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Kong X, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang K, Nie S, Li Y, Lao W, Yu X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Ning J, Wang Y, Bi C, Wu C, Zhai A. LINC01002 functions as a ceRNA to regulate FRMD8 by sponging miR-4324 for the development of COVID-19. Virol J 2024; 21:109. [PMID: 38734674 PMCID: PMC11088083 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed various strategies to evade the antiviral impact of type I IFN. Non-structural proteins and auxiliary proteins have been extensively researched on their role in immune escape. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms of structural protein-induced immune evasion have not been well elucidated. METHODS Human alveolar basal epithelial carcinoma cell line (A549) was stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC) and independently transfected with four structural proteins expression plasmids, including nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins. By RT-qPCR and ELISA, the structural protein with the most pronounced inhibitory effects on IFN-β induction was screened. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and two differential analysis strategies were used to obtain differentially expressed genes associated with N protein inhibition of IFN-β induction. Based on DIANA-LncBase and StarBase databases, the interactive competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network for N protein-associated genes was constructed. By combining single-cell sequencing data (GSE158055), lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis was further determined. Finally, RT-qPCR was utilized to illustrate the regulatory functions among components of the ceRNA axis. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 N protein inhibited IFN-β induction in human alveolar epithelial cells most significantly compared with other structural proteins. RNA-Seq data analysis revealed genes related to N protein inhibiting IFNs induction. The obtained 858 differentially expressed genes formed the reliable ceRNA network. The function of LINC01002-miR-4324-FRMD8 axis in the IFN-dominated immune evasion was further demonstrated through integrating single-cell sequencing data. Moreover, we validated that N protein could reverse the effect of PIC on LINC01002, FRMD8 and miR-4324 expression, and subsequently on IFN-β expression level. And LINC01002 could regulate the production of FRMD8 by inhibiting miR-4324. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 N protein suppressed the induction of IFN-β by regulating LINC01002 which was as a ceRNA, sponging miR-4324 and participating in the regulation of FRMD8 mRNA. Our discovery provides new insights into early intervention therapy and drug development on SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Qinjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Xumeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Kaming Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Shuping Nie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Wanwen Lao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
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2
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Greene TT, Jo Y, Macal M, Fang Z, Khatri FS, Codrington AL, Kazane KR, Chiale C, Akbulut E, Swaminathan S, Fujita Y, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Cordes T, Metallo C, Scott DA, Zuniga EI. Metabolic Deficiencies Underlie Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Exhaustion After Viral Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582551. [PMID: 38464328 PMCID: PMC10925345 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are central to host protection against viral infections 1 . While any cell can produce IFN-I, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) make greater quantities and more varieties of these cytokines than any other cell type 2 . However, following an initial burst of IFN- I, pDCs lose their exceptional IFN-I production capacity and become "exhausted", a phenotype that associates with enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections 3-5 . Despite this apparent cost for the host, pDC exhaustion is conserved across multiple species and viral infections, but the underlying mechanisms and the potential evolutionary advantages are not well understood. Here we characterize pDC exhaustion and demonstrate that it is associated with a reduced capacity of pDCs to engage both oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. Mechanistically, we identify lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) as a novel positive regulator of pDC IFN-I production in mice and humans, show that LDHB deficiency is associated with suppressed IFN-I production, pDC metabolic capacity, and viral control following a viral infection, and demonstrate that preservation of LDHB expression is sufficient to partially restore exhausted pDC function in vitro and in vivo . Furthermore, restoring LDHB in vivo in exhausted pDCs increased IFNAR dependent infection- associated pathology. Therefore, our work identifies a novel and conserved mechanism for balancing immunity and pathology during viral infections, while also providing insight into the highly preserved but previously unexplained phenomenon of pDC exhaustion.
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3
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Malekshahi A, Alamdary A, Safarzadeh A, Khavandegar A, Nikoo HR, Safavi M, Ajorloo M, Bahavar A, Ajorloo M. Potential roles of core and core+1 proteins during the chronic phase of hepatitis C virus infection. Future Virol 2023. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The HCV Core protein is a multifunctional protein that interacts with many viral and cellular proteins. In addition to the encapsidation of the viral genome, it can disturb various cellular pathways and impede antiviral cellular responses such as interferon (IFN) production. The Core protein can also disrupt the functions of immune cells against HCV. The Core protein helps viral infection persistency by interfering with apoptosis. The Core+1 protein plays a significant role in inducing chronic HCV infection through diverse mechanisms. We review some of the mechanisms by which Core and Core+1 proteins facilitate HCV infection to chronic infection. These proteins could be considered for designing more sufficient treatments and effective vaccines against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asra Malekshahi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ashkan Alamdary
- Department of Biology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Safarzadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Armin Khavandegar
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Razavi Nikoo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Safavi
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mobina Ajorloo
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Atefeh Bahavar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ajorloo
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Qiao DR, Shan GY, Wang S, Cheng JY, Yan WQ, Li HJ. The mononuclear phagocyte system in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6345-6355. [PMID: 36533105 PMCID: PMC9753057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i45.6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) consists of monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, which play vital roles in innate immune defense against cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex disease that is affected or initiated by many factors, including chronic hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis C virus infection, metabolic disorders or alcohol consumption. Liver function, tumor stage and the performance status of patients affect HCC clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that targeted treatment of tumor microenvironment disorders may improve the efficacy of HCC treatments. Cytokines derived from the innate immune response can regulate T-cell differentiation, thereby shaping adaptive immunity, which is associated with the prognosis of HCC. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the function of the MPS in the progression of HCC. In this review, we outline the impact of HCC on the MPS. We illustrate how HCC reshapes MPS cell phenotype remodeling and the production of associated cytokines and characterize the function and impairment of the MPS in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Rui Qiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guan-Yue Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Students Affairs, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun-Ya Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei-Qun Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
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5
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Han HT, Jin WL, Li X. Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy in liver diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:23. [PMID: 35895169 PMCID: PMC9326420 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple immune cells and their products in the liver together form a complex and unique immune microenvironment, and preclinical models have demonstrated the importance of imbalances in the hepatic immune microenvironment in liver inflammatory diseases and immunocompromised liver diseases. Various immunotherapies have been attempted to modulate the hepatic immune microenvironment for the purpose of treating liver diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a comprehensive and plastic immunomodulatory capacity. On the one hand, they have been tried for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases because of their excellent immunosuppressive capacity; On the other hand, MSCs have immune-enhancing properties in immunocompromised settings and can be modified into cellular carriers for targeted transport of immune enhancers by genetic modification, physical and chemical loading, and thus they are also used in the treatment of immunocompromised liver diseases such as chronic viral infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the immunological basis and recent strategies of MSCs for the treatment of the aforementioned liver diseases. Specifically, we update the immune microenvironment of the liver and summarize the distinct mechanisms of immune microenvironment imbalance in inflammatory diseases and immunocompromised liver diseases, and how MSCs can fully exploit their immunotherapeutic role in liver diseases with both immune imbalance patterns.
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6
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Kulmann-Leal B, Ellwanger JH, Valverde-Villegas JM, Simon D, Marangon CG, Mattevi VS, Lazzaretti RK, Kuhmmer R, Sprinz E, Chies JAB. TLR9 2848 G/A Gene Polymorphism in HCV+, HIV+, and HCV+/HIV+ Individuals. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:263-269. [PMID: 35575727 PMCID: PMC9150134 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Host genetic factors have a major impact on susceptibility to infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their polymorphisms affect infectious diseases once they are directly involved in immune responses. The 2848 G/A variant (rs352140) of the TLR9 gene is associated with increased TLR9 expression. However, the impact of rs352140 on HIV+, HCV+, and HCV+/HIV+ individuals is still debated. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the 2848 G/A polymorphism in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and HCV/HIV coinfection in a large sample of Brazilians (n = 1182). Groups were compared without considering stratification by ethnicity and subsequently stratifying individuals into groups of whites and nonwhites. Results: Considering nonwhite individuals, a significant difference between the HIV+/HCV+ group and controls was observed (p = 0.023; GG genotype as a protective factor). In addition, significant allele differences were observed between the HCV+ group and controls (p = 0.042), between the HIV+/HCV+ group and controls (p = 0.011), and between the HIV+/HCV+ group and HIV+ individuals (p = 0.047). However, all significant results are lost if adjustment by multiple comparisons is applied (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Although our initial results indicate a potential influence of rs352140 on altered host susceptibility to viral infections, no statistical influence of polymorphism on protection from/susceptibility to infections was observed in Brazilians if adjustment by multiple comparisons is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Coopératif IGMM/ABIVAX, UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Simon
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Camila Guerra Marangon
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Suñé Mattevi
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosmeri Kuhmmer Lazzaretti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Regina Kuhmmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sprinz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Toll-like Receptor Response to Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Recent Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105475. [PMID: 35628287 PMCID: PMC9141274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major global health burden, causing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling to induce proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. An increasing number of studies have suggested the importance of TLR responses in the outcome of HCV infection. However, the exact role of innate immune responses, including TLR response, in controlling chronic HCV infection remains to be established. A proper understanding of the TLR response in HCV infection is essential for devising new therapeutic approaches against HCV infection. In this review, we discuss the progress made in our understanding of the host innate immune response to HCV infection, with a particular focus on the TLR response. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms adopted by HCV to avoid immune surveillance mediated by TLRs.
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8
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Greene TT, Zuniga EI. Type I Interferon Induction and Exhaustion during Viral Infection: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Emerging COVID-19 Findings. Viruses 2021; 13:1839. [PMID: 34578420 PMCID: PMC8472174 DOI: 10.3390/v13091839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are a family of potent antiviral cytokines that act through the direct restriction of viral replication and by enhancing antiviral immunity. However, these powerful cytokines are a caged lion, as excessive and sustained IFN-I production can drive immunopathology during infection, and aberrant IFN-I production is a feature of several types of autoimmunity. As specialized producers of IFN-I plasmacytoid (p), dendritic cells (DCs) can secrete superb quantities and a wide breadth of IFN-I isoforms immediately after infection or stimulation, and are the focus of this review. Notably, a few days after viral infection pDCs tune down their capacity for IFN-I production, producing less cytokines in response to both the ongoing infection and unrelated secondary stimulations. This process, hereby referred to as "pDC exhaustion", favors viral persistence and associates with reduced innate responses and increased susceptibility to secondary opportunistic infections. On the other hand, pDC exhaustion may be a compromise to avoid IFN-I driven immunopathology. In this review we reflect on the mechanisms that initially induce IFN-I and subsequently silence their production by pDCs during a viral infection. While these processes have been long studied across numerous viral infection models, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought their discussion back to the fore, and so we also discuss emerging results related to pDC-IFN-I production in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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9
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Herderschee J, Heinonen T, Fenwick C, Schrijver IT, Ohmiti K, Moradpour D, Cavassini M, Pantaleo G, Roger T, Calandra T. High-dimensional immune phenotyping of blood cells by mass cytometry in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:611.e1-611.e7. [PMID: 34474121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects the immune system. Whether elimination of HCV with direct-acting antivirals (DAA) restores immunity is unclear. We used mass cytometry to get a broad and in-depth assessment of blood cell populations of patients with chronic HCV before and after DAA therapy. METHODS Before and 12 weeks after sustained virological response (SVR12) to DAA therapy, 22 cell populations were analysed by mass cytometry in blood collected from ten healthy control individuals and 20 HCV-infected patients with (ten patients) or without (ten patients) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. RESULTS HCV infection altered the frequency of 14/22 (64%) blood cell populations. At baseline, the frequencies (median, interquartile range (IQR); control, HCV, HCV/HIV) of intermediate monocytes (1.2, IQR 0.47-1.46; 1.76, IQR 0.83-2.66; 0.78, IQR 0.28-1.77), non-classical monocytes (1.11, IQR 0.49-1.26; 0.9, IQR 0.18-0.99; 0.54, IQR 0.28-1.77), conventional dendritic cells type 2 (0.55, IQR 0.35-0.59; 0.31, IQR 0.16-0.38; 0.19, IQR 0.11-0.36) and CD56dim natural killer cells (8.08, IQR 5.34-9.79; 4.72, IQR 2.59-6.05) 3.61, IQR 2.98-5.07) were reduced by 35% to 65%, particularly in HCV/HIV co-infected patients. In contrast, activated double-negative T cells (0.07, IQR 0.06-0.10; 0.10, IQR 0.09-0.19; 0.19, IQR 0.12-0.25), activated CD4 T cells (0.28, IQR 0.21-0.36; 0.56, IQR 0.33-0.77; 0.40, IQR 0.22-0.53) and activated CD8 T cells (0.23, IQR 0.14-0.42; 0.74, IQR 0.30-1.65; 0.80, IQR 0.58-1.16) were increased 1.4 to 3.5 times. Upon stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands, the expression of cytokines was up-regulated in 7/9 (78%) and 17/19 (89%) of the conditions in HCV- and HCV/HIV-infected patients, respectively. Most alterations persisted at SVR12. CONCLUSIONS Chronic HCV and HCV/HIV infections induce profound and durable perturbations of innate and adaptive immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Herderschee
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tytti Heinonen
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irene T Schrijver
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Khalid Ohmiti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Calandra
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Onodi F, Bonnet-Madin L, Meertens L, Karpf L, Poirot J, Zhang SY, Picard C, Puel A, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q, Le Goff J, Molina JM, Delaugerre C, Casanova JL, Amara A, Soumelis V. SARS-CoV-2 induces human plasmacytoid predendritic cell diversification via UNC93B and IRAK4. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211734. [PMID: 33533916 PMCID: PMC7849819 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed antiviral immune pathways in late-stage severe COVID-19. However, the initial steps of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity are poorly understood. Here we have isolated primary SARS-CoV-2 viral strains and studied their interaction with human plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs), a key player in antiviral immunity. We show that pDCs are not productively infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, they efficiently diversified into activated P1-, P2-, and P3-pDC effector subsets in response to viral stimulation. They expressed CD80, CD86, CCR7, and OX40 ligand at levels similar to influenza virus-induced activation. They rapidly produced high levels of interferon-α, interferon-λ1, IL-6, IP-10, and IL-8. All major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-induced pDC activation were inhibited by hydroxychloroquine. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2-induced pDC activation critically depended on IRAK4 and UNC93B1, as established using pDC from genetically deficient patients. Overall, our data indicate that human pDC are efficiently activated by SARS-CoV-2 particles and may thus contribute to type I IFN-dependent immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Onodi
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bonnet-Madin
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U944, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Meertens
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U944, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Justine Poirot
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite Mixte de Recherche 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Capucine Picard
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite Mixte de Recherche 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite Mixte de Recherche 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite Mixte de Recherche 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jérôme Le Goff
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U944, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U944, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite Mixte de Recherche 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Ali Amara
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U944, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Paris, France
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11
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Onodi F, Bonnet-Madin L, Meertens L, Karpf L, Poirot J, Zhang SY, Picard C, Puel A, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q, Le Goff J, Molina JM, Delaugerre C, Casanova JL, Amara A, Soumelis V. SARS-CoV-2 induces human plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cell diversification via UNC93B and IRAK4. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33442685 PMCID: PMC7805442 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.10.197343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed antiviral immune pathways in late-stage severe COVID-19. However, the initial steps of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity are poorly understood. Here, we have isolated primary SARS-CoV-2 viral strains, and studied their interaction with human plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells (pDC), a key player in antiviral immunity. We show that pDC are not productively infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, they efficiently diversified into activated P1-, P2-, and P3-pDC effector subsets in response to viral stimulation. They expressed CD80, CD86, CCR7, and OX40 ligand at levels similar to influenza virus-induced activation. They rapidly produced high levels of interferon-α, interferon-λ1, IL-6, IP-10, and IL-8. All major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-induced pDC activation were inhibited by hydroxychloroquine. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2-induced pDC activation critically depended on IRAK4 and UNC93B1, as established using pDC from genetically deficient patients. Overall, our data indicate that human pDC are efficiently activated by SARS-CoV-2 particles and may thus contribute to type I IFN-dependent immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Onodi
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bonnet-Madin
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944 CNRS 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Meertens
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944 CNRS 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Justine Poirot
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU.,Université de Paris; INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, France EU.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Capucine Picard
- Université de Paris; INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, France EU.,Study center for primary immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux (AP-HP) de Paris, Paris, France, EU.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France, EU
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU.,Université de Paris; INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, France EU.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU.,Université de Paris; INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, France EU.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jérôme Le Goff
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944 CNRS 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944 CNRS 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU.,Université de Paris; INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, France EU.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France, EU.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Amara
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944 CNRS 7212, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, F-75010, Paris, France
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12
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Sokolova TM. [Hepatitis C virus (Flaviviridae: Hepacivirus: Hepacivirus C): regulation of signaling reactions of innate immunity]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 65:307-316. [PMID: 33533227 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying the regulation of signaling reactions of innate immunity by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) will help to reveal the causes of the transition of the acute form of the disease to a chronic course. The molecular mechanisms of activation by HCV RNA of innate immunity receptors TLR and RLR and signal transduction processes leading to the synthesis of IFN and inflammatory cytokines are considered. The inhibitory effects of non-structural and structural HCV proteins on immune signaling reactions are analyzed in detail. The information presented is the result of an analysis of literature data published in international databases mainly over the past 5 years. In conclusion, signaling receptors are proposed as targets for the development of new antiviral drugs with immunotherapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sokolova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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13
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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14
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Immune system control of hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 46:36-44. [PMID: 33137689 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global public health problem even though more than 95% of infections can be cured by treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents. Resolution of viremia post antiviral therapy does not lead to protective immunity and therefore reinfections can occur. Immune cell detection of HCV activates signaling pathways that produce interferons and trigger the innate immune response against the virus, preventing HCV replication and spread. Cells in the innate immune system, including natural killer, dendritic, and Kupffer cells, interact with infected hepatocytes and present viral antigens to T and B cells where their effector responses contribute to infection outcome. Despite the immune activation, HCV can evade the host response and establish persistent infection. Plans to understand the correlates of protection and strategies to activate proper innate and adaptive immune responses are needed for development of an effective prophylactic vaccine that stimulates protective immunity and limits HCV transmission.
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15
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Greene TT, Jo YR, Zuniga EI. Infection and cancer suppress pDC derived IFN-I. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:114-122. [PMID: 32947131 PMCID: PMC8526282 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized producers of Type I interferon (IFN-I) that promote anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. However, chronic infections and cancer inhibit pDC-derived IFN-I. While the mechanisms of this inhibition are multifarious they can be classified broadly into two categories: i) reduction or ablation of pDC IFN-I-production capacity (functional exhaustion) and/or ii) decrease in pDC numbers (altered population dynamics). Recent work has identified many processes that contribute to suppression of pDC-derived IFN-I during chronic infections and cancer, including sustained stimulation through Toll Like Receptors (TLRs), inhibitory microenvironments, inhibitory receptor ligation, and reduced development from bone marrow progenitors and apoptosis. Emerging success leveraging pDCs in treatment of disease through TLR activation illustrates the therapeutic potential of targeting pDCs. Deeper understanding of the systems that limit pDC-derived IFN-I has the potential to improve these emerging therapies as well as help devising new approaches that harness the outstanding IFN-I-production capacity of pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trever T Greene
- University of California San Diego, Department of Biological Sciences, San Diego, United States
| | - Yea-Ra Jo
- University of California San Diego, Department of Biological Sciences, San Diego, United States
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- University of California San Diego, Department of Biological Sciences, San Diego, United States.
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16
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Bohmwald K, Berrios RV, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. The Role of Dendritic Cells During Infections Caused by Highly Prevalent Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1513. [PMID: 32765522 PMCID: PMC7378533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of innate immune cells with major relevance in the establishment of an adaptive response, as they are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes. Since their discovery, several reports of their role during infectious diseases have been performed, highlighting their functions and their mechanisms of action. DCs can be categorized into different subsets, and each of these subsets expresses a wide arrange of receptors and molecules that aid them in the clearance of invading pathogens. Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine -a molecule of protein origin- strongly associated with antiviral immune responses. This cytokine is secreted by different cell types and is fundamental in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. Particularly, DCs are one of the most important immune cells that produce IFN, with type I IFNs (α and β) highlighting as the most important, as they are associated with viral clearance. Type I IFN secretion can be induced via different pathways, activated by various components of the virus, such as surface proteins or genetic material. These molecules can trigger the activation of the IFN pathway trough surface receptors, including IFNAR, TLR4, or some intracellular receptors, such as TLR7, TLR9, and TLR3. Here, we discuss various types of dendritic cells found in humans and mice; their contribution to the activation of the antiviral response triggered by the secretion of IFN, through different routes of the induction for this important antiviral cytokine; and as to how DCs are involved in human infections that are considered highly frequent nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas M S Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V Berrios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Laursen TL, Sandahl TD, Kazankov K, George J, Grønbæk H. Liver-related effects of chronic hepatitis C antiviral treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2931-2947. [PMID: 32587440 PMCID: PMC7304101 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i22.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than five years ago, the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection was revolutionized with the introduction of all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs. They proved highly efficient in curing patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), including patients with cirrhosis. The new DAA treatments were alleged to induce significant improvements in clinical outcome and prognosis, but the exact cause of the expected benefit was unclear. Further, little was known about how the underlying liver disease would be affected during and after viral clearance. In this review, we describe and discuss the liver-related effects of the new treatments in regards to both pathophysiological aspects, such as macrophage activation, and the time-dependent effects of therapy, with specific emphasis on inflammation, structural liver changes, and liver function, as these factors are all related to morbidity and mortality in CHC patients. It seems clear that antiviral therapy, especially the achievement of a sustained virologic response has several beneficial effects on liver-related parameters in CHC patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. There seems to be a time-dependent effect of DAA therapy with viral clearance and the resolution of liver inflammation followed by more discrete changes in structural liver lesions. These improvements lead to favorable effects on liver function, followed by an improvement in cognitive dysfunction and portal hypertension. Overall, the data provide knowledge on the several beneficial effects of DAA therapy on liver-related parameters in CHC patients suggesting short- and long-term improvements in the underlying disease with the promise of an improved long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea L Laursen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Sandahl
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Kazankov
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
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18
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Abouelasrar Salama S, Lavie M, De Buck M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Cytokines and serum amyloid A in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 50:29-42. [PMID: 31718982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is dependent on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α during infection and inflammation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) upregulates SAA-inducing cytokines. In line with this, a segment of chronically infected individuals display increased circulating levels of SAA. SAA has even been proposed to be a potential biomarker to evaluate treatment efficiency and the course of disease. SAA possesses antiviral activity against HCV via direct interaction with the viral particle, but might also divert infectivity through its function as an apolipoprotein. On the other hand, SAA shares inflammatory and angiogenic activity with chemotactic cytokines by activating the G protein-coupled receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2. These latter properties might promote chronic inflammation and hepatic injury. Indeed, up to 80 % of infected individuals develop chronic disease because they cannot completely clear the infection, due to diversion of the immune response. In this review, we summarize the interconnection between SAA and cytokines in the context of HCV infection and highlight the dual role SAA could play in this disease. Nevertheless, more research is needed to establish whether the balance between those opposing activities can be tilted in favor of the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Muriel Lavie
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mieke De Buck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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19
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Doyle EH, Rahman A, Aloman C, Klepper AL, El-Shamy A, Eng F, Rocha C, Kim S, Haydel B, Florman SS, Fiel MI, Schiano T, Branch AD. Individual liver plasmacytoid dendritic cells are capable of producing IFNα and multiple additional cytokines during chronic HCV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007935. [PMID: 31356648 PMCID: PMC6687199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are "natural" interferon α (IFNα)-producing cells. Despite their importance to antiviral defense, autoimmunity, and ischemic liver graft injury, because DC subsets are rare and heterogeneous, basic questions about liver pDC function and capacity to make cytokines remain unanswered. Previous investigations failed to consistently detect IFNα mRNA in HCV-infected livers, suggesting that pDCs may be incapable of producing IFNα. We used a combination of molecular, biochemical, cytometric, and high-dimensional techniques to analyze DC frequencies/functions in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, to examine correlations between DC function and gene expression of matched whole liver tissue and liver mononuclear cells (LMCs), and to determine if pDCs can produce multiple cytokines. T cells often produce multiple cytokines/chemokines but until recently technical limitations have precluded tests of polyfunctionality in individual pDCs. Mass cytometry (CyTOF) revealed that liver pDCs are the only LMC that produces detectable amounts of IFNα in response TLR-7/8 stimulation. Liver pDCs secreted large quantities of IFNα (~2 million molecules of IFNα/cell/hour) and produced more IFNα than PBMCs after stimulation, p = 0.0001. LMCs secreted >14-fold more IFNα than IFNλ in 4 hours. Liver pDC frequency positively correlated with whole liver expression of "IFNα-response" pathway (R2 = 0.58, p = 0.007) and "monocyte surface" signature (R2 = 0.54, p = 0.01). Mass cytometry revealed that IFNα-producing pDCs were highly polyfunctional; >90% also made 2-4 additional cytokines/chemokines of our test set of 10. Liver BDCA1 DCs, but not BDCA3 DCs, were similarly polyfunctional. pDCs from a healthy liver were also polyfunctional. Our data show that liver pDCs retain the ability to make abundant IFNα during chronic HCV infection and produce many other immune modulators. Polyfunctional liver pDCs are likely to be key drivers of inflammation and immune activation during chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Heather Doyle
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Costica Aloman
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arielle L. Klepper
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ahmed El-Shamy
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francis Eng
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chiara Rocha
- Recanati Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sang Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandy Haydel
- Recanati Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sander S. Florman
- Recanati Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Schiano
- Recanati Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea D. Branch
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Hepatitis C and Host Interactions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060604. [PMID: 31213010 PMCID: PMC6627916 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is commonly attributed as a major cause of chronic hepatotropic diseases, such as, steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As HCV infects only humans and primates, its narrow host tropism hampers in vivo studies of HCV-mammalian host interactions and the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines. In this context, we will focus our discussion on humanized mice in HCV research. Here, these humanized mice are defined as animal models that encompass either only human hepatocytes or both human liver and immune cells. Aspects related to immunopathogenesis, anti-viral interventions, drug testing and perspectives of these models for future HCV research will be discussed.
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21
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Pott H, Bricks G, Senise JF, Castelo A. Chronic alcohol abuse and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. IDCases 2019; 17:e00534. [PMID: 31384553 PMCID: PMC6667488 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an uncommon occurrence in the course of chronic infection. We reported a rare case of a 41-year-old male patient infected with HCV genotype 3a who presented spontaneous viral elimination after increasing his daily consumption of alcoholic beverage. In this short review, we overview how modulation of the hepatic inflammatory response could have a role in the viral elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Pott
- Departament of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Departament of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Bricks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Figueiredo Senise
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adauto Castelo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir Therapy Enhance Monocyte Phenotypic Changes in Naive Chronic Hepatitis C Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:9469567. [PMID: 30941170 PMCID: PMC6420991 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9469567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver inflammation influences monocyte function, recruitment, and consequently inflammatory and fibrogenic responses. We aimed to investigate changes in the circulating monocyte phenotypes in response to Daclatasvir-Sofosbuvir (SOF/DCV) therapy in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and relate findings to the viral kinetics and the fibrosis score. Methods A longitudinal study involving 100 treatment-naïve patients and 30 healthy controls, tested for liver function, fibrosis scores (AST to platelet ratio index, FIB-4), and blood monocyte subsets based on CD14/CD16 expression by flow cytometer. Results CHC patients had significantly lower albumin, higher ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and increased fibrosis scores [Fib-4 (1.85±0.98) and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) (0.6±0.35)], higher monocyte and eosinophil counts and lowered neutrophil to monocyte ratio (NMR), and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) compared to week 12 and control. CHC patients had significantly increased median [classical (52.2% versus 25.8%, P=0.004) and inflammatory CD16+ monocytes (23.1% versus 13.58%, P=0.035)]. Therapy results in achievement of sustained virological response in 92% of cases, liver function improvement, and normalization of the inflammatory monocytes subsets. Monocyte counts showed positive correlation with viral load, calculated fibrosis scores (APRI and FIB-4 score), AST, ALT, ANC, and inverse correlations with serum albumin, leukocyte, eosinophil, NMR, and LMR. Multivariate regression found eosinophil count as predictors of CD16+ monocyte count in CHC patients. Conclusion CHC infection promotes a proinflammatory and profibrotic monocytes profile. SOF/DCV therapy efficiently decreases viral load, reduces fibrosis potentials, attenuates monocyte activation, normalizes monocytes phenotypic abnormalities, and modulates monocyte subsets recruitment and differentiation later in the liver.
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23
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Patra T, Ray RB, Ray R. Strategies to Circumvent Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus. Cells 2019; 8:E274. [PMID: 30909456 PMCID: PMC6468774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses generate interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, complement activation, and natural killer (NK) cell response. Ultimately, this leads to the induction of a robust virus-specific adaptive immunity. Although the host innate immune system senses and responds to eliminate virus infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades immune attack and establishes persistent infection within the liver. Spontaneous clearance of HCV infection is associated with a prompt induction of innate immunity generated in an infected host. In this review, we have highlighted the current knowledge of our understanding of host⁻HCV interactions, especially for endogenous interferon production, proinflammatory response, NK cell response, and complement activation, which may impair the generation of a strong adaptive immune response for establishment of chronicity. The information may provide novel strategies in augmenting therapeutic intervention against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Departments of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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24
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Collister M, Ellison C, Li Q, Minuk GY, Rempel JD, Kung SK. The Influence of Hepatitis C Viral Loads on Natural Killer Cell Function. Gastroenterology Res 2019; 12:8-15. [PMID: 30834029 PMCID: PMC6396790 DOI: 10.14740/gr1081w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has a high rate of chronicity, attributable to its capacity to alter host immunity, including natural killer (NK) cell function. In this study, the interaction between NK cell activity and HCV viral load was investigated. Methods Peripheral blood NK cells were examined for cytotoxicity and interferon (IFN)-γ expression in HCV infected low (LVL, < 800,000 IU/mL, n = 10) and high (HVL, > 800,000 IU/mL, n = 13) viral load patient cohorts. Results Spontaneous NK cell cytotoxicity was more robust in the LVL cohort resulting in a negative correlation with viral loads (spontaneous, r = -0.437, P = 0.037; IFN-α activated, r = -0.372, P = 0.081). Although the percent of IFN-γ+ NK cells did not associate with viral load, within the LVL cohort there was a marked increase in IFN-γ+ NK cells upon IFN-α activation relative to medium alone (P < 0.01). To examine the inability of NK cells derived from HVL patients to be further activated, the expression of the exhaustion marker programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 was evaluated. PD-1 expression upon NK cell activation correlated with viral load (r = 0.649, P = 0.009). In addition, HCV proteins upregulated PD-1 expression in vitro (P < 0.05), suggesting that HCV can directly promote NK cell exhaustion. Cells from HVL patients were also more likely to produce IFN-γ in response to HCV core protein. The finding that NK cell PD-1 and IFN-γ expression are linked (r = 0.542, P < 0.05) suggests that increased IFN-γ levels may induce PD-1 as a negative feedback mechanism. Conclusions High HCV loads appear to promote NK exhaustion in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Collister
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Hepatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Cindy Ellison
- Section of Hepatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Hepatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gerald Y Minuk
- Section of Hepatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Julia D Rempel
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Hepatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sam K Kung
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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25
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Wang M, Ping Y, Li Z, Li J, Zhang Z, Yue D, Chen X, Wang L, Huang L, Huang J, Yang L, Zhao X, Yang S, Li H, Shi J, Li J, Zhang Y. Polarization of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells by hepatitis C core protein is mediated via IL-10/STAT3 signalling. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:246-257. [PMID: 30339295 PMCID: PMC7379525 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been described as suppressors of T-cell function in many malignancies. Impaired T-cell responses have been observed in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC), which is reportedly associated with the establishment of persistent HCV infection. Therefore, we hypothesized that MDSCs also play a role in chronic HCV infection. MDSCs in the peripheral blood of 206 patients with CHC and 20 healthy donors were analyzed by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors cultured with hepatitis C virus core protein (HCVc) were stimulated with or without interleukin 10 (IL-10). Compared to healthy donors and certain CHC patients with sustained viral response (SVR), CHC patients without SVR presented with a dramatic elevation of G-MDSCs with the HLA-DR-/low CD33+ CD14- CD11b+ phenotype in peripheral blood. The frequency of G-MDSCs in CHC patients was positively correlated with serum HCVc, and G-MDSCs were induced from healthy PBMCs by adding exogenous HCVc. Furthermore, we revealed a potential mechanism by which HCVc mediates G-MDSC polarization; activation of ERK1/2 resulting in IL-10 production and IL-10-activated STAT3 signalling. Finally, we confirmed that HCVc-induced G-MDSCs suppress the proliferation and production of IFN-γ in autologous T-cells. We also found that the frequency of G-MDSCs in serum was associated with CHC prognosis. HCVc maintains immunosuppression by promoting IL-10/STAT3-dependent differentiation of G-MDSCs from PBMCs, resulting in the impaired functioning of T-cells. G-MDSCs may thus be a promising biomarker for predicting prognosis of CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jieyao Li
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Dongli Yue
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jianmin Huang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Shuangning Yang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hong Li
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jijing Shi
- The First People's Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and BiotherapyZhengzhouHenanChina
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26
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Yang Y, Tu ZK, Liu XK, Zhang P. Mononuclear phagocyte system in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4962-4973. [PMID: 30510371 PMCID: PMC6262249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which consists of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, plays a vital role in the innate immune defense against pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is efficient in evading the host immunity, thereby facilitating its development into chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of end-stage liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acquired immune response was regarded as the key factor to eradicate HCV. However, innate immunity can regulate the acquired immune response. Innate immunity-derived cytokines shape the adaptive immunity by regulating T-cell differentiation, which determines the outcome of acute HCV infection. Inhibition of HCV-specific T-cell responses is one of the most important strategies for immune system evasion. It is meaningful to illustrate the role of innate immune response in HCV infection. With the MPS being the important factor in innate immunity, therefore, understanding the role of the MPS in HCV infection will shed light on the pathophysiology of chronic HCV infection. In this review, we outline the impact of HCV infection on the MPS and cytokine production. We discuss how HCV is detected by the MPS and describe the function and impairment of MPS components in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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27
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Henriquez JE, Rizzo MD, Crawford RB, Gulick P, Kaminski NE. Interferon- α-Mediated Activation of T Cells from Healthy and HIV-Infected Individuals Is Suppressed by Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:49-58. [PMID: 30026298 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with HIV routinely use medicinal cannabinoids to treat neuropathic pain, anxiety, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated wasting. However, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis, suppresses T-cell function and secretion of interferons, both critically important in the antiviral immune response. Interferon-α (IFNα), a key cytokine in T-cell activation and peripheral control of HIV infection, can potentiate responsiveness to interleukin-7 (IL-7), a crucial homeostatic cytokine for peripheral T-cell maintenance. The objective of this investigation was to compare the response of T cells to stimulation by IFNα and IL-7 in T cells from healthy and HIV+ donors in the absence and presence of THC. To compare T-cell responses between healthy and HIV+ donors signaling through IFNα receptor, IFNα-induced expression of IL-7α receptor (IL-7Rα), cognate signaling through IL-7R, and on IL-7-mediated T-cell proliferation were measured by flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CD8+ T cells from HIV+ donors showed a diminished response to IFNα-induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 activation compared with CD8+ T cells from healthy donors, whereas CD4+ T cells from HIV+ donors and healthy donors were comparable. Treatment with IFNα promoted IL-7R expression and potentiated IL-7-induced STAT5 phosphorylation to augment IL-7-mediated proliferation by T cells from healthy and HIV+ donors. Finally, HIV+ donors exhibited reduced sensitivity to THC-mediated suppression by IFNα- and IL-7-mediated stimulation compared with healthy donors. These results further support THC as being immune suppressive while identifying putatively beneficial aspects of cannabinoid-based therapies in HIV+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Henriquez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J.E.H., N.E.K.), Cell and Molecular Biology (M.D.R.), and Osteopathic Medicine (P.G.), and Institute for Integrative Toxicology (J.E.H., M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Michael D Rizzo
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J.E.H., N.E.K.), Cell and Molecular Biology (M.D.R.), and Osteopathic Medicine (P.G.), and Institute for Integrative Toxicology (J.E.H., M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J.E.H., N.E.K.), Cell and Molecular Biology (M.D.R.), and Osteopathic Medicine (P.G.), and Institute for Integrative Toxicology (J.E.H., M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Peter Gulick
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J.E.H., N.E.K.), Cell and Molecular Biology (M.D.R.), and Osteopathic Medicine (P.G.), and Institute for Integrative Toxicology (J.E.H., M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J.E.H., N.E.K.), Cell and Molecular Biology (M.D.R.), and Osteopathic Medicine (P.G.), and Institute for Integrative Toxicology (J.E.H., M.D.R., R.B.C., N.E.K.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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28
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Zekri ARN, El Deeb S, Bahnassy AA, Badr AM, Abdellateif MS, Esmat G, Salama H, Mohanad M, El-dien AE, Rabah S, Abd Elkader A. Role of relevant immune-modulators and cytokines in hepatocellular carcinoma and premalignant hepatic lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1228-1238. [PMID: 29568203 PMCID: PMC5859225 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i11.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the levels of different immune modulators in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in relation to other hepatic diseases.
METHODS Eighty-eight patients were included in the current study and represented patients with HCC (20), liver cirrhosis (28) and chronic hepatitis (CH; 25), and normal controls (NC; 15). Peripheral blood was isolated for immunophenotyping of active myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs; CD1c and CD40), mature inactive myeloid cells (CD1c and HLA), active plasmacytoid cells (pDCs; CD303 and CD40), mature inactive pDCs (CD30 and HLA), active natural killer (NK) cells (CD56 and CD161), active NK cells (CD56 and CD314) and inactive NK cells (CD56 and CD158) was done by flow cytometry. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αR2 were assessed by ELISA.
RESULTS Active mDCs (CD1C+/CD40+) and inactive mDCs (CD1c+/HLA+) were significantly decreased in HCC patients in relation to NC (P < 0.001). CD40+ expression on active pDCs was decreased in HCC patients (P < 0.001), and its level was not significantly changed among other groups. Inactive pDCs (CD303+/HLA+), inactive NKs (CD56+/CD158+) and active NKs (CD56+/CD161+) were not statistically changed among the four groups studied; however, the latter was increased in CH (P < 0.05). NKG2D was statistically decreased in HCC, CH and cirrhosis (P < 0.001), and it was not expressed in 63% (12/20) of HCC patients. There was significant decrease of IL-2, IFN-α and IFN-γ (P < 0.001), and a significant increase in IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-αR2 (P <0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001; respectively) in HCC patients. There was inverted correlation between IL-12 and IL-1β in HCC (r = -0.565, P < 0.01), with a strong correlation between pDCs (CD303+/CD40+) and NKs (CD56+/CD161+; r = 0.512, P < 0.05) as well as inactive mDCs (CD1c+/HLA+) and inactive NK cells (CD56+/CD158+; r = 0.945, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION NKG2D, CD40, IL-2 and IL-10 are important modulators in the development and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11976, Egypt
| | - Somaya El Deeb
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Bahnassy
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11976, Egypt
| | - Abeer M Badr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mona S Abdellateif
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11976, Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Department of Hepatology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11441, Egypt
| | - Hosny Salama
- Department of Hepatology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11441, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mohanad
- Department of Biochemistry, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th October 12945, Giza Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Esam El-dien
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Rabah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Assmaa Abd Elkader
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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29
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Méndez-Lagares G, Lu D, Chen C, Terrault N, Segal MR, Khalili M, Monto A, Shen H, Manos MM, Lanier LL, Ryan JC, McCune JM, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Memory T Cell Proliferation before Hepatitis C Virus Therapy Predicts Antiviral Immune Responses and Treatment Success. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1124-1132. [PMID: 29263212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the host immune system to the efficacy of new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs is unclear. We undertook a longitudinal prospective study of 33 individuals with chronic HCV treated with combination pegylated IFN-α, ribavirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir. We characterized innate and adaptive immune cells to determine whether kinetics of the host response could predict sustained virologic response (SVR). We show that characteristics of the host immune system present before treatment were correlated with successful therapy. Augmentation of adaptive immune responses during therapy was more impressive among those achieving SVR. Most importantly, active memory T cell proliferation before therapy predicted SVR and was associated with the magnitude of the HCV-specific responses at week 12 after treatment start. After therapy initiation, the most important correlate of success was minimal monocyte activation, as predicted by previous in vitro work. In addition, subjects achieving SVR had increasing expression of the transcription factor T-bet, a driver of Th1 differentiation and cytotoxic effector cell maturation. These results show that host immune features present before treatment initiation predict SVR and eventual development of a higher frequency of functional virus-specific cells in blood. Such host characteristics may also be required for successful vaccine-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Méndez-Lagares
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ding Lu
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Connie Chen
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Norah Terrault
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mark R Segal
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Mandana Khalili
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Alexander Monto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - M Michele Manos
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129; and
| | - James C Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
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30
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Papasavvas E, Azzoni L, Yin X, Liu Q, Joseph J, Mackiewicz A, Ross B, Lynn KM, Jacobson JM, Mounzer K, Kostman JR, Montaner LJ. HCV viraemia associates with NK cell activation and dysfunction in antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV/HCV-co-infected subjects. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:865-876. [PMID: 28419653 PMCID: PMC5589504 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels on immune status in chronically HCV mono-infected when compared to HIV/HCV co-infected on antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains poorly understood. A total of 78 African American subjects HCV viraemic/naïve to HCV treatment (33 HCV genotype 1 mono-infected, 45 ART-treated HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected) were studied. Clinical and liver enzyme measurements were performed. Whole blood was analysed for immune subset changes by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used for same-day constitutive and in vitro Interferon (IFN)-α-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation, K562 target cell lysis and K562 target cell recognition-mediated IFN-γ production. Statistical analysis was performed using R (2.5.1) or JMP Pro 11. While both groups did not differ in the level of liver enzymes, HIV/HCV had higher T-cell activation/exhaustion, and constitutive STAT-1 phosphorylation compared to HCV. In contrast, CD4+ FoxP3+ CD25+ frequency, IFN-αR expression on NK cells, as well as constitutive and IFN-α-induced direct cytotoxicity were lower in HIV/HCV. Linear regression models further supported these results. Finally, increase in HCV viral load and CD4+ T-cell count had an opposite effect between the two groups on NK cell activity and T-cell activation, respectively. HCV viral load in ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infection was associated with greater immune activation/exhaustion and NK dysfunction than HCV viral load alone in HCV mono-infection. The more pronounced immune modulation noted in ART-treated HIV-co-infected/untreated HCV viraemic subjects may impact HCV disease progression and/or response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Azzoni
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - X. Yin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q. Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J. Joseph
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - B. Ross
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K. M. Lynn
- Presbyterian Hospital-University of Pennsylvania hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J. M. Jacobson
- Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K. Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J. R. Kostman
- John Bell Health Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Estevez J, Chen VL, Podlaha O, Li B, Le A, Vutien P, Chang ET, Rosenberg-Hasson Y, Jiang Z, Pflanz S, Ge D, Gaggar A, Nguyen MH. Differential Serum Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, C, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11867. [PMID: 28928388 PMCID: PMC5605527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), most cases of which are related to either hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Prior studies have examined differences in individual cytokine levels in patients with chronic liver disease, but comprehensive cytokine profiling data across different clinical characteristics are lacking. We examined serum cytokine profiles of 411 patients with HCC (n = 102: 32% HBV, 54% HCV, 14% non-viral) and without HCC (n = 309: 39% HBV, 39% HCV, 22% non-viral). Multiplex analysis (Luminex 200 IS) was used to measure serum levels of 51 common cytokines. Random forest machine learning was used to obtain receiver operator characteristic curves and to determine individual cytokine importance using Z scores of mean fluorescence intensity for individual cytokines. Among HCC and non-HCC patients, cytokine profiles differed between HBV and HCV patients (area under curve (AUC) 0.82 for HCC, 0.90 for non-HCC). Cytokine profiles did not distinguish cirrhotic HBV patients with and without HCC (AUC 0.503) or HCV patients with and without HCC (AUC 0.63). In conclusion, patients with HBV or HCV infection, with or without HCC, have distinctly different cytokine profiles, suggesting potential differences in disease pathogenesis and/or disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Estevez
- Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vincent L Chen
- Stanford University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,University of Michigan, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Biao Li
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - An Le
- Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Philip Vutien
- Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yael Rosenberg-Hasson
- Stanford University Medical Center, The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anuj Gaggar
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Mindie H Nguyen
- Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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32
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Zheng Z, Sze CW, Keng CT, Al-Haddawi M, Liu M, Tan SY, Kwek HL, Her Z, Chan XY, Barnwal B, Loh E, Chang KTE, Tan TC, Tan YJ, Chen Q. Hepatitis C virus mediated chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis in the humanised immune system and liver mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184127. [PMID: 28886065 PMCID: PMC5590885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by infection of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Many individuals infected by the virus are unable to resolve the viral infection and develop chronic hepatitis, which can lead to formation of liver cirrhosis and cancer. To understand better how initial HCV infections progress to chronic liver diseases, we characterised the long term pathogenic effects of HCV infections with the use of a humanised mouse model (HIL mice) we have previously established. Although HCV RNA could be detected in infected mice up to 9 weeks post infection, HCV infected mice developed increased incidences of liver fibrosis, granulomatous inflammation and tumour formation in the form of hepatocellular adenomas or hepatocellular carcinomas by 28 weeks post infection compared to uninfected mice. We also demonstrated that chronic liver inflammation in HCV infected mice was mediated by the human immune system, particularly by monocytes/macrophages and T cells which exhibited exhaustion phenotypes. In conclusion, HIL mice can recapitulate some of the clinical symptoms such as chronic inflammation, immune cell exhaustion and tumorigenesis seen in HCV patients. Our findings also suggest that persistence of HCV-associated liver disease appear to require initial infections of HCV and immune responses but not long term HCV viraemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cytokines/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Liver Function Tests
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Serum Albumin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Viremia/immunology
- Viremia/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching Wooen Sze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choong Tat Keng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Min Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue Yee Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Ling Kwek
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Ying Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhaskar Barnwal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eva Loh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Tou En Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Tan
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (Y-JT); (QC)
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (Y-JT); (QC)
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33
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Hepatitis C virus drives increased type I interferon-associated impairments associated with fibrosis severity in antiretroviral treatment-treated HIV-1-hepatitis C virus-coinfected individuals. AIDS 2017; 31:1223-1234. [PMID: 28492391 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral coinfections might contribute to the increased immune activation and inflammation that persist in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-treated HIV-1 patients. We investigated whether the hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection contributes to such alterations by impairing the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) IFNα/TLR7 pathway in a highly homogeneous group of ART-treated HIV-1-HCV-coinfected patients. METHODS Twenty-nine HIV-1-infected patients with fully suppressive ART were included, 15 of whom being HCV-coinfected with mild-to-moderate fibrosis and matched for their HIV-1 disease, and 13 control healthy donors. Cellular activation, plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and pDC transcriptome associated with IFNα/TLR7 pathway were characterized. RESULTS Higher plasma levels of type-I interferon (IFN)-associated cytokines [interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), MIP-1β, IL-8 and IFN-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant) were observed in HIV-1-HCV-coinfected than in HIV-1-monoinfected patients (P = 0.0007, 0.028, 0.028 and 0.035, respectively). The pDCs and T cells displayed a more exhausted (LAG-3+ and CD57+, respectively) phenotype. The pDC IFNα pathway (defined by phosphorylated STAT1 expression) was constitutively activated in all patients, irrespective of HCV coinfection. Expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) EI2AK2, ISG15, Mx1 and IFI44 was increased in pDCs from HIV-1-HCV-coinfected individuals and was correlated with fibrosis score (Fibroscan, www.echosens.com, Paris, France and aspartate-aminotransferase/platelet-ratio index score, P = 0.026 and 0.019, respectively). Plasma levels of IP-10, STAT1 expression in pDCs and Mx1 mRNA levels in pDCs decreased after interferon-free anti-HCV treatment. CONCLUSION HCV replication appears to drive increases in type-I IFN-associated inflammation and ISGs expression in pDCs, in association with fibrosis severity in ART-treated HIV-1-infected patients with mild-to-moderate fibrosis. Preliminary results indicate reduction of these alterations with earlier interferon-free anti-HCV treatment in those patients.
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34
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Fernández-Ponce C, Dominguez-Villar M, Muñoz-Miranda JP, Arbulo-Echevarria MM, Litrán R, Aguado E, García-Cozar F. Immune modulation by the hepatitis C virus core protein. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:350-356. [PMID: 28092420 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is currently the most important cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the world and one of the most frequent indications for liver transplantation. HCV uses different strategies to evade the innate and adaptive immune response, and this evasion plays a key role in determining viral persistence. Several HCV viral proteins have been described as immune modulators. In this review, we will focus on the effect of HCV nucleocapsid core protein in the function of immune cells and its correlation with the findings observed in HCV chronically infected patients. Effects on immune cell function related to both extracellular and intracellular HCV core localization will be considered. This review provides an updated perspective on the mechanisms involved in HCV evasion related to one single HCV protein, which could become a key tool in the development of new antiviral strategies able to control and/or eradicate HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernández-Ponce
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - M Dominguez-Villar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Human Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St. 353D, New Haven, 06520, CT
| | - J P Muñoz-Miranda
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - M M Arbulo-Echevarria
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - R Litrán
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Aguado
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - F García-Cozar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz and Institute of Biomedical Research Cádiz (INIBICA), Cadiz, Spain
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35
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Camprubí-Rimblas M, Peri F, McKnight Á, Matteucci C, Guillamat-Prats R. The EuroSciCon's 2015 Innate Immunity Summit. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The EuroSciCon's 2015 Innate Immunity Summit, London, UK, 17–19 November 2015 A first line of defense against viral infection is prompted by the innate immune system. Viruses activate both extracellular and intracellular events that lead to a war between the virus and the host. In addition to vaccines which induce adaptive T- and B-cell response in readiness for infection, other therapies that potentiate the host immune response are in development, such as those that induce an increase in restriction factor activity or diminish inflammation through Toll-like receptors’ antagonists. Other modulators of immune response, such as thymosin α-1, contribute to the inhibition of HIV-1 and human T lymphotropic virus 1 infection. Understanding the mechanisms by which the innate immune response combats pathogen invasion will enable the generation of novel therapeutic strategies to cure viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology & Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Áine McKnight
- Centre for Immunology & Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via Montpellier, 100133 Rome, Italy
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- Fundació Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
- CIBERES Enfermedades Respiratorias, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
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36
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Ghareeb DA, Elwakeel EH, Khalil R, Aziz MS, El demellawy MA. Investigation of the Immunomodulatory effect of Berberis vulgaris on core-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:325. [PMID: 27577059 PMCID: PMC5004255 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced dendritic cells (DCs) functional deficiency leads to sub-optimal initiation of adaptive immune responses and consequently chronic infection establishment. The present study reports an advanced hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutic vaccine model based on In vivo enrichment of DCs with barberry ethanolic crude extract (BCE) then pulsing them with HCV core protein. METHODS DCs were enriched by BCE intravenous injection in BALB/c mice. Vaccine efficiency was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes of immunized mice, cytokine profiling, cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay, and humoral immune response assessment. RESULTS There was no significant difference in surface phenotypic characterization of splenocytes from mice immunized with non-BCE-enriched-core-pulsed DCs (iDcs-core) compared to those from mice injected with RPMI-1640 medium. However, splenocytes from mice immunized with BCE-enriched-core-pulsed DCs showed 197 % increase in CD16+ population, 33 % increase in MHCII(+) population, and 43 % decrease in CD3(+) population. In iDCs-core group, 57.9 % greater anti-core cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, up-regulation in interferon gamma and interleukin (IL) -12 expression, and down-regulation in IL-4 and IL-10 were recorded. Moreover, sustained specific anti-core antibodies were detected only in sera of the same group. CONCLUSIONS results indicate that BCE-enriched-core-transduced DCs may serve as a new model for immunotherapy of HCV chronic infection.
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37
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Saeed U, Piracha ZZ. Bridging the importance of Toll like receptors in human viral infections. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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De Re V, De Zorzi M, Caggiari L, Lauletta G, Tornesello ML, Fognani E, Miorin M, Racanelli V, Quartuccio L, Gragnani L, Russi S, Pavone F, Ghersetti M, Costa EG, Casarin P, Bomben R, Mazzaro C, Basaglia G, Berretta M, Vaccher E, Izzo F, Buonaguro FM, De Vita S, Zignego AL, De Paoli P, Dolcetti R. HCV-related liver and lymphoproliferative diseases: association with polymorphisms of IL28B and TLR2. Oncotarget 2016; 7:37487-37497. [PMID: 27183918 PMCID: PMC5122326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between innate immunity and hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in determining the risk of cirrhosis (CIR), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome (MCS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we investigated the impact of the toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and interleukin-28B (IL28B) genetic variants. TLR2 -174 del variant was associated with TLR2 expression and with specific downstream molecules that drive the expression of different interleukins; rs12979860 Il28B was important in response to interferon-treatment and in spontaneous clearance of HCV. The risk for liver and lymphoproliferative diseases in HCV progression was clarified by stratifying 862 HCV-positive patients into groups based on liver (CIR, HCC) and lymphoproliferative HCV-related diseases (MCS, NHL) and compared with chronic HCV (CHC) infection. Analysis of TLR2-IL28B haplotypes showed an association of wild type haplotype with the lymphoproliferative diseases (OR 1.77, p = 0.029) and a slight increase in HCV viral load (HR 1.38, p = 0.054). Wild type haplotype (TLR2 ins/ins- IL28B C/C) was also found associated with older age in patients with an hepatic diseases (in CIR and in HCC p = 0.038 and p = 0.020, respectively) supporting an effect of innate immunity in the liver disease progression. TLR2 and IL28B polymorphisms in combination showed a role in the control of HCV viral load and different HCV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Bio-Proteomics Facility/ Cancer Bioimmunotherapy, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Mariangela De Zorzi
- Bio-Proteomics Facility/ Cancer Bioimmunotherapy, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Laura Caggiari
- Bio-Proteomics Facility/ Cancer Bioimmunotherapy, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Lauletta
- Liver Unit, Division of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale” - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Fognani
- Interdepartmental Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Virus MASVE, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Miorin
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Immunology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University Hospital “Santa Maria della Misericordia”, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Gragnani
- Interdepartmental Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Virus MASVE, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabino Russi
- Liver Unit, Division of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Pavone
- Liver Unit, Division of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Ghersetti
- Internal Medicine-Liver Unit, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Elena Garlatti Costa
- Internal Medicine-Liver Unit, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Pietro Casarin
- Internal Medicine-Liver Unit, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Cesare Mazzaro
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Basaglia
- Microbiology-Immunology and Virology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale” - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale” - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore De Vita
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University Hospital “Santa Maria della Misericordia”, Udine, Italy
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- Interdepartmental Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Virus MASVE, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo De Paoli
- Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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39
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Bajwa G, DeBerardinis RJ, Shao B, Hall B, Farrar JD, Gill MA. Cutting Edge: Critical Role of Glycolysis in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Antiviral Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2004-9. [PMID: 26826244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are vital to antiviral defense, directing immune responses via secretion of huge concentrations of IFN-α. These cells are critical in protecting the lung against clinically relevant respiratory viruses, particularly influenza (Flu), a virus responsible for substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. How pDC responses to such viral pathogens are regulated, however, is poorly understood in humans. Using an unbiased approach of gene chip analysis, we discovered that Flu significantly affects metabolism in primary human pDCs. We demonstrate that Flu and RV, another common respiratory virus, induce glycolysis in pDCs and that this metabolic pathway regulates pDC antiviral functions, including IFN-α production and phenotypic maturation. Intranasal vaccination of human volunteers with live influenza virus also increases glycolysis in circulating pDCs, highlighting a previously unrecognized potential role for metabolism in regulating pDC immune responses to viral infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Bajwa
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Baomei Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | | | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
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40
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Macal M, Tam MA, Hesser C, Di Domizio J, Leger P, Gilliet M, Zuniga EI. CD28 Deficiency Enhances Type I IFN Production by Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1900-9. [PMID: 26773151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are key innate mediators that create a profound antiviral state and orchestrate the activation of almost all immune cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the most powerful IFN-I-producing cells and play important roles during viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. By comparing gene expression profiles of murine pDCs and conventional DCs, we found that CD28, a prototypic T cell stimulatory receptor, was highly expressed in pDCs. Strikingly, CD28 acted as a negative regulator of pDC IFN-I production upon TLR stimulation but did not affect pDC survival or maturation. Importantly, cell-intrinsic CD28 expression restrained pDC (and systemic) IFN-I production during in vivo RNA and DNA viral infections, limiting antiviral responses and enhancing viral growth early after exposure. Finally, CD28 also downregulated IFN-I response upon skin injury. Our study identified a new pDC regulatory mechanism by which the same CD28 molecule that promotes stimulation in most cells that express it is co-opted to negatively regulate pDC IFN-I production and limit innate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Macal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Miguel A Tam
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Charles Hesser
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Jeremy Di Domizio
- Service de Dermatologie et vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Psylvia Leger
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Service de Dermatologie et vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, hepatitis C virus infection remains a major global health issue with 3 to 4 million incident cases and 170 million prevalent chronic infections. Complex, partially understood, host-virus interactions determine whether an acute infection with hepatitis C resolves, as occurs in approximately 30% of cases, or generates a persistent hepatic infection, as occurs in the remainder. Once chronic infection is established, the velocity of hepatocyte injury and resultant fibrosis is significantly modulated by immunologic as well as environmental factors. Immunomodulation has been the backbone of antiviral therapy despite poor understanding of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Kaplan
- Medicine and Research Services, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia PA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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42
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Zabaleta A, Riezu-Boj JI, Larrea E, Villanueva L, Lasarte JJ, Guruceaga E, Fisicaro P, Ezzikouri S, Missale G, Ferrari C, Benjelloun S, Prieto J, Sarobe P. Gene expression analysis during acute hepatitis C virus infection associates dendritic cell activation with viral clearance. J Med Virol 2015; 88:843-51. [PMID: 26447929 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral clearance during acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the induction of potent antiviral T-cell responses. Since dendritic cells (DC) are essential in the activation of primary T-cell responses, gene expression was analyzed in DC from patients during acute HCV infection. By using microarrays, gene expression was compared in resting and activated peripheral blood plasmacytoid (pDC) and myeloid (mDC) DC from acute HCV resolving patients (AR) and from patients who become chronically infected (ANR), as well as in healthy individuals (CTRL) and chronically-infected patients (CHR). For pDC, a high number of upregulated genes was found in AR patients, irrespective of DC stimulation. However, for mDC, most evident differences were detected after DC stimulation, again corresponding to upregulated genes in AR patients. Divergent behavior of ANR was also observed when analyzing DC from CTRL and CHR, with ANR patients clustering again apart from these groups. These differences corresponded to metabolism-associated genes and genes belonging to pathways relevant for DC activation and cytokine responses. Thus, upregulation of relevant genes in DC during acute HCV infection may determine viral clearance, suggesting that dysfunctional DC may be responsible for the lack of efficient T-cell responses which lead to chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aintzane Zabaleta
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Riezu-Boj
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorea Villanueva
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Lasarte
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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43
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Increased proportions of dendritic cells and recovery of IFNγ responses in HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving ART. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:29-34. [PMID: 26455474 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) numbers and functions can be affected by HIV and HCV disease, but the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on DC and the implications of these changes are unclear. We examined circulating DC in samples from Indonesian patients beginning ART with advanced HIV disease and documented mild/moderate HCV hepatitis. Frequencies of myeloid and plasmacytoid DC increased after 6 months on ART, but frequencies of DC producing IL-12 or IFNα following stimulation with TLR agonists (CL075, CpG) did not change. IFNγ responses to CL075, HCV and other antigens rose over this period. Hence increased IFNγ responses during ART may be associated with increased DC frequencies rather than changes in their functional capacity.
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Fan C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li B, He Y, Guo Y, Jia Z. Up-regulation of A20/ABIN1 contributes to inefficient M1 macrophage polarization during Hepatitis C virus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:147. [PMID: 26382585 PMCID: PMC4574525 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) responses are often accompanied by an increase in alanine aminotransferase levels in HCV-infected patients, indicating that inflammatory responses are compromised by the virus. Additionally, inflammation is associated with M1-polarizated macrophages, which secrete cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-12, and present antigens through phagocytosis. HCV-encoded proteins are presented as specific viral antigens in particular infectious steps that influence the immune response. For instance, HCV antigens impact macrophage PD-1 and Tim-3 expression, and contribute to impaired viral clearance. Furthermore, circulatory HCV antigens from infected patients inhibit dendritic cell differentiation, which raises the possibility that HCV antigens may also interfere with macrophage polarization. METHODS In this study, the impact of HCV antigen stimulation on M1-polarized macrophages was investigated. The influence of HCV antigens was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific changes were investigated clinically by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Effects of NF-κB during the process were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS HCV infection dampened M1 macrophage polarization ex vivo and in vitro. After antigen stimulation, NF-κB signaling was suppressed by the up-regulation of A20 and A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB binding protein, which likely leads to a variation of functional molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α, CD163, matrix metalloproteinases, transferrin receptor-1, and CD100, reflecting an anti-inflammatory reaction against M1-polarization. CONCLUSION HCV antigens stimulation up-regulates A20/A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB binding protein expression, which consequently contributes to inefficient M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Bingjie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yu He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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45
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Zuniga EI, Macal M, Lewis GM, Harker JA. Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation During Chronic Viral Infections. Annu Rev Virol 2015; 2:573-97. [PMID: 26958929 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion) of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Zuniga
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Monica Macal
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Gavin M Lewis
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - James A Harker
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Nohmi K, Tokuhara D, Tachibana D, Saito M, Sakashita Y, Nakano A, Terada H, Katayama H, Koyama M, Shintaku H. Zymosan Induces Immune Responses Comparable with Those of Adults in Monocytes, Dendritic Cells, and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells from Cord Blood. J Pediatr 2015; 167:155-62.e1-2. [PMID: 25957979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune responses between human neonates and adults, focusing on the cytokine profiles of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) in cord and adult blood. STUDY DESIGN Purified monocytes, DCs, and MoDCs were stimulated with the following TLR ligands: lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), flagellin (TLR5), zymosan (TLR2), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (TLR3), imiquimod (TLR7), and CpG (TLR9). Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and IL-10 concentrations were analyzed in culture supernatants. RESULTS Compared with the effects in adult blood, lipopolysaccharide-, Pam3CSK4-, flagellin-, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production in cord blood was generally weak in monocytes, comparable in DCs, and elevated in MoDCs. CpG- and imiquimod-stimulated cytokine production in DCs was comparable in cord blood and adult blood, but cytokine production was almost absent in monocytes and MoDCs in both cord blood and adult blood. In contrast, zymosan stimulation produced comparable inflammatory cytokine profiles in the monocytes, DCs, and MoDCs of cord blood and adult blood. CONCLUSION The immaturity of TLR-mediated innate immunity in neonates depends on monocytes rather than on DCs. Our results indicate that zymosan-mediated TLR2 signaling may be useful for developing a neonatal vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nohmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tokuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Tachibana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemi Nakano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Terada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Katayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayasu Koyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Shintaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Osna NA, Ganesan M, Kharbanda KK. Hepatitis C, innate immunity and alcohol: friends or foes? Biomolecules 2015; 5:76-94. [PMID: 25664450 PMCID: PMC4384112 DOI: 10.3390/biom5010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C and alcohol are the most widespread causes of liver disease worldwide. Approximately 80% of patients with a history of hepatitis C and alcohol abuse develop chronic liver injury. Alcohol consumption in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients exacerbates liver disease leading to rapid progression of fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocytes are the main sites of HCV-infection and ethanol metabolism, both of which generate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress levels affect HCV replication and innate immunity, resulting in a greater susceptibility for HCV-infection and virus spread in the alcoholic patients. In this review paper, we analyze the effects of ethanol metabolism and other factors on HCV replication. In addition, we illustrate the mechanisms of how HCV hijacks innate immunity and how ethanol exposure regulates this process. We also clarify the effects of HCV and ethanol metabolism on interferon signaling-a crucial point for activation of anti-viral genes to protect cells from virus-and the role that HCV- and ethanol-induced impairments play in adaptive immunity which is necessary for recognition of virally-infected hepatocytes. In conclusion, ethanol exposure potentiates the suppressive effects of HCV on innate immunity, which activates viral spread in the liver and finally, leads to impairments in adaptive immunity. The dysregulation of immune response results in impaired elimination of HCV-infected cells, viral persistence, progressive liver damage and establishment of chronic infection that worsens the outcomes of chronic hepatitis C in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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48
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Schon HT, Weiskirchen R. Immunomodulatory effects of transforming growth factor-β in the liver. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 3:386-406. [PMID: 25568862 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family are potent regulatory cytokines that affect multiple cell types of the immune system mediating pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. In the liver, TGF-β is produced by a multitude of non-parenchymal liver cells including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) as well as natural killer (NK) T cells among other hepatic lymphocytes. The effect of TGF-β on other cells is highly versatile. In concert with other soluble factors, it controls the maturation, differentiation and activity of various T cell subsets that either prevent or actuate infections, graft-versus-host reactions, immune diseases, and cancer formation. During the last decades, it became evident that some TGFB1 polymorphisms are associated with the pathogenesis of hepatic disease and that plasma TGF-β is a suitable biomarker to detect liver lesions. Moreover, since TGF-β has capacity to influence the quantity and quality of T cell subsets as well as their activity, it is obvious that a well-balanced TGF-β activity is essential for liver homeostasis. In the present review, we highlight some pivotal functions of TGF-β in hepatic immunobiology. We discuss its regulatory function on adaptive immunity, the impact on differentiation of various T cell subsets, its crosstalk with Toll like receptor signaling, and its contribution to functional impairment of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Theo Schon
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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49
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Szabo G, Saha B, Bukong TN. Alcohol and HCV: implications for liver cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 815:197-216. [PMID: 25427909 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09614-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancers are one of the deadliest known malignancies which are increasingly becoming a major public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Overwhelming evidence suggests a strong role of infection with hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV), alcohol abuse, as well as metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes either individually or synergistically to cause or exacerbate the development of liver cancers. Although numerous etiologic mechanisms for liver cancer development have been advanced and well characterized, the lack of definite curative treatments means that gaps in knowledge still exist in identifying key molecular mechanisms and pathways in the pathophysiology of liver cancers. Given the limited success with current therapies and preventive strategies against liver cancer, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic options for patients. Targeting HCV and or alcohol-induced signal transduction, or virus-host protein interactions may offer novel therapies for liver cancer. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanistic development of liver cancer associated with HCV infection and alcohol abuse as well as highlights potential novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA,
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50
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Efficient virus assembly, but not infectivity, determines the magnitude of hepatitis C virus-induced interferon alpha responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Virol 2014; 89:3200-8. [PMID: 25552725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03229-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Worldwide, approximately 160 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), seven distinct genotypes of which are discriminated. The hallmarks of HCV are its genetic variability and the divergent courses of hepatitis C progression in patients. We assessed whether intragenotypic HCV variations would differentially trigger host innate immunity. To this end, we stimulated human primary plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) with crude preparations of different cell culture-derived genotype 2a HCV variants. Parental Japanese fulminant hepatitis C virus (JFH1) did not induce interferon alpha (IFN-α), whereas the intragenotypic chimera Jc1 triggered massive IFN-α responses. Purified Jc1 retained full infectivity but no longer induced IFN-α. Coculture of pDC with HCV-infected hepatoma cells retrieved the capacity to induce IFN-α, whereas Jc1-infected cells triggered stronger responses than JFH1-infected cells. Since the infectivity of virus particles did not seem to affect pDC activation, we next tested Jc1 mutants that were arrested at different stages of particle assembly. These experiments revealed that efficient assembly and core protein envelopment were critically needed to trigger IFN-α. Of note, sequences within domain 2 of the core that vitally affect virus assembly also crucially influenced the IFN-α responses of pDC. These data showed that viral determinants shaped host innate IFN-α responses to HCV. IMPORTANCE Although pegylated IFN-α plus ribavirin currently is the standard of care for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, not much is known about the relevance of early interferon responses in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. Here, we addressed whether intragenotypic variations of hepatitis C virus would account for differential induction of type I interferon responses mounted by primary blood-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Surprisingly, a chimeric genotype 2a virus carrying the nonstructural genes of Japanese fulminant hepatitis C virus (JFH1) induced massive type I interferon responses, whereas the original genotype 2a JFH1 strain did not. Our detailed analyses revealed that, not the virus infectivity, but rather, the efficiency of virus assembly and core protein envelopment critically determined the magnitude of interferon responses. To our knowledge, this is the first example of hepatitis C virus-associated genetic variations that determine the magnitude of innate host responses.
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