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Hansson C, Lebrero-Fernández C, Schön K, Angeletti D, Lycke N. Tr1 cell-mediated protection against autoimmune disease by intranasal administration of a fusion protein targeting cDC1 cells. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:486-498. [PMID: 37192682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Curative therapies against autoimmune diseases are lacking. Indeed, most of the currently available treatments are only targeting symptoms. We have developed a novel strategy for a therapeutic vaccine against autoimmune diseases based on intranasal administration of a fusion protein tolerogen, which consists of a mutant, enzymatically inactive, cholera toxin A1 (CTA1)-subunit genetically fused to disease-relevant high-affinity peptides and a dimer of D-fragments from protein A (DD). The CTA1 R7K mutant - myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), or proteolipid protein (PLP) - DD (CTA1R7K-MOG/PLP-DD) fusion proteins effectively reduced clinical symptoms in the experimental autoimmune encephalitis model of multiple sclerosis. The treatment induced Tr1 cells, in the draining lymph node, which produced interleukin (IL)-10 and suppressed effector clusters of differentiation 4+ T-cell responses. This effect was dependent on IL-27 signaling because treatment was ineffective in bone marrow chimeras lacking IL-27Ra within their hematopoietic compartment. Single-cell RNA sequencing of dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes demonstrated distinct gene transcriptional changes of classic dendritic cells 1, including enhanced lipid metabolic pathways, induced by the tolerogenic fusion protein. Thus, our results with the tolerogenic fusion protein demonstrate the possibility to vaccinate and protect against disease progression by reinstating tolerance in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Hansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Schön
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nils Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Erratum: Type 1 regulatory T cell-mediated tolerance in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1125497. [PMID: 36761160 PMCID: PMC9903213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1125497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article .].
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3
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Freeborn RA, Strubbe S, Roncarolo MG. Type 1 regulatory T cell-mediated tolerance in health and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032575. [PMID: 36389662 PMCID: PMC9650496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, in addition to other regulatory cells, contribute to immunological tolerance to prevent autoimmunity and excessive inflammation. Tr1 cells arise in the periphery upon antigen stimulation in the presence of tolerogenic antigen presenting cells and secrete large amounts of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. The protective role of Tr1 cells in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel disease has been well established, and this led to the exploration of this population as a potential cell therapy. On the other hand, the role of Tr1 cells in infectious disease is not well characterized, thus raising concern that these tolerogenic cells may cause general immune suppression which would prevent pathogen clearance. In this review, we summarize current literature surrounding Tr1-mediated tolerance and its role in health and disease settings including autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Freeborn
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Steven Strubbe
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Sayitoglu EC, Freeborn RA, Roncarolo MG. The Yin and Yang of Type 1 Regulatory T Cells: From Discovery to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693105. [PMID: 34177953 PMCID: PMC8222711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are essential players of peripheral tolerance and suppression of inflammatory immune responses. Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells are FoxP3- regulatory T cells induced in the periphery under tolerogenic conditions. Tr1 cells are identified as LAG3+CD49b+ mature CD4+ T cells that promote peripheral tolerance through secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β in addition to exerting perforin- and granzyme B-mediated cytotoxicity against myeloid cells. After the initial challenges of isolation were overcome by surface marker identification, ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific Tr1 cells in the presence of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and IL-10 paved the way for their use in clinical trials. With one Tr1-enriched cell therapy product already in a Phase I clinical trial in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), Tr1 cell therapy demonstrates promising results so far in terms of efficacy and safety. In the current review, we identify developments in phenotypic and molecular characterization of Tr1 cells and discuss the potential of engineered Tr1-like cells for clinical applications of Tr1 cell therapies. More than 3 decades after their initial discovery, Tr1 cell therapy is now being used to prevent graft versus host disease (GvHD) in allo-HSCT and will be an alternative to immunosuppression to promote graft tolerance in solid organ transplantation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Canan Sayitoglu
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Robert Arthur Freeborn
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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5
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Ramaglia V, Rojas O, Naouar I, Gommerman JL. The Ins and Outs of Central Nervous System Inflammation-Lessons Learned from Multiple Sclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:199-226. [PMID: 33524273 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-124155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that is characterized by the inappropriate invasion of lymphocytes and monocytes into the central nervous system (CNS), where they orchestrate the demyelination of axons, leading to physical and cognitive disability. There are many reasons immunologists should be interested in MS. Aside from the fact that there is still significant unmet need for patients living with the progressive form of the disease, MS is a case study for how immune cells cross CNS barriers and subsequently interact with specialized tissue parenchymal cells. In this review, we describe the types of immune cells that infiltrate the CNS and then describe interactions between immune cells and glial cells in different types of lesions. Lastly, we provide evidence for CNS-compartmentalized immune cells and speculate on how this impacts disease progression for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Olga Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Ikbel Naouar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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Wang H, Lin X, Luo Y, Sun S, Tian X, Sun Y, Zhang S, Chen J, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu H, Gong Y, Xie C. α-PD-L1 mAb enhances the abscopal effect of hypo-fractionated radiation by attenuating PD-L1 expression and inducing CD8 + T-cell infiltration. Immunotherapy 2018; 11:101-118. [PMID: 30511887 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We investigated a promising cooperative combination of radiotherapy (RT) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in both local and abscopal tumors. MATERIALS & METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly grouped and received RT, α-PD-L1 mAb or combination therapy 13 days after implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analyses demonstrated CD8+ T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression in tumor issue. Cytometric bead arrays were used to examine cytokine levels. RESULTS Our studies revealed that administration of 8 Gy × 3 F with α-PD-L1 mAb promoted both local and distant control. Only local hypofractionated RT enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration with increased PD-L1 expression at distant foci, which might occur via serum IFN-γ modulation. Addition of α-PD-L1 mAb reduced PD-L1 expression and further increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSION We identified a novel mechanism through which combination therapy enhanced the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiangjie Lin
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Shaoxing Sun
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yingming Sun
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology & Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20541, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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Pappritz K, Savvatis K, Miteva K, Kerim B, Dong F, Fechner H, Müller I, Brandt C, Lopez B, González A, Ravassa S, Klingel K, Diez J, Reinke P, Volk HD, Van Linthout S, Tschöpe C. Immunomodulation by adoptive regulatory T-cell transfer improves Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701408R. [PMID: 29863913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701408r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells offer new therapeutic options for controlling undesired systemic and local immune responses. The aim of the current study was to determine the impact of therapeutic Treg administration on systemic and cardiac inflammation and remodeling in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) -induced myocarditis. Therefore, syngeneic Treg cells were applied intravenously in CVB3-infected mice 3 d after infection. Compared with CVB3 + PBS mice, CVB3 + Treg mice exhibited lower left ventricular (LV) chemokine expression, accompanied by reduced cardiac presence of proinflammatory Ly6ChighCCR2highCx3Cr1low monocytes and higher retention of proinflammatory Ly6CmidCCR2highCx3Cr1low monocytes in the spleen. In addition, splenic myelopoiesis was reduced in CVB3 + Treg compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. Coculture of Treg cells with splenocytes isolated from mice 3 d post-CVB3 infection further demonstrated the ability of Treg cells to modulate monocyte differentiation in favor of the anti-inflammatory Ly6ClowCCR2lowCx3Cr1high subset. Treg-mediated immunomodulation was paralleled by lower collagen 1 protein expression and decreased levels of soluble and insoluble collagen in LV of CVB3 + Treg compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. In agreement with these findings, LV systolic and diastolic function was improved in CVB3 + Treg mice compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. In summary, adoptive Treg transfer in the inflammatory phase of viral-induced myocarditis protects the heart against inflammatory damage and fibrosis via modulation of monocyte subsets.-Pappritz, K., Savvatis, K., Miteva, K., Kerim, B., Dong, F., Fechner, H., Müller, I., Brandt, C., Lopez, B., González, A., Ravassa, S., Klingel, K., Diez, J., Reinke, P., Volk, H.-D., Van Linthout, S., Tschöpe, C. Immunomodulation by adoptive regulatory T-cell transfer improves Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Savvatis
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Bahtiyar Kerim
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengquan Dong
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Müller
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Brandt
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Begoña Lopez
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantxa González
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Ravassa
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Javier Diez
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Medicine, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Odaka T, Suetake H, Maeda T, Miyadai T. Teleost Basophils Have IgM-Dependent and Dual Ig-Independent Degranulation Systems. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29514952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, mammalian basophils have been highlighted as having roles in allergy and antiparasitic immunity; however, there is little information about the functions and evolutionary origin of basophils, because they are the least abundant leukocyte in most vertebrates. In this study, we characterized the teleost basophils that are abundant in the peripheral blood of fugu (Takifugu rubripes). Fugu basophils have two distinct granules: reddish-purple and dark violet ones. Teleost fish do not have IgG and IgE, but we found that fugu IgM bound on the surface of the basophils, and the cross-linked IgM induced degranulation of both types of granules. This indicates that teleost basophils can be activated in an Ab-dependent manner. Furthermore, papain induced the degranulation of the reddish-purple granules, which contain histamine, and the released granules stimulated the migration of various leukocytes. In contrast, chitin elicited the degranulation of the dark violet granules, which resulted in CD4+ T cell-specific migration. Thus, fugu basophils control immune responses via two distinct Ab-independent mechanisms. In addition, fugu basophils endocytosed soluble Ag and expressed MHC class II and B7-H1/DC. These findings suggested that fugu basophils can interact with T cells as APCs. Thus, the Ab-dependent basophil activation predates the emergence of IgG and IgE, and fish basophils exhibit different dynamics and features of degranulation to distinct stimuli compared with mammalian basophils. Some features of teleost basophils are more similar to those of mammalian mast cells than to those of mammalian basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Odaka
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suetake
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miyadai
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
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9
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Zhong Y, Tang H, Wang X, Zeng Q, Liu Y, Zhao XI, Yu K, Shi H, Zhu R, Mao X. Intranasal immunization with heat shock protein 60 induces CD4(+) CD25(+) GARP(+) and type 1 regulatory T cells and inhibits early atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:452-68. [PMID: 26452441 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease involving both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Immune tolerance induction may have therapeutic potential for the suppression of atherosclerosis. Current interest is directed towards mucosal tolerance induction, especially nasal tolerance. Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is recognized as an important autoantigen in atherosclerosis, and nasal or oral HSP60 can induce tolerance and ameliorate atherosclerosis by inducing several subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs ) such as latency-associated peptide (LAP)(+) and forkhead box transcription factor 3 (FoxP3)(+) Tregs. However, little is known regarding the detailed mechanisms of nasal tolerance. Here, we again investigated the impact of nasal HSP60 on atherosclerosis and the mechanisms underlying the anti-atherosclerosis responses. We found that nasal HSP60 caused a significant 33·6% reduction in plaque size at the aortic root in the early stages of atherosclerosis (P < 0·001). Notably, a significant increase in activated CD4(+) CD25(+) glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP)(+) Tregs, type 1 Tregs (Tr1 cells), and CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Tregs, as well as a marked decrease in the numbers of type 1 and 17 T helper cells was detected in the spleens and cervical lymph nodes of HSP60-treated mice. Moreover, nasal HSP60 increases the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 and decreases the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17. Interestingly, the atheroprotective role of nasal HSP60 treatment was abrogated partly by the neutralization of IL-10. Our findings show that nasal administration of HSP60 can attenuate atherosclerotic formation by inducing GARP(+) Tregs, Tr1 cells and FoxP3(+) Tregs, and that these Tregs maintain immune homeostasis by secreting IL-10 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - H Tang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Q Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - X I Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - K Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - H Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - R Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - X Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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10
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Multiple Sclerosis and T Lymphocytes: An Entangled Story. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:528-46. [PMID: 25946987 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination, axonal damage, activation of glial cells, and immune cell infiltration. Despite intensive years of research, the etiology of this neurological disorder remains elusive. Nevertheless, the abundance of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and their products in CNS lesions of MS patients supports the notion that MS is an immune-mediated disorder. An important body of evidence gathered from MS animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), points to the central contribution of CD4 T lymphocytes in disease pathogenesis. Both Th1 (producing interferon-γ) and Th17 (producing interleukin 17) CD4 T lymphocytes targeting CNS self-antigens have been implicated in MS and EAE pathobiology. Moreover, several publications suggest that CD8 T lymphocytes also participate in the development of MS lesions. The migration of activated T lymphocytes from the periphery into the CNS has been identified as a crucial step in the formation of MS lesions. Several factors promote such T cell extravasation including: molecules (e.g., cell adhesion molecules) implicated in the T cell-blood brain barrier interaction, and chemokines produced by neural cells. Finally, once in the CNS, T lymphocytes need to be reactivated by local antigen presenting cells prior to enter the parenchyma where they can initiate damage. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the impact of environmental factors (e.g., gut microbiota) and CNS intrinsic properties (e.g., microglial activation) on this inflammatory neurological disease.
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Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful immune suppressant. While exposure to UV is best known for its ability to cause skin cancer, it is also associated with protection against a range of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the precise mechanism by which sunlight affords protection from MS remains to be determined, some have hypothesised that UV immunosuppression explains the "latitude-gradient effect" associated with MS. By stimulating the release of soluble factors in exposed skin, UV activates immune suppressive pathways that culminate in the induction of regulatory cells in distant tissues. Each and every one of the immune suppressive cells and molecules activated by UV exposure are potential targets for treating and preventing MS. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved is therefore required if we are to realise the therapeutic potential of photoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Level 5 (East), The Charles Perkins Centre Hub (D17), University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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12
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Verma ND, Hall BM, Plain KM, Robinson CM, Boyd R, Tran GT, Wang C, Bishop GA, Hodgkinson SJ. Interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) Promotes Induction of Highly Potent Th1-Like CD4(+)CD25(+) T Regulatory Cells That Inhibit Allograft Rejection in Unmodified Recipients. Front Immunol 2014; 5:190. [PMID: 24847323 PMCID: PMC4023029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In rat models, CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells (Treg) play a key role in the induction and maintenance of antigen-specific transplant tolerance, especially in DA rats with PVG cardiac allografts (1, 2). We have previously described generation of alloantigen-specific Treg (Ts1), by culture of naïve natural CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg (nTreg) with specific alloantigen and IL-2 for 4 days. These cells express mRNA for IFN-γ receptor (ifngr) and suppress donor but not third party cardiac allograft rejection mediated by alloreactive CD4(+) T cells at ratios of <1:10. Here, we show that Ts1 also expressed the IL-12p70 specific receptor (il-12rβ2) and that rIL-12p70 can induce their proliferation. Ts1 cells re-cultured with rIL-12p70 alone or rIL-12p70 and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), suppressed proliferation of CD4(+) T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture at <1:1024, whereas Ts1 cells re-cultured with rIL-2 and alloantigen only suppressed at 1:32-64. The rIL-12p70 alloactivated Ts1 cells markedly delayed PVG, but not third party Lewis, cardiac allograft rejection in normal DA recipients. Ts1 cells re-cultured for 4 days with rIL-12p70 alone, but not those re-cultured with rIL-12p70 and rIL-2, expressed more il-12rβ2, t-bet, and ifn-γ, and continued to express the markers of Ts1 cells, foxp3, ifngr, and il-5 indicating Th1-like Treg were induced. Ts1 cells re-cultured with rIL-2 and alloantigen remained of the Ts1 phenotype and did not suppress cardiac graft rejection in normal DA rats. We induced highly suppressive Th1-like Treg from naïve nTreg in 7 days by culture with alloantigen, first with rIL-2 then with rIL-12p70. These Th1-like Treg delayed specific donor allograft rejection demonstrating therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Darshan Verma
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
| | - Bruce Milne Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
| | - Karren Michelle Plain
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
| | - Catherine M Robinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
| | - Giang T Tran
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
| | - Chuanmin Wang
- Collaborative Transplant Research Laboratory, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, NSW , Australia
| | - G Alex Bishop
- Collaborative Transplant Research Laboratory, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, NSW , Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW , Australia
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13
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Mesenchymal stromal cells but not cardiac fibroblasts exert beneficial systemic immunomodulatory effects in experimental myocarditis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41047. [PMID: 22815907 PMCID: PMC3398879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in inflammatory cardiomyopathy exerts cardiobeneficial effects. The mode of action is unclear since a sufficient and long-acting cardiac homing of MSCs is unlikely. We therefore investigated the regulation of the immune response in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced acute myocarditis after intravenous application of MSCs. Wildtype mice were infected with CVB3 and treated with either PBS, human MSCs or human cardiac fibroblasts intravenously 1 day after infection. Seven days after infection, MSCs could be detected in the spleen, heart, pancreas, liver, lung and kidney, whereby the highest presence was observed in the lung. MSCs increased significantly the myocardial expression of HGF and decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β and IL6 as well as the severity of myocarditis and ameliorated the left ventricular dysfunction measured by conductance catheter. MSCs upregulated the production of IFNγ in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, the number of IL10-producing regulatory T cells and the apoptosis rate of T cells in the spleen. An increased number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3 could be found in the spleen as well as in the circulation. In contrast, application of human cardiac fibroblasts had no effect on the severity of myocarditis and the systemic immune response observed after MSCs-administration. In conclusion, modulation of the immune response in extracardiac organs is associated with cardiobeneficial effects in experimental inflammatory cardiomyopathy after systemic application of MSCs.
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14
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Li W, Wang X, Chen R, Zhu H, Chen G, Sun X. Overexpression of programmed death ligand 1 in dendritic cells inhibits allogeneic lymphocyte activation in mice. J Surg Res 2011; 176:e79-87. [PMID: 22381170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-stimulatory molecules are pivotal for T cell activation. It is increasingly recognized that programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a novel co-stimulatory molecule, which raises the question as to whether PD-L1 regulates T cell responses. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of PD-L1 on T cell activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed a transgenic vector containing the complete PD-L1 gene, which interacts with the inhibitory receptor PD-1 in T cell-mediated immune activation. Donor dendritic cells (DCs) derived from C57BL/6 mice were transfected with PD-L1 and mixed with allogeneic, recipient T cells from BALB/c mice. The T cell activation was determined by the MTT assay and T cell proliferation was determined using carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeling following in vitro mixed leukocyte reactions. RESULTS The expression of PD-L1 protein in PD-L1-transfected DCs was 47.97% ± 1.06%, compared with 4.66% ± 0.76% and 5.30% ± 0.60% in blank and negative controls, respectively (P < 0.05). PD-L1 protein was effectively expressed in DCs. Furthermore, in DCs stably transfected with PD-L1, T cell activation was significantly suppressed and T cell proliferation rate was decreased by 35% compared with untransfected DCs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION PD-L1 delivers an immunoinhibitory signal, suppressing T cell activation. Overexpression of PD-L1 signaling induces tolerance, which presents a promising immunotherapeutic approach for long-term graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Distinct regulatory CD4+T cell subsets; differences between naïve and antigen specific T regulatory cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:641-7. [PMID: 21840184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells have functional subpopulations with distinct cytokine, cytokine receptor, chemokine receptor and transcription factors. We review how activation of antigen specific Treg induces expression of cytokines, cytokine receptors and chemokine receptors depending upon the effector lineage they are activated by. Activated Treg express receptors that are directly related to the effector T cell lineage. Other classes of Treg are induced in the periphery from effector lineage CD4(+)CD25(-)FOXP3(-)CD127(high)T cells, either by IL-10 or TGF-β or by association with activated CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)Treg. Thus Treg are produced and adapt to the specific immune inflammatory environment they are activated within. Activated Treg produce different molecules to mediate suppression, which are tailored to the immune response they are activated by and control.
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16
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Regulatory T-cell as orchestra leader in immunosuppression process of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:545-67. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.513391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Adoptive transfer of IL-10-secreting CD4+CD49b+ regulatory T cells suppresses ongoing arthritis. J Autoimmun 2010; 34:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Wang B, Jiao Z, Shao X, Lu L, Yang N, Zhou X, Xin L, Zhou Y, Chou KY. Phenotypic Alterations of Dendritic Cells Are Involved in Suppressive Activity of Trichosanthin-Induced CD8+CD28− Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:79-88. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Kasagi S, Kawano S, Okazaki T, Honjo T, Morinobu A, Hatachi S, Shimatani K, Tanaka Y, Minato N, Kumagai S. Anti-Programmed Cell Death 1 Antibody Reduces CD4+PD-1+ T Cells and Relieves the Lupus-Like Nephritis of NZB/W F1 Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2337-47. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Chen Y, Jiang G, Yang HR, Gu X, Wang L, Hsieh CC, Chou HS, Fung JJ, Qian S, Lu L. Distinct response of liver myeloid dendritic cells to endotoxin is mediated by IL-27. J Hepatol 2009; 51:510-9. [PMID: 19608294 PMCID: PMC2888276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The liver lies downstream of the gut, and is constantly exposed to bacteria. Liver dendritic cells (DC) are known to possess properties of tolerance, and respond to LPS differently when compared to conventional DC, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate liver DC response to LPS stimulation. METHODS Liver or spleen derived DC were isoloated from mice treated with plasmid-GM-CSF hydrodynamic injection. The surface molecules and TLR4 expression on DC and cytokine productions of LPS stimulated DC were determinded by FACS analysis, ELISA and qPCR. The ability of DC to elicit T cell responses and differentiation were examined by MLR/CTL assay and qPCR for molecular markers related to Th1/Th2/Treg. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that the threshold of LPS stimulation for liver DC was markedly higher than spleen DC, even though the expression of TLR4 on both DCs was comparable. In contrast to spleen DC that produced high levels of IL-12 and induced Th1 response upon LPS stimulation, LPS-liver DC preferentially produced IL-10 and IL-27, instead of IL-12. In addition, liver DC induced T cell hyporesponsiveness, associated with selective expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+)T regulatory cells. Addition of exogenous IL-12 only slightly enhanced liver DC-induced T cell response. Interestingly, abrogation of IL-27 ligation by using IL-27R(-/-) T cells synergistically augmented the effect of IL-12, suggesting that IL-27 produced by liver DC plays a crucial role in induction of T cell hyporesponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS Liver DC respond distinctly to LPS stimulation by secreting IL-27 which synergizes with silencing of bioactive IL-12 activity leading to profound T cell inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Endotoxins/pharmacology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Guoping Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Horng-Ren Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Transplantation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lianfu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Transplantation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | | | - John J. Fung
- Department of General Surgery, Transplantation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Shiguang Qian
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of General Surgery, Transplantation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lina Lu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of General Surgery, Transplantation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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21
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Zhou X, Zhou Y, Ding Q, Jiao Z, Lu L, Yang N, Ma Y, Chou KY. High level expression of B7H1 molecules by keratinocytes suppresses xeno- and allo-reactions by inducing type I regulatory T cells. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Gabrysová L, Nicolson KS, Streeter HB, Verhagen J, Sabatos-Peyton CA, Morgan DJ, Wraith DC. Negative feedback control of the autoimmune response through antigen-induced differentiation of IL-10-secreting Th1 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1755-67. [PMID: 19635862 PMCID: PMC2722173 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the immune response to self- and foreign antigens is vitally important for limiting immune pathology associated with both infections and hypersensitivity conditions. Control of autoimmune conditions can be reinforced by tolerance induction with peptide epitopes, but the mechanism is not currently understood. Repetitive intranasal administration of soluble peptide induces peripheral tolerance in myelin basic protein (MBP)–specific TCR transgenic mice. This is characterized by the presence of anergic, interleukin (IL)-10–secreting CD4+ T cells with regulatory function (IL-10 T reg cells). The differentiation pathway of peptide-induced IL-10 T reg cells was investigated. CD4+ T cells became anergic after their second encounter with a high-affinity MBP peptide analogue. Loss of proliferative capacity correlated with a switch from the Th1-associated cytokines IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ to the regulatory cytokine IL-10. Nevertheless, IL-10 T reg cells retained the capacity to produce IFN-γ and concomitantly expressed T-bet, demonstrating their Th1 origin. IL-10 T reg cells suppressed dendritic cell maturation, prevented Th1 cell differentiation, and thereby created a negative feedback loop for Th1-driven immune pathology. These findings demonstrate that Th1 responses can be self-limiting in the context of peripheral tolerance to a self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Gabrysová
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, Bristol BS8 1TD, England, UK.
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23
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Sugamata R, Suetake H, Kikuchi K, Suzuki Y. Teleost B7 expressed on monocytes regulates T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6799-806. [PMID: 19454675 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, professional APCs induce adaptive immunity via the activation of T cells. During this process, B7 family molecules present upon APCs are known to play crucial roles in optimal T cell stimulation. In contrast, the confirmation of APCs in a nonmammalian vertebrate has yet to be achieved. To obtain further insights into the evolutionary origin of APCs, we have identified three members of the B7 family in the teleost Takifugu rubripes (fugu): B7-H1/DC, B7-H3, and B7-H4. The three fugu B7s were expressed on the surface of blood monocytes. The B7(+) monocytes, which are composed of at least two distinct populations, expressed the MHC class II component gene. The fugu B7 molecules bound to activated T cells, indicating that putative B7 receptors were expressed upon T cells. Fugu B7-H1/DC inhibited T cell proliferation concomitant with increasing levels of both IL-10 and IFN-gamma expression, whereas both B7-H3 and B7-H4 promoted T cell growth following IL-2 induction and the suppression of IL-10. These observations indicate that fugu B7s regulate T cell responses via receptors upon T cells. We suggest that fish B7(+) monocytes are APCs and that a costimulatory system has already developed in fish via the evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugamata
- Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hamamatsu, Japan
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24
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Suppression of Human T-Cell Activation and Expansion of Regulatory T Cells by Pig Cells Overexpressing PD-Ligands. Transplantation 2009; 87:975-82. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31819c85e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Mozaffarian N, Wiedeman AE, Stevens AM. Active systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with failure of antigen-presenting cells to express programmed death ligand-1. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1335-41. [PMID: 18650228 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antigen-presenting cells (APC) play critical roles in establishing and maintaining peripheral tolerance. This is accomplished in part via expression of negative co-stimulatory molecules such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tolerogenic APC, such as immature myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). Several studies have strongly linked dysfunction of APC, including mDC, to the pathogenesis of SLE. The objective of this study was to determine whether APC expressed PD-L1 protein at normal levels during active lupus. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 19 paediatric patients with SLE and from 17 healthy age-matched controls. PBMC from both cohorts were cultured in the absence of exogenously added stimuli, and leucocyte PD-L1 expression was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Immature mDC and monocytes (Mo) from healthy children expressed little PD-L1 at initial isolation, but spontaneously up-regulated PD-L1 by 24 h. In contrast, both mDC and Mo from patients with active SLE failed to up-regulate PD-L1 over a 5 day time course, expressing this protein only during disease remissions. CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to link active lupus with reversibly decreased PD-L1 expression on professional APC, suggesting a novel mechanism for loss of peripheral tolerance in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mozaffarian
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, 7th floor, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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26
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The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:384-98. [PMID: 18578001 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of inflammatory responses and of immune self-tolerance is considered to be a key element in the autoreactive immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS). Regulatory T (T(REG)) cells have emerged as crucial players in the pathogenetic scenario of CNS autoimmune inflammation. Targeted deletion of T(REG) cells causes spontaneous autoimmune disease in mice, whereas augmentation of T(REG)-cell function can prevent the development of or alleviate variants of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of MS. Recent findings indicate that MS itself is also accompanied by dysfunction or impaired maturation of T(REG) cells. The development and function of T(REG) cells is closely linked to dendritic cells (DCs), which have a central role in the activation and reactivation of encephalitogenic cells in the CNS. DCs and T(REG) cells have an intimate bidirectional relationship, and, in combination with other factors and cell types, certain types of DCs are capable of inducing T(REG) cells. Consequently, T(REG) cells and DCs have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets in MS. This Review compiles the current knowledge on the role and function of various subsets of T(REG) cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We also highlight the role of tolerogenic DCs and their bidirectional interaction with T(REG) cells during CNS autoimmunity.
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27
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Zhang C, Niu J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Tian Z. Opposing effects of interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A in tumors. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1279-86. [PMID: 18422748 PMCID: PMC11158904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells are an important component of innate resistance to viruses, bacteria, certain parasites, and tumors. The activating receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) plays a critical role in the elimination of tumor cells by cytotoxic effector cells. It has been shown that the strength of an antitumor immune response might be critically dependent on NKG2D ligard surface levels. Thus, it is essential to regulate the expression of NKG2D ligands in order to ensure effective tumor immunosurveillance and the elimination of pathogen-infected cells. In the present study, we found that interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFNgamma exert opposing effects on major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA) expression in human tumor cells. IFNalpha promotes expression of the NKG2D ligand MICA in tumor cells and therefore enhances their sensitivity to natural killer lysis. In contrast, IFNgamma exerts the opposite effect. IFNalpha promotes MICA expression at the level of transcription by augmenting MICA promoter activity. IFNgamma modulates MICA expression not only at the transcriptional level, but also at the post-translational level by promoting proteolytic cleavage by matrix metalloproteinases. Further study is needed to clarify the precise regulatory mechanisms. The pathways involved in NKG2D ligand induction might represent a promising target for improving immune responses to cancer or infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Metalloproteases/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Recombinant Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, China.
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28
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Gotsman I, Grabie N, Dacosta R, Sukhova G, Sharpe A, Lichtman AH. Proatherogenic immune responses are regulated by the PD-1/PD-L pathway in mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2974-82. [PMID: 17853943 PMCID: PMC1974866 DOI: 10.1172/jci31344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte responses promote proatherogenic inflammatory events, which are influenced by costimulatory molecules of the B7 family. Effects of negative regulatory members of the B7 family on atherosclerosis have not been described. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 are B7 family members expressed on several cell types, which inhibit T cell activation via binding to programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T cells. In order to test whether the PD-1/PD-L pathway regulates proatherogenic T cell responses, we compared atherosclerotic lesion burden and phenotype in hypercholesterolemic PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice and LDLR(-/-) controls. PD-L1/2 deficiency led to significantly increased atherosclerotic burden throughout the aorta and increased numbers of lesional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Compared with controls, PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice had iliac lymphadenopathy and increased numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells. Serum levels of TNF-alpha were higher in PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice than in controls. PD-L1/2-deficient APCs were more effective than control APCs in activating CD4(+) T cells in vitro, with or without cholesterol loading. Freshly isolated APCs from hypercholesterolemic PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice stimulated greater T cell responses than did APCs from hypercholesterolemic controls. Our findings indicate that the PD-1/PD-L pathway has an important role in downregulating proatherogenic T cell response and atherosclerosis by limiting APC-dependent T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Gotsman
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology,
Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nir Grabie
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology,
Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosa Dacosta
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology,
Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galina Sukhova
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology,
Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Sharpe
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology,
Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew H. Lichtman
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology,
Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Roncarolo MG, Battaglia M. Regulatory T-cell immunotherapy for tolerance to self antigens and alloantigens in humans. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:585-98. [PMID: 17653126 DOI: 10.1038/nri2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress in understanding the biology of regulatory T cells and their roles in health and disease has been achieved in the past 10 years. This has led to an increasing interest in the possibility of using regulatory T cells as a biological therapy to preserve and restore tolerance to self antigens and alloantigens. Immunotherapy by the adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells may have several advantages over conventional treatments. However, several hurdles have to be overcome before such a therapy can enter clinical practice. This Review summarizes our current knowledge of regulatory T cells, illustrates the ongoing regulatory T-cell-based clinical trials, analyses the strengths and pitfalls of this new therapeutic approach, and highlights the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Via Olgettina-58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Zhou X, Yang N, Lu L, Ding Q, Jiao Z, Zhou Y, Chou KY. Up-regulation of IL-10 expression in dendritic cells is involved in Trichosanthin-induced immunosuppression. Immunol Lett 2007; 110:74-81. [PMID: 17467810 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report here that Trichosanthin (Tk), a primary active component isolated from a Chinese traditional medicinal herb, Trichosanthes kirilowii, potently inhibits lymphocyte proliferative response in vitro. We found that Tk treatment increased production of the interleukins IL-4 and IL-10, while production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) decreased in the allogeneic antigen-induced immune response. Moreover, up-regulation of IL-10 and IL-4 contributed to the inhibitory activities of Tk. Tk induced immunosuppression through an antigen presenting cell dependent way. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent of the antigen presenting cells, which play a critical role in initiation and regulation of immune responses. We found that Tk could stimulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) to express IL-10. In addition, pre-exposure of BMDC to Tk produced increased levels of IL-10, but decreased levels of IL-12, following subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Using BMDC obtained from IL-10 deficient mice, we provided evidence that it was IL-10 derived from DCs that initiated the Tk-induced immunosuppression. Furthermore, we found that Tk activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) of BMDC and that JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activations were associated with Tk-induced IL-10 up-regulation. These data suggest that Tk acts on the function of DCs to change the ratio of IL-10 to IL-12 production and, thus, predominantly inhibits Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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