte D, Alifano M, Lemoine FM, Steele KE, Teillaud JL, Hammond SA, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-B Cells Narrow Regulatory T Cells Impact in Lung Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626776. [PMID: 33763071 PMCID: PMC7983944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the tumor microenvironment is associated with better clinical outcome in many cancers. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we have previously showed that a high density of B cells within TLS (TLS-B cells) is positively correlated with tumor antigen-specific antibody responses and increased intratumor CD4+ T cell clonality. Here, we investigated the relationship between the presence of TLS-B cells and CD4+ T cell profile in NSCLC patients. The expression of immune-related genes and proteins on B cells and CD4+ T cells was analyzed according to their relationship to TLS-B density in a prospective cohort of 56 NSCLC patients. We observed that tumor-infiltrating T cells showed marked differences according to TLS-B cell presence, with higher percentages of naïve, central-memory, and activated CD4+ T cells and lower percentages of both immune checkpoint (ICP)-expressing CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TLS-Bhigh tumors. A retrospective study of 538 untreated NSCLC patients showed that high TLS-B cell density was even able to counterbalance the deleterious impact of high Treg density on patient survival, and that TLS-Bhigh Treglow patients had the best clinical outcomes. Overall, the correlation between the density of TLS-Bhigh tumors with early differentiated, activated and non-regulatory CD4+ T cell cells suggest that B cells may play a central role in determining protective T cell responses in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Germain
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Priyanka Devi-Marulkar
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Samantha Knockaert
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Biton
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Kaplon
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Laïla Letaïef
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Goc
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Seguin-Givelet
- Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Thoracic Department, Curie-Montsouris Thorax Institute, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Gossot
- Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Thoracic Department, Curie-Montsouris Thorax Institute, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Girard
- Oncology Department, Curie-Montsouris Thorax Institute, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Marine Lefèvre
- Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Thoracic Department, Curie-Montsouris Thorax Institute, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François M Lemoine
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Keith E Steele
- Oncology Translational Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Scott A Hammond
- Oncology Research, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", INSERM U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
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12
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Hombach AA, Heiders J, Foppe M, Chmielewski M, Abken H. OX40 costimulation by a chimeric antigen receptor abrogates CD28 and IL-2 induced IL-10 secretion by redirected CD4(+) T cells. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:458-466. [PMID: 22754764 PMCID: PMC3382912 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirected T cells recently showed remarkable anti-tumor efficacy in early phase clinical trials; self-repression of the immune response by T-cell secreted cytokines, however, is still an issue raising interest to abrogate the secretion of repressive cytokines while preserving the panel of CAR induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. We here revealed that T-cell activation by a CD28-ζ signaling CAR induced IL-10 secretion, which compromises T cell based immunity, along with the release of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-2. T cells stimulated by a ζ CAR without costimulation did not secrete IL-2 or IL-10; the latter, however, could be induced by supplementation with IL-2. Abrogation of CD28-ζ CAR induced IL-2 release by CD28 mutation did not reduce IL-10 secretion indicating that IL-10 can be induced by both a CD28 and an IL-2 mediated pathway. In contrast to the CD28-ζ CAR, a CAR with OX40 (CD134) costimulation did not induce IL-10. OX40 cosignaling by a 3rd generation CD28-ζ-OX40 CAR repressed CD28 induced IL-10 secretion but did not affect the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-cell amplification or T-cell mediated cytolysis. IL-2 induced IL-10 was also repressed by OX40 co-signaling. OX40 moreover repressed IL-10 secretion by regulatory T cells which are strong IL-10 producers upon activation. Taken together OX40 cosignaling in CAR redirected T cell activation effectively represses IL-10 secretion which contributes to counteract self-repression and provides a rationale to explore OX40 co-signaling CARs in order to prolong a redirected T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Hombach
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Tumor Genetics; Department I Internal Medicine; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
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13
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Th1 responses in vivo require cell-specific provision of OX40L dictated by environmental cues. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3421. [PMID: 32647184 PMCID: PMC7347572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The OX40-OX40L pathway provides crucial co-stimulatory signals for CD4 T cell responses, however the precise cellular interactions critical for OX40L provision in vivo and when these occur, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that provision of OX40L by dendritic cells (DCs), but not T cells, B cells nor group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), is critical specifically for the effector Th1 response to an acute systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). OX40L expression by DCs is regulated by cross-talk with NK cells, with IFNγ signalling to the DC to enhance OX40L in a mechanism conserved in both mouse and human DCs. Strikingly, DC expression of OX40L is redundant in a chronic intestinal Th1 response and expression by ILC3s is necessary. Collectively these data reveal tissue specific compartmentalisation of the cellular provision of OX40L and define a mechanism controlling DC expression of OX40L in vivo. The OX40-OX40L axis is a crucial component of the costimulatory requirement of CD4 T cell responses. Here, the authors show context and cell type specific expression of OX40L for driving Th1 cell generation during acute and chronic models of infection.
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14
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Odobasic D, Ruth AJ, Oudin V, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. OX40 ligand is inhibitory during the effector phase of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:429-441. [PMID: 29939347 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional relevance of OX40 ligand (OX40L) in the effector phase of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is unknown. These studies defined the role of endogenous OX40L during the effector stage of murine crescentic GN. METHODS GN was induced by immunization with sheep globulin/adjuvant on Day 0 and injection of sheep anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) on Day 10. Rat IgG or neutralizing anti-OX40L antibody was administered on Days 10-18 and immune responses and renal injury assessed on Day 20. RESULTS Compared with naïve animals, OX40L was upregulated in the lymph nodes (LNs) and on leucocytes and resident non-immune cells in the kidneys of mice with GN. Inhibition of OX40L in GN augmented renal injury, as indicated by increased crescent formation, proteinuria and glomerular leucocyte accumulation. In line with increased injury, anti-OX40L treatment increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of CD4 T cells in the LNs, without affecting LN CD4 cytokine production and CD8 T-cell responses. Blockade of OX40L decreased LN regulatory T-cell (Treg) proliferation, transforming growth factor β production and foxp3 expression. OX40L inhibition did not affect B cell expansion or circulating antibody levels. In the kidney, neutralization of OX40L augmented interferon γ (IFNγ) expression by CD4 and CD8 T cells and shifted macrophage polarization towards the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS OX40L is protective during the effector phase of murine crescentic GN by reducing the expansion of CD4 T cells and enhancing Treg responses in the LNs, and by locally inhibiting T-cell IFNγ production and pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Odobasic
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda J Ruth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginie Oudin
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Deng J, Zhao S, Zhang X, Jia K, Wang H, Zhou C, He Y. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand, important immune checkpoints in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7347-7353. [PMID: 31564917 PMCID: PMC6735535 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s214211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown promising results in cancer treatment. Research shows that most patients might be resistant to these therapies. So, new immune therapies are needed. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand (OX40L), costimulatory molecules, express on different types of immune cells. The interaction between OX40 and OX40L (OX40/OX40L) induces the expansion and proliferation of T cells and decreases the immunosuppression of regulatory T (Treg) cells to enhance the immune response to the specific antigen. For the important role OX40 takes in the process of immunity, many clinical trials are focusing on OX40 to find out whether it may have active effects in clinical cancer treatment. The results of clinical trials are still not enough. So, we reviewed the OX40 and its ligand (OX40L) function in cancer, clinical trials with OX40/OX40L and the correlation between OX40/OX40L and other immune checkpoints to add more ideas to tumor feasible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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16
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Rivera-Molina Y, Jiang H, Fueyo J, Nguyen T, Shin DH, Youssef G, Fan X, Gumin J, Alonso MM, Phadnis S, Lang FF, Gomez-Manzano C. GITRL-armed Delta-24-RGD oncolytic adenovirus prolongs survival and induces anti-glioma immune memory. Neurooncol Adv 2019; 1:vdz009. [PMID: 31608328 PMCID: PMC6777503 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viroimmunotherapy is evolving as a strong alternative for the standard treatment of malignant gliomas. Promising results from a recent clinical trial testing the anticancer effect of Delta-24-RGD in patients with glioblastoma suggested the induction of antitumoral immunity after viral administration. To further enhance the anti-glioma immune effect, we have armed Delta-24-RGD with the costimulatory ligand GITRL (Delta-24-GREAT [Glucocorticoid Receptor Enhanced Activity of T cells]). Methods We tested the infectivity and replication of Delta-24-GREAT, and the expression of ectopic GITRL in human and murine glioma cell lines. In vivo experiments involved the intracranial implantation of glioma cells into an immunocompetent model to study the anticancer effect, and rechallenging experiments to study long-term protection. Phenotypic and functional characterization of lymphocyte populations were performed by FACS and ELISA for Th1 cytokines expression, respectively. Results Our results showed that Delta-24-GREAT infects and induces the expression of GITRL. Delta-24-GREAT prolonged the survival of glioma-bearing immunocompetent mice and resulted in both anti-viral and anti-glioma immune responses, including increased frequency of central memory CD8+ T cells. Rechallenging the surviving mice with a second implantation of glioma cells did not lead to tumor growth; however, the surviving mice developed lethal tumors when B16/F10 melanoma cells were implanted intracranially, strongly indicating that the immune response was specific for glioma antigens. Conclusions GITRL-armed Delta-24-RGD treatment results in an antigen-restricted antitumor memory, an enhanced anti-glioma effect, and the generation of central immune memory. Our results strongly indicate that this strategy represents a vertical advance in virotherapy designed to treat patients with malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel Rivera-Molina
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilbert Youssef
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sheetal Phadnis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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17
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Saung MT, Muth S, Ding D, Thomas DL, Blair AB, Tsujikawa T, Coussens L, Jaffee EM, Zheng L. Targeting myeloid-inflamed tumor with anti-CSF-1R antibody expands CD137+ effector T-cells in the murine model of pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:118. [PMID: 30424804 PMCID: PMC6234697 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pancreatic cancer vaccine, GVAX, induces novel lymphoid aggregates in the otherwise immune quiescent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). GVAX also upregulates the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, and a pre-clinical model demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of combination GVAX and anti-PD-1 antibody therapy (GVAX/αPD-1). Resistance to GVAX was associated with an immune-suppressive myeloid cell infiltration, which may limit further therapeutic gains of GVAX/αPD-1 therapy. The expression of CSF-1R, a receptor important for myeloid cell migration, differentiation and survival, and the effect of its therapeutic blockade in the context of GVAX in PDAC has not been investigated. METHODS Lymphoid aggregates appreciated in 24 surgically resected PDAC from patients who received one dose of neoadjuvant GVAX were analyzed with multiplex immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry analysis of tumor infiltrating T-cells in a murine model of PDAC was performed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of anti-CSF-1R/anti-PD-1/GVAX combination immunotherapy. RESULTS High CSF-1R expression in resected PDAC from patients who received neoadjuvant GVAX was associated with a higher myeloid to lymphoid cell ratio (p < 0.05), which has been associated with poorer survival. This higher CSF-1R expression was associated with a higher intra-tumoral infiltration of immature dendritic cells (p < 0.05), but not mature dendritic cells (p = 0.132). In the pre-clinical murine model, administering anti-CSF-1R antibody prior to and after GVAX/αPD-1 ("pre/post-αCSF-1R + αPD-1 + GVAX") enhanced the survival rate compared to GVAX/αPD-1 dual therapy (p = 0.005), but administering anti-CSF-1R only before GVAX/αPD-1 did not (p = 0.41). The "pre/post-αCSF-1R + αPD-1 + GVAX" group also had higher intra-tumoral infiltration of PD-1 + CD8+ and PD-1 + CD4+ T-cells compared to αPD-1/GVAX (p < 0.001). Furthermore, this regimen increased the intra-tumoral infiltration of PD-1 + CD137 + CD8+, PD-1 + CD137 + CD4+ and PD-1 + OX40 + CD4+ T-cells (p < 0.001). These PD-1 + CD137 + CD8+ T-cells expressed high levels of interferon-γ (median 80-90%) in response to stimulation with CD3/CD28 activation beads, and this expression was higher than that of PD-1 + CD137-CD8+ T-cells (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The conversion of exhausted PD-1+ T-cells to CD137+ activated effector T-cells may contribute to the anti-tumor effects of the anti-CSF-1R/anti-PD-1/GVAX combination therapy. Anti-CSF-1R antibody with anti-PD-1 antibody and GVAX have the potential be an effective therapeutic strategy for treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Tun Saung
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Muth
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwayne L Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex B Blair
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takahiro Tsujikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lisa Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Othman AS, Franke-Fayard BM, Imai T, van der Gracht ETI, Redeker A, Salman AM, Marin-Mogollon C, Ramesar J, Chevalley-Maurel S, Janse CJ, Arens R, Khan SM. OX40 Stimulation Enhances Protective Immune Responses Induced After Vaccination With Attenuated Malaria Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:247. [PMID: 30073152 PMCID: PMC6060232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection against a malaria infection can be achieved by immunization with live-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites and while the precise mechanisms of protection remain unknown, T cell responses are thought to be critical in the elimination of infected liver cells. In cancer immunotherapies, agonistic antibodies that target T cell surface proteins, such as CD27, OX40 (CD134), and 4-1BB (CD137), have been used to enhance T cell function by increasing co-stimulation. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of agonistic OX40 monoclonal antibody treatment on protective immunity induced in mice immunized with genetically attenuated parasites (GAPs). OX40 stimulation enhanced protective immunity after vaccination as shown by an increase in the number of protected mice and delay to blood-stage infection after challenge with wild-type sporozoites. Consistent with the enhanced protective immunity enforced OX40 stimulation resulted in an increased expansion of antigen-experienced effector (CD11ahiCD44hi) CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the liver and spleen and also increased IFN-γ and TNF producing CD4+ T cells in the liver and spleen. In addition, GAP immunization plus α-OX40 treatment significantly increased sporozoite-specific IgG responses. Thus, we demonstrate that targeting T cell costimulatory receptors can improve sporozoite-based vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Syibli Othman
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Blandine M Franke-Fayard
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Takashi Imai
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esmé T I van der Gracht
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherin Marin-Mogollon
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jai Ramesar
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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19
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Cobbold SP, Adams E, Howie D, Waldmann H. CD4 + T Cell Fate Decisions Are Stochastic, Precede Cell Division, Depend on GITR Co-Stimulation, and Are Associated With Uropodium Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1381. [PMID: 29967616 PMCID: PMC6015874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During an immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells proliferate and generate a range of effector, memory, and regulatory T cell subsets, but how these processes are co-ordinated remains unclear. A traditional model suggests that memory cells use mitochondrial respiration and are survivors from a pool of previously proliferating and glycolytic, but short-lived effector cells. A more recent model proposes a binary commitment to either a memory or effector cell lineage during a first, asymmetric cell division, with each lineage able to undergo subsequent proliferation and differentiation. We used improved fixation and staining methods with imaging flow cytometry in an optimized in vitro system that indicates a third model. We found that cell fates result from stochastic decisions that depend on GITR co-stimulation and which take place before any cell division. Effector cell commitment is associated with mTORC2 signaling leading to uropodium development, while developing memory cells lose mitochondria, have a nuclear localization of NFκB and depend on TGFβ for their survival. Induced, T helper subsets and foxp3+ regulatory T cells were found in both the effector and memory cell lineages. This in vitro model of T cell differentiation is well suited to testing how manipulation of cytokine, nutrient, and other components of the microenvironment might be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Expression and Clinical Correlations of Costimulatory Molecules on Peripheral T Lymphocyte Subsets of Early-Stage Severe Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study. Shock 2018; 49:631-640. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been clinically proven to efficiently combat haematological malignancies. However, continuous efforts are required to increase the specificity of CAR T-cells against tumour versus normal tissues, and are essential to improve their antitumour activity in solid tumours. This review summarises the structure of major CAR designs, and strategies to overcome immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, and reduce toxicities. Along with reviewing currently available techniques that allow the elimination of CAR T-cells after they fulfil their desired functions, using suicide genes, drug elimination strategies are also introduced. A better understanding of the strengths and pitfalls of CAR T-cell therapy will provide fundamental knowledge for the improvement of engineered T-cell therapy in the near future.
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22
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Söderström LÅ, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. CD137: A checkpoint regulator involved in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 272:66-72. [PMID: 29571029 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with atherosclerotic plaque development and precipitation of myocardial infarction and stroke, and anti-inflammatory therapy may reduce disease severity. Costimulatory molecules are key regulators of immune cell activity and inflammation, and are associated with disease development in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that a costimulatory molecule of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor superfamily, the checkpoint regulator CD137, promotes atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in experimental models. In light of the burgeoning consideration of CD137-targeted therapy in the clinic, it will be important to better understand costimulator immunobiology in development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we review available data on the costimulator CD137 and its potential role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Å Söderström
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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23
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Braud VM, Biton J, Becht E, Knockaert S, Mansuet-Lupo A, Cosson E, Damotte D, Alifano M, Validire P, Anjuère F, Cremer I, Girard N, Gossot D, Seguin-Givelet A, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Germain C. Expression of LLT1 and its receptor CD161 in lung cancer is associated with better clinical outcome. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1423184. [PMID: 29721382 PMCID: PMC5927544 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells in the tumor microenvironment modulate the immune response and cancer progression. Their expression and regulation are still not fully characterized and a better understanding of these mechanisms is needed to improve current immunotherapies. Our previous work has identified a novel ligand/receptor pair, LLT1/CD161, that modulates immune responses. Here, we extensively characterize its expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We show that LLT1 expression is restricted to germinal center (GC) B cells within tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), representing a new hallmark of the presence of active TLS in the tumor microenvironment. CD161-expressing immune cells are found at the vicinity of these structures, with a global enrichment of NSCLC tumors in CD161+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as compared to normal distant lung and peripheral blood. CD161+ CD4+ T cells are more activated and produce Th1-cytokines at a higher frequency than their matched CD161-negative counterparts. Interestingly, CD161+ CD4+ T cells highly express OX40 co-stimulatory receptor, less frequently 4-1BB, and display an activated but not completely exhausted PD-1-positive Tim-3-negative phenotype. Finally, a meta-analysis revealed a positive association of CLEC2D (coding for LLT1) and KLRB1 (coding for CD161) gene expression with favorable outcome in NSCLC, independently of the size of T and B cell infiltrates. These data are consistent with a positive impact of LLT1/CD161 on NSCLC patient survival, and make CD161-expressing CD4+ T cells ideal candidates for efficient anti-tumor recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique M. Braud
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Jérôme Biton
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Becht
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Samantha Knockaert
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Mansuet-Lupo
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Cosson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Anjuère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Girard
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut du Thorax Curie-Montsouris, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Gossot
- Thoracic Department, Institut du Thorax Curie-Montsouris, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Seguin-Givelet
- Thoracic Department, Institut du Thorax Curie-Montsouris, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Germain
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Tumors”, Department “Cancer, Immunology, Immunotherapy”, INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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24
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Mittal P, Abblett R, Ryan JM, Hagymasi AT, Agyekum-Yamoah A, Svedova J, Reiner SL, St Rose MC, Hanley MP, Vella AT, Adler AJ. An Immunotherapeutic CD137 Agonist Releases Eomesodermin from ThPOK Repression in CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1513-1526. [PMID: 29305435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Agonists to the TNF/TNFR costimulatory receptors CD134 (OX40) and CD137 (4-1BB) elicit antitumor immunity. Dual costimulation with anti-CD134 plus anti-CD137 is particularly potent because it programs cytotoxic potential in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Cytotoxicity in dual-costimulated CD4 T cells depends on the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes), which we report is induced via a mechanism that does not rely on IL-2, in contrast to CD8+ CTL, but rather depends on the CD8 T cell lineage commitment transcription factor Runx3, which supports Eomes expression in mature CD8+ CTLs. Further, Eomes and Runx3 were indispensable for dual-costimulated CD4 T cells to mediate antitumor activity in an aggressive melanoma model. Runx3 is also known to be expressed in standard CD4 Th1 cells where it fosters IFN-γ expression; however, the CD4 T cell lineage commitment factor ThPOK represses transcription of Eomes and other CD8 lineage genes, such as Cd8a Hence, CD4 T cells can differentiate into Eomes+ cytotoxic CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells by terminating ThPOK expression. In contrast, dual-costimulated CD4 T cells express Eomes, despite the continued expression of ThPOK and the absence of CD8α, indicating that Eomes is selectively released from ThPOK repression. Finally, although Eomes was induced by CD137 agonist, but not CD134 agonist, administered individually, CD137 agonist failed to induce CD134-/- CD4 T cells to express Eomes or Runx3, indicating that both costimulatory pathways are required for cytotoxic Th1 programming, even when only CD137 is intentionally engaged with a therapeutic agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Mittal
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Rebecca Abblett
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Joseph M Ryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Adam T Hagymasi
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | | | - Julia Svedova
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Marie-Clare St Rose
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Matthew P Hanley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030;
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25
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Willoughby J, Griffiths J, Tews I, Cragg MS. OX40: Structure and function - What questions remain? Mol Immunol 2017; 83:13-22. [PMID: 28092803 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OX40 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, reported nearly 30 years ago as a cell surface antigen expressed on activated T cells. Since its discovery, it has been validated as a bone fide costimulatory molecule for T cells and member of the TNF receptor family. However, many questions still remain relating to its function on different T cell sub-sets and with recent interest in its utility as a target for antibody-mediated immunotherapy, there is a growing need to gain a better understanding of its biology. Here, we review the expression pattern of OX40 and its ligand, discuss the structure of the receptor:ligand interaction, the downstream signalling it can elicit, its function on different T cell subsets and how antibodies might engage with it to provide effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Willoughby
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jordana Griffiths
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Biological Sciences, Life Science Building, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Biological Sciences, Life Science Building, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK; Institute for life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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26
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Waight JD, Gombos RB, Wilson NS. Harnessing co-stimulatory TNF receptors for cancer immunotherapy: Current approaches and future opportunities. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:87-109. [PMID: 28085016 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) can sculpt the responsiveness of T cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens. For this reason, agonist antibodies targeting CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27 have received considerable attention for their therapeutic utility in enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, particularly in combination with other immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting co-inhibitory pathways in T cells. The design of therapeutic antibodies that optimally engage and activate co-stimulatory TNFRs presents an important challenge of how to promote effective anti-tumor immunity while avoiding serious immune-related adverse events. Here we review our current understanding of the expression, signaling and structural features of CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27, and how this may inform the design of pharmacologically active immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting these receptors. This includes the integration of our emerging knowledge of the role of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) in facilitating antibody-mediated receptor clustering and forward signaling, as well as promoting immune effector cell-mediated activities. Finally, we bring our current preclinical and clinical knowledge of co-stimulatory TNFR antibodies into the context of opportunities for next generation molecules with improved pharmacologic properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, IgG/agonists
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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27
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Kumai T, Kobayashi H, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Peptide vaccines in cancer-old concept revisited. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 45:1-7. [PMID: 27940327 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptide vaccines aim to elicit and expand tumor-specific T cells capable of controlling or eradicating the tumor. Despite the high expectations based on preclinical studies, the results of clinical trials using peptide vaccines have been disappointing. Thus, many researchers in the field have considered peptide vaccines as outdated and no longer viable for cancer therapy. However, recent progress in understanding the critical roles of immune adjuvants, modes of vaccine administration and T cell dynamics has lead to a rebirth of this approach and reconsidering the use of peptide vaccines for treating malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Department of Innovative Research for Diagnosis and Treatment of Head & Neck Cancer, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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28
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Kumai T, Lee S, Cho HI, Sultan H, Kobayashi H, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Optimization of Peptide Vaccines to Induce Robust Antitumor CD4 T-cell Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 5:72-83. [PMID: 27941004 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that immunotherapy is a feasible and effective approach for the treatment of numerous types of cancer. Among various immunotherapy options, peptide vaccines to generate antitumor T cells appear as promising candidates, because of their cost effectiveness and ease of implementation. Nevertheless, most peptide vaccines are notorious for being weekly immunogenic and, thus, optimization of the vaccination strategy is essential to achieve therapeutic effectiveness. In addition, effective peptide vaccines must stimulate both CD8 cytotoxic and CD4 helper T lymphocytes. Our group has been successful in designing effective peptide vaccination strategies for inducing CD8 T-cell responses in mouse tumor models. Here, we describe a somewhat similar, but distinct, peptide vaccination strategy capable of generating vast CD4 T-cell responses by combining synthetic peptides with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and OX40/CD40 costimulation. This vaccination strategy was efficient in overcoming immune tolerance to a self-tumor-associated antigen and generated significant antitumor effects in a mouse model of malignant melanoma. The optimized peptide vaccine also allowed the expansion of adoptively transferred CD4 T cells without the need for lymphodepletion and IL2 administration, generating effective antimelanoma responses through the enhancement of proliferative and antiapoptotic activities of CD4 T cells. These results have practical implications in the design of more effective T-cell-based immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 72-83. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immunotherapy
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferons/metabolism
- Interferons/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, OX40/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Innovative Research for Diagnosis and Treatment of Head & Neck Cancer, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hyun-Il Cho
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hussein Sultan
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia.
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29
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Hutton AJ, Polak ME, Spalluto CM, Wallington JC, Pickard C, Staples KJ, Warner JA, Wilkinson TMA. Human Lung Fibroblasts Present Bacterial Antigens to Autologous Lung Th Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:110-118. [PMID: 27895174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung fibroblasts are key structural cells that reside in the submucosa where they are in contact with large numbers of CD4+ Th cells. During severe viral infection and chronic inflammation, the submucosa is susceptible to bacterial invasion by lung microbiota such as nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Given their proximity in tissue, we hypothesized that human lung fibroblasts play an important role in modulating Th cell responses to NTHi. We demonstrate that fibroblasts express the critical CD4+ T cell Ag-presentation molecule HLA-DR within the human lung, and that this expression can be recapitulated in vitro in response to IFN-γ. Furthermore, we observed that cultured lung fibroblasts could internalize live NTHi. Although unable to express CD80 and CD86 in response to stimulation, fibroblasts expressed the costimulatory molecules 4-1BBL, OX-40L, and CD70, all of which are related to memory T cell activation and maintenance. CD4+ T cells isolated from the lung were predominantly (mean 97.5%) CD45RO+ memory cells. Finally, cultured fibroblasts activated IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokine production by autologous, NTHi-specific lung CD4+ T cells, and cytokine production was inhibited by a HLA-DR blocking Ab. These results indicate a novel role for human lung fibroblasts in contributing to responses against bacterial infection through activation of bacteria-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hutton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - C Mirella Spalluto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Joshua C Wallington
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Pickard
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jane A Warner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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30
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Parkhurst M, Gros A, Pasetto A, Prickett T, Crystal JS, Robbins P, Rosenberg SA. Isolation of T-Cell Receptors Specifically Reactive with Mutated Tumor-Associated Antigens from Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Based on CD137 Expression. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2491-2505. [PMID: 27827318 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The adoptive transfer of lymphocytes genetically modified to express tumor reactive T-cell receptors (TCR) can mediate tumor regression. Some tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) recognize somatic mutations expressed only in the patient's tumors, and evidence suggests that clinically effective TILs target tumor-specific neoantigens. Here we attempted to isolate neoantigen-reactive TCRs as a prelude to the treatment of patients with autologous T cells genetically modified to express such TCRs.Experimental Design: Mutations expressed by tumors were identified using whole-exome and RNA sequencing. Tandem minigene (TMG) constructs encoding 12-24 mutated gene products were synthesized, each encoding the mutated amino acid flanked by 12 amino acids of the normal protein sequence. TILs were cultured with autologous dendritic cells (DC) transfected with in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNAs encoding TMGs and were evaluated for IFNγ secretion and CD137 expression. Neoantigen-reactive T cells were enriched from TILs by sorting for CD137+ CD8+ T cells and expanded in vitro Dominant TCR α and β chains were identified in the enriched populations using a combination of 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, deep sequencing of genomic DNA, PairSeq analysis, and single-cell RT-PCR analysis. Human PBL retrovirally transduced to express the TCRs were evaluated for recognition of relevant neoantigens.Results: We identified 27 TCRs from 6 patients that recognized 14 neoantigens expressed by autologous tumor cells.Conclusions: This strategy provides the means to generate T cells expressing neoantigen-reactive TCRs for use in future adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy trials for patients with cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2491-505. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena Gros
- NIH/NCI Surgery Branch, Bethesda, Maryland
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31
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Forsythoside A Inhibits BVDV Replication via TRAF2-Dependent CD28-4-1BB Signaling in Bovine PBMCs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162791. [PMID: 27617959 PMCID: PMC5019491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD), is an important pathogen of cattle and other wild animals throughout the world. BVDV infection typically leads to an impaired immune response in cattle. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Forsythoside A (FTA) on BVDV infection of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that Forsythoside A could not only promote proliferation of PBMCs and T cells activation but also inhibit the replication of BVDV as well as apoptosis induced by BVDV. FTA treatment could counteract the BVDV-induced overproduction of IFN-γ to maintain the immune homeostasis in bovine PBMCs. At same time, FTA can enhance the secretion of IL-2. What's more, BVDV promotes the expression of CD28, 4-1BB and TRAF-2, which can be modulated by FTA. Our data suggest that FTA protects PBMCs from BVDV infection possibly via TRAF2-dependent CD28-4-1BB signaling, which may activate PBMCs in response to BVDV infection. Therefore, this aids in the development of an effective adjuvant for vaccines against BVDV and other specific FTA-based therapies for preventing BVDV infection.
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Mittal P, St Rose MC, Wang X, Ryan JM, Wasser JS, Vella AT, Adler AJ. Tumor-Unrelated CD4 T Cell Help Augments CD134 plus CD137 Dual Costimulation Tumor Therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5816-26. [PMID: 26561553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of immune-based cancer therapies to elicit beneficial CD8(+) CTLs is limited by tolerance pathways that inactivate tumor-specific CD4 Th cells. A strategy to bypass this problem is to engage tumor-unrelated CD4 Th cells. Thus, CD4 T cells, regardless of their specificity per se, can boost CD8(+) CTL priming as long as the cognate epitopes are linked via presentation on the same dendritic cell. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic impact of engaging tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells during dual costimulation with CD134 plus CD137 that provide help via the above-mentioned classical linked pathway, as well as provide nonlinked help that facilitates CTL function in T cells not directly responding to cognate Ag. We found that engagement of tumor-unrelated CD4 Th cells dramatically boosted the ability of dual costimulation to control the growth of established B16 melanomas. Surprisingly, this effect depended upon a CD134-dependent component that was extrinsic to the tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells, suggesting that the dual costimulated helper cells are themselves helped by a CD134(+) cell(s). Nevertheless, the delivery of therapeutic help tracked with an increased frequency of tumor-infiltrating granzyme B(+) effector CD8 T cells and a reciprocal decrease in Foxp3(+)CD4(+) cell frequency. Notably, the tumor-unrelated CD4 Th cells also infiltrated the tumors, and their deletion several days following initial T cell priming negated their therapeutic impact. Taken together, dual costimulation programs tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells to deliver therapeutic help during both the priming and effector stages of the antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Mittal
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Marie-Clare St Rose
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Joseph M Ryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Jeffrey S Wasser
- The Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030; and
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Gattringer M, Baranyi U, Pilat N, Hock K, Klaus C, Ramsey HE, Wrba F, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Anti-OX40L alone or in combination with anti-CD40L and CTLA4Ig does not inhibit the humoral and cellular response to a major grass pollen allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 46:354-64. [PMID: 26464312 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-mediated allergy is a common disease characterized by a harmful immune response towards otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Induction of specific immunological non-responsiveness towards allergens would be a desirable goal. Blockade of costimulatory pathways is a promising strategy to modulate the immune response in an antigen-specific manner. Recently, OX40 (CD134) was identified as a costimulatory receptor important in Th2-mediated immune responses. Moreover, synergy between OX40 blockade and 'conventional' costimulation blockade (anti-CD40L, CTLA4Ig) was observed in models of alloimmunity. OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential of interfering with OX40 alone or in combination with CD40/CD28 signals to influence the allergic immune response. METHODS The OX40 pathway was investigated in an established murine model of IgE-mediated allergy where BALB/c mice are repeatedly immunized with the clinically relevant grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Groups were treated with combinations of anti-OX40L, CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40L. In selected mice, Tregs were depleted with anti-CD25. RESULTS Blockade of OX40L alone at the time of first or second immunization did not modulate the allergic response on the humoral or effector cell levels but slightly on T cell responses. Administration of a combination of anti-CD40L/CTLA4Ig delayed the allergic immune response, but antibody production could not be inhibited after repeated immunization even though the allergen-specific T cell response was suppressed in the long run. Notably, additional blockade of OX40L had no detectable supplementary effect. Immunomodulation partly involved regulatory T cells as depletion of CD25(+) cells led to restored T cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Collectively, our data provide evidence that the allergic immune response towards Phl p 5 is independent of OX40L, although reduction on T cell responses and slightly on the asthmatic phenotype was detectable. Besides, no relevant synergistic effect of OX40L blockade in addition to CD40L/CD28 blockade could be detected. Thus, the therapeutic potential of OX40L blockade for IgE-mediated allergy appears to be ineffective in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gattringer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Baranyi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Pilat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Hock
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Klaus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H E Ramsey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Wrba
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Wekerle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:117. [PMID: 26106583 PMCID: PMC4459101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB’s expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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Dai H, Peng F, Lin M, Xia J, Yu S, Lan G, Wang Y, Xie X, Fang C, Corbascio M, Qi Z, Peng L. Anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody prolongs secondary heart allograft survival based on CD40/CD40L and LFA-1/ICAM-1 blockade. Transpl Immunol 2015; 32:84-91. [PMID: 25613092 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory T cells (Tms) form a barrier against long-term allograft survival; however, CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress allograft rejection. The OX40/OX40L pathway is critical to the generation of Tms and turns off Treg suppressor function. METHODS B6 mice that rejected BALB/c skin grafts after 4 weeks were used as the secondary heart transplant recipients. The skin recipient mice, termed S0, S2 and S3, were treated with the isotype antibodies, anti-CD40L/LFA-1 or anti-OX40L combined with anti-CD40L/LFA-1 mAbs, respectively. The secondary heart recipients, termed H0 and H2, received anti-CD40L/LFA-1 mAbs or not, respectively (Fig. 1). RESULTS Four weeks after primary skin transplantation, the Tms in the S3 group that received anti-OX40L with anti-CD40L/LFA-1 mAbs were reduced compared to those in the S2 group (CD4(+) Tm: 32.61 ± 2.20% in S2 vs. 25.36 ± 1.16% in S3; CD8(+) Tm: 27.76 ± 1.96% in S2 vs. 20.95 ± 1.30% in S3; P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the proportions of Tregs in S3 increased compared to those in S2 (P < 0.05). The anti-OX40L with anti-CD40L/LFA-1 mAbs group (S3H2) prolonged the mean survival time (MST) following secondary heart transplantation from 9.5 days to 21 days (P < 0.001). Furthermore, allogeneic proliferation of recipient splenic T cells and graft-infiltrating lymphocytes were significantly inhibited in the S3H2 group. Additionally, a higher level of IL-10 was detected in sera and allografts. CONCLUSIONS Anti-OX40L mAb could prolong secondary heart allograft survival based on CD40/CD40L and LFA-1/ICAM-1 blockade. The mechanism of protecting allografts using anti-OX40L mAb involved impairing the generation of Tm and up-regulating IL-10 producing Tregs, inhibiting the function of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Dai
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Fenghua Peng
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Minjie Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Junjie Xia
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Shaojie Yu
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Gongbin Lan
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xubiao Xie
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Chunhua Fang
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China
| | | | - Zhongquan Qi
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, PR China.
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Adler AJ, Vella AT. Betting on improved cancer immunotherapy by doubling down on CD134 and CD137 co-stimulation. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22837. [PMID: 23482891 PMCID: PMC3583935 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of T cells to recognize a vast array of antigens enables them to destroy tumor cells while inflicting minimal collateral damage. Nevertheless, tumor antigens often are a form of self-antigen, and thus tumor immunity can be dampened by tolerance mechanisms that evolved to prevent autoimmunity. Since tolerance can be induced by steady-state antigen-presenting cells that provide insufficient co-stimulation, the exogenous administration of co-stimulatory agonists can favor the expansion and tumoricidal functions of tumor-specific T cells. Agonists of the co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members CD134 and CD137 exert antitumor activity in mice, and as monotherapies have exhibited encouraging results in clinical trials. This review focuses on how the dual administration of CD134 and CD137 agonists synergistically boosts T-cell priming and elaborates a multi-pronged antitumor immune response, as well as how such dual co-stimulation might be translated into effective anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington, CT USA
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Mbanwi AN, Watts TH. Costimulatory TNFR family members in control of viral infection: Outstanding questions. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:210-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Marriott CL, Mackley EC, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M, Yagita H, Withers DR. OX40 controls effector CD4+ T-cell expansion, not follicular T helper cell generation in acute Listeria infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2437-47. [PMID: 24771127 PMCID: PMC4285916 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the importance of OX40 signals for physiological CD4+ T-cell responses, an endogenous antigen-specific population of CD4+ T cells that recognise the 2W1S peptide was assessed and temporal control of OX40 signals was achieved using blocking or agonistic antibodies (Abs) in vivo. Following infection with Listeria monocytogenes expressing 2W1S peptide, OX40 was briefly expressed by the responding 2W1S-specific CD4+ T cells, but only on a subset that co-expressed effector cell markers. This population was specifically expanded by Ab-ligation of OX40 during priming, which also caused skewing of the memory response towards effector memory cells. Strikingly, this greatly enhanced effector response was accompanied by the loss of T follicular helper (TFH) cells and germinal centres. Mice deficient in OX40 and CD30 showed normal generation of TFH cells but impaired numbers of 2W1S-specific effector cells. OX40 was not expressed by 2W1S-specific memory cells, although it was rapidly up-regulated upon challenge whereupon Ab-ligation of OX40 specifically affected the effector subset. In summary, these data indicate that for CD4+ T cells, OX40 signals are important for generation of effector T cells rather than TFH cells in this response to acute bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Marriott
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Ndlovu H, Darby M, Froelich M, Horsnell W, Lühder F, Hünig T, Brombacher F. Inducible deletion of CD28 prior to secondary nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection impairs worm expulsion and recall of protective memory CD4⁺ T cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003906. [PMID: 24516382 PMCID: PMC3916406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-13 driven Th2 immunity is indispensable for host protection against infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostronglus brasiliensis. Disruption of CD28 mediated costimulation impairs development of adequate Th2 immunity, showing an importance for CD28 during the initiation of an immune response against this pathogen. In this study, we used global CD28−/− mice and a recently established mouse model that allows for inducible deletion of the cd28 gene by oral administration of tamoxifen (CD28−/loxCre+/−+TM) to resolve the controversy surrounding the requirement of CD28 costimulation for recall of protective memory responses against pathogenic infections. Following primary infection with N. brasiliensis, CD28−/− mice had delayed expulsion of adult worms in the small intestine compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice that cleared the infection by day 9 post-infection. Delayed expulsion was associated with reduced production of IL-13 and reduced serum levels of antigen specific IgG1 and total IgE. Interestingly, abrogation of CD28 costimulation in CD28−/loxCre+/− mice by oral administration of tamoxifen prior to secondary infection with N. brasiliensis resulted in impaired worm expulsion, similarly to infected CD28−/− mice. This was associated with reduced production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4, diminished serum titres of antigen specific IgG1 and total IgE and a reduced CXCR5+ TFH cell population. Furthermore, total number of CD4+ T cells and B220+ B cells secreting Th1 and Th2 cytokines were significantly reduced in CD28−/− mice and tamoxifen treated CD28−/loxCre+/− mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, interfering with CD28 costimulatory signalling before re-infection impaired the recruitment and/or expansion of central and effector memory CD4+ T cells and follicular B cells to the draining lymph node of tamoxifen treated CD28−/loxCre+/− mice. Therefore, it can be concluded that CD28 costimulation is essential for conferring host protection during secondary N. brasiliensis infection. CD28 is an important costimulatory molecule, involved in the activation of naive T cells, enhancing cytokine production, preventing T cell anergy and apoptosis. Furthermore, CD28 plays a crucial role in the organisation of secondary lymphoid tissue by assisting in the recruitment of T cells into the B cell follicles, thus promoting germinal center formation, isotype switching and B cell maturation. The requirement of CD28 costimulatory signalling during recall of memory responses against infections has remained controversial. Hence, here we utilised a mouse model that allowed for inducible deletion of the cd28 gene (CD28−/loxCre+/−) by oral administration of tamoxifen to resolve this controversy. CD28−/− mice and mice given tamoxifen prior to secondary infection failed to expel adult N. brasiliensis worms. This was related to reduced production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4, diminished type 2 antibody titres, and a reduced number of memory CD4+ T cells. In summary, CD28 is crucial for protection against N. brasiliensis secondary infection and plays a key role in the recruitment of TFH cells, memory CD4+ T cells and follicular B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlumani Ndlovu
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathew Darby
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monika Froelich
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - William Horsnell
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fred Lühder
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Multiple Sclerosis Research and The Hertie Foundation, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Rowe AM, Murray SE, Raué HP, Koguchi Y, Slifka MK, Parker DC. A cell-intrinsic requirement for NF-κB-inducing kinase in CD4 and CD8 T cell memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:3663-72. [PMID: 24006459 PMCID: PMC3815446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase [(NIK), MAP3K14] is an essential kinase linking a subset of TNFR family members to the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. To assess the cell-intrinsic role of NIK in murine T cell function, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeras using bone marrow from NIK knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) donor mice and infected the chimeras with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The chimeras possess an apparently normal immune system, including a mixture of NIK KO and WT T cells, and the virus was cleared normally. Comparison of the NIK KO and WT CD4 and CD8 T cell responses at 8 d post infection revealed modest but significant differences in the acute response. In both CD4 and CD8 compartments, relatively fewer activated (CD44(hi)) NIK KO T cells were present, but within the CD44(hi) population, a comparable percentage of the activated cells produced IFN-γ in response to ex vivo stimulation with antigenic LCMV peptides, although IL-7R expression was reduced in the NIK KO CD8 T cells. Assessment of the LCMV-specific memory at 65 d post infection revealed many more LCMV-specific WT memory T cells than NIK KO memory T cells in both the CD4 and the CD8 compartments, although the small number of surviving NIK KO memory T cells responded to secondary challenge with virus. These results demonstrate a cell-intrinsic requirement for NIK in the generation and/or maintenance of memory T cells in response to acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 07239
| | - Susan E. Murray
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 07239
| | - Hans-Peter Raué
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 07239
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 07239
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David C. Parker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 07239
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Wortzman ME, Clouthier DL, McPherson AJ, Lin GHY, Watts TH. The contextual role of TNFR family members in CD8+T-cell control of viral infections. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:125-48. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek L. Clouthier
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Ann J. McPherson
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Gloria H. Y. Lin
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
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Shugart JA, Bambina S, Alice AF, Montler R, Bahjat KS. A self-help program for memory CD8+ T cells: positive feedback via CD40-CD40L signaling as a critical determinant of secondary expansion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64878. [PMID: 23717671 PMCID: PMC3662717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of memory CD8+ T cells to rapidly proliferate and acquire cytolytic activity is critical for protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. The signals that control this recall response remain unclear. We show that CD40L production by memory CD8+ T cells themselves is an essential catalyst for secondary expansion when systemic inflammation is limited. Secondary immunization accompanied by high levels of systemic inflammation results in CD8+ T cell secondary expansion independent of CD4+ T cells and CD40-CD40L signaling. Conversely, when the inflammatory response is limited, memory CD8+ T cell secondary expansion requires CD40L-producing cells, and memory CD8+ T cells can provide this signal. These results demonstrate that vaccination regimens differ in their dependence on CD40L-expressing CD8+ T cells for secondary expansion, and propose that CD40L-expression by CD8+ T cells is a fail-safe mechanism that can promote memory CD8+ T cell secondary expansion when inflammation is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Shugart
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alejandro F. Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ryan Montler
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Keith S. Bahjat
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Modulation of tumor immunity by soluble and membrane-bound molecules at the immunological synapse. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:450291. [PMID: 23533456 PMCID: PMC3606757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent pathology caused by infectious microbes and tumor growth, the host immune system must constantly clear harmful microorganisms and potentially malignant transformed cells. This task is accomplished in part by T-cells, which can directly kill infected or tumorigenic cells. A crucial event determining the recognition and elimination of detrimental cells is antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of T cells. Upon binding of the TCR to cognate peptide-MHC complexes presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a specialized supramolecular structure known as the immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the T cell-APC interface. Such a structure involves massive redistribution of membrane proteins, including TCR/pMHC complexes, modulatory receptor pairs, and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, assembly of the immunological synapse leads to intracellular events that modulate and define the magnitude and characteristics of the T cell response. Here, we discuss recent literature on the regulation and assembly of IS and the mechanisms evolved by tumors to modulate its function to escape T cell cytotoxicity, as well as novel strategies targeting the IS for therapy.
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Fisher TS, Kamperschroer C, Oliphant T, Love VA, Lira PD, Doyonnas R, Bergqvist S, Baxi SM, Rohner A, Shen AC, Huang C, Sokolowski SA, Sharp LL. Targeting of 4-1BB by monoclonal antibody PF-05082566 enhances T-cell function and promotes anti-tumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1721-33. [PMID: 22406983 PMCID: PMC11028822 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) is a costimulatory receptor expressed on several subsets of activated immune cells. Numerous studies of mouse and human T cells indicate that 4-1BB promotes cellular proliferation, survival, and cytokine production. 4-1BB agonist mAbs have demonstrated efficacy in prophylactic and therapeutic settings in both monotherapy and combination therapy tumor models and have established durable anti-tumor protective T-cell memory responses. PF-05082566 is a fully human IgG2 that binds to the extracellular domain of human 4-1BB with high affinity and specificity. In preclinical studies, this agonist antibody demonstrated its ability to activate NF-κB and induce downstream cytokine production, promote leukocyte proliferation, and inhibit tumor growth in a human PBMC xenograft tumor model. The mechanism of action and robust anti-tumor efficacy of PF-05082566 support its clinical development for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Fisher
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Cris Kamperschroer
- Immunotoxicology Center of Emphasis, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT USA
| | - Theodore Oliphant
- Protein Therapeutics Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA
| | - Victoria A. Love
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Paul D. Lira
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Regis Doyonnas
- Genetically Engineered Models Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Simon Bergqvist
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Sangita M. Baxi
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Allison Rohner
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Amy C. Shen
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Chunli Huang
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Sharon A. Sokolowski
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Leslie L. Sharp
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
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Gao J, Bernatchez C, Sharma P, Radvanyi LG, Hwu P. Advances in the development of cancer immunotherapies. Trends Immunol 2012; 34:90-8. [PMID: 23031830 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating the immune system in order to induce clinically relevant responses against cancer is a longstanding goal. Interventions to enhance tumor-specific immunity through vaccination, sustaining effector T cell activation, or increasing the numbers of tumor-specific T cells using ex vivo expansion, have all resulted in clinical successes. Here, we examine recent clinical advances and major ongoing studies in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Single agents have so far benefited a limited proportion of patients, and future studies combining different types of immunotherapies and other therapeutic modalities, such as drugs against specific signaling pathways driving cancer cell growth, are needed to pave the way for the development of effective anticancer treatments causing durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Center for Cancer Immunology Research, GU and Melanoma Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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SA-4-1BBL costimulation inhibits conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells into CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells by production of IFN-γ. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42459. [PMID: 22870329 PMCID: PMC3411638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors convert conventional CD4+ T cells into induced CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory (iTreg) cells that serve as an effective means of immune evasion. Therefore, the blockade of conventional CD4+ T cell conversion into iTreg cells represents an attractive target for improving the efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches. Using a novel form of 4-1BBL molecule, SA-4-1BBL, we previously demonstrated that costimulation via 4-1BB receptor renders both CD4+and CD8+ T effector (Teff) cells refractory to inhibition by Treg cells and increased intratumoral Teff/Treg cell ratio that correlated with therapeutic efficacy in various preclinical tumor models. Building on these studies, we herein show for the first time, to our knowledge, that signaling through 4-1BB inhibits antigen- and TGF-β-driven conversion of naïve CD4+FoxP3− T cells into iTreg cells via stimulation of IFN-γ production by CD4+FoxP3− T cells. Importantly, treatment with SA-4-1BBL blocked the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into Treg cells by EG.7 tumors. Taken together with our previous studies, these results show that 4-1BB signaling negatively modulate Treg cells by two distinct mechanisms: i) inhibiting the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into iTreg cells and ii) endowing Teff cells refractory to inhibition by Treg cells. Given the dominant role of Treg cells in tumor immune evasion mechanisms, 4-1BB signaling represents an attractive target for favorably tipping the Teff:Treg balance toward Teff cells with important implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Priyadharshini B, Greiner DL, Brehm MA. T-cell activation and transplantation tolerance. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2012; 26:212-22. [PMID: 22074786 PMCID: PMC3294261 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic or "nonself" tissues stimulates a robust immune response leading to graft rejection, and therefore, most recipients of allogeneic organ transplants require the lifelong use of immune suppressive agents. Excellent outcomes notwithstanding, contemporary immunosuppressive medications are toxic, are often not taken by patients, and pose long-term risks of infection and malignancy. The ultimate goal in transplantation is to develop new treatments that will supplant the need for general immunosuppression. Here, we will describe the development and application of costimulation blockade to induce transplantation tolerance and discuss how the diverse array of signals that act on T cells will determine the balance between graft survival and rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Worcester, MA 01605
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Kim BS. Strategies to Overcome Memory T Cells Mediatied Allograft Injury. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2012. [DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2012.26.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beom Seok Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hildebrand JM, Yi Z, Buchta CM, Poovassery J, Stunz LL, Bishop GA. Roles of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TRAF5 in immune cell functions. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:55-74. [PMID: 22017431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A large and diverse group of receptors utilizes the family of cytoplasmic signaling proteins known as tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs). In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest and exploration of the roles played by TRAF3 and TRAF5 in cellular regulation, particularly in cells of the immune system, the cell types of focus in this review. This work has revealed that TRAF3 and TRAF5 can play diverse roles for different receptors even in the same cell type, as well as distinct roles in different cell types. Evidence indicates that TRAF3 and TRAF5 play important roles beyond the TNFR-superfamily (SF) and viral mimics of its members, mediating certain innate immune receptor and cytokine receptor signals, and most recently, signals delivered by the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex. Additionally, much research has demonstrated the importance of TRAF3-mediated cellular regulation via its cytoplasmic interactions with additional signaling proteins. In particular, we discuss below evidence for the participation by TRAF3 in a number of the regulatory post-translational modifications involving ubiquitin that are important in various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Goulding J, Tahiliani V, Salek-Ardakani S. OX40:OX40L axis: emerging targets for improving poxvirus-based CD8(+) T-cell vaccines against respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:149-68. [PMID: 22017437 PMCID: PMC3422077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory tract is an entry point for over 200 known viruses that collectively contribute to millions of annual deaths worldwide. Consequently, the World Health Organization has designated respiratory viral infections as a priority for vaccine development. Despite enormous advances in understanding the attributes of a protective mucosal antiviral immune response, current vaccines continue to fail in effectively generating long-lived protective CD8(+) T-cell immunity. To date, the majority of licensed human vaccines afford protection against infectious pathogens through the generation of specific immunoglobulin responses. In recent years, the selective manipulation of specific costimulatory pathways, which are critical in regulating T cell-mediated immune responses, has generated increasing interest. Impressive results in animal models have shown that the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner OX40L (CD252) are key costimulatory molecules involved in the generation of protective CD8(+) T-cell responses at mucosal surfaces, such as the lung. In this review, we highlight these new findings with a particular emphasis on their potential as immunological adjuvants to enhance poxvirus-based CD8(+) T-cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Goulding
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
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