1
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Perea D, Sanchez-Gaona N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Gallego-Cortés A, Grau-Expósito J, Sanchez-Cerrillo I, Rey J, Castellví J, Curran A, Burgos J, Navarro J, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Martín-Gayo E, Buzon MJ. KLRG1 expression on natural killer cells is associated with HIV persistence, and its targeting promotes the reduction of the viral reservoir. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101202. [PMID: 37741278 PMCID: PMC10591043 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces immunological dysfunction, which limits the elimination of HIV-infected cells during treated infection. Identifying and targeting dysfunctional immune cells might help accelerate the purging of the persistent viral reservoir. Here, we show that chronic HIV infection increases natural killer (NK) cell populations expressing the negative immune regulator KLRG1, both in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) does not reestablish these functionally impaired NK populations, and the expression of KLRG1 correlates with active HIV transcription. Targeting KLRG1 with specific antibodies significantly restores the capacity of NK cells to kill HIV-infected cells, reactivates latent HIV present in CD4+ T cells co-expressing KLRG1, and reduces the intact HIV genomes in samples from ART-treated individuals. Our data support the potential use of immunotherapy against the KLRG1 receptor to impact the viral reservoir during HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Sanchez-Gaona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Cortés
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sanchez-Cerrillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Rey
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases CIBER (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Pepe FF, Cazzaniga ME, Baroni S, Riva F, Cicchiello F, Capici S, Cogliati V, Maggioni C, Cordani N, Cerrito MG, Malandrin S. Immunomodulatory effects of metronomic vinorelbine (mVRL), with or without metronomic capecitabine (mCAPE), in hormone receptor positive (HR+)/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients: final results of the exploratory phase 2 Victor-5 study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:956. [PMID: 36068484 PMCID: PMC9446532 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs are able of suppressing tumor-specific effector cells, such as lymphocytes CD8+, CD4+ and Natural Killer cells. Different drugs, especially different schedules of administration, like metronomic chemotherapy (mCHT), seem to be able to increase anticancer immunity, by acting on downregulation of Tregs. Most of the data available regarding the immunomodulating effect of mCHT have been obtained with Cyclophosphamide (CTX). Aim of the present study was to explore the effects of mVRL and mCAPE administration, alone or in combination, on T cells. Observation of 13 metastatic breast cancer patients lasted controlling for 56 days, where Treg frequencies and function, spontaneous anti-tumor T-cell responses were monitored, as well as the clinical outcome. No depletion in Treg absolute numbers, or percentage of T lymphocytes, was observed. Only in 5 patients, a modest and transient depletion of Tregs was observed during the first 14 days of treatment. To better describe the effect on Tregs, we subsequently looked at the variations in Memory, Naïve and Activated Treg subpopulations: we observed a trend in reduction for memory Treg (Treg MEM) and an increase for Treg Naïve (Treg NAIVE) and Treg Activated (Treg ACT) components. We finally analyzed the average trend of Treg in the Treg depleted patients and non-depleted ones, without fiding any significant differences. The trend of the Treg MEM appeared different, showing a reduction during the first 14 days, followed by an increase at the levels before treatment at Day 56 in the group of depleted patients and a progressive substantial reduction in the group of non-depleted patients along the entire course of treatment. Opposed to the data known, treatment with mVRL w/o mCAPE did not show any effect on Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Pepe
- Phase 1 Research Centre, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - M E Cazzaniga
- Phase 1 Research Centre, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. .,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - S Baroni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - F Riva
- Oncology Unit, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | | | - S Capici
- Phase 1 Research Centre, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - V Cogliati
- Phase 1 Research Centre, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | | | - N Cordani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - M G Cerrito
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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3
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Spath S, Roan F, Presnell SR, Höllbacher B, Ziegler SF. Profiling of Tregs across tissues reveals plasticity in ST2 expression and hierarchies in tissue-specific phenotypes. iScience 2022; 25:104998. [PMID: 36093048 PMCID: PMC9460833 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis and exert tissue-specific functions. In many nonlymphoid tissues, Tregs show enriched expression of the IL-33 receptor ST2. Through comprehensive profiling of murine ST2+ and ST2- Tregs, we found that Treg transcriptomes and phenotypes formed a hierarchical relationship across tissues. Only a small core signature distinguished ST2+ Tregs from ST2- Tregs across all tissues, and differences in transcriptional profiles were predominantly tissue-specific. We also identified unique, highly proliferative, circulating ST2+ Tregs with high migratory potential. In adoptive transfers, both ST2+ and ST2- Tregs seeded various host tissues and demonstrated plasticity in ST2 expression. Furthermore, Tregs from donor lungs were differentially recovered from host nonlymphoid tissues in an IL-33-dependent manner. In summary, our work identified tissue residency rather than ST2 expression as a primary driver of tissue Treg identity and highlights the unique, tissue-specific adaption of ST2+ Tregs. Tissue of residency rather than ST2 expression is a primary driver of Treg identity A small core signature distinguishes ST2+ Tregs from ST2- Tregs across tissues Circulating ST2+ Tregs have diverse chemokine receptor profiles Plasticity of ST2 expression on transferred Tregs occurs in a tissue-specific manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spath
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Florence Roan
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott R. Presnell
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Barbara Höllbacher
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen (HMGU), 85764 Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Informatics, TUM, 85748 Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Steven F. Ziegler
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Corresponding author
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4
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Borys SM, Bag AK, Brossay L, Adeegbe DO. The Yin and Yang of Targeting KLRG1 + Tregs and Effector Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894508. [PMID: 35572605 PMCID: PMC9098823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature surrounding KLRG1 has primarily focused on NK and CD8+ T cells. However, there is evidence that the most suppressive Tregs express KLRG1. Until now, the role of KLRG1 on Tregs has been mostly overlooked and remains to be elucidated. Here we review the current literature on KLRG1 with an emphasis on the KLRG1+ Treg subset role during cancer development and autoimmunity. KLRG1 has been recently proposed as a new checkpoint inhibitor target, but these studies focused on the effects of KLRG1 blockade on effector cells. We propose that when designing anti-tumor therapies targeting KLRG1, the effects on both effector cells and Tregs will have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Borys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Arup K Bag
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Dennis O Adeegbe
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
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5
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Devaux CA, Mezouar S, Mege JL. The E-Cadherin Cleavage Associated to Pathogenic Bacteria Infections Can Favor Bacterial Invasion and Transmigration, Dysregulation of the Immune Response and Cancer Induction in Humans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2598. [PMID: 31781079 PMCID: PMC6857109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Once bound to the epithelium, pathogenic bacteria have to cross epithelial barriers to invade their human host. In order to achieve this goal, they have to destroy the adherens junctions insured by cell adhesion molecules (CAM), such as E-cadherin (E-cad). The invasive bacteria use more or less sophisticated mechanisms aimed to deregulate CAM genes expression or to modulate the cell-surface expression of CAM proteins, which are otherwise rigorously regulated by a molecular crosstalk essential for homeostasis. Apart from the repression of CAM genes, a drastic decrease in adhesion molecules on human epithelial cells can be obtained by induction of eukaryotic endoproteases named sheddases or through synthesis of their own (prokaryotic) sheddases. Cleavage of CAM by sheddases results in the release of soluble forms of CAM. The overexpression of soluble CAM in body fluids can trigger inflammation and pro-carcinogenic programming leading to tumor induction and metastasis. In addition, the reduction of the surface expression of E-cad on epithelia could be accompanied by an alteration of the anti-bacterial and anti-tumoral immune responses. This immune response dysfunction is likely to occur through the deregulation of immune cells homing, which is controlled at the level of E-cad interaction by surface molecules αE integrin (CD103) and lectin receptor KLRG1. In this review, we highlight the central role of CAM cell-surface expression during pathogenic microbial invasion, with a particular focus on bacterial-induced cleavage of E-cad. We revisit herein the rapidly growing body of evidence indicating that high levels of soluble E-cad (sE-cad) in patients’ sera could serve as biomarker of bacterial-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Devaux
- IRD, MEPHI, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,CNRS, Institute of Biological Science (INSB), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- IRD, MEPHI, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- IRD, MEPHI, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France.,APHM, UF Immunology Department, Marseille, France
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6
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Yadava K, Medina CO, Ishak H, Gurevich I, Kuipers H, Shamskhou EA, Koliesnik IO, Moon JJ, Weaver C, Nadeau KC, Bollyky PL. Natural Tr1-like cells do not confer long-term tolerogenic memory. eLife 2019; 8:44821. [PMID: 31603425 PMCID: PMC6788856 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10-producing Tr1 cells promote tolerance but their contributions to tolerogenic memory are unclear. Using 10BiT mice that carry a Foxp3-eGFP reporter and stably express CD90.1 following IL-10 production, we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of Tr1 cells in a house dust mite model of allergic airway inflammation. CD90.1+Foxp3-IL-10+ Tr1 cells arise from memory cells and rejoin the tissue-resident memory T-cell pool after cessation of IL-10 production. Persistent antigenic stimulation is necessary to sustain IL-10 production and Irf1 and Batf expression distinguishes CD90.1+Foxp3-IL-10+ Tr1 cells from CD90.1+Foxp3-IL-10- ‘former’ Tr1. Depletion of Tr1-like cells after primary sensitization exacerbates allergic airway inflammation. However, neither transfer nor depletion of former Tr1 cells influences either Tr1 numbers or the inflammatory response during subsequent allergen memory re-challenge weeks later. Together these data suggest that naturally-arising Tr1 cells do not necessarily give rise to more Tr1 upon allergen re-challenge or contribute to tolerogenic memory. This phenotypic instability may limit efforts to re-establish tolerance by expanding Tr1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Obed Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Heather Ishak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Irina Gurevich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hedwich Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elya Ali Shamskhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ievgen O Koliesnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, United States
| | - Casey Weaver
- Bevill Biomedical Research Building, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Kari Christine Nadeau
- Sean N Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Mountain View, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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7
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Wu Y, Chang YM, Stell AJ, Priestnall SL, Sharma E, Goulart MR, Gribben J, Xia D, Garden OA. Phenotypic characterisation of regulatory T cells in dogs reveals signature transcripts conserved in humans and mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13478. [PMID: 31530890 PMCID: PMC6748983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a double-edged regulator of the immune system. Aberrations of Tregs correlate with pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. Phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets of Tregs have been identified in humans and mice on the basis of their extensive portfolios of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Treg surface antigens. As an important veterinary species, dogs are increasingly recognised as an excellent model for many human diseases. However, insightful study of canine Tregs has been restrained by the limited availability of mAb. We therefore set out to characterise CD4+CD25high T cells isolated ex vivo from healthy dogs and showed that they possess a regulatory phenotype, function, and transcriptomic signature that resembles those of human and murine Tregs. By launching a cross-species comparison, we unveiled a conserved transcriptomic signature of Tregs and identified that transcript hip1 may have implications in Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eshita Sharma
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle R Goulart
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Christiansen D, Mouhtouris E, Hodgson R, Sutton VR, Trapani JA, Ierino FL, Sandrin MS. Antigen-specific CD4 + CD25 + T cells induced by locally expressed ICOS-Ig: the role of Foxp3, Perforin, Granzyme B and IL-10 - an experimental study. Transpl Int 2019; 32:1203-1215. [PMID: 31225919 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that ICOS-Ig expressed locally by a PIEC xenograft induces a perigraft cellular accumulation of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells and specific xenograft prolongation. In the present study we isolated and purified CD4+ CD25+ T cells from ICOS-Ig secreting PIEC grafts to examine their phenotype and mechanism of xenograft survival using knockout and mutant mice. CD4+ CD25+ T cells isolated from xenografts secreting ICOS-Ig were analysed by flow cytometry and gene expression by real-time PCR. Regulatory function was examined by suppression of xenogeneic or allogeneic primed CD4 T cells in vivo. Graft prolongation was shown to be dependent on a pre-existing Foxp3+ Treg, IL-10, perforin and granzyme B. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells isolated from xenografts secreting ICOS-Ig demonstrated a phenotype consistent with nTreg but with a higher expression of CD275 (ICOSL), expression of CD278 (ICOS) and MHC II and loss of CD73. Moreover, these cells were functional and specifically suppressed xenogeinic but not allogeneic primed T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Christiansen
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Effie Mouhtouris
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Russell Hodgson
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Francesco L Ierino
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Mauro S Sandrin
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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9
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Jalbert E, Williamson KM, Kroehl ME, Johnson MJ, Cutland C, Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Weinberg A. HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Have Increased Regulatory T Cells That Correlate With Decreased T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:595. [PMID: 30972079 PMCID: PMC6445326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) are at higher risk of severe infections, hospitalizations and death compared with HIV-unexposed uninfected infants (HUU), but the immune deficit underlying it is not known. To address this gap, we investigated T cell functionality and its relationship to phenotypic profiles of T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) in HEU and HUU. Methods: Blood mononuclear cells from 55 HEU and 16 HUU were stimulated with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) or mock for 72 h, and tested by flow cytometry for proliferation and expression of Th1, Th2, and regulatory (Treg) markers. In parallel, cells were phenotypically assessed for differentiation profiles of Treg, conventional T cell (Tconv) and APC in unstimulated cells. Results: HEU had lower CD4+ functional responses to SEB/mock and similar CD8+ responses compared with HUU. In the phenotypic T cell panel, HEU showed higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg expressing IL10, FOXP3, and CD25; higher effector Tconv and Treg; and lower naïve and CD4+TGFβ+ Treg compared with HUU. In the phenotypic APC panel, HEU showed higher proportions of CD1c+ cDC2, CD123+ pDC, CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and cDC and higher expression of CD103 on CD1c-CD123-CD16-cDC1 compared with HUU. Regression analyses adjusted for HIV exposure and multiple comparisons showed that higher CD8+IL10+ and CD8+FOXP3+ Treg in unstimulated cells were associated with lower CD8+ T cell functional responses to SEB/mock. Functionality was not affected by Tconv differentiation, but higher APC activation in aggregate was associated with higher CD8+IL10+ Treg responses to SEB. Conclusions: T cell functionality was decreased in HEU compared with HUU. High CD8+ Treg proportions were the most important predictors of decreased T cell functionality in HEU and HUU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jalbert
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kayla M Williamson
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Miranda E Kroehl
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael J Johnson
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clare Cutland
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Marta C Nunes
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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10
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Fan X, Moltedo B, Mendoza A, Davydov AN, Faire MB, Mazutis L, Sharma R, Pe'er D, Chudakov DM, Rudensky AY. CD49b defines functionally mature Treg cells that survey skin and vascular tissues. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2796-2814. [PMID: 30355617 PMCID: PMC6219731 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fan et al. have identified a population of recirculating Treg cells with greater suppressive ability and a unique tissue distribution. Using single-cell RNA-seq, they place these Treg cells at the apex of the Treg developmental trajectory and show that similar cells may exist in humans. Regulatory T (Treg) cells prevent autoimmunity by limiting immune responses and inflammation in the secondary lymphoid organs and nonlymphoid tissues. While unique subsets of Treg cells have been described in some nonlymphoid tissues, their relationship to Treg cells in secondary lymphoid organs and circulation remains unclear. Furthermore, it is possible that Treg cells from similar tissue types share largely similar properties. We have identified a short-lived effector Treg cell subset that expresses the α2 integrin, CD49b, and exhibits a unique tissue distribution, being abundant in peripheral blood, vasculature, skin, and skin-draining lymph nodes, but uncommon in the intestines and in viscera-draining lymph nodes. CD49b+ Treg cells, which display superior functionality revealed by in vitro and in vivo assays, appear to develop after multiple rounds of cell division and TCR-dependent activation. Accordingly, single-cell RNA-seq analysis placed these cells at the apex of the Treg developmental trajectory. These results shed light on the identity and development of a functionally potent subset of mature effector Treg cells that recirculate through and survey peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Bruno Moltedo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alejandra Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alexey N Davydov
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mehlika B Faire
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Linas Mazutis
- Single Cell Research Initiative, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Single Cell Research Initiative, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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11
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Frantz C, Auffray C, Avouac J, Allanore Y. Regulatory T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2356. [PMID: 30374354 PMCID: PMC6196252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence suggest that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are of paramount importance for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis, even though they represent only about 5-10% of the peripheral CD4+ T cells in humans. Their key role is indeed supported by the spontaneous development of autoimmune diseases after Tregs depletion in mice. Moreover, there is also a growing literature that investigates possible contribution of Tregs numbers and activity in various autoimmune diseases. The contribution of Tregs in autoimmune disease has opened up a new therapeutic avenue based on restoring a healthy balance between Tregs and effector T-cells, such as Treg-based cellular transfer or low-dose IL-2 modulation. These therapies hold the promise of modulating the immune system without immunosuppression, while several issues regarding efficacy and safety need to be addressed. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an orphan connective tissue disease characterized by extensive immune abnormalities but also microvascular injury and fibrosis. Recently, data about the presence and function of Tregs in the pathogenesis of SSc have emerged although they remain scarce so far. First, there is a general agreement in the medical literature with regard to the decreased functional ability of circulating Tregs in SSc. Second the quantification of Tregs in patients have led to contradictory results; although the majority of the studies report reduced frequencies, there are conversely some indications suggesting that in case of disease activity circulating Tregs may increase. This paradoxical situation could be the result of a compensatory, but inefficient, amplification of Tregs in the context of inflammation. Nevertheless, these results must be tempered with regards to the heterogeneity of the studies for the phenotyping of the patients and of the most importance for Tregs definition and activity markers. Therefore, taking into account the appealing developments of Tregs roles in autoimmune diseases, together with preliminary data published in SSc, there is growing interest in deciphering Tregs in SSc, both in humans and mice models, to clarify whether the promises obtained in other autoimmune diseases may also apply to SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Frantz
- INSERM U1016, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Auffray
- INSERM U1016, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Avouac
- INSERM U1016, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Allanore
- INSERM U1016, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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12
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Zhang S. The role of transforming growth factor β in T helper 17 differentiation. Immunology 2018; 155:24-35. [PMID: 29682722 PMCID: PMC6099164 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play critical roles in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The lineage-specific transcription factor RORγt is the key regulator for Th17 cell fate commitment. A substantial number of studies have established the importance of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) -dependent pathways in inducing RORγt expression and Th17 differentiation. TGF-β superfamily members TGF-β1 , TGF-β3 or activin A, in concert with interleukin-6 or interleukin-21, differentiate naive T cells into Th17 cells. Alternatively, Th17 differentiation can occur through TGF-β-independent pathways. However, the mechanism of how TGF-β-dependent and TGF-β-independent pathways control Th17 differentiation remains controversial. This review focuses on the perplexing role of TGF-β in Th17 differentiation, depicts the requirement of TGF-β for Th17 development, and underscores the multiple mechanisms underlying TGF-β-promoted Th17 generation, pathogenicity and plasticity. With new insights and comprehension from recent findings, this review specifically tackles the involvement of the canonical TGF-β signalling components, SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4, summarizes diverse SMAD-independent mechanisms, and highlights the importance of TGF-β signalling in balancing the reciprocal conversion of Th17 and regulatory T cells. Finally, this review includes discussions and perspectives and raises important mechanistic questions about the role of TGF-β in Th17 generation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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13
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The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Preferentially Marks and Promotes Gut Regulatory T Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2277-2290. [PMID: 29166616 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The local environment may affect the development and function of tissue-resident T regulatory cells (Tregs), which are crucial for controlling inflammation. Although the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), an environmental sensor, is expressed by Tregs, its role in Treg cell development and/or function remains elusive. Here, we generated mouse genetic models to ablate or activate Ahr expression specifically in Tregs. We showed that Ahr was expressed more abundantly by peripherally induced Tregs (pTregs) in the gut and that its expression was independent of microbiota. Ahr was important for Treg gut homing and function. Ahr inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by Tregs but was dispensable for Treg stability. Furthermore, Ahr-expressing Tregs had enhanced in vivo suppressive activity compared with Tregs lacking Ahr expression in a T cell transfer model of colitis. Our data suggest that Ahr signaling in Tregs may be important for gut immune homeostasis.
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14
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Weinberg A, Lindsey J, Bosch R, Persaud D, Sato P, Ogwu A, Asmelash A, Bwakura-Dangarambezi M, Chi BH, Canniff J, Lockman S, Gaseitsiwe S, Moyo S, Smith CE, Moraka NO, Levin MJ. B and T Cell Phenotypic Profiles of African HIV-Infected and HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants: Associations with Antibody Responses to the Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2002. [PMID: 29403482 PMCID: PMC5780413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined associations between B and T cell phenotypic profiles and antibody responses to the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) infants on antiretroviral therapy and in HIV-exposed uninfected (PHEU) infants enrolled in International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials P1072 study (NCT00880698). Of 17 B and T cell subsets analyzed, PHIV and PHEU differed only in the number of CD4+ T cells and frequency of naive B cells, which were higher in PHEU than in PHIV. In contrast, the B and T cell phenotypic profiles of PHIV and PHEU markedly differed from those of geographically matched contemporary HIV-unexposed infants. The frequency of regulatory T and B cells (Treg, Breg) of PHIV and PHEU displayed two patterns of associations: FOXP3+ CD25+ Treg positively correlated with CD4+ T cell numbers; while TGFβ+ Treg and IL10+ Treg and Breg positively correlated with the frequencies of inflammatory and activated T cells. Moreover, the frequencies of activated and inflammatory T cells of PHIV and PHEU positively correlated with the frequency of immature B cells. Correlations were not affected by HIV status and persisted over time. PHIV and PHEU antibody responses to RV5 positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts and negatively with the proportion of immature B cells, similarly to what has been previously described in chronic HIV infection. Unique to PHIV and PHEU, anti-RV5 antibodies positively correlated with CD4+/CD8+FOXP3+CD25+% and negatively with CD4+IL10+% Tregs. In conclusion, PHEU shared with PHIV abnormal B and T cell phenotypic profiles. PHIV and PHEU antibody responses to RV5 were modulated by typical HIV-associated immune response modifiers except for the association between CD4+/CD8+FOXP3+CD25+Treg and increased antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pathology, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jane Lindsey
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronald Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah Persaud
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul Sato
- Maternal Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Mutsa Bwakura-Dangarambezi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Benjamin H Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Canniff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Christiana Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Myron J Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The main objective of this review is to briefly highlight how we gradually came to understand regulatory T cells (Tregs) and forkhead box p3 (FoxP3) biology, including their function and regulation. We will also discuss how this knowledge is being translated into the clinical setting and the significant challenges that need to be overcome. RECENT FINDINGS CD4FoxP3 Tregs are key players in immune regulation. Their deficiency and dysfunction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. This has led towards extensive work across the years to figure out the biology and suppressive mechanisms of these cells. Furthermore, Tregs' ability to suppress immune responses makes the idea of their utilization in adoptive immunotherapy appealing. Work has been underway to establish ideal methods to integrate Tregs into the management of autoimmune diseases and alloimmunity, either by treatment with IL-2 or infusion of ex-vivo expanded Tregs. Despite Tregs' scarcity and increased tendency for Activation-induced cell death, many groups have developed effective methods to expand them ex vivo. SUMMARY Although clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and efficacy of regulatory cells in transplant recipients, it is vital to continue exploring the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control their stability and homeostasis.
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16
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Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an indispensable role in controlling tolerance and immunity against self- and foreign antigens. The failure of Tregs to properly function is the direct cause of systemic and chronic inflammation as well as immune suppression. It is now evident that Tregs are highly heterogeneous populations depending on the surface phenotypes, cytokine profiles, and anatomical locations. Yet, our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways underlying such heterogeneity is very limited. Furthermore, some Tregs lose the phenotype (and suppressive functions) and instead acquire pathogenicity. Since utilizing Tregs as a tool for immunotherapy is being implemented in many clinical settings, it is of utmost importance to understand the precise mechanisms by which the loss of Treg phenotype (and function) is prevented. In this review, both cellular and molecular factors involved in Treg heterogeneity and stability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Immunology/NB30, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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17
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Kang BH, Park HJ, Park HJ, Lee JII, Park SH, Jung KC. PLZF(+) Innate T Cells Support the TGF-β-Dependent Generation of Activated/Memory-Like Regulatory T Cells. Mol Cells 2016; 39:468-76. [PMID: 27101876 PMCID: PMC4916398 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PLZF-expressing invariant natural killer T cells and CD4 T cells are unique subsets of innate T cells. Both are selected via thymocyte-thymocyte interaction, and they contribute to the generation of activated/memory-like CD4 and CD8 T cells in the thymus via the production of IL-4. Here, we investigated whether PLZF(+) innate T cells also affect the development and function of Foxp3(+) regulatory CD4 T cells. Flow cytometry analysis of the thymus and spleen from both CIITA transgenic C57BL/6 and wild-type BALB/c mice, which have abundant PLZF(+) CD4 T cells and invariant natural killer T cells, respectively, revealed that Foxp3(+) T cells in these mice exhibited a CD103(+) activated/memory-like phenotype. The frequency of CD103(+) regulatory T cells was considerably decreased in PLZF(+) cell-deficient CIITA(Tg)Plzf(lu/lu) and BALB/c.CD1d(-/-) mice as well as in an IL-4-deficient background, such as in CIITA(Tg)IL-4(-/-) and BALB/c.lL-4(-/-) mice, indicating that the acquisition of an activated/memory-like phenotype was dependent on PLZF(+) innate T cells and IL-4. Using fetal thymic organ culture, we further demonstrated that IL-4 in concert with TGF-β enhanced the acquisition of the activated/memory-like phenotype of regulatory T cells. In functional aspects, the activated/memory-like phenotype of Treg cells was directly related to their suppressive function; regulatory T cells of CIITA(Tg)PIV(-/-) mice more efficiently suppressed ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation compared with their counterparts from wild-type mice. All of these findings suggest that PLZF(+) innate T cells also augmented the generation of activated/memory-like regulation via IL-4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hyun Kang
- Postgraduate Course of Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Sungnam 13620,
Korea
| | - Hi Jung Park
- Postgraduate Course of Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Jae-II Lee
- Postgraduate Course of Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Seong Hoe Park
- Postgraduate Course of Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Postgraduate Course of Translational Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080,
Korea
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18
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Yamada A, Arakaki R, Saito M, Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Role of regulatory T cell in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2195-205. [PMID: 26900284 PMCID: PMC4734996 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play key roles in various immune responses. For example, Treg cells contribute to the complex pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis during onset or development of that disease. Many animal models of IBD have been used to investigate factors such as pathogenic cytokines, pathogenic bacteria, and T-cell functions, including those of Treg cells. In addition, analyses of patients with IBD facilitate our understanding of the precise mechanism of IBD. This review article focuses on the role of Treg cells and outlines the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of IBD based on previous reports.
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19
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Perdigoto AL, Chatenoud L, Bluestone JA, Herold KC. Inducing and Administering Tregs to Treat Human Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 6:654. [PMID: 26834735 PMCID: PMC4722090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control unwanted immune responses, including those that mediate tolerance to self as well as to foreign antigens. Their mechanisms of action include direct and indirect effects on effector T cells and important functions in tissue repair and homeostasis. Tregs express a number of cell surface markers and transcriptional factors that have been instrumental in defining their origins and potentially their function. A number of immune therapies, such as rapamycin, IL-2, and anti-T cell antibodies, are able to induce Tregs and are being tested for their efficacy in diverse clinical settings with exciting preliminary results. However, a balance exists with the use of some, such as IL-2, that may have effects on unwanted populations as well as promoting expansion and survival of Tregs requiring careful selection of dose for clinical use. The use of cell surface markers has enabled investigators to isolate and expand ex vivo Tregs more than 500-fold routinely. Clinical trials have begun, administering these expanded Tregs to patients as a means of suppressing autoimmune and alloimmune responses and potentially inducing immune tolerance. Studies in the future are likely to build on these initial technical achievements and use combinations of agents to improve the survival and functional capacity of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Vicente R, Quentin J, Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Chuchana P, Martire D, Cren M, Jorgensen C, Louis-Plence P. Nonclassical CD4+CD49b+ Regulatory T Cells as a Better Alternative to Conventional CD4+CD25+ T Cells To Dampen Arthritis Severity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:298-309. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Cao Q, Lu J, Li Q, Wang C, Wang XM, Lee VWS, Wang C, Nguyen H, Zheng G, Zhao Y, Alexander SI, Wang Y, Harris DCH. CD103+ Dendritic Cells Elicit CD8+ T Cell Responses to Accelerate Kidney Injury in Adriamycin Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1344-60. [PMID: 26376858 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in nonlymphoid organs exhibit two main functions: maintaining tolerance by induction of regulatory T cells and protecting against tissue infection through cross-presentation of foreign antigens to CD8(+) T cells. However, the role of CD103(+) DCs in kidney disease is unknown. In this study, we show that CD103(+) DCs are one of four subpopulations of renal mononuclear phagocytes in normal kidneys. CD103(+) DCs expressed DC-specific surface markers, transcription factors, and growth factor receptors and were found in the kidney cortex but not in the medulla. The number of kidney CD103(+) DCs was significantly higher in mice with adriamycin nephropathy (AN) than in normal mice, and depletion of CD103(+) DCs attenuated kidney injury in AN mice. In vitro, kidney CD103(+) DCs preferentially primed CD8(+) T cells and did not directly induce tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells significantly exacerbated kidney injury in AN SCID mice, whereas depletion of CD103(+) DCs in these mice impaired activation and proliferation of transfused CD8(+) T cells and prevented the exacerbation of kidney injury associated with this transfusion. In conclusion, kidney CD103(+) DCs display a pathogenic role in murine CKD via activation of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Junyu Lu
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China; and
| | - Qing Li
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Hanh Nguyen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
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22
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Treg Cell Differentiation: From Thymus to Peripheral Tissue. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:175-205. [PMID: 26615097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial mediators of self-tolerance in the periphery. They differentiate in the thymus, where interactions with thymus-resident antigen-presenting cells, an instructive cytokine milieu, and stimulation of the T cell receptor lead to the selection into the Treg lineage and the induction of Foxp3 gene expression. Once mature, Treg cells leave the thymus and migrate into either the secondary lymphoid tissues, e.g., lymph nodes and spleen, or peripheral nonlymphoid tissues. There is growing evidence that Treg cells go beyond the classical modulation of immune responses and also play important functional roles in nonlymphoid peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the thymic Treg lineage differentiation as well as the further specialization of Treg cells in the secondary lymphoid and in the peripheral nonlymphoid organs.
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23
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Buchwald ZS, Yang C, Nellore S, Shashkova EV, Davis JL, Cline A, Ko J, Novack DV, DiPaolo R, Aurora R. A Bone Anabolic Effect of RANKL in a Murine Model of Osteoporosis Mediated Through FoxP3+ CD8 T Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1508-22. [PMID: 25656537 PMCID: PMC4506715 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF-α and IL-17 secreted by proinflammatory T cells (T(EFF)) promote bone erosion by activating osteoclasts. We previously demonstrated that in addition to bone resorption, osteoclasts act as antigen-presenting cells to induce FoxP3 in CD8 T cells (Tc(REG)). The osteoclast-induced regulatory CD8 T cells limit bone resorption in ovariectomized mice (a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Here we show that although low-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) maximally induces Tc(REG) via Notch signaling pathway to limit bone resorption, high-dose RANKL promotes bone resorption. In vitro, both TNF-α and IL-17, cytokines that are abundant in ovariectomized animals, suppress Tc(REG) induction by osteoclasts by repressing Notch ligand expression in osteoclasts, but this effect can be counteracted by addition of RANKL. Ovariectomized mice treated with low-dose RANKL induced Tc(REG) that suppressed bone resorption, decreased T(EFF) levels, and increased bone formation. High-dose RANKL had the expected osteolytic effect. Low-dose RANKL administration in ovariectomized mice lacking CD8 T cells was also osteolytic, confirming that Tc(REG) mediate this bone anabolic effect. Our results show that although RANKL directly stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, it also controls the osteoclasts' ability to induce regulatory T cells, engaging an important negative feedback loop. In addition to the conceivable clinical relevance to treatment of osteoporosis, these observations have potential relevance to induction of tolerance and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Chang Yang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Suman Nellore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Elena V. Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Anna Cline
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Je Ko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Deborah V. Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
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24
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Barthlott T, Bosch AJT, Berkemeier C, Nogales-Cadenas R, Jeker LT, Keller MP, Pascual-Montano A, Holländer GA. A subpopulation of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells occurs at high frequency in lymphopenic mice and represents a lymph node specific differentiation stage. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1760-71. [PMID: 25752506 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are pivotal for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance by controlling self-reactive, chronic, and homeostatic T-cell responses. Here, we report that the increase in Treg-cell suppressive function observed in lymphopenic mice correlates with the degree of lymphopenia and is caused by a higher frequency of a novel subpopulation of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells. Though present in the thymus, CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells are not generated there but recirculate from the periphery to that site. The acquisition and maintenance of this distinctive phenotype requires the LN microenvironment and the in situ availability of antigen. Contrary to conventional effector and other Treg cells, the cellularity of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells is not affected by the absence of IL-7 and thymic stroma lymphopoetin. Given their increased frequency in lymphopenia, the absolute number of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells remains unchanged in the periphery irrespective of a paucity of total Treg cells. We furthermore demonstrate, with cell transfers in mice, that the CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) phenotype represents a LN-specific differentiation stage arrived at by several other Treg-cell subsets. Thus, tissue-specific cues determine the overall potency of the peripheral Treg-cell pool by shaping its subset composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Barthlott
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela J T Bosch
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Berkemeier
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Nogales-Cadenas
- Functional Bioinformatics Group, National Center for Biotechnology-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lukas T Jeker
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel P Keller
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Georg A Holländer
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Paediatrics and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Vahl JC, Drees C, Heger K, Heink S, Fischer JC, Nedjic J, Ohkura N, Morikawa H, Poeck H, Schallenberg S, Rieß D, Hein MY, Buch T, Polic B, Schönle A, Zeiser R, Schmitt-Gräff A, Kretschmer K, Klein L, Korn T, Sakaguchi S, Schmidt-Supprian M. Continuous T cell receptor signals maintain a functional regulatory T cell pool. Immunity 2014; 41:722-36. [PMID: 25464853 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune homeostasis and prevent inflammatory and autoimmune responses. During development, thymocytes bearing a moderately self-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) can be selected to become Treg cells. Several observations suggest that also in the periphery mature Treg cells continuously receive self-reactive TCR signals. However, the importance of this inherent autoreactivity for Treg cell biology remains poorly defined. To address this open question, we genetically ablated the TCR of mature Treg cells in vivo. These experiments revealed that TCR-induced Treg lineage-defining Foxp3 expression and gene hypomethylation were uncoupled from TCR input in mature Treg cells. However, Treg cell homeostasis, cell-type-specific gene expression and suppressive function critically depend on continuous triggering of their TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christoph Vahl
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Drees
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Heger
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Heink
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julius C Fischer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jelena Nedjic
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestraße 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Rieß
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Y Hein
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Hygiene, Trogerstraße 30, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany and Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurer Straße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Polic
- University of Rijeka School of Medicine, B. Branchetta 20, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anne Schönle
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Schmitt-Gräff
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115a, 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestraße 31, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 15, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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CNS repair requires both effector and regulatory T cells with distinct temporal and spatial profiles. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10141-55. [PMID: 25080578 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0076-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-MΦs) and T cells have been shown to contribute to spinal cord repair. Recently, the remote brain choroid plexus epithelium (CP) was identified as a portal for monocyte recruitment, and its activation for leukocyte trafficking was found to be IFN-γ-dependent. Here, we addressed how the need for effector T cells can be reconciled with the role of inflammation-resolving immune cells in the repair process. Using an acute spinal cord injury model, we show that in mice deficient in IFN-γ-producing T cells, the CP was not activated, and recruitment of inflammation-resolving mo-MΦ to the spinal cord parenchyma was limited. We further demonstrate that mo-MΦ locally regulated recruitment of thymic-derived Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells to the injured spinal cord parenchyma at the subacute/chronic phase. Importantly, an ablation protocol that resulted in reduced Tregs at this stage interfered with tissue remodeling, in contrast to Treg transient ablation, restricted to the 4 d period before the injury, which favored repair. The enhanced functional recovery observed following such a controlled decrease of Tregs suggests that reduced systemic immunosuppression at the time of the insult can enhance CNS repair. Overall, our data highlight a dynamic immune cell network needed for repair, acting in discrete compartments and stages, and involving effector and regulatory T cells, interconnected by mo-MΦ. Any of these populations may be detrimental to the repair process if their level or activity become dysregulated. Accordingly, therapeutic interventions must be both temporally and spatially controlled.
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Faith JJ, Ahern PP, Ridaura VK, Cheng J, Gordon JI. Identifying gut microbe-host phenotype relationships using combinatorial communities in gnotobiotic mice. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:220ra11. [PMID: 24452263 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying a scalable, unbiased method for discovering which members of the human gut microbiota influence specific physiologic, metabolic, and immunologic phenotypes remains a challenge. We describe a method in which a clonally arrayed collection of cultured, sequenced bacteria was generated from one of several human fecal microbiota samples found to transmit a particular phenotype to recipient germ-free mice. Ninety-four bacterial consortia of diverse size, randomly drawn from the culture collection, were introduced into germ-free animals. We identified an unanticipated range of bacterial strains that promoted accumulation of colonic regulatory T cells (T(regs)) and expansion of Nrp1(lo/-) peripheral T(regs), as well as strains that modulated mouse adiposity and cecal metabolite concentrations, using feature selection algorithms and follow-up monocolonizations. This combinatorial approach enables a systems-level understanding of microbial contributions to human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah J Faith
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Karamehic J, Zecevic L, Resic H, Jukic M, Jukic T, Ridjic O, Panjeta M, Coric J. Immunophenotype lymphocyte of peripheral blood in patients with psoriasis. Med Arch 2014; 68:236-8. [PMID: 25568543 PMCID: PMC4240569 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2014.68.236-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Immunoregulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in important homeostatic mechanism for maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Tregs cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and determine the range value for Treg cells (CD4+ CD25+) in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis compared to the severity of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 51 patients diagnosed with psoriasis and 25 healthy individuals. Phenotype profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry, and assessment of severity of disease was determined on the basis of PASI score (e.g. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). RESULTS Proportion of CD4+CD25+T cells in the control group was significantly higher than in the patients with psoriasis [6,4% ±(5,4-7,6) vs. 4,1% (3,1 -5,8)-Mann-Whitney U test, p <0.001]. In the present study we did not find a statistically significant correlation between the levels of CD4+CD25+cells, in patients with psoriasis, compared to the severity of disease-PASI. (i.e. Pearson correlation, r = 0.197, p = 0.194). CONCLUSION The stratification of patients, according to the severity of the clinical course was not possible on the basis of Treg cells' level. ROC curve analysis of the optimal cutoff (PASI=10) and the CD4+CD25+, which distinguishes between patients and healthy individuals was 5% of CD4+CD25+ of the total number of CD4+ lymphocytes with specificity of 69% and sensitivity of 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenko Karamehic
- Department of Immunology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lamija Zecevic
- Department of Immunology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Halima Resic
- Clinical Hemodialysis, Clinical Center of University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Majda Jukic
- Clinical of Dermatology, Clinical Center of University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegoviona
| | | | - Ognjen Ridjic
- Faculty for Health Sciences, University of Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirsad Panjeta
- Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jozo Coric
- Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Abstract
Regulatory T (TReg) cells constitute an essential counterbalance to adaptive immune responses. Failure to maintain appropriate TReg cell numbers or function leads to autoimmune, malignant and immunodeficient conditions. Dynamic homeostatic processes preserve the number of forkhead box P3-expressing (FOXP3(+)) TReg cells within a healthy range, with high rates of cell division being offset by apoptosis under steady-state conditions. Recent studies have shown that TReg cells become specialized for different environmental contexts, tailoring their functions and homeostatic properties to a wide range of tissues and immune conditions. In this Review, we describe new insights into the molecular controls that maintain the steady-state homeostasis of TReg cells and the cues that drive TReg cell adaptation to inflammation and/or different locations. We highlight how differing local milieu might drive context-specific TReg cell function and restoration of immune homeostasis, and how dysregulation of these processes can precipitate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- 1] Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3053, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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Haastert B, Mellanby RJ, Anderton SM, O'Connor RA. T cells at the site of autoimmune inflammation show increased potential for trogocytosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81404. [PMID: 24324692 PMCID: PMC3852262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells acquire membrane fragments from antigen-presenting-cells via a process termed trogocytosis. Identifying which CD4+ T cells undergo trogocytosis in co-culture with Ag-loaded APC can enrich for antigen-reactive T cells without knowledge of their fine specificity or cytokine-production profiles. We sought to assess the suitability of this method to identify disease relevant effector and regulatory T cells during autoimmune inflammation. Trogocytosis efficiently identified MBP-reactive T cells in vitro and ex-vivo following immunization. However, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells constitutively displayed a higher rate of trogocytosis than their Foxp3- counterparts which limits the potential of trogocytosis to identify antigen-reactive Treg cells. During inflammation a locally elevated rate of trogocytosis (seen in both effector and regulatory T cells isolated from the inflamed CNS) precludes the use of trogocytosis as a measure of antigenic reactivity among cells taken from inflammatory sites. Our results indicate trogocytosis detection can enrich for Ag-reactive conventional T cells in the periphery but is limited in its ability to identify Ag-reactive Treg or T effector cells at sites of inflammation. Increased trogocytosis potential at inflammatory sites also draws into the question the biological significance of this phenomenon during inflammation, in Treg mediated suppression and for the maintenance of tolerance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Haastert
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Anderton
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. O'Connor
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Osteoclasts and CD8 T cells form a negative feedback loop that contributes to homeostasis of both the skeletal and immune systems. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:429373. [PMID: 23840242 PMCID: PMC3690642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of dynamic regulatory loops that maintain homeostasis of the immune and skeletal systems. In this review, we highlight a number of these regulatory interactions that contribute to maintaining homeostasis. In addition, we review data on a negative regulatory feedback loop between osteoclasts and CD8 T cells that contributes to homeostasis of both the skeletal and immune systems.
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32
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Tauro S, Nguyen P, Li B, Geiger TL. Diversification and senescence of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1195-207. [PMID: 23436224 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fate of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells responding during autoimmunity is not well defined. We observed a marked elevation in KLRG1(+) (where KLRG1 stands for killer cell lectin-like receptor G1) CNS-infiltrating Treg cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and assessed their origin and properties. KLRG1(+) Treg cells showed increased activation marker expression, Foxp3 and CD25 levels, and more rapid cell cycling than KLRG1(-) cells. KLRG1(-) Treg cells converted into KLRG1(+) cells and this was increased in autoimmune inflammation. Conversion was unidirectional; KLRG1(+) Treg cells did not revert to a KLRG1(-) state. KLRG1(+) but notKLRG1(-) Treg cells survived poorly, indicative of terminal differentiation. This was associated with diminished BCL2 and increased apoptosis of isolated cells. KLRG1 was also upregulated on iTreg cells after transfer and EAE induction or on iTreg cells developing spontaneously during EAE. KLRG1(+) Treg cells produced more IL-10 and had altered effector cytokine production compared with their KLRG1(-) counterparts. Despite their differences, KLRG1(+) and KLRG1(-) Treg cells proved similarly potent in suppressing EAE. KLRG1(+) and KLRG1(-) populations were phenotypically heterogeneous, with the extent and pattern of activation marker expression dependent both on cellular location and inflammation. Our results support an extensive diversification of Treg cells during EAE, and associate KLRG1 with altered Treg-cell function and senescence.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Autoimmunity
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Tauro
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Luckey U, Schmidt T, Pfender N, Romer M, Lorenz N, Martin SF, Bopp T, Schmitt E, Nikolaev A, Yogev N, Waisman A, Jakob T, Steinbrink K. Crosstalk of regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells prevents contact allergy in subjects with low zone tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:781-797.e11. [PMID: 22935591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational diseases. A main protective mechanism in those who do not develop allergic contact dermatitis is tolerance induction by repeated exposure to low doses of contact allergen, which is termed low zone tolerance (LZT). The mechanisms that determine the tolerance induction in subjects with LZT are still elusive. OBJECTIVE We performed analysis of the role of CD4(+)CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3)-positive regulatory T (Treg) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in mice with LZT. METHODS Mechanisms of tolerance induction were analyzed in a murine model of LZT by using FOXP3 and IL-10 reporter mice, as well as mice that allow the selective depletion of Treg cells or DCs. RESULTS Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Treg cells during tolerance induction completely abolishes the development of LZT, resulting in a pronounced contact hypersensitivity response. Adoptive transfer experiments, depletion studies, and use of cell type-specific deficient mice revealed that IL-10 production is critical for the suppressor function of Treg cells in mice with LZT and that tolerogenic CD8(+)CD11c(+) DCs located in the skin-draining lymph nodes are essential for LZT. In the absence of Treg cells, DCs did not develop tolerogenic functions, indicating that activated IL-10(+) Treg cells might imprint the tolerogenic DC phenotype. Cell communication analysis revealed that the education of tolerogenic DCs might involve a direct interaction with Treg cells mediated by gap junctions. Subsequently, induction of tolerogenic CD11c(+) DCs leads to the generation of hapten-specific CD8(+) Treg cells, which protect against contact hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate critical interactions between CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Treg cells and tolerogenic CD8(+)CD11c(+) DCs during the induction of LZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Luckey
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Lin YC, Mahalingam J, Chiang JM, Su PJ, Chu YY, Lai HY, Fang JH, Huang CT, Chiu CT, Lin CY. Activated but not resting regulatory T cells accumulated in tumor microenvironment and correlated with tumor progression in patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1341-50. [PMID: 22907255 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activated T regulatory (T(reg)) cells are potent suppressors that mediate immune tolerance. We investigated the relationship between activated T(reg) cells and the progression of human colon cancer. We designed a cross-sectional study of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells from peripheral blood, primary tumor and nontumor colon tissue of 42 patients with colon cancer and correlated the percentages of different subgroups of T(reg) cells with colon cancer stage. The phenotypes, cytokine-release patterns and suppression ability of these T(reg) cells were analyzed. We found that T(reg) cells increased significantly in both peripheral blood and cancer tissue. In addition, the T(reg) cells expressed significantly lower levels of CCR7, CD62L and CD45RA in comparison to normal volunteers. Further dividing T(reg) cells into subgroups based on Foxp3 and CD45RA expression revealed that both activated T(reg) cells (Foxp3(hi) CD45RA(-)) and nonsuppressive T(reg) cells (Foxp3(lo) CD45RA(-)), but not resting T(reg) cells (Foxp3(low) CD45RA(+)), increased in the peripheral blood and cancer tissue of patients with colon cancer. Only the activated T(reg) cells expressed significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and cytotoxic T-cell antigen-4. Activated T(reg) cells, however, secreted significantly lower levels of effector cytokines (interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) than did resting T(reg) cells and nonsuppressive cells upon ex vivo stimulation. Activated, but not resting, T(reg) cells in cancer tissue correlated with tumor metastases. In summary, we confirmed that activated T(reg) cells are a distinct subgroup with effector memory phenotype and fully functional regulatory activity against human colorectal cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Tayouan, Taiwan
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35
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor have a profound and nonredundant role in several aspects of immunological tolerance. We will review here the specification of this lineage, its population dynamics, and the diversity of subphenotypes that correlate with their diverse roles in controlling inflammation in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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36
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Van de Perre P, Rubbo PA, Viljoen J, Nagot N, Tylleskar T, Lepage P, Vendrell JP, Tuaillon E. HIV-1 Reservoirs in Breast Milk and Challenges to Elimination of Breast-Feeding Transmission of HIV-1. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:143sr3. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Cheng G, Yuan X, Tsai MS, Podack ER, Yu A, Malek TR. IL-2 receptor signaling is essential for the development of Klrg1+ terminally differentiated T regulatory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1780-91. [PMID: 22786769 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymic-derived natural T regulatory cells (Tregs) are characterized by functional and phenotypic heterogeneity. Recently, a small fraction of peripheral Tregs has been shown to express Klrg1, but it remains unclear as to what extent Klrg1 defines a unique Treg subset. In this study, we show that Klrg1(+) Tregs represent a terminally differentiated Treg subset derived from Klrg1(-) Tregs. This subset is a recent Ag-responsive and highly activated short-lived Treg population that expresses enhanced levels of Treg suppressive molecules and that preferentially resides within mucosal tissues. The development of Klrg1(+) Tregs also requires extensive IL-2R signaling. This activity represents a distinct function for IL-2, independent from its contribution to Treg homeostasis and competitive fitness. These and other properties are analogous to terminally differentiated short-lived CD8(+) T effector cells. Our findings suggest that an important pathway driving Ag-activated conventional T lymphocytes also operates for Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Buchwald ZS, Kiesel JR, DiPaolo R, Pagadala MS, Aurora R. Osteoclast activated FoxP3+ CD8+ T-cells suppress bone resorption in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38199. [PMID: 22701612 PMCID: PMC3368916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclasts are the body’s sole bone resorbing cells. Cytokines produced by pro-inflammatory effector T-cells (TEFF) increase bone resorption by osteoclasts. Prolonged exposure to the TEFF produced cytokines leads to bone erosion diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The crosstalk between T-cells and osteoclasts has been termed osteoimmunology. We have previously shown that under non-inflammatory conditions, murine osteoclasts can recruit naïve CD8 T-cells and activate these T-cells to induce CD25 and FoxP3 (TcREG). The activation of CD8 T-cells by osteoclasts also induced the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Individually, these cytokines can activate or suppress osteoclast resorption. Principal Findings To determine the net effect of TcREG on osteoclast activity we used a number of in vitro assays. We found that TcREG can potently and directly suppress bone resorption by osteoclasts. TcREG could suppress osteoclast differentiation and resorption by mature osteoclasts, but did not affect their survival. Additionally, we showed that TcREG suppress cytoskeletal reorganization in mature osteoclasts. Whereas induction of TcREG by osteoclasts is antigen-dependent, suppression of osteoclasts by TcREG does not require antigen or re-stimulation. We demonstrated that antibody blockade of IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-γ relieved suppression. The suppression did not require direct contact between the TcREG and osteoclasts. Significance We have determined that osteoclast-induced TcREG can suppress osteoclast activity, forming a negative feedback system. As the CD8 T-cells are activated in the absence of inflammatory signals, these observations suggest that this regulatory loop may play a role in regulating skeletal homeostasis. Our results provide the first documentation of suppression of osteoclast activity by CD8 regulatory T-cells and thus, extend the purview of osteoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Kiesel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Meghana S. Pagadala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chang LY, Lin YC, Kang CW, Hsu CY, Chu YY, Huang CT, Day YJ, Chen TC, Yeh CT, Lin CY. The indispensable role of CCR5 for in vivo suppressor function of tumor-derived CD103+ effector/memory regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:567-74. [PMID: 22664873 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD103 is a marker for identification of effector/memory regulatory T cells (Tregs). CD103(+) Tregs are potent suppressors of tissue inflammation in several infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms for this potent suppression ability remain unclear. The current study was designed to clarify this issue. Unexpectedly, we found both CD103(+) and CD103(-) Tregs had similar suppression capacity in vitro. We then chose a murine tumor model for investigation of the in vivo behavior of these Tregs. The suppression ability in vivo against the anti-tumor ability of CD8(+) T cells was restricted to CD103(+) Tregs although both Tregs had equal in vitro suppression ability. In addition, CD103(+) Tregs expressed significantly higher levels of CCR5 than those of CD103(-) Tregs and accumulated more in tumors than did CD103(-) Tregs. Furthermore, blockade of CCR5 signaling, either by CCR5(-/-)CD103(+) Tregs or by CCL5 knockdown tumor, could reduce the migration of CD103(+) Tregs into tumors and impair their in vivo suppression ability. In conclusion, these results indicate that the potent in vivo suppression ability of CD103(+) Tregs is due to the tissue-migration ability through CCR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
The subpopulation of CD4(+) T lymphocytes that co-express the transcription factor Foxp3 plays a unique role as regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) that modulate many aspects of the immune response. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the suppressor function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells based on in vitro studies, but much less is known about how Tregs suppress immune responses in vivo. Both polyclonal Tregs and antigen-specific Tregs are capable of exerting potent suppressive effects in vivo, and it is likely that they mediate their biologic functions using different mechanisms. Antigen-specific Tregs primarily target dendritic cells and inhibit dendritic cell functions including the expression of costimulatory molecules and the presentation of antigen early during the generation of the immune response. The end result is a complete inhibition of both the expansion and the differentiation of T effector cells. Polyclonal Tregs also act on dendritic cells, but at a later phase, and do not inhibit expansion of T effector cells, but appear to modulate differentiation and cell trafficking. The cell surface molecules involved in the interaction of Tregs with dendritic cells, as well as the biochemical pathways modified by this interaction remain to be fully elucidated. A complete understand of the biological functions of Tregs in vivo should facilitate the development of pharmacologic and biologic agents that can be used to modulate Treg function in a therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Influenza A virus infection results in a robust, antigen-responsive, and widely disseminated Foxp3+ regulatory T cell response. J Virol 2011; 86:2817-25. [PMID: 22205730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05685-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a highly suppressive T cell subset with well-characterized immunosuppressive effects during immune homeostasis and chronic infections, although the role of these cells in acute viral infections is poorly understood. The present study sought to examine the induction of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) Tregs in a nonlethal murine model of pulmonary viral infection by the use of the prototypical respiratory virus influenza A. We establish that influenza A virus infection results in a robust Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cell response and that regulatory T cell induction at the site of inflammation precedes the effector T cell response. Induced Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells are highly suppressive ex vivo, demonstrating that influenza virus-induced Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells are phenotypically regulatory. Influenza A virus-induced regulatory T cells proliferate vigorously in response to influenza virus antigen, are disseminated throughout the site of infection and primary and secondary lymphoid organs, and retain Foxp3 expression in vitro, suggesting that acute viral infection is capable of inducing a foreign-antigen-specific Treg response. The ability of influenza virus-induced regulatory T cells to suppress antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation and cytokine production correlates closely to their ability to respond to influenza virus antigens, suggesting that virus-induced Tregs are capable of attenuating effector responses in an antigen-dependent manner. Collectively, these data demonstrate that primary acute viral infection is capable of inducing a robust, antigen-responsive, and suppressive regulatory T cell response.
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Michels-van Amelsfort JMR, Walter GJ, Taams LS. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in systemic sclerosis and other rheumatic diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:499-514. [PMID: 21790293 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized connective tissue disorder, characterized by a wide spectrum of microvascular and immunological abnormalities, leading to a progressive thickening and fibrosis of the skin and other organs, such as the lungs, GI tract, heart and kidneys. SSc is thought to be an autoimmune disease owing to the presence of high affinity antibodies and possible clinical overlap with other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune diseases arise because of a breakdown in immunological self tolerance. Self tolerance is maintained via multiple regulatory mechanisms within the immune system, including the thymic deletion of self-reactive T cells and mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. In recent years, the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Tregs has been identified as a major mechanism of peripheral tolerance, and accumulating evidence indicates that alterations in Treg frequencies and/or function may contribute to autoimmune diseases. Here, we will review recent data on the percentage, function and phenotype of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs in rheumatic disease, and discuss how recent developments may guide research in this area in SSc.
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Mellor AL, Munn DH. Physiologic control of the functional status of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4535-40. [PMID: 21464094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3-lineage CD4 regulatory T cells (Tregs) were named for their ability to maintain self tolerance and suppress T cell immunity. However, resting Tregs from noninflamed tissues exhibit little suppressor activity, and must be stimulated to acquire such function. Conversely, under certain inflammatory conditions, Tregs may undergo rapid reprogramming to acquire helper/effector functions. In this Brief Review, we describe recent progress in elucidating physiologic processes that control the functional status of Foxp3-lineage Tregs. Emerging evidence suggests the surprising possibility that reprogrammed Tregs can be an indispensable source of helper activity in some physiologic settings, such as priming CD8(+) T cell responses. This suggests a novel paradigm in which Foxp3(+) Tregs intrinsically possess bifunctional potential, acting as a preformed pool of first-responder cells at sites of local inflammation that can either provide classical regulatory/suppressor activity, or rapidly reprogram to supply helper/effector activity, contingent on signals that manifest in local physiologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mellor
- Department of Medicine, Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Torelli GF, Maggio R, Peragine N, Chiaretti S, De Propris MS, Lucarelli B, Screnci M, Mascolo MG, Milano F, Iori AP, Girelli G, Guarini A, Foà R. Functional analysis and gene expression profile of umbilical cord blood regulatory T cells. Ann Hematol 2011; 91:155-61. [PMID: 21732086 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-011-1288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the functional properties and the gene expression profile of regulatory T cells (Tregs) isolated from cord blood (CB) units (n = 23) and from the peripheral blood (PB) of adult normal donors (n = 13). Tregs were purified from mononuclear cells and expanded for 6 days with anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and IL-2. CB and PB Tregs presented similar immunophenotypic features. However, Tregs isolated from CB presented a much higher expansion capacity; this was confirmed by the genomic characterization that showed in CB-derived Tregs significant enrichments of genes involved in cell proliferation, chromatin modification, and regulation of gene expression. All samples were positive for the FoxP3 gene and protein after expansion. CB and PB expanded Tregs exerted a comparable and potent suppressive function on the proliferative reaction of autologous T cells stimulated by allogeneic dendritic cells and presented a high in vitro IL-10 production capacity. Gene profile analysis also revealed for PB Tregs significant enrichments of genes involved in the adaptive immune response. These data offer further insights into the understanding of the biology of CB transplantation indicating a possible role played by CB Tregs in the suppression of the allogeneic T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fernando Torelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Katzman PJ, Murphy SP, Oble DA. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals an influx of regulatory T cells and focal trophoblastic STAT-1 phosphorylation in chronic villitis of unknown etiology. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2011; 14:284-93. [PMID: 21345084 DOI: 10.2350/10-09-0910-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal T cells and fetal macrophages constitute the primary infiltrate of chronic villitis of unknown etiology (CVUE), but the role of CD25(+)/FOXP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in CVUE has not been examined. Moreover, little is known about the expression of immune markers, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen, human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), in trophoblasts in this disease. We, therefore, examined CVUE placentas for the presence of Treg cells and aberrant activation of HLA-DR in trophoblasts. Sequential formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 8 CVUE placentas and 10 control placentas were stained by immunohistochemistry with antibodies for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD25, FOXP3, CD56, CD68, HLA-DR, STAT-1, and phosphorylated STAT-1 [P-(Y701)-STAT-1]. T cells and histiocytes were confirmed as the inflammatory infiltrate in CVUE. In areas of CVUE, histiocytes strongly expressed HLA-DR and nuclear P-(Y701)-STAT-1, and the relative numbers of CD25(+)/FOXP3(+) Treg cells were increased, compared with control placentas. In 5 of 8 CVUE cases, there was patchy nuclear expression of P-(Y701)-STAT-1 in syncytiotrophoblast most extensively involved by villitis, but no other marker examined was detected in the trophoblast cell layer. We confirmed the influx of T cells and histiocytes in CVUE. Our results are the 1st, to our knowledge, to identify increased numbers of Treg cells in CVUE vs noninflamed placentas. However, we were unable to verify HLA-DR expression in trophoblasts of placentas with CVUE, suggesting that this does not contribute to the influx of T cells. Our observation that P-(Y701)-STAT-1 expression in a syncytiotrophoblast is restricted to regions of inflammation suggests that the JAK-STAT-1 pathway is aberrantly activated in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Katzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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46
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Tucker CF, Nebane-Ambe DL, Chhabra A, Parnell SA, Zhao Y, Alard P, Kosiewicz MM. Decreased frequencies of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+cells and the potent CD103+subset in peripheral lymph nodes correlate with autoimmune disease predisposition in some strains of mice. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:453-64. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.568553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Geuking MB, Cahenzli J, Lawson MAE, Ng DCK, Slack E, Hapfelmeier S, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ. Intestinal bacterial colonization induces mutualistic regulatory T cell responses. Immunity 2011; 34:794-806. [PMID: 21596591 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammals harbor a dense commensal microbiota in the colon. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known to limit microbe-triggered intestinal inflammation and the CD4+ T cell compartment is shaped by the presence of particular microbes or bacterial compounds. It is, however, difficult to distinguish whether these effects reflect true mutualistic immune adaptation to intestinal colonization or rather idiosyncratic immune responses. To investigate truly mutualistic CD4+ T cell adaptation, we used the altered Schaedler flora (ASF). Intestinal colonization resulted in activation and de novo generation of colonic Treg cells. Failure to activate Treg cells resulted in the induction of T helper 17 (Th17) and Th1 cell responses, which was reversed by wild-type Treg cells. Efficient Treg cell induction was also required to maintain intestinal homeostasis upon dextran sulfate sodium-mediated damage in the colon. Thus, microbiota colonization-induced Treg cell responses are a fundamental intrinsic mechanism to induce and maintain host-intestinal microbial T cell mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus B Geuking
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Uchida Y, Kawai K, Ibusuki A, Kanekura T. Role for E-cadherin as an inhibitory receptor on epidermal gammadelta T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6945-54. [PMID: 21562159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a homophilic adhesion molecule that maintains homotypic intercellular adhesion between epithelial cells such as epidermal keratinocytes. E-cadherin is also expressed on resident murine epidermal γδ T cells, known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), but they express another receptor for E-cadherin, α(E)(CD103)β(7) integrin, as well. In this study, we analyzed functional differences between E-cadherin-mediated homophilic binding and heterophilic binding of α(E)β(7) integrin to E-cadherin in heterotypic intercellular adhesion of DETCs to keratinocytes. E-cadherin, but not α(E)β(7) integrin, was downregulated on activation of DETCs in vivo and in vitro. Short-term (1-h) adhesion of DETCs to keratinocytes in vitro was primarily mediated by α(E)β(7) integrin, and blocking of the binding of α(E)β(7) integrin to E-cadherin inhibited the lysis of keratinocytes by DETCs. Stable binding of E-cadherin on DETCs to plate-bound recombinant E-cadherin was observed only after 24-h culture in vitro. Cytokine production and degranulation by DETCs in response to suboptimal TCR cross-linking and mitogen stimulation were augmented by coligation of α(E)β(7) integrin. In contrast, engagement of E-cadherin on DETCs with immobilized anti-E-cadherin Ab, plate-bound recombinant E-cadherin, and E-cadherin on keratinocytes inhibited DETC activation. Therefore, E-cadherin acts as an inhibitory receptor on DETCs, whereas α(E)β(7) integrin acts as a costimulatory receptor. Differential expression of E-cadherin and α(E)β(7) integrin on resting and activated DETCs, as well as their opposite functions in DETC activation, suggests that E-cadherin and α(E)β(7) integrin on DETCs regulate their activation threshold through binding to E-cadherin on keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Regulatory T-cell expansion during chronic viral infection is dependent on endogenous retroviral superantigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3677-82. [PMID: 21321220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100213108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play critical roles in the modulation of immune responses to infectious agents. Further understanding of the factors that control Treg activation and expansion in response to pathogens is needed to manipulate Treg function in acute and chronic infections. Here we show that chronic, but not acute, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus results in a marked expansion of Foxp3(+) Treg that is dependent on retroviral superantigen (sag) genes encoded in the mouse genome. Sag-dependent Treg expansion was MHC class II dependent, CD4 independent, and required dendritic cells. Thus, one unique mechanism by which certain infectious agents evade host immune responses may be mediated by endogenous Sag-dependent activation and expansion of Treg.
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Mayer CT, Floess S, Baru AM, Lahl K, Huehn J, Sparwasser T. CD8+Foxp3+ T cells share developmental and phenotypic features with classical CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells but lack potent suppressive activity. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:716-25. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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