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Shaw T, Barr FG, Üren A. The PAX Genes: Roles in Development, Cancer, and Other Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 38473380 PMCID: PMC10931086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their 1986 discovery in Drosophila, Paired box (PAX) genes have been shown to play major roles in the early development of the eye, muscle, skeleton, kidney, and other organs. Consistent with their roles as master regulators of tissue formation, the PAX family members are evolutionarily conserved, regulate large transcriptional networks, and in turn can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Losses or mutations in these genes can result in developmental disorders or cancers. The precise mechanisms by which PAX genes control disease pathogenesis are well understood in some cases, but much remains to be explored. A deeper understanding of the biology of these genes, therefore, has the potential to aid in the improvement of disease diagnosis and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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2
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Shi Y, Zhu Z, Chen Q, Chen X. DNA methylation regulates B cell activation via repressing Pax5 expression in teleost. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363426. [PMID: 38404580 PMCID: PMC10884147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the transcription factor Pax5 is a key regulator of B cell development and maturation and specifically expressed in naive/mature B cells but repressed upon B cell activation. Despite the long-standing proposal that Pax5 repression is essential for proper B cell activation, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this study, we used a teleost model to elucidate the mechanisms governing Pax5 repression during B cell activation. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) significantly enhanced the antibody secreting ability and phagocytic capacity of IgM+ B cells in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), coinciding with upregulated expression of activation-related genes, such as Bcl6, Blimp1, and sIgM, and downregulated expression of Pax5. Intriguingly, two CpG islands were identified within the promoter region of Pax5. Both CpG islands exhibited hypomethylation in naive/mature B cells, while CpG island1 was specifically transited into hypermethylation upon B cell activation. Furthermore, treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) prevented the hypermethylation of CpG island1, and concomitantly impaired the downregulation of Pax5 and activation of B cells. Finally, through in vitro methylation experiments, we demonstrated that DNA methylation exerts an inhibitory effect on promoter activities of Pax5. Taken together, our findings unveil a novel mechanism underlying Pax5 repression during B cell activation, thus promoting the understanding of B cell activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou, China
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3
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Mulet-Lazaro R, Delwel R. From Genotype to Phenotype: How Enhancers Control Gene Expression and Cell Identity in Hematopoiesis. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e969. [PMID: 37953829 PMCID: PMC10635615 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood comprises a wide array of specialized cells, all of which share the same genetic information and ultimately derive from the same precursor, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). This diversity of phenotypes is underpinned by unique transcriptional programs gradually acquired in the process known as hematopoiesis. Spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression depends on many factors, but critical among them are enhancers-sequences of DNA that bind transcription factors and increase transcription of genes under their control. Thus, hematopoiesis involves the activation of specific enhancer repertoires in HSCs and their progeny, driving the expression of sets of genes that collectively determine morphology and function. Disruption of this tightly regulated process can have catastrophic consequences: in hematopoietic malignancies, dysregulation of transcriptional control by enhancers leads to misexpression of oncogenes that ultimately drive transformation. This review attempts to provide a basic understanding of enhancers and their role in transcriptional regulation, with a focus on normal and malignant hematopoiesis. We present examples of enhancers controlling master regulators of hematopoiesis and discuss the main mechanisms leading to enhancer dysregulation in leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Mulet-Lazaro
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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KUROKAWA A, YAMAMOTO Y. Immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 53 avian species using commercial antibodies. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1121-1130. [PMID: 37661384 PMCID: PMC10600538 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing a method to detect avian lymphocytes by immunohistochemistry (IHC) would be helpful for analyzing immune function and diagnosing diseases in birds. In this study, we comprehensively examined the immunohistochemical identification of avian T and B lymphocytes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 53 avian species across 15 orders, using eight commercially available lymphocyte markers. T lymphocytes from all 53 avian species tested were specifically detected by IHC using the anti-CD3 antibody (clone F7.2.38). The appropriate antibody for detecting avian B lymphocytes in IHC varied depending on the avian species. B lymphocytes were specifically labeled by IHC in 46 of 53 avian species (86.8%) using any of seven B cell markers. The anti-PAX5 antibody (clone SP34) immunohistochemically detected B lymphocytes from the majority of avian species (41 out of 53 species), excluding those in the orders Falconiformes (falcons) and Passeriformes (oscines). The anti-BAFF-R antibody (clone 2C4) proved suitable for detecting B lymphocytes in the orders Galliformes (landfowls) and Anseriformes (waterfowls) in IHC. Caution is advised when using the anti-BLA36 (clone A27-42) and two anti-CD20 (clone L26 and product No. PA5-16701) antibodies, which are commonly used as B cell markers in mammals, for detecting avian B lymphocytes. These antibodies reacted with cells located in both T and B cell areas in certain avian species. The anti-Bu-1a/b (clone AV20) and anti-CD79a (clone HM57) antibodies were found not to bind to B lymphocytes in various avian species in IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi KUROKAWA
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture
and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu YAMAMOTO
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture
and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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5
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Külp M, Larghero P, Alten J, Cario G, Eckert C, Caye-Eude A, Cavé H, Schmachtel T, Bardini M, Cazzaniga G, De Lorenzo P, Valsecchi MG, Bonig H, Meyer C, Rieger MA, Marschalek R. The EGR3 regulome of infant KMT2A-r acute lymphoblastic leukemia identifies differential expression of B-lineage genes predictive for outcome. Leukemia 2023:10.1038/s41375-023-01895-z. [PMID: 37100882 PMCID: PMC10132433 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
KMT2A-rearranged acute lymphoblastic infant leukemia (KMT2A-r iALL) is associated with outsize risk of relapse and relapse mortality. We previously reported strong upregulation of the immediate early gene EGR3 in KMT2A::AFF1 iALL at relapse; now we provide analyses of the EGR3 regulome, which we assessed through binding and expression target analysis of an EGR3-overexpressing t(4;11) cell culture model. Our data identify EGR3 as a regulator of early B-lineage commitment. Principal component analysis of 50 KMT2A-r iALL patients at diagnosis and 18 at relapse provided strictly dichotomous separation of patients based on the expression of four B-lineage genes. Absence of B-lineage gene expression translates to more than two-fold poorer long-term event-free survival. In conclusion, our study presents four B-lineage genes with prognostic significance, suitable for gene expression-based risk stratification of KMT2A-r iALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Külp
- Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (DCAL), Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Patrizia Larghero
- Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (DCAL), Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Alten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurélie Caye-Eude
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1131, Institut de recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1131, Institut de recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Tessa Schmachtel
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michela Bardini
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatrics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM)/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatrics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM)/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- Genetics, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Paola De Lorenzo
- Statistical Section, Pediatric Clinic, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claus Meyer
- Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (DCAL), Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKZF), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (DCAL), Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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6
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Wöhner M, Pinter T, Bönelt P, Hagelkruys A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Stadlmann J, Konieczny SF, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. The Xbp1-regulated transcription factor Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression in plasma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859598. [PMID: 36618345 PMCID: PMC9811352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secretion by plasma cells provides acute and long-term protection against pathogens. The high secretion potential of plasma cells depends on the unfolded protein response, which is controlled by the transcription factor Xbp1. Here, we analyzed the Xbp1-dependent gene expression program of plasma cells and identified Bhlha15 (Mist1) as the most strongly activated Xbp1 target gene. As Mist1 plays an important role in other secretory cell types, we analyzed in detail the phenotype of Mist1-deficient plasma cells in Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice under steady-state condition or upon NP-KLH immunization. Under both conditions, Mist1-deficient plasma cells were 1.4-fold reduced in number and exhibited increased IgM production and antibody secretion compared to control plasma cells. At the molecular level, Mist1 regulated a largely different set of target genes compared with Xbp1. Notably, expression of the Blimp1 protein, which is known to activate immunoglobulin gene expression and to contribute to antibody secretion, was 1.3-fold upregulated in Mist1-deficient plasma cells, which led to a moderate downregulation of most Blimp1-repressed target genes in the absence of Mist1. Importantly, a 2-fold reduction of Blimp1 (Prdm1) expression was sufficient to restore the cell number and antibody expression of plasma cells in Prdm1 Gfp/+ Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice to the same level seen in control mice. Together, these data indicate that Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression, which likely contributes to the viability of plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Pinter
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Meinrad Busslinger,
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7
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Hu K, Liu H, Lawson ND, Zhu LJ. scATACpipe: A nextflow pipeline for comprehensive and reproducible analyses of single cell ATAC-seq data. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:981859. [PMID: 36238687 PMCID: PMC9551270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.981859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) has become the most widely used method for profiling open chromatin landscape of heterogeneous cell populations at a single-cell resolution. Although numerous software tools and pipelines have been developed, an easy-to-use, scalable, reproducible, and comprehensive pipeline for scATAC-seq data analyses is still lacking. To fill this gap, we developed scATACpipe, a Nextflow pipeline, for performing comprehensive analyses of scATAC-seq data including extensive quality assessment, preprocessing, dimension reduction, clustering, peak calling, differential accessibility inference, integration with scRNA-seq data, transcription factor activity and footprinting analysis, co-accessibility inference, and cell trajectory prediction. scATACpipe enables users to perform the end-to-end analysis of scATAC-seq data with three sub-workflow options for preprocessing that leverage 10x Genomics Cell Ranger ATAC software, the ultra-fast Chromap procedures, and a set of custom scripts implementing current best practices for scATAC-seq data preprocessing. The pipeline extends the R package ArchR for downstream analysis with added support to any eukaryotic species with an annotated reference genome. Importantly, scATACpipe generates an all-in-one HTML report for the entire analysis and outputs cluster-specific BAM, BED, and BigWig files for visualization in a genome browser. scATACpipe eliminates the need for users to chain different tools together and facilitates reproducible and comprehensive analyses of scATAC-seq data from raw reads to various biological insights with minimal changes of configuration settings for different computing environments or species. By applying it to public datasets, we illustrated the utility, flexibility, versatility, and reliability of our pipeline, and demonstrated that our scATACpipe outperforms other workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nathan D. Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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8
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Jurado S, Fedl AS, Jaritz M, Kostanova‐Poliakova D, Malin SG, Mullighan CG, Strehl S, Fischer M, Busslinger M. The PAX5‐JAK2 translocation acts as dual‐hit mutation that promotes aggressive B‐cell leukemia via nuclear STAT5 activation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108397. [PMID: 35156727 PMCID: PMC8982625 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While PAX5 is an important tumor suppressor gene in B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL), it is also involved in oncogenic translocations coding for diverse PAX5 fusion proteins. PAX5‐JAK2 encodes a protein consisting of the PAX5 DNA‐binding region fused to the constitutively active JAK2 kinase domain. Here, we studied the oncogenic function of the PAX5‐JAK2 fusion protein in a mouse model expressing it from the endogenous Pax5 locus, resulting in inactivation of one of the two Pax5 alleles. Pax5Jak2/+ mice rapidly developed an aggressive B‐ALL in the absence of another cooperating exogenous gene mutation. The DNA‐binding function and kinase activity of Pax5‐Jak2 as well as IL‐7 signaling contributed to leukemia development. Interestingly, all Pax5Jak2/+ tumors lost the remaining wild‐type Pax5 allele, allowing efficient DNA‐binding of Pax5‐Jak2. While we could not find evidence for a nuclear role of Pax5‐Jak2 as an epigenetic regulator, high levels of active phosphorylated STAT5 and increased expression of STAT5 target genes were seen in Pax5Jak2/+ B‐ALL tumors, implying that nuclear Pax5‐Jak2 phosphorylates STAT5. Together, these data reveal Pax5‐Jak2 as an important nuclear driver of leukemogenesis by maintaining phosphorylated STAT5 levels in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jurado
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | - Anna S Fedl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | | | - Stephen G Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Sabine Strehl
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI) Vienna Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
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9
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Calderón L, Schindler K, Malin SG, Schebesta A, Sun Q, Schwickert T, Alberti C, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Tagoh H, Ebert A, Minnich M, Liston A, Cochella L, Busslinger M. Pax5 regulates B cell immunity by promoting PI3K signaling via PTEN down-regulation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/61/eabg5003. [PMID: 34301800 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 controls B cell development, but its role in mature B cells is largely enigmatic. Here, we demonstrated that the loss of Pax5 by conditional mutagenesis in peripheral B lymphocytes led to the strong reduction of B-1a, marginal zone (MZ), and germinal center (GC) B cells as well as plasma cells. Follicular (FO) B cells tolerated the loss of Pax5 but had a shortened half-life. The Pax5-deficient FO B cells failed to proliferate upon B cell receptor or Toll-like receptor stimulation due to impaired PI3K-AKT signaling, which was caused by increased expression of PTEN, a negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. Pax5 restrained PTEN protein expression at the posttranscriptional level, likely involving Pten-targeting microRNAs. Additional PTEN loss in Pten,Pax5 double-mutant mice rescued FO B cell numbers and the development of MZ B cells but did not restore GC B cell formation. Hence, the posttranscriptional down-regulation of PTEN expression is an important function of Pax5 that facilitates the differentiation and survival of mature B cells, thereby promoting humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Calderón
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Schebesta
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwickert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Alberti
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Luisa Cochella
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Liu GJ, Jaritz M, Wöhner M, Agerer B, Bergthaler A, Malin SG, Busslinger M. Repression of the B cell identity factor Pax5 is not required for plasma cell development. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152012. [PMID: 32780801 PMCID: PMC7596824 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell and plasma cell fates are controlled by different transcriptional networks, as exemplified by the mutually exclusive expression and cross-antagonism of the B cell identity factor Pax5 and the plasma cell regulator Blimp1. It has been postulated that repression of Pax5 by Blimp1 is essential for plasma cell development. Here, we challenged this hypothesis by analyzing the IghPax5/+ mouse, which expressed a Pax5 minigene from the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. Despite high Pax5 expression, plasma cells efficiently developed in young IghPax5/+ mice at steady state and upon immunization, while their number moderately declined in older mice. Although Pax5 significantly deregulated the plasma cell expression program, key plasma cell regulators were normally expressed in IghPax5/+ plasma cells. While IgM and IgA secretion by IghPax5/+ plasma cells was normal, IgG secretion was modestly decreased. Hence, Pax5 repression is not essential for robust plasma cell development and antibody secretion, although it is required for optimal IgG production and accumulation of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Liu
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Agerer
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Hill L, Ebert A, Jaritz M, Wutz G, Nagasaka K, Tagoh H, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Schindler K, Sun Q, Bönelt P, Fischer M, Peters JM, Busslinger M. Wapl repression by Pax5 promotes V gene recombination by Igh loop extrusion. Nature 2020; 584:142-147. [PMID: 32612238 PMCID: PMC7116900 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear processes, such as V(D)J recombination, are orchestrated by the three-dimensional organization of chromosomes at multiple levels, including compartments1 and topologically associated domains (TADs)2,3 consisting of chromatin loops4. TADs are formed by chromatin-loop extrusion5-7, which depends on the loop-extrusion function of the ring-shaped cohesin complex8-12. Conversely, the cohesin-release factor Wapl13,14 restricts loop extension10,15. The generation of a diverse antibody repertoire, providing humoral immunity to pathogens, requires the participation of all V genes in V(D)J recombination16, which depends on contraction of the 2.8-Mb-long immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus by Pax517,18. However, how Pax5 controls Igh contraction in pro-B cells remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that locus contraction is caused by loop extrusion across the entire Igh locus. Notably, the expression of Wapl is repressed by Pax5 specifically in pro-B and pre-B cells, facilitating extended loop extrusion by increasing the residence time of cohesin on chromatin. Pax5 mediates the transcriptional repression of Wapl through a single Pax5-binding site by recruiting the polycomb repressive complex 2 to induce bivalent chromatin at the Wapl promoter. Reduced Wapl expression causes global alterations in the chromosome architecture, indicating that the potential to recombine all V genes entails structural changes of the entire genome in pro-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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12
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D'Souza L, Bhattacharya D. Plasma cells: You are what you eat. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:161-177. [PMID: 30874356 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that constitutively secrete antibodies. These antibodies can provide protection against pathogens, and their quantity and quality are the best clinical correlates of vaccine efficacy. As such, plasma cell lifespan is the primary determinant of the duration of humoral immunity. Yet dysregulation of plasma cell function can cause autoimmunity or multiple myeloma. The longevity of plasma cells is primarily dictated by nutrient uptake and non-transcriptionally regulated metabolic pathways. We have previously shown a positive effect of glucose uptake and catabolism on plasma cell longevity and function. In this review, we discuss these findings with an emphasis on nutrient uptake and its effects on respiratory capacity, lifespan, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and antibody secretion in plasma cells. We further discuss how some of these pathways may be dysregulated in multiple myeloma, potentially providing new therapeutic targets. Finally, we speculate on the connection between plasma cell intrinsic metabolism and systemic changes in nutrient availability and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D'Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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13
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Abadie K, Pease NA, Wither MJ, Kueh HY. Order by chance: origins and benefits of stochasticity in immune cell fate control. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 18:95-103. [PMID: 33791444 PMCID: PMC8009491 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To protect against diverse challenges, the immune system must continuously generate an arsenal of specialized cell types, each of which can mount a myriad of effector responses upon detection of potential threats. To do so, it must generate multiple differentiated cell populations with defined sizes and proportions, often from rare starting precursor cells. Here, we discuss the emerging view that inherently probabilistic mechanisms, involving rare, rate-limiting regulatory events in single cells, control fate decisions and population sizes and fractions during immune development and function. We first review growing evidence that key fate control points are gated by stochastic signaling and gene regulatory events that occur infrequently over decision-making timescales, such that initially homogeneous cells can adopt variable outcomes in response to uniform signals. We next discuss how such stochastic control can provide functional capabilities that are harder to achieve with deterministic control strategies, and may be central to robust immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A Pease
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington
| | | | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington
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14
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Elsaid R, Yang J, Cumano A. The influence of space and time on the establishment of B cell identity. Biomed J 2019; 42:209-217. [PMID: 31627863 PMCID: PMC6818146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development multiple waves of hematopoietic progenitors with distinct lineage potential are differentially regulated in time and space. Consistent with this view, some specialized lymphocytes emerge during a limited time-window in embryogenesis and migrate to the tissues where they contribute to organogenesis and to tissue homeostasis. These cells are not constantly produced by bone marrow derived hematopoietic stem cells but are maintained in tissues and self-renew throughout life. These particular cell subsets are produced from lymphoid restricted progenitors only found in the first days of fetal liver hematopoietic activity. Growing evidence of the heterogeneity and layered organization of the hematopoietic system is leading to a common view that some lymphocyte subsets are functionally different because they follow distinct developmental programs and emerge from distinct waves of lymphoid progenitors. However, understanding the influence of developmental origin and the relative contribution of local microenvironment on the development of these specialized lymphocyte subsets needs further analysis. In this review, we discuss how different pathways followed by developing B cells during ontogeny may contribute to the diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Elsaid
- Unit of Lymphopoiesis, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, U1223, INSERM, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Junjie Yang
- Unit of Lymphopoiesis, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, U1223, INSERM, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; CNBG Company, China
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit of Lymphopoiesis, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, U1223, INSERM, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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15
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Nipper AJ, Smithey MJ, Shah RC, Canaday DH, Landay AL. Diminished antibody response to influenza vaccination is characterized by expansion of an age-associated B-cell population with low PAX5. Clin Immunol 2018; 193:80-87. [PMID: 29425852 PMCID: PMC9934856 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals over the age of 65 comprise a substantial portion of the world population and become more susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections with age as vaccination response diminishes. The underlying reason for this impaired vaccine response in older individuals is not entirely clear. We evaluated potential differences in phenotypic and functional responses of B cells from healthy younger (22-45years) and older (64-95years) individuals that may associate with a diminished antibody response to influenza vaccination. We report that age is associated with expansion of atypical memory B cells (CD10-CD20+CD21-CD27-) and an age-associated B cell (ABC, CD21-T-bet+CD11c+) phenotype. Reduced expression of PAX5 was also seen in older individuals. Poor influenza-specific antibody production following vaccination was associated with low PAX5 expression and a distinct composition of the ABC compartment. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the characteristics of the ABC populations of older individuals are associated with antibody production following influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Nipper
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Department of Family Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author. Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison, Chicago, IL 60612, USA., (A.L. Landay)
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16
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Adams WC, Chen YH, Kratchmarov R, Yen B, Nish SA, Lin WHW, Rothman NJ, Luchsinger LL, Klein U, Busslinger M, Rathmell JC, Snoeck HW, Reiner SL. Anabolism-Associated Mitochondrial Stasis Driving Lymphocyte Differentiation over Self-Renewal. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3142-3152. [PMID: 28009285 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration requires related cells to diverge in fate. We show that activated lymphocytes yield sibling cells with unequal elimination of aged mitochondria. Disparate mitochondrial clearance impacts cell fate and reflects larger constellations of opposing metabolic states. Differentiation driven by an anabolic constellation of PI3K/mTOR activation, aerobic glycolysis, inhibited autophagy, mitochondrial stasis, and ROS production is balanced with self-renewal maintained by a catabolic constellation of AMPK activation, mitochondrial elimination, oxidative metabolism, and maintenance of FoxO1 activity. Perturbations up and down the metabolic pathways shift the balance of nutritive constellations and cell fate owing to self-reinforcement and reciprocal inhibition between anabolism and catabolism. Cell fate and metabolic state are linked by transcriptional regulators, such as IRF4 and FoxO1, with dual roles in lineage and metabolic choice. Instructing some cells to utilize nutrients for anabolism and differentiation while other cells catabolically self-digest and self-renew may enable growth and repair in metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Radomir Kratchmarov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bonnie Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Simone A Nish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nyanza J Rothman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Larry L Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Centre for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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17
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Yu C, Liu Y, Chan JTH, Tong J, Li Z, Shi M, Davani D, Parsons M, Khan S, Zhan W, Kyu S, Grunebaum E, Campisi P, Propst EJ, Jaye DL, Trudel S, Moran MF, Ostrowski M, Herrin BR, Lee FEH, Sanz I, Cooper MD, Ehrhardt GR. Identification of human plasma cells with a lamprey monoclonal antibody. JCI Insight 2016; 1:84738. [PMID: 27152361 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.84738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ab-producing plasma cells (PCs) serve as key participants in countering pathogenic challenges as well as being contributors to autoimmune and malignant disorders. Thus far, only a limited number of PC-specific markers have been identified. The characterization of the unique variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) Abs that are made by evolutionarily distant jawless vertebrates prompted us to investigate whether VLR Abs could detect novel PC antigens that have not been recognized by conventional Abs. Here, we describe a monoclonal lamprey Ab, VLRB MM3, that was raised against primary multiple myeloma cells. VLRB MM3 recognizes a unique epitope of the CD38 ectoenzyme that is present on plasmablasts and PCs from healthy individuals and on most, but not all, multiple myelomas. Binding by the VLRB MM3 Ab coincides with CD38 dimerization and NAD glycohydrolase activity. Our data demonstrate that the lamprey VLRB MM3 Ab is a unique reagent for the identification of plasmablasts and PCs, with potential applications in the diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of PC or autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Tze Ho Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dariush Davani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marion Parsons
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Zhan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuya Kyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Jaye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suzanne Trudel
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Götz Ra Ehrhardt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Katzenback BA, Foroutanpay BV, Belosevic M. Expressions of transcription factors in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) macrophages and their progenitors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:230-239. [PMID: 23748037 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of macrophages is a highly regulated process requiring coordination amongst transcription factors. The presence/absence, relative levels, antagonism, or synergy of all transcription factors involved is critical to directing lineage cell fate and differentiation. While relative levels of many key myeloid transcription factors have been determined in mammalian macrophage differentiation, a similar set of studies have yet to be conducted in a teleost system. In this study, we report on the mRNA levels of transcription factors (cebpa, cjun, cmyb, egr1, gata1, gata2, gata3, lmo2, mafb, pax5, pu.1 and runx1) in sorted goldfish progenitor cells, monocytes, and macrophages from primary kidney macrophage cultures. The mRNA levels of runx1 and pu.1 were significantly higher, gata3 and pax5 mRNA levels were lower, in monocytes compared to progenitors, and the mRNA levels of cjun, egr1, gata2, gata3, mafb and pax5 were significantly decreased in macrophages compared to progenitor cells. The relative mRNA levels of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors, irf1, irf2, irf5, irf7, irf8 and irf9 in sorted progenitors, monocytes and macrophages were also measured. In contrast to other irf family transcription factors examined, irf8 mRNA levels were increased in monocytes compared to progenitors by greater than three-fold, suggesting that irf8 is important for monopoiesis. Lastly, we show the differential regulation of myeloid transcription factor mRNA levels in sorted progenitor cells from 1, 2, or 3-day old cultures in response to the recombinant goldfish growth factors, rgCSF-1 and rgKITLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Dimitrova L, Seitz V, Hecht J, Lenze D, Hansen P, Szczepanowski M, Ma L, Oker E, Sommerfeld A, Jundt F, Klapper W, Hummel M. PAX5 overexpression is not enough to reestablish the mature B-cell phenotype in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 2013; 28:213-6. [PMID: 23842424 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Dimitrova
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Seitz
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Hecht
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Lenze
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Hansen
- 1] Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Szczepanowski
- Institute of Pathology, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - L Ma
- 1] Institute of Pathology, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany [2] Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - E Oker
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Sommerfeld
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Jundt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - M Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Hutspardol S, Pakakasama S, Kanta K, Nuntakarn L, Anurathapan U, Sirachainan N, Songdej D, Sawangpanich R, Tiyasirichokchai R, Rerkamnuaychoke B, Hongeng S. Interphase-FISH screening for eight common rearrangements in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2012. [PMID: 23190578 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is the first pilot study to screen multiple common genetic aberrations in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). METHODS Thirty-two children with BCP-ALL were investigated for chromosomal rearrangements using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Eight common translocations and rearrangements, including ETV6-RUNX1, TCF3-PBX1, BCR-ABL1, ETV6, TCF3, MLL, IGH@, and PAX5, were tested for using dual-color DNA probes. RESULTS ETV6-RUNX1 was the most frequent translocation detected in 11 children (34.4%). Two patients with BCR-ABL1 (6.3%) and one with TCF3-PBX1 (3.1%) translocations were also observed. Using break-apart probes, 11 children (34.4%) had a positive FISH result for ETV6, two patients for IGH@ (6.3%), one patient for MLL (3.1%), and one patient for PAX5 rearrangements (3.1%). All patients with the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion were also identified by split signals for ETV6. Other abnormalities, including extra copies and deletion of genes, were observed within the range of 3.1-34.4%. Cytogenetics analysis showed a single case each of BCR-ABL1 fusion, MLL, and IGH@ rearrangements (3.1% each). ETV6-RUNX1 fusion and ETV6 split-apart rearrangements were not visible by cytogenetics. Likewise, one each of cases with TCF3-PBX1 fusion and with PAX5 split signal seen by FISH was not visible by cytogenetics. CONCLUSION By using 8 FISH probes in conjunction cytogenetics for the detection of common aberrations, interphase FISH enhanced the detection of chromosomal rearrangements in children with BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutspardol
- Department of Pediatrics, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakorn Nayok, Thailand
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21
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Single-cell analysis of early B-lymphocyte development suggests independent regulation of lineage specification and commitment in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15871-6. [PMID: 23019372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210144109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the process of B-lymphocyte lineage restriction, we have investigated molecular and functional properties in early B-lineage cells from Pax-5-deficient animals crossed to a B-lineage-restricted reporter mouse, allowing us to identify B-lineage-specified progenitors independently of conventional surface markers. Pax-5 deficiency resulted in a dramatic increase in the frequency of specified progenitor B-cells marked by expression of a λ5 (Igll1) promoter-controlled reporter gene. Gene expression analysis of ex vivo isolated progenitor cells revealed that Pax-5 deficiency has a minor impact on B-cell specification. However, single-cell in vitro differentiation analysis of ex vivo isolated cells revealed that specified B-lineage progenitors still displayed a high degree of plasticity for development into NK or T lineage cells. In contrast, we were unable to detect any major changes in myeloid lineage potential in specified Pax-5-deficient cells. By comparison of gene expression patterns in ex vivo isolated Pax-5- and Ebf-1-deficient progenitors, it was possible to identify a set of B-cell-restricted genes dependent on Ebf-1 but not Pax-5, supporting the idea that B-cell specification and commitment is controlled by distinct regulatory networks.
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22
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Chen B, Wang YY, Shen Y, Zhang WN, He HY, Zhu YM, Chen HM, Gu CH, Fan X, Chen JM, Cao Q, Yang G, Jiang CL, Weng XQ, Zhang XX, Xiong SM, Shen ZX, Jiang H, Gu LJ, Chen Z, Mi JQ, Chen SJ. Newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia in China (I): abnormal genetic patterns in 1346 childhood and adult cases and their comparison with the reports from Western countries. Leukemia 2012; 26:1608-16. [PMID: 22382891 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been generally acknowledged that the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of leukemia largely rely on an adequate identification of genetic abnormalities. A systemic analysis of genetic aberrations was performed in a cohort of 1346 patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in China. The pediatric patients had higher incidence of hyperdiploidy and t(12;21) (p13;q22)/ETV6-RUNX1 than adults (P<0.0001); in contrast, the occurrence of Ph and Ik6 variant of IKZF1 gene was much more frequent in adult patients (all P<0.0001). In B-ALL, the existence of Ik6 and that of BCR-ABL were statistically correlated (P<0.0001). In comparison with Western cohorts, the incidence of t(9;22) (q34;q11)/BCR-ABL (14.60%) in B-ALL and HOX11 expression in T-ALL (25.24%) seemed to be much higher in our group, while the incidence of t(12;21) (p13;q22)/ETV6-RUNX1 (15.34%) seemed to be lower in Chinese pediatric patients. The occurrence of hyperdiploidy was much lower either in pediatric (10.61% vs 20-38%) or adult patients (2.36% vs 6.77-12%) in our study than in Western reports. In addition, the frequencies of HOX11L2 in adult patients were much higher in our cohort than in Western countries (20.69% vs 4-11%). In general, it seems that Chinese ALL patients bear more adverse prognostic factors than their Western counterparts do.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Vezzoli P, Novara F, Fanoni D, Gambini D, Balice Y, Venegoni L, Paulli M, Crosti C, Berti E. Three cases of primary cutaneous lymphoblastic lymphoma: microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and gene expression profiling studies with review of literature. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:1978-87. [PMID: 21879810 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.618233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is a neoplasm of precursor B- or T-lymphocytes, and primary skin involvement is uncommon. The aim of the study was to review all reported primary cutaneous (PC)-LBLs and to examine three new cases to better characterize this neoplasm. Two of our patients showed a pre-B phenotype (PC-B-LBL) and one a never-reported pre-T phenotype (PC-T-LBL). The patient with PC-T-LBL showed an aggressive course, while those with PC-B-LBL showed a complete remission (CR) after polychemotherapy. Cytogenetic analysis and gene expression profiling (GEP) were performed on one case of PC-B-LBL and on that of PC-T-LBL. A specimen of PC-B-LBL and two specimens (early and late stage) of PC-T-LBL were investigated by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). All specimens revealed trisomy of chromosome 4. PC-T-LBL showed a gain of 1p36.33-p22.1 in the early stage and multiple chromosome gains/losses in the late stage. Our data suggest that trisomy 4 could be detected early in LBL and gain of 1p36.33-p22.1 could be an interesting marker in PC-T-LBL. LBL is an aggressive disease but, only in B-LBL, the cutaneous presentation seems to be a favorable prognostic factor and polychemotherapy is the best therapeutic approach. We suggest that PC-LBL should be included as a provisional clinicopathologic entity in future cutaneous lymphoma classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vezzoli
- UO Dermatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dipartimento di Anestesiologia, Terapia Intensiva e Scienze Dermatologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Welinder E, Ahsberg J, Sigvardsson M. B-lymphocyte commitment: identifying the point of no return. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:335-40. [PMID: 21944938 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Even though B-lymphocyte development is one of the best understood models for cell differentiation in the hematopoetic system, recent advances in cell sorting and functional genomics has increased this understanding further. This has suggested that already early lymphoid primed multipotent progenitor cells (LMPPs) express low levels of lymphoid restricted transcripts. The expression of these genes becomes more pronounced when cells enter the FLT-3/IL-7 receptor positive common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) stage. However, the expression of B-lineage specific genes is limited to a B-cell restricted Ly6D surface positive subpopulation of the CLP compartment. The gene expression patterns also reflect differences in lineage potential and while Ly6D negative FLT-3/IL-7 receptor positive cells represents true CLPs with an ability to generate B/T and NK cells, the Ly6D positive cells lack NK cell potential and display a reduced T-cell potential in vivo. These recent findings suggest that the CLP compartment is highly heterogenous and that the point of no return in B-cell development may occur already in B220(-)CD19(-) cells. These findings have allowed for a better understanding of the interplay between transcription factors like EBF-1, PAX-5 and E47, all known as crucial for normal B-cell development. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of B-cell fate specification and commitment based on the recent advances in the understanding of molecular networks as well as functional properties of early progenitor populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Welinder
- Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC B10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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25
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Mercer EM, Lin YC, Murre C. Factors and networks that underpin early hematopoiesis. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:317-25. [PMID: 21930392 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple trajectories have recently been described through which hematopoietic progenitor cells travel prior to becoming lineage-committed effectors. A wide spectrum of transcription factors has recently been identified that modulate developmental progression along such trajectories. Here we describe how distinct families of transcription factors act and are linked together to orchestrate early hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinore M Mercer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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26
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Nutt SL, Taubenheim N, Hasbold J, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD. The genetic network controlling plasma cell differentiation. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:341-9. [PMID: 21924923 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation by antigen, mature B cells undergo immunoglobulin class switch recombination and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the endpoint of the B cell developmental lineage. Careful quantitation of these processes, which are stochastic, independent and strongly linked to the division history of the cell, has revealed that populations of B cells behave in a highly predictable manner. Considerable progress has also been made in the last few years in understanding the gene regulatory network that controls the B cell to plasma cell transition. The mutually exclusive transcriptomes of B cells and plasma cells are maintained by the antagonistic influences of two groups of transcription factors, those that maintain the B cell program, including Pax5, Bach2 and Bcl6, and those that promote and facilitate plasma cell differentiation, notably Irf4, Blimp1 and Xbp1. In this review, we discuss progress in the definition of both the transcriptional and cellular events occurring during late B cell differentiation, as integrating these two approaches is crucial to defining a regulatory network that faithfully reflects the stochastic features and complexity of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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27
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Abstract
Abstract
Deficiencies in the IL-7 signaling pathway result in severe disruptions of lymphoid development in adult mice. To understand more about how IL-7 deficiency impacts early lymphoid development, we have investigated lineage restriction events within the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) compartment in IL-7 knockout mice. This revealed that although IL-7 deficiency had a minor impact on the development of LY6D− multipotent CLPs, the formation of the lineage restricted LY6D+ CLP population was dramatically reduced. This was reflected in a low-level transcription of B-lineage genes as well as in a loss of functional B-cell commitment. The few Ly6D+ CLPs developed in the absence of IL-7 displayed increased lineage plasticity and low expression of Ebf-1. Absence of Ebf-1 could be linked to increased plasticity because even though Ly6D+ cells develop in Ebf-1–deficient mice, these cells retain both natural killer and dendritic cell potential. This reveals that IL-7 is essential for normal development of Ly6D+ CLPs and that Ebf-1 is crucial for lineage restriction in early lymphoid progenitors.
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28
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Katzenback BA, Karpman M, Belosevic M. Distribution and expression analysis of transcription factors in tissues and progenitor cell populations of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) in response to growth factors and pathogens. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Zandi S, Bryder D, Sigvardsson M. Load and lock: the molecular mechanisms of B-lymphocyte commitment. Immunol Rev 2010; 238:47-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Johnson BA, Kahler DJ, Baban B, Chandler PR, Kang B, Shimoda M, Koni PA, Pihkala J, Vilagos B, Busslinger M, Munn DH, Mellor AL. B-lymphoid cells with attributes of dendritic cells regulate T cells via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10644-8. [PMID: 20498068 PMCID: PMC2890795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914347107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A discrete population of splenocytes with attributes of dendritic cells (DCs) and coexpressing the B-cell marker CD19 is uniquely competent to express the T-cell regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in mice treated with TLR9 ligands (CpGs). Here we show that IDO-competent cells express the B-lineage commitment factor Pax5 and surface immunoglobulins. CD19 ablation abrogated IDO-dependent T-cell suppression by DCs, even though cells with phenotypic attributes matching IDO-competent cells developed normally and expressed IDO in response to interferon gamma. Consequently, DCs and regulatory T cells (Tregs) did not acquire T-cell regulatory functions after TLR9 ligation, providing an alternative perspective on the known T-cell regulatory defects of CD19-deficient mice. DCs from B-cell-deficient mice expressed IDO and mediated T-cell suppression after TLR9 ligation, indicating that B-cell attributes were not essential for B-lymphoid IDO-competent cells to regulate T cells. Thus, IDO-competent cells constitute a distinctive B-lymphoid cell type with quintessential T-cell regulatory attributes and phenotypic features of both B cells and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babak Baban
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
- Pathology and
| | | | - Baolin Kang
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
- Pathology and
| | | | - Jeanene Pihkala
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Bojan Vilagos
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; and
| | | | - David H. Munn
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
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31
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Single-cell analysis of the common lymphoid progenitor compartment reveals functional and molecular heterogeneity. Blood 2009; 115:2601-9. [PMID: 19996414 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-236398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate molecular events involved in the regulation of lymphoid lineage commitment, we crossed lambda5 reporter transgenic mice to Rag1-GFP knockin mice. This allowed us to subfractionate common lymphoid progenitors and pre-pro-B (fraction A) cells into lambda5(-)Rag1(low), lambda5(-)Rag1(high), and lambda5(+)Rag1(high) cells. Clonal in vitro differentiation analysis demonstrated that Rag1(low) cells gave rise to B/T and NK cells. Rag1(high) cells displayed reduced NK-cell potential with preserved capacity to generate B- and T-lineage cells, whereas the lambda5(+) cells were B-lineage restricted. Ebf1 and Pax5 expression was largely confined to the Rag1(high) populations. These cells also expressed a higher level of the surface protein LY6D, providing an additional tool for the analysis of early lymphoid development. These data suggest that the classic common lymphoid progenitor compartment composes a mixture of cells with relatively restricted lineage potentials, thus opening new possibilities to investigate early hematopoiesis.
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32
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Familiades J, Bousquet M, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Béné MC, Beldjord K, De Vos J, Dastugue N, Coyaud E, Struski S, Quelen C, Prade-Houdellier N, Dobbelstein S, Cayuela JM, Soulier J, Grardel N, Preudhomme C, Cavé H, Blanchet O, Lhéritier V, Delannoy A, Chalandon Y, Ifrah N, Pigneux A, Brousset P, Macintyre EA, Huguet F, Dombret H, Broccardo C, Delabesse E. PAX5 mutations occur frequently in adult B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and PAX5 haploinsufficiency is associated with BCR-ABL1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusion genes: a GRAALL study. Leukemia 2009; 23:1989-98. [PMID: 19587702 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult and child B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) differ in terms of incidence and prognosis. These disparities are mainly due to the molecular abnormalities associated with these two clinical entities. A genome-wide analysis using oligo SNP arrays recently demonstrated that PAX5 (paired-box domain 5) is the main target of somatic mutations in childhood BCP-ALL being altered in 38.9% of the cases. We report here the most extensive analysis of alterations of PAX5 coding sequence in 117 adult BCP-ALL patients in the unique clinical protocol GRAALL-2003/GRAAPH-2003. Our study demonstrates that PAX5 is mutated in 34% of adult BCP-ALL, mutations being partial or complete deletion, partial or complete amplification, point mutation or fusion gene. PAX5 alterations are heterogeneous consisting in complete loss in 17%, focal deletions in 10%, point mutations in 7% and translocations in 1% of the cases. PAX5 complete loss and PAX5 point mutations differ. PAX5 complete loss seems to be a secondary event and is significantly associated with BCR-ABL1 or TCF3-PBX1 fusion genes and a lower white blood cell count.
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33
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Lazzi S, Bellan C, Onnis A, De Falco G, Sayed S, Kostopoulos I, Onorati M, D'Amuri A, Santopietro R, Vindigni C, Fabbri A, Righi S, Pileri S, Tosi P, Leoncini L. Rare lymphoid neoplasms coexpressing B- and T-cell antigens. The role of PAX-5 gene methylation in their pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1252-61. [PMID: 19368954 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report 3 cases of lymphoid neoplasms with mixed lineage features of T-, NK-, or B-cell marker expression and clonal gene rearrangement for both T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin light chain IgK. A characteristic of our cases was the lack of expression of the specific B-cell transcription factor, Pax5, which is essential for maintaining the identity and function of mature B cells during late B lymphopoiesis. In the absence of Pax5, B cells in vitro can differentiate into macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and T/NK cells. Methylation analysis of the Pax5 gene in our cases suggests that its inactivation by this epigenetic event in a committed or mature B cell, before plasma cell differentiation, may well be a common pathogenetic mechanism in mature lymphoid neoplasms with expression of multilineage antigens. In particular, case 1 may represent a mixed NK- and B-cell lineage; and cases 2 and 3 may represent mixed T and B-cell lineage, respectively. Aberrations in the DNA methylation patterns are currently recognized as a hallmark of human cancer. Cases with aberrant phenotypes require molecular analysis for lineage assignment. Studies of such cases may be helpful to better elucidate whether they represent a distinct entity with clinical, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics or an incidental phenomenon during malignant transformation. Interestingly, these cases were all characterized by poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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34
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Yan M, Himoudi N, Pule M, Sebire N, Poon E, Blair A, Williams O, Anderson J. Development of cellular immune responses against PAX5, a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8058-65. [PMID: 18829564 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PAX5 is a member of the PAX family of developmental transcription factors with an important role in B-cell development. Its expression in normal adult tissue is limited to the hemopoietic system, but it is aberrantly expressed in a number of solid cancers and leukemias where it functions as an oncogene. We therefore hypothesized that anti-PAX5 immune responses could be used to target a number of malignancies without significant toxicity. We screened PAX5 peptides for the ability to bind HLA-A2 and identified a novel sequence, TLPGYPPHV (referred to as TLP). CTL lines against TLP were generated from peripheral blood of five normal HLA-A2-positive blood donors and showed specific HLA-A2-restricted killing against PAX5-expressing target cells. We generated high-avidity CTL clones from these lines capable of killing cells pulsed with <1 nmol/L of TLP and killing a range of PAX5-expressing malignant cell lines. I.v. injection of an anti-PAX5 CTL clone into immunodeficient mice bearing s.c. human tumors resulted in specific growth inhibition of PAX5-expressing tumors. This knowledge can be used for the therapeutic generation of CTL lines or the cloning of high-avidity T-cell receptor genes for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyong Yan
- Units of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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B-lineage commitment prior to surface expression of B220 and CD19 on hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 2008; 112:1048-55. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Commitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells to B-lymphoid cell fate has been suggested to coincide with the development of PAX5-expressing B220+CD19+ pro–B cells. We have used a transgenic reporter mouse, expressing human CD25 under the control of the B-lineage–restricted Igll1 (λ5) promoter to investigate the lineage potential of early progenitor cells in the bone marrow. This strategy allowed us to identify a reporter expressing LIN−B220−CD19−CD127+FLT3+SCA1lowKITlow population that displays a lack of myeloid and a 90% reduction in in vitro T-cell potential compared with its reporter-negative counterpart. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that these lineage-restricted cells express B-lineage–associated genes to levels comparable with that observed in pro–B cells. These data suggest that B-lineage commitment can occur before the expression of B220 and CD19.
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36
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Calame K. Activation-dependent induction of Blimp-1. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:259-64. [PMID: 18554885 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) mRNA is induced upon antigen-dependent activation of both T and B lymphocytes, in spite of the fact that it plays very different roles in the two lineages. B cells have at least four different mechanisms to repress Blimp-1 and repression is relieved before induction. Only one repressor, Bcl-6, is known in T cells. Activators must also be present to induce Blimp-1 in both T and B cells. Cytokines IL-21, IL-10, and IL-6, activating STAT3, are crucial in B cells along with toll-like receptor (TLR) signals, whereas IL-2 is crucial in T cells. AP-1, NF-kappaB, and IRF4 also activate Blimp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Calame
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 is essential for the initial commitment of hematopoietic progenitors to the B cell lineage. Recently, our understanding of the lineage commitment process has been extended with the finding that Pax5 is also continuously required throughout B cell development to reinforce commitment, as inactivation of Pax5 in mature B cells results in their de-differentiation to a progenitor stage that is capable of multi-lineage potential. The reliance of B cell identity on a single gene is not without its problems as the loss of Pax5 results in B cell malignancies in mouse models and mutation in human PAX5 is the most-common genetic lesion in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Rieger MA, Schroeder T. Exploring hematopoiesis at single cell resolution. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 188:139-49. [PMID: 18230950 DOI: 10.1159/000114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell research has made tremendous progress over the last decades, and blood has become one of the best understood mammalian stem cell systems. The easy accessibility of hematopoietic cells, which are not tightly embedded in tissue, has supported this fast development. However, the hematopoietic system also exhibits disadvantages over other stem cell systems: the identity of individual cells is quickly lost when followed in cell culture and developmental stages cannot easily be distinguished by morphology. Therefore, difficulties to constantly analyze the fate of single cells are one reason for many open questions in hematopoiesis. So far, most findings are based on endpoint analyses of populations, consisting of heterogeneous cells in different stages of development or cell cycle. However, endpoint analyses merely reflect the result of a progressive sequence of fate decisions, whereas individual decisions, which would elucidate stem cell behavior, are not investigated. Thorough observation of the fate of individual cells and their progeny over many generations will add to a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of stem cell behavior. Here, we review current attempts of single cell analyses in hematopoiesis research and outline how time-lapse imaging and single cell tracking can contribute to approaching long-standing questions in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rieger
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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39
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Transcription factor EBF restricts alternative lineage options and promotes B cell fate commitment independently of Pax5. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:203-15. [PMID: 18176567 DOI: 10.1038/ni1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative lineage restriction and B cell fate commitment require the transcription factor Pax5, but the function of early B cell factor (EBF) in these processes remains mostly unexplored. Here we show that in the absence of EBF, 'expandable' and clonal lymphoid progenitor cells retained considerable myeloid potential. Conversely, ectopic expression of EBF in multipotential progenitor cells directed B cell generation at the expense of myeloid cell fates. EBF induced Pax5 and antagonized expression of genes encoding the transcription factors C/EBPalpha, PU.1 and Id2. Notably, sustained expression of EBF in Pax5-/- hematopoietic progenitor cells was sufficient to block their myeloid and T lineage potential in vivo. Furthermore, in Pax5-/- pro-B cells, higher EBF expression repressed alternative lineage genes. Thus, EBF can restrict alternative lineage 'choice' and promote commitment to the B cell fate independently of Pax5.
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40
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Abstract
The activity of the transcription factor paired box gene 5 (Pax5) is essential for many aspects of B lymphopoiesis including the initial commitment to the lineage, immunoglobulin rearrangement, pre-B cell receptor signalling and maintaining cell identity in mature B cells. Deregulated or reduced Pax5 activity has also been implicated in B-cell malignancies both in human disease and mouse models. Candidate gene approaches and biochemical analysis have revealed that Pax5 regulates B lymphopoiesis by concurrently activating B cell-specific gene expression as well as repressing the expression of genes, many of which are associated with non-B cell lineages. These studies have been recently complemented with more exhaustive microarray studies, which have identified and validated a large panel of Pax5 target genes. These target genes reveal a gene regulatory network, with Pax5 at its centre that controls the B-cell gene expression programme.
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41
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Schebesta A, McManus S, Salvagiotto G, Delogu A, Busslinger GA, Busslinger M. Transcription factor Pax5 activates the chromatin of key genes involved in B cell signaling, adhesion, migration, and immune function. Immunity 2007; 27:49-63. [PMID: 17658281 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 represses B lineage-inappropriate genes and activates B cell-specific genes in B lymphocytes. Here we have identified 170 Pax5-activated genes. Conditional mutagenesis demonstrated that the Pax5-regulated genes require continuous Pax5 activity for normal expression in pro-B and mature B cells. Expression of half of the Pax5-activated genes is either absent or substantially reduced upon Pax5 loss in plasma cells. Direct Pax5 target genes were identified based on their protein synthesis-independent activation by a Pax5-estrogen receptor fusion protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Pax5 together with chromatin profiling by ChIP-on-chip analysis demonstrated that Pax5 directly activates the chromatin at promoters or putative enhancers of Pax5 target genes. The Pax5-activated genes code for key regulatory and structural proteins involved in B cell signaling, adhesion, migration, antigen presentation, and germinal-center B cell formation, thus revealing a complex regulatory network that is activated by Pax5 to control B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schebesta
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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42
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Cobaleda C, Schebesta A, Delogu A, Busslinger M. Pax5: the guardian of B cell identity and function. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:463-70. [PMID: 17440452 DOI: 10.1038/ni1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 is essential for commitment of lymphoid progenitors to the B lymphocyte lineage. Pax5 fulfils a dual role by repressing B lineage 'inappropriate' genes and simultaneously activating B lineage-specific genes. This transcriptional reprogramming restricts the broad signaling capacity of uncommitted progenitors to the B cell pathway, regulates cell adhesion and migration, induces V(H)-DJ(H) recombination, facilitates (pre-)B cell receptor signaling and promotes development to the mature B cell stage. Conditional Pax5 inactivation in early and late B lymphocytes revealed an essential role for Pax5 in controlling the identity and function of B cells throughout B lymphopoiesis. PAX5 has also been implicated in human B cell malignancies, as it is deregulated by chromosomal translocations in a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Cobaleda
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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43
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Abstract
The expression of lineage-associated genes, as well as the survival and expansion of committed B cell progenitors, is controlled by multiple transcriptional regulators and growth-factor receptors. Whereas certain DNA-binding proteins, such as Ikaros and PU.1, are required primarily for the formation of more primitive lymphoid progenitors, other factors such as E2A and EBF1 have more direct roles in specifying the B cell-specific gene-expression program. Further, Pax5 functions to promote B cell commitment by repressing lineage-inappropriate gene expression and reinforcing B cell-specific gene expression. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have revealed that instead of a simple transcriptional hierarchy, efficient B cell commitment and differentiation requires the combinatorial activity of multiple transcription factors in a complex gene regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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