1
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Hill L, Jaritz M, Tagoh H, Schindler K, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Sun Q, Schwickert TA, Leeb M, Busslinger M. Enhancers of the PAIR4 regulatory module promote distal V H gene recombination at the Igh locus. EMBO J 2023:e112741. [PMID: 37337907 PMCID: PMC10390877 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While extended loop extrusion across the entire Igh locus controls VH -DJH recombination, local regulatory sequences, such as the PAIR elements, may also activate VH gene recombination in pro-B-cells. Here, we show that PAIR-associated VH 8 genes contain a conserved putative regulatory element (V8E) in their downstream sequences. To investigate the function of PAIR4 and its V8.7E, we deleted 890 kb containing all 14 PAIRs in the Igh 5' region, which reduced distal VH gene recombination over a 100-kb distance on either side of the deletion. Reconstitution by insertion of PAIR4-V8.7E strongly activated distal VH gene recombination. PAIR4 alone resulted in lower induction of recombination, indicating that PAIR4 and V8.7E function as one regulatory unit. The pro-B-cell-specific activity of PAIR4 depends on CTCF, as mutation of its CTCF-binding site led to sustained PAIR4 activity in pre-B and immature B-cells and to PAIR4 activation in T-cells. Notably, insertion of V8.8E was sufficient to activate VH gene recombination. Hence, enhancers of the PAIR4-V8.7E module and V8.8E element activate distal VH gene recombination and thus contribute to the diversification of the BCR repertoire in the context of loop extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja A Schwickert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Leeb
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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2
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Hill L, Wutz G, Jaritz M, Tagoh H, Calderón L, Peters JM, Goloborodko A, Busslinger M. Igh and Igk loci use different folding principles for V gene recombination due to distinct chromosomal architectures of pro-B and pre-B cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2316. [PMID: 37085514 PMCID: PMC10121685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended loop extrusion across the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (Igh) locus facilitates VH-DJH recombination following downregulation of the cohesin-release factor Wapl by Pax5, resulting in global changes in the chromosomal architecture of pro-B cells. Here, we demonstrate that chromatin looping and VK-JK recombination at the Igk locus were insensitive to Wapl upregulation in pre-B cells. Notably, the Wapl protein was expressed at a 2.2-fold higher level in pre-B cells compared with pro-B cells, which resulted in a distinct chromosomal architecture with normal loop sizes in pre-B cells. High-resolution chromosomal contact analysis of the Igk locus identified multiple internal loops, which likely juxtapose VK and JK elements to facilitate VK-JK recombination. The higher Wapl expression in Igμ-transgenic pre-B cells prevented extended loop extrusion at the Igh locus, leading to recombination of only the 6 most 3' proximal VH genes and likely to allelic exclusion of all other VH genes in pre-B cells. These results suggest that pro-B and pre-B cells with their distinct chromosomal architectures use different chromatin folding principles for V gene recombination, thereby enabling allelic exclusion at the Igh locus, when the Igk locus is recombined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesly Calderón
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Goloborodko
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Calderón L, Schindler K, Malin SG, Schebesta A, Sun Q, Schwickert T, Alberti C, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Tagoh H, Ebert A, Minnich M, Liston A, Cochella L, Busslinger M. Pax5 regulates B cell immunity by promoting PI3K signaling via PTEN down-regulation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/61/eabg5003. [PMID: 34301800 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 controls B cell development, but its role in mature B cells is largely enigmatic. Here, we demonstrated that the loss of Pax5 by conditional mutagenesis in peripheral B lymphocytes led to the strong reduction of B-1a, marginal zone (MZ), and germinal center (GC) B cells as well as plasma cells. Follicular (FO) B cells tolerated the loss of Pax5 but had a shortened half-life. The Pax5-deficient FO B cells failed to proliferate upon B cell receptor or Toll-like receptor stimulation due to impaired PI3K-AKT signaling, which was caused by increased expression of PTEN, a negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. Pax5 restrained PTEN protein expression at the posttranscriptional level, likely involving Pten-targeting microRNAs. Additional PTEN loss in Pten,Pax5 double-mutant mice rescued FO B cell numbers and the development of MZ B cells but did not restore GC B cell formation. Hence, the posttranscriptional down-regulation of PTEN expression is an important function of Pax5 that facilitates the differentiation and survival of mature B cells, thereby promoting humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Calderón
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Schebesta
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwickert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Alberti
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Luisa Cochella
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Hill L, Ebert A, Jaritz M, Wutz G, Nagasaka K, Tagoh H, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Schindler K, Sun Q, Bönelt P, Fischer M, Peters JM, Busslinger M. Wapl repression by Pax5 promotes V gene recombination by Igh loop extrusion. Nature 2020; 584:142-147. [PMID: 32612238 PMCID: PMC7116900 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear processes, such as V(D)J recombination, are orchestrated by the three-dimensional organization of chromosomes at multiple levels, including compartments1 and topologically associated domains (TADs)2,3 consisting of chromatin loops4. TADs are formed by chromatin-loop extrusion5-7, which depends on the loop-extrusion function of the ring-shaped cohesin complex8-12. Conversely, the cohesin-release factor Wapl13,14 restricts loop extension10,15. The generation of a diverse antibody repertoire, providing humoral immunity to pathogens, requires the participation of all V genes in V(D)J recombination16, which depends on contraction of the 2.8-Mb-long immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus by Pax517,18. However, how Pax5 controls Igh contraction in pro-B cells remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that locus contraction is caused by loop extrusion across the entire Igh locus. Notably, the expression of Wapl is repressed by Pax5 specifically in pro-B and pre-B cells, facilitating extended loop extrusion by increasing the residence time of cohesin on chromatin. Pax5 mediates the transcriptional repression of Wapl through a single Pax5-binding site by recruiting the polycomb repressive complex 2 to induce bivalent chromatin at the Wapl promoter. Reduced Wapl expression causes global alterations in the chromosome architecture, indicating that the potential to recombine all V genes entails structural changes of the entire genome in pro-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Schwickert TA, Tagoh H, Schindler K, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. Ikaros prevents autoimmunity by controlling anergy and Toll-like receptor signaling in B cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1517-1529. [PMID: 31591571 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a diverse B cell antigen receptor (BCR) repertoire by V(D)J recombination also generates autoreactive B cells. Anergy is one tolerance mechanism; it renders autoreactive B cells insensitive to stimulation by self-antigen, whereas Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling can reactivate anergic B cells. Here, we describe a critical role of the transcription factor Ikaros in controlling BCR anergy and TLR signaling. Mice with specific deletion of Ikaros in mature B cells developed systemic autoimmunity. Ikaros regulated many anergy-associated genes, including Zfp318, which is implicated in the attenuation of BCR responsiveness by promoting immunoglobulin D expression in anergic B cells. TLR signaling was hyperactive in Ikaros-deficient B cells, which failed to upregulate feedback inhibitors of the MyD88-nuclear factor κB signaling pathway. Systemic inflammation was lost on expression of a non-self-reactive BCR or loss of MyD88 in Ikaros-deficient B cells. Thus, Ikaros acts as a guardian preventing autoimmunity by promoting BCR anergy and restraining TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A Schwickert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Durai V, Bagadia P, Granja JM, Satpathy AT, Kulkarni DH, Davidson JT, Wu R, Patel SJ, Iwata A, Liu TT, Huang X, Briseño CG, Grajales-Reyes GE, Wöhner M, Tagoh H, Kee BL, Newberry RD, Busslinger M, Chang HY, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Cryptic activation of an Irf8 enhancer governs cDC1 fate specification. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1161-1173. [PMID: 31406378 PMCID: PMC6707878 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Induction of the transcription factor Irf8 in the common dendritic cell progenitor (CDP) is required for classical type 1 dendritic cell (cDC1) fate specification, but the mechanisms controlling this induction are unclear. In the present study Irf8 enhancers were identified via chromatin profiling of dendritic cells and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was used to assess their roles in Irf8 regulation. An enhancer 32 kilobases (kb) downstream of the Irf8 transcriptional start site (+32-kb Irf8) that was active in mature cDC1s was required for the development of this lineage, but not for its specification. Instead, a +41-kb Irf8 enhancer, previously thought to be active only in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, was found to also be transiently accessible in cDC1 progenitors, and deleting this enhancer prevented the induction of Irf8 in CDPs and abolished cDC1 specification. Thus, cryptic activation of the +41-kb Irf8 enhancer in dendritic cell progenitors is responsible for cDC1 fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Granja
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Devesha H Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse T Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swapneel J Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Bönelt P, Wöhner M, Minnich M, Tagoh H, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Kavirayani A, Garimella M, Karlsson MC, Busslinger M. Precocious expression of Blimp1 in B cells causes autoimmune disease with increased self-reactive plasma cells. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.2018100010. [PMID: 30498131 PMCID: PMC6331720 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp1 is not only an essential regulator of plasma cells, but also a risk factor for the development of autoimmune disease in humans. Here, we demonstrate in the mouse that the Prdm1 (Blimp1) gene was partially activated at the chromatin and transcription level in early B cell development, although mature Prdm1 mRNA did not accumulate due to posttranscriptional regulation. By analyzing a mouse model that facilitated ectopic Blimp1 protein expression throughout B lymphopoiesis, we could demonstrate that Blimp1 impaired B cell development by interfering with the B cell gene expression program, while leading to an increased abundance of plasma cells by promoting premature plasmablast differentiation of immature and mature B cells. With progressing age, these mice developed an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. Hence, these data identified ectopic Blimp1 expression as a novel mechanism, through which Blimp1 can act as a risk factor in the development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anoop Kavirayani
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Manasa Garimella
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ci Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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8
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Wöhner M, Tagoh H, Bilic I, Jaritz M, Kostanova Poliakova D, Fischer M, Busslinger M. Molecular functions of the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 in controlling germinal center B cell and plasma cell development. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2016. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2136oia121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Wöhner M, Tagoh H, Bilic I, Jaritz M, Poliakova DK, Fischer M, Busslinger M. Molecular functions of the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 in controlling germinal center B cell and plasma cell development. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1201-21. [PMID: 27261530 PMCID: PMC4925024 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Busslinger et al. showed that the transcription factors E2A and E2-2 control the expression of genes required for the development of GC B cells and plasma cells. E2A is an essential regulator of early B cell development. Here, we have demonstrated that E2A together with E2-2 controlled germinal center (GC) B cell and plasma cell development. As shown by the identification of regulated E2A,E2-2 target genes in activated B cells, these E-proteins directly activated genes with important functions in GC B cells and plasma cells by inducing and maintaining DNase I hypersensitive sites. Through binding to multiple enhancers in the Igh 3′ regulatory region and Aicda locus, E-proteins regulated class switch recombination by inducing both Igh germline transcription and AID expression. By regulating 3′ Igk and Igh enhancers and a distal element at the Prdm1 (Blimp1) locus, E-proteins contributed to Igk, Igh, and Prdm1 activation in plasmablasts. Together, these data identified E2A and E2-2 as central regulators of B cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Bilic
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Minnich M, Tagoh H, Bönelt P, Axelsson E, Fischer M, Cebolla B, Tarakhovsky A, Nutt SL, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. Multifunctional role of the transcription factor Blimp-1 in coordinating plasma cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:331-43. [PMID: 26779602 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 is necessary for the generation of plasma cells. Here we studied its functions in plasmablast differentiation by identifying regulated Blimp-1 target genes. Blimp-1 promoted the migration and adhesion of plasmablasts. It directly repressed genes encoding several transcription factors and Aicda (which encodes the cytidine deaminase AID) and thus silenced B cell-specific gene expression, antigen presentation and class-switch recombination in plasmablasts. It directly activated genes, which led to increased expression of the plasma cell regulator IRF4 and proteins involved in immunoglobulin secretion. Blimp-1 induced the transcription of immunoglobulin genes by controlling the 3' enhancers of the loci encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) and κ-light chain (Igk) and, furthermore, regulated the post-transcriptional expression switch from the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin heavy chain to its secreted form by activating Ell2 (which encodes the transcription-elongation factor ELL2). Notably, Blimp-1 recruited chromatin-remodeling and histone-modifying complexes to regulate its target genes. Hence, many essential functions of plasma cells are under the control of Blimp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elin Axelsson
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Cebolla
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tarakhovsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Ebert A, Medvedovic J, Tagoh H, Schwickert TA, Busslinger M. Control of antigen receptor diversity through spatial regulation of V(D)J recombination. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2014; 78:11-21. [PMID: 24584058 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.019943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes recognize a vast variety of pathogens by expressing a diverse repertoire of antigen receptor genes that are assembled by V(D)J recombination in immature B cells (Igh, Igk) and T cells (Tcrb, Tcra/d). V(D)J recombination takes place in the 3' proximal domain containing the D, J, and C gene segments, whereas 31 (Tcrb) to 200 (Igh) V genes are spread over a large region of 0.67 (Tcrb) to 3 (Igk) Mb pairs. All antigen receptor loci undergo reversible contraction at the developmental stage, where they engage in V-(D)J recombination. This long-range looping promotes the participation of all V genes in V-(D)J recombination by juxtaposing distant V genes next to (D)J segments in the proximal recombination center. The B-cell-specific Pax5, ubiquitous YY1, and architectural CTCF/cohesin proteins promote Igh locus contraction in pro-B cells by binding to multiple sites in the VH gene cluster. These regulators also control the pro-B-cell-specific activity of the distally located PAIR elements, which are likely involved in the regulation of VH-DJH recombination by mediating locus contraction. Notably, the large VH gene cluster of the Igh locus undergoes flexible long-range looping that ensures similar participation of all VH genes in VH-DJH recombination to generate a diverse antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasna Medvedovic
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja A Schwickert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Schwickert TA, Tagoh H, Gültekin S, Dakic A, Axelsson E, Minnich M, Ebert A, Werner B, Roth M, Cimmino L, Dickins RA, Zuber J, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. Stage-specific control of early B cell development by the transcription factor Ikaros. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:283-93. [PMID: 24509509 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Ikaros is an essential regulator of lymphopoiesis. Here we studied its B cell-specific function by conditional inactivation of the gene encoding Ikaros (Ikzf1) in pro-B cells. B cell development was arrested at an aberrant 'pro-B cell' stage characterized by increased cell adhesion and loss of signaling via the pre-B cell signaling complex (pre-BCR). Ikaros activated genes encoding signal transducers of the pre-BCR and repressed genes involved in the downregulation of pre-BCR signaling and upregulation of the integrin signaling pathway. Unexpectedly, derepression of expression of the transcription factor Aiolos did not compensate for the loss of Ikaros in pro-B cells. Ikaros induced or suppressed active chromatin at regulatory elements of activated or repressed target genes. Notably, binding of Ikaros and expression of its target genes were dynamically regulated at distinct stages of early B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A Schwickert
- 1] Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria. [2]
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- 1] Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria. [2]
| | - Sinan Gültekin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Dakic
- 1] Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria. [2]
| | - Elin Axelsson
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Werner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mareike Roth
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ross A Dickins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Medvedovic J, Ebert A, Tagoh H, Tamir IM, Schwickert TA, Novatchkova M, Sun Q, Huis In 't Veld PJ, Guo C, Yoon HS, Denizot Y, Holwerda SJB, de Laat W, Cogné M, Shi Y, Alt FW, Busslinger M. Flexible long-range loops in the VH gene region of the Igh locus facilitate the generation of a diverse antibody repertoire. Immunity 2013; 39:229-44. [PMID: 23973221 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy-chain (Igh) locus undergoes large-scale contraction in pro-B cells, which facilitates VH-DJH recombination by juxtaposing distal VH genes next to the DJH-rearranged gene segment in the 3' proximal Igh domain. By using high-resolution mapping of long-range interactions, we demonstrate that local interaction domains established the three-dimensional structure of the extended Igh locus in lymphoid progenitors. In pro-B cells, these local domains engaged in long-range interactions across the Igh locus, which depend on the regulators Pax5, YY1, and CTCF. The large VH gene cluster underwent flexible long-range interactions with the more rigidly structured proximal domain, which probably ensures similar participation of all VH genes in VH-DJH recombination to generate a diverse antibody repertoire. These long-range interactions appear to be an intrinsic feature of the VH gene cluster, because they are still generated upon mutation of the Eμ enhancer, IGCR1 insulator, or 3' regulatory region in the proximal Igh domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Medvedovic
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Sauter KA, Bouhlel MA, O’Neal J, Sester DP, Tagoh H, Ingram RM, Pridans C, Bonifer C, Hume DA. The function of the conserved regulatory element within the second intron of the mammalian Csf1r locus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54935. [PMID: 23383005 PMCID: PMC3561417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1R) is expressed exclusively in cells of the myeloid lineages as well as trophoblasts. A conserved element in the second intron, Fms-Intronic Regulatory Element (FIRE), is essential for macrophage-specific transcription of the gene. However, the molecular details of how FIRE activity is regulated and how it impacts the Csf1r promoter have not been characterised. Here we show that agents that down-modulate Csf1r mRNA transcription regulated promoter activity altered the occupancy of key FIRE cis-acting elements including RUNX1, AP1, and Sp1 binding sites. We demonstrate that FIRE acts as an anti-sense promoter in macrophages and reversal of FIRE orientation within its native context greatly reduced enhancer activity in macrophages. Mutation of transcription initiation sites within FIRE also reduced transcription. These results demonstrate that FIRE is an orientation-specific transcribed enhancer element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Sauter
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - M. Amine Bouhlel
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julie O’Neal
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Sester
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Ingram
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ingram RM, Valeaux S, Wilson N, Bouhlel MA, Clarke D, Krüger I, Kulu D, Suske G, Philipsen S, Tagoh H, Bonifer C. Differential regulation of sense and antisense promoter activity at the Csf1R locus in B cells by the transcription factor PAX5. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:730-40.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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McManus S, Ebert A, Salvagiotto G, Medvedovic J, Sun Q, Tamir I, Jaritz M, Tagoh H, Busslinger M. The transcription factor Pax5 regulates its target genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying proteins in committed B cells. EMBO J 2011; 30:2388-404. [PMID: 21552207 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax5 is a critical regulator of B-cell commitment. Here, we identified direct Pax5 target genes by streptavidin-mediated ChIP-chip analysis of pro-B cells expressing in vivo biotinylated Pax5. By binding to promoters and enhancers, Pax5 directly regulates the expression of multiple transcription factor, cell surface receptor and signal transducer genes. One of the newly identified enhancers was shown by transgenic analysis to confer Pax5-dependent B-cell-specific activity to the Nedd9 gene controlling B-cell trafficking. Profiling of histone modifications in Pax5-deficient and wild-type pro-B cells demonstrated that Pax5 induces active chromatin at activated target genes, while eliminating active chromatin at repressed genes in committed pro-B cells. Pax5 rapidly induces these chromatin and transcription changes by recruiting chromatin-remodelling, histone-modifying and basal transcription factor complexes to its target genes. These data provide novel insight into the regulatory network and epigenetic regulation, by which Pax5 controls B-cell commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane McManus
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Ebert A, McManus S, Tagoh H, Medvedovic J, Salvagiotto G, Novatchkova M, Tamir I, Sommer A, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. The distal V(H) gene cluster of the Igh locus contains distinct regulatory elements with Pax5 transcription factor-dependent activity in pro-B cells. Immunity 2011; 34:175-87. [PMID: 21349430 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
V(H)-DJ(H) recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus is temporally and spatially controlled during early B cell development, and yet no regulatory elements other than the V(H) gene promoters have been identified throughout the entire V(H) gene cluster. Here, we discovered regulatory sequences that are interspersed in the distal V(H) gene region. These conserved repeat elements were characterized by the presence of Pax5 transcription factor-dependent active chromatin by binding of the regulators Pax5, E2A, CTCF, and Rad21, as well as by Pax5-dependent antisense transcription in pro-B cells. The Pax5-activated intergenic repeat (PAIR) elements were no longer bound by Pax5 in pre-B and B cells consistent with the loss of antisense transcription, whereas E2A and CTCF interacted with PAIR elements throughout early B cell development. The pro-B cell-specific and Pax5-dependent activity of the PAIR elements suggests that they are involved in the regulation of distal V(H)-DJ(H) recombination at the Igh locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Abstract
The B cell lineage of the hematopoietic system is responsible for the generation of high-affinity antibodies, which provide humoral immunity for protection against foreign pathogens. B cell commitment and development depend on many transcription factors including Pax5. Here, we review the different functions of Pax5 in regulating various aspects of B lymphopoiesis. At B cell commitment, Pax5 restricts the developmental potential of lymphoid progenitors to the B cell pathway by repressing B-lineage-inappropriate genes, while it simultaneously promotes B cell development by activating B-lymphoid-specific genes. Pax5 thereby controls gene transcription by recruiting chromatin-remodeling, histone-modifying, and basal transcription factor complexes to its target genes. Moreover, Pax5 contributes to the diversity of the antibody repertoire by controlling V(H)-DJ(H) recombination by inducing contraction of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus in pro-B cells, which is likely mediated by PAIR elements in the 5' region of the V(H) gene cluster. Importantly, all mature B cell types depend on Pax5 for their differentiation and function. Pax5 thus controls the identity of B lymphocytes throughout B cell development. Consequently, conditional loss of Pax5 allows mature B cells from peripheral lymphoid organs to develop into functional T cells in the thymus via dedifferentiation to uncommitted progenitors in the bone marrow. Pax5 has also been implicated in human B cell malignancies because it can function as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor or oncogenic translocation fusion protein in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Medvedovic
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Walter K, Cockerill PN, Barlow R, Clarke D, Hoogenkamp M, Follows GA, Richards SJ, Cullen MJ, Bonifer C, Tagoh H. Aberrant expression of CD19 in AML with t(8;21) involves a poised chromatin structure and PAX5. Oncogene 2010; 29:2927-37. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Hoogenkamp M, Krysinska H, Ingram R, Huang G, Barlow R, Clarke D, Ebralidze A, Zhang P, Tagoh H, Cockerill PN, Tenen DG, Bonifer C. The Pu.1 locus is differentially regulated at the level of chromatin structure and noncoding transcription by alternate mechanisms at distinct developmental stages of hematopoiesis. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7425-38. [PMID: 17785440 PMCID: PMC2169062 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00905-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ets family transcription factor PU.1 is crucial for the regulation of hematopoietic development. Pu.1 is activated in hematopoietic stem cells and is expressed in mast cells, B cells, granulocytes, and macrophages but is switched off in T cells. Many of the transcription factors regulating Pu.1 have been identified, but little is known about how they organize Pu.1 chromatin in development. We analyzed the Pu.1 promoter and the upstream regulatory element (URE) using in vivo footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In B cells, Pu.1 was bound by a set of transcription factors different from that in myeloid cells and adopted alternative chromatin architectures. In T cells, Pu.1 chromatin at the URE was open and the same transcription factor binding sites were occupied as in B cells. The transcription factor RUNX1 was bound to the URE in precursor cells, but binding was down-regulated in maturing cells. In PU.1 knockout precursor cells, the Ets factor Fli-1 compensated for the lack of PU.1, and both proteins could occupy a subset of Pu.1 cis elements in PU.1-expressing cells. In addition, we identified novel URE-derived noncoding transcripts subject to tissue-specific regulation. Our results provide important insights into how overlapping, but different, sets of transcription factors program tissue-specific chromatin structures in the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hoogenkamp
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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21
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Mummidi S, Adams LM, VanCompernolle SE, Kalkonde M, Camargo JF, Kulkarni H, Bellinger AS, Bonello G, Tagoh H, Ahuja SS, Unutmaz D, Ahuja SK. Production of specific mRNA transcripts, usage of an alternate promoter, and octamer-binding transcription factors influence the surface expression levels of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 on primary T cells. J Immunol 2007; 178:5668-81. [PMID: 17442950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface levels of CCR5 on memory CD4(+) T cells influence HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility. Alternative promoter usage results in the generation of CCR5 mRNA isoforms that differ based on whether they contain or lack the untranslated exon 1. The impact of exon 1-containing transcripts on CCR5 surface expression is unknown. In this study, we show that the increased cell surface expression of CCR5 on primary T cells is associated with selective enrichment of exon 1-containing transcripts. The promoter that drives exon 1-containing transcripts is highly active in primary human T cells but not in transformed T cell lines. The transcription factors Oct-1 and -2 inhibit and enhance, respectively, the expression of exon 1-containing transcripts and CCR5 surface levels. However, polymorphisms at homologous octamer-binding sites in the CCR5 promoter of nonhuman primates abrogate the binding of these transcription factors. These results identify exon 1-containing transcripts, and the cis-trans factors that regulate the expression levels of these mRNA isoforms as key parameters that affect CCR5 surface expression levels, and by extension, susceptibility to HIV/AIDS among humans, and possibly, the observed interspecies differences in susceptibility to lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Mummidi
- Veterans Administration Center for AIDS and HIV Infection, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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22
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DeKoter RP, Schweitzer BL, Kamath MB, Jones D, Tagoh H, Bonifer C, Hildeman DA, Huang KJ. Regulation of the interleukin-7 receptor alpha promoter by the Ets transcription factors PU.1 and GA-binding protein in developing B cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14194-204. [PMID: 17392277 PMCID: PMC4222673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700377200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) is required for development and maintenance of the immune system. The receptor for IL-7 is heterodimeric, consisting of a common gamma chain (gammac, encoded by Il2rg) and an alpha subunit (IL-7Ralpha, encoded by Il7r). The Il7r gene is expressed specifically in the immune system in a developmental stage-specific manner. It is not known how the Il7r gene is transcriptionally regulated during B cell development. The goal of this study is to elucidate the function of the Il7r promoter region in developing B cells. Using a combination of 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, transient transfection assays, and DNase I hypersensitivity mapping, we identified the location of the Il7r promoter. Using a combination of electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, and RNA interference experiments, we found that the Ets transcription factors PU.1 and GA-binding protein (GABP) activate the Il7r promoter by interacting with a highly conserved Ets binding site. In committed B lineage cells, GABP can promote Il7r transcription in the absence of PU.1. However, the results of retroviral gene transfer experiments suggest that PU.1 is uniquely required to initiate transcription of the Il7r locus at the earliest stages of progenitor B cell generation. In summary, these results suggest that Il7r transcription is regulated by both PU.1 and GABP in developing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P DeKoter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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23
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Krysinska H, Hoogenkamp M, Ingram R, Wilson N, Tagoh H, Laslo P, Singh H, Bonifer C. A two-step, PU.1-dependent mechanism for developmentally regulated chromatin remodeling and transcription of the c-fms gene. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:878-87. [PMID: 17116688 PMCID: PMC1800675 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01915-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors exhibit low-level transcription and partial chromatin reorganization of myeloid cell-specific genes including the c-fms (csf1R) locus. Expression of the c-fms gene is dependent on the Ets family transcription factor PU.1 and is upregulated during myeloid differentiation, enabling committed macrophage precursors to respond to colony-stimulating factor 1. To analyze molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional priming and developmental upregulation of the c-fms gene, we have utilized myeloid progenitors lacking the transcription factor PU.1. PU.1 can bind to sites in both the c-fms promoter and the c-fms intronic regulatory element (FIRE enhancer). Unlike wild-type progenitors, the PU.1(-/-) cells are unable to express c-fms or initiate macrophage differentiation. When PU.1 was reexpressed in mutant progenitors, the chromatin structure of the c-fms promoter was rapidly reorganized. In contrast, assembly of transcription factors at FIRE, acquisition of active histone marks, and high levels of c-fms transcription occurred with significantly slower kinetics. We demonstrate that the reason for this differential activation was that PU.1 was required to promote induction and binding of a secondary transcription factor, Egr-2, which is important for FIRE enhancer activity. These data suggest that the c-fms promoter is maintained in a primed state by PU.1 in progenitor cells and that at FIRE PU.1 functions with another transcription factor to direct full activation of the c-fms locus in differentiated myeloid cells. The two-step mechanism of developmental gene activation that we describe here may be utilized to regulate gene activity in a variety of developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Krysinska
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
All developmental processes in metazoans require the establishment of different genetic programs to generate functionally specialised cells. Differential gene expression is also the basis for the alterations in the developmental potential of differentiating cells. However, the molecular details concerning how this is achieved are still poorly understood. The haematopoietic system has for many years served as an excellent model system to studyhow developmental processes are regulated at the epigenetic level. In this article we will summarise recent results from others and from our own laboratory that have yielded profound insights into the general principles of how cell-fate decisions are regulated in the cell nucleus. We summarise (1) how the interplay of sequence-specific transcription factors and chromatin components is responsible for the cell type and cell stage-specific activation of specific genes and (2) how these findings impact on current concepts of epigenetic regulation of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bonifer
- Division of Experimental Haematology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Epidemiology and Cancer Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Epigenetic regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, chromatin components, and chromatin modification activities alter gene activity during development. The means by which alterations in these factors influence gene expression is poorly understood, but information of this kind is essential if we want to reprogram the epigenotype of specific cell types in a directed fashion. To facilitate chromatin structure-function analysis, we have developed a relatively simple procedure that uses magnetic beads to perform ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction in solid phase. In this chapter, we describe detailed procedures for the examination of chromatin fine-structure and nucleosome positioning as well as changes in transcription factor binding-site occupancy during cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tagoh
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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26
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Tagoh H, Ingram R, Wilson N, Salvagiotto G, Warren AJ, Clarke D, Busslinger M, Bonifer C. The mechanism of repression of the myeloid-specific c-fms gene by Pax5 during B lineage restriction. EMBO J 2006; 25:1070-80. [PMID: 16482219 PMCID: PMC1409732 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 (BSAP) is required for the expression of a B-cell-specific genetic program and for B-cell differentiation, and also to suppress genes of alternative lineages. The molecular mechanism by which repression of myeloid genes occurs during early B-lineage restriction is unknown and in this study we addressed this question. One of the genes repressed by Pax5 in B cells is the colony-stimulating factor receptor 1 gene (csf1r or c-fms). We examined the changes in chromatin caused by Pax5 activity, and we show that Pax5 is directly recruited to c-fms resulting in the rapid loss of RNA polymerase II binding, followed by loss of transcription factor binding and DNaseI hypersensitivity at all cis-regulatory elements. We also show that Pax5 targets the basal transcription machinery of c-fms by interacting with a binding site within the major transcription start sites. Our results support a model by which Pax5 does not lead to major alterations in chromatin modification, but inhibits transcription by interfering with the action of myeloid transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tagoh
- Division of Experimental Haematology, LIMM, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Ingram
- Division of Experimental Haematology, LIMM, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola Wilson
- Division of Experimental Haematology, LIMM, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Giorgia Salvagiotto
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan J Warren
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah Clarke
- Division of Experimental Haematology, LIMM, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Division of Experimental Haematology, LIMM, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, The JIF Building, St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. Tel.: +44 113 343 8525; Fax: +44 113 343 8702; E-mail:
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27
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Lefevre P, Lacroix C, Tagoh H, Hoogenkamp M, Melnik S, Ingram R, Bonifer C. Differentiation-dependent alterations in histone methylation and chromatin architecture at the inducible chicken lysozyme gene. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27552-60. [PMID: 15923188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502422200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that locus-wide chromatin remodeling and dynamic alterations of histone modifications are required for the developmentally regulated activation of tissue-specific genes. However, little is known about the dynamics of these events during cell differentiation and how chromatin of an entire gene locus responds to signal transduction processes. To address this issue we investigated chromatin accessibility, linker histone distribution, and the histone methylation status at the macrophage-specific chicken lysozyme locus and the ubiquitously expressed gas41 locus in multipotent precursor cell lines and BM2 monoblast cells. The latter can be induced to go through macrophage maturation by treatment with phorbol-12-myristate acetate and can be further stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We show that expression of the lysozyme gene in undifferentiated monoblasts is low and that a high level of gene expression requires both cell differentiation and lipopolysaccharide stimulation. However, depletion of the linker histone H1 is observed already in lysozyme non-expressing multipotent precursor cells. In undifferentiated monoblasts, the lysozyme regulatory regions are marked by the presence of monomethylated histone H3 lysine 4, which becomes increasingly converted into trimethylated H3 lysine K4 during cell differentiation. We also present evidence for extensive, differentiation-dependent alterations in nuclease accessibility at the lysozyme promoter without alterations of nucleosome and transcription factor occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lefevre
- Division of Experimental Haematology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Leeds LS97TF, United Kingdom
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28
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Follows GA, Tagoh H, Richards SJ, Melnik S, Dickinson H, de Wynter E, Lefevre P, Morgan GJ, Bonifer C. c-FMS chromatin structure and expression in normal and leukaemic myelopoiesis. Oncogene 2005; 24:3643-51. [PMID: 15806141 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor is encoded by the c-FMS gene, and it has been suggested that altered regulation of c-FMS expression may contribute to leukaemic transformation. c-FMS is expressed in pluripotent haemopoietic precursor cells and is subsequently upregulated during monocytic differentiation, but downregulated during granulopoiesis. We have examined transcription factor occupancy and aspects of chromatin structure of the critical c-FMS regulatory element located within the second intron (FIRE - fms intonic regulatory element) during normal and leukaemic myelopoiesis. Granulocytic differentiation from normal and leukaemic precursors is accompanied by loss of transcription factors at FIRE and downregulated c-FMS expression. The presence of AML1-ETO in leukaemic cells does not prevent this disassembly. In nonleukaemic cells, granulocytic differentiation is accompanied by reversal to a chromatin fine structure characteristic of c-FMS-nonexpressing cells. In addition, we show that low-level expression of the gene in leukaemic blast cells and granulocytes does not associate with increased CpG methylation across the c-FMS locus.
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29
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Ingram R, Tagoh H, Riggs AD, Bonifer C. Rapid, solid-phase based automated analysis of chromatin structure and transcription factor occupancy in living eukaryotic cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e1. [PMID: 15644555 PMCID: PMC546173 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors, chromatin components and chromatin modification activities are involved in many diseases including cancer. However, the means by which alterations in these factors influence the epigenotype of specific cell types is poorly understood. One problem that limits progress is that regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes sometimes extend over large regions of DNA. To improve chromatin structure–function analysis over such large regions, we have developed an automated, relatively simple procedure that uses magnetic beads and a capillary sequencer for ligation-mediated-PCR (LM-PCR). We show that the procedure can be used for the rapid examination of chromatin fine-structure, nucleosome positioning as well as changes in transcription factor binding-site occupancy during cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arthur D. Riggs
- Division of Biology, Beckman Institute of City of Hope1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 113 206 5676; Fax: +44 113 244 4475;
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30
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Tagoh H, Schebesta A, Lefevre P, Wilson N, Hume D, Busslinger M, Bonifer C. Epigenetic silencing of the c-fms locus during B-lymphopoiesis occurs in discrete steps and is reversible. EMBO J 2004; 23:4275-85. [PMID: 15483629 PMCID: PMC524389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine c-fms (Csf1r) gene encodes the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, which is essential for macrophage development. It is expressed at a low level in haematopoietic stem cells and is switched off in all non-macrophage cell types. To examine the role of chromatin structure in this process we studied epigenetic silencing of c-fms during B-lymphopoiesis. c-fms chromatin in stem cells and multipotent progenitors is in the active conformation and bound by transcription factors. A similar result was obtained with specified common myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. In developing B cells, c-fms chromatin is silenced in distinct steps, whereby first the binding of transcription factors and RNA expression is lost, followed by a loss of nuclease accessibility. Interestingly, regions of de novo DNA methylation in B cells overlap with an intronic antisense transcription unit that is differently regulated during lymphopoiesis. However, even at mature B cell stages, c-fms chromatin is still in a poised conformation and c-fms expression can be re-activated by conditional deletion of the transcription factor Pax5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tagoh
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexandra Schebesta
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal Lefevre
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola Wilson
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Hume
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Molecular Medicine Unit, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. Tel.: +44 113 206 5676; Fax: +44 113 244 4475; E-mail:
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31
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Follows GA, Tagoh H, Lefevre P, Morgan GJ, Bonifer C. Differential transcription factor occupancy but evolutionarily conserved chromatin features at the human and mouse M-CSF (CSF-1) receptor loci. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 31:5805-16. [PMID: 14530429 PMCID: PMC219482 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-FMS gene encodes the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR or CSF1-R), which is a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor essential for macrophage development. We have previously characterized the chromatin features of the mouse gene; however, very little is known about chromatin structure and function of the human c-FMS locus. Here we present a side-by-side comparison of the chromatin structure, histone modification, transcription factor occupancy and cofactor recruitment of the human and the mouse c-FMS loci. We show that, similar to the mouse gene, the human c-FMS gene possesses a promoter and an intronic enhancer element (c-fms intronic regulatory element or FIRE). Both elements are evolutionarily conserved and specifically active in macrophages. However, we demonstrate by in vivo footprinting that both murine and human c-FMS cis-regulatory elements are recognised by an overlapping, but non-identical, set of transcription factors. Despite these differences, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show highly similar patterns of histone H3 modification and a similar distribution of chromatin modifying and remodelling activities at individual cis-regulatory elements and across the c-FMS locus. Our experiments support the hypothesis that the same regulatory principles operate at both genes via conserved cores of transcription factor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Follows
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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32
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Tagoh H, Melnik S, Lefevre P, Chong S, Riggs AD, Bonifer C. Dynamic reorganization of chromatin structure and selective DNA demethylation prior to stable enhancer complex formation during differentiation of primary hematopoietic cells in vitro. Blood 2003; 103:2950-5. [PMID: 15070670 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain insights in the true molecular mechanisms involved in cell fate decisions, it is important to study the molecular details of gene activation where such decisions occur, which is at the level of the chromatin structure of individual genes. In the study presented here we addressed this issue and examined the dynamic development of an active chromatin structure at the chicken lysozyme locus during the differentiation of primary myeloid cells from transgenic mouse bone marrow. Using in vivo footprinting we found that stable enhancer complex assembly and high-level gene expression are late events in cell differentiation. However, even before the onset of gene expression and stable transcription factor binding, specific chromatin alterations are observed. This includes changes in DNA topology and the selective demethylation of CpG dinucleotides located in the cores of critical transcription factor binding sites, but not in flanking DNA. These results firmly support the idea that epigenetic programs guiding blood cell differentiation are engraved into the chromatin of lineage-specific genes and that such chromatin changes are implemented before cell lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tagoh
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, United Kingdom
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33
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Follows GA, Tagoh H, Lefevre P, Hodge D, Morgan GJ, Bonifer C. Epigenetic consequences of AML1-ETO action at the human c-FMS locus. EMBO J 2003; 22:2798-809. [PMID: 12773394 PMCID: PMC156747 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Revised: 03/25/2003] [Accepted: 03/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many leukaemia-associated nuclear oncogenes are well characterized, little is known about the molecular details of how they alter gene expression. Here we examined transcription factor complexes and chromatin structure of the human c-FMS gene in normal and leukaemic cells. We demonstrate by in vivo footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays that this gene is bound by the transcription factor AML1 (RUNX1). In t(8;21) leukaemic cells expressing the aberrant fusion protein AML1-ETO, we demonstrate that this protein is part of a transcription factor complex binding to extended sequences of the c-FMS intronic regulatory region rather than the promoter. The AML1-ETO complex does not disrupt binding of other transcription factors, indicating that c-FMS is not irreversibly epigenetically silenced. However, AML1-ETO binding correlates with changes in the histone modification pattern and increased association of histone deacetylases. Our experiments provide for the first time a direct insight into the chromatin structure of an AML1-ETO-bound target gene.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- Gene Expression
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, fms
- HL-60 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Histone Deacetylase 1
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Histones/chemistry
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Introns
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Follows
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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34
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Tagoh H, Himes R, Clarke D, Leenen PJM, Riggs AD, Hume D, Bonifer C. Transcription factor complex formation and chromatin fine structure alterations at the murine c-fms (CSF-1 receptor) locus during maturation of myeloid precursor cells. Genes Dev 2002; 16:1721-37. [PMID: 12101129 PMCID: PMC186377 DOI: 10.1101/gad.222002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the gene for the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R), c-fms, has been viewed as a hallmark of the commitment of multipotent precursor cells to macrophages. Lineage-restricted expression of the gene is controlled by conserved elements in the proximal promoter and within the first intron. To investigate the developmental regulation of c-fms at the level of chromatin structure, we developed an in vitro system to examine the maturation of multipotent myeloid precursor cells into mature macrophages. The dynamics of chromatin fine structure alterations and transcription factor occupancy at the c-fms promoter and intronic enhancer was examined by in vivo DMS and UV-footprinting. We show that the c-fms gene is already transcribed at low levels in early myeloid precursors on which no CSF-1R surface expression can be detected. At this stage of myelopoiesis, the formation of transcription factor complexes on the promoter was complete. By contrast, occupancy of the enhancer was acutely regulated during macrophage differentiation. Our data show that cell-intrinsic differentiation decisions at the c-fms locus precede the appearance of c-fms on the cell surface. They also suggest that complex lineage-specific enhancers such as the c-fms intronic enhancer regulate local chromatin structure through the coordinated assembly and disassembly of distinct transcription factor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tagoh
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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35
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Himes SR, Tagoh H, Goonetilleke N, Sasmono T, Oceandy D, Clark R, Bonifer C, Hume DA. A highly conserved c‐
fms
gene intronic element controls macrophage‐specific and regulated expression. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.5.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Roy Himes
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072 and
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- University of Leeds, Molecular Medicine Unit, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nilukshi Goonetilleke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072 and
| | - Tedjo Sasmono
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072 and
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072 and
| | - Richard Clark
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072 and
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- University of Leeds, Molecular Medicine Unit, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072 and
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36
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Himes SR, Tagoh H, Goonetilleke N, Sasmono T, Oceandy D, Clark R, Bonifer C, Hume DA. A highly conserved c-fms gene intronic element controls macrophage-specific and regulated expression. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 70:812-20. [PMID: 11698502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-fms gene encodes the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1. This gene is expressed selectively in the macrophage cell lineage. Previous studies have implicated sequences in intron 2 that control transcript elongation in tissue-specific and regulated expression of c-fms. Four macrophage-specific deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) were identified within mouse intron 2. Sequences of these DHSs were found to be highly conserved compared with those in the human gene. A 250-bp region we refer to as the fms intronic regulatory element (FIRE), which is even more highly conserved than the c-fms proximal promoter, contains many consensus binding sites for macrophage-expressed transcription factors including Sp1, PU.1, and C/EBP. FIRE was found to act as a macrophage-specific enhancer and as a promoter with an antisense orientation preference in transient transfections. In stable transfections of the macrophage line RAW264, as well as in clones selected for high- and low-level c-fms mRNA expression, the presence of intron 2 increased the frequency and level of expression of reporter genes compared with those attained using the promoter alone. Removal of FIRE abolished reporter gene expression, revealing a suppressive activity in the remaining intronic sequences. Hence, FIRE is shown to be a key regulatory element in the fms gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Himes
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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37
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Nishimoto N, Ito A, Ono M, Tagoh H, Matsumoto T, Tomita T, Ochi T, Yoshizaki K. IL-6 inhibits the proliferation of fibroblastic synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor. Int Immunol 2000; 12:187-93. [PMID: 10653854 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha have been proven to play an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is well known that TNF-alpha induces IL-6 production from synovial cells as well as their proliferation. The effect of IL-6 on synovial cells, however, is not clear. An in vitrostudy was performed to determine the effect of IL-6 on the proliferation of synovial cells. Fibroblastic synovial cells isolated from the synovial tissues of eight RA patients were employed after the third to sixth passages. IL-6 in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) inhibited the proliferation of synovial cells in a dose-dependent manner in seven cases without increasing the number of necrotic or apoptotic cells, while TNF-alpha increased synovial cell proliferation in all cases. The inhibitory effect of IL-6 was observed only in the presence of sIL-6R although small amounts of IL-6R were detected in these cells by RT-PCR analysis. However, anti-IL-6R or anti-gp130 mAb treatment increased spontaneous growth of synovial cells in all eight cases, suggesting that endogenous IL-6 and a small amount of IL-6R expressed in synovial cells suppressed their growth without exogenous IL-6 or sIL-6R. In addition, the IL-6-sIL-6R complex reduced the TNF-alpha-induced proliferation of synovial cells while TNF-alpha induced their IL-6 production. These data suggest that IL-6 may act as a negative feedback factor for TNF-alpha-induced synovial cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nishimoto
- Department of Medical Science I, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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38
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Muraguchi A, Tagoh H, Kitagawa T, Nagata T, Kishi H. Stromal cells and cytokines in the induction of recombination activating gene (RAG) expression in a human lymphoid progenitor cell. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 30:73-85. [PMID: 9669678 DOI: 10.3109/10428199809050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of recombination activating genes (RAGs) plays critical roles in the V(D)J gene recombination machinery and lymphocyte repertoire formation. However, the regulation of RAG gene expression in humans as well as animals is poorly understood. We show that RAG gene expression is activated in a human lymphoid progenitor cell line (FL8.2.4.4) by coculturing them on a bone marrow-derived stromal cell line (PA6) in the presence of cytokines. The RAG transcripts become detectable in 12 hours after initiation of culture, and the increased level is sustained at 24 hours. Among the cytokines, IL-3, IL-6, and IL-7, but not IL-2, IL-4, SCF, GM-CSF induces RAG activation. IL-3, IL-6, and IL-7 exert their effect synergistically on RAG activation. A cognate interaction between FL8.2.4.4 cells and PA6 stromal cells seems to be prerequisite for RAG activation. RAG transcripts are inducible in FL8.2.4.4 cells when cocultured on paraformaldehyde fixed-PA6 stromal cells in the presence of cytokines. These data indicate that two separate signals are both required for induction of RAG activation in lymphoid progenitors; one from the cell surface molecule(s) on stromal cells, and the other from recombinant cytokine(s). The expression of RAG mRNA in FL8.2.4.4 cells is concomitant with induction of recombinase activity. Thus, this system may provide a useful means for further understanding of the mechanisms controlling RAG activation and lymphocyte development in human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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39
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Tagoh H, Kishi H, Okumura A, Kitagawa T, Nagata T, Mori K, Muraguchi A. Induction of recombination activating gene expression in a human lymphoid progenitor cell line: requirement of two separate signals from stromal cells and cytokines. Blood 1996; 88:4463-73. [PMID: 8977238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation and expression of recombination activating genes (RAGs) plays critical roles in V(D)J gene recombination machinery and lymphocyte development. We showed that RAG gene expression was induced in freshly isolated human bone marrow cells and a human lymphoid progenitor cell line, FL8.2.4.4, by coculture on a monolayer of a murine bone marrow-derived stromal cell line, PA6, in the presence of a mixture of recombinant cytokines. The RAG transcripts were detected 12 hours after initiation of culture, and the increased level was sustained at 24 hours. Among recombinant cytokines, interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and IL-7, but not IL-2, IL-4, stem cell factor (SCF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could induce RAG-1 activation in FL8.2.4.4 cells, and a significant synergistic effect between IL-3, IL-6, and IL-7 was observed. Using a double chamber culture technique, it was shown that a cognate interaction between FL8.2.4.4 cells and PA6 stromal cells was a prerequisite for RAG-1 activation. Furthermore, RAG-1 transcripts were induced in FL8.2.4.4 cells when they were cocultured on paraformaldehyde-fixed PA6 stromal cells in the presence of cytokines. These results suggest that two separate signals are both required for induction of RAG-1 activation in lymphoid progenitors; one from the cell surface molecule(s) on stromal cells, and the other from the recombinant cytokine(s). Finally, we showed that expression of RAG mRNA in FL8.2.4.4 cells was concomitant with induction of recombinase activity. This system may provide useful means for further understanding the mechanisms controlling RAG activation and lymphocyte development in the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tagoh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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40
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Kitagawa T, Mori K, Kishi H, Tagoh H, Nagata T, Kurioka H, Muraguchi A. Chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation of human RAG-1 gene. Blood 1996; 88:3785-91. [PMID: 8916942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombination activating genes (RAGs) play a critical role in V(D)J recombination machinery and lymphocyte development. Their expression is strictly regulated during lymphocyte ontogeny, with expression being rapidly lost as the lymphoid precursors differentiate into their progeny. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of regulation of human RAG-1 gene expression, we examined a chromatin structure of a approximately 24-kb DNA segment adjacent to a human RAG-1 promoter region in various cell lines by analyzing DNase I hypersensitive (DNase I HS) sites. In a RAG-1-expressing human pre-B-cell line, at least four DNase I HS sites (HS1, HS2, HS3, and HS4) were identified. Among these HS sites, one HS site (HS1) was ubiquitously detected in all cell lines examined, but the other three HS sites (HS2, HS3, and HS4) were associated only with RAG-1-expressing lymphoid cell lines. Using transient expression assays, we showed that the 5' upstream region of the major transcription start site showed low but significant promoter activity and that a DNA segment within HS3 located in the promoter region was indispensable to its basal promoter activity. Importantly, this promoter region was shown to be active in both RAG-1-expressing and RAG-1-nonexpressing cell lines. These results suggest that alteration of chromatin structure in the promoter region, in addition to other control elements outside of the promoter region, is one of the mechanisms regulating tissue- and stage-specific expression of human RAG-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kitagawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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41
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Kurioka H, Kishi H, Isshiki H, Tagoh H, Mori K, Kitagawa T, Nagata T, Dohi K, Muraguchi A. Isolation and characterization of a TATA-less promoter for the human RAG-1 gene. Mol Immunol 1996; 33:1059-66. [PMID: 9010245 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(96)00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) genomic DNA clones containing the first exon coding for the 5' untranslated region and the second exon coding for the remaining 5' untranslated region, coding region, and 3' untranslated region were cloned. Primer extension analysis and RNase protection analysis demonstrated the multiple RAG-1 transcription start sites, clustered in a 31 nucleotide (nt) region. Sequence analysis showed that the RAG-1 promoter lacked a TATA box as well as an initiator sequence. Transient expression assays using a luciferase reporter gene with truncated promoter fragments and substitution mutants, showed that the 5' promoter region containing the CCAAT box between -110 and -86, is indispensable for its basal promoter activity in RAG-1 expressing Nalm 6 cell line. Comparative transient expression assays in various cell lines revealed that the 854 nt upstream promoter region was active, not only in RAG-1 expressing cell lines but also in RAG-1 non-expressing cell lines. These data indicate that the 854 nt upstream region of RAG-1 gene confer basal promoter activity, and that the tissue- and stage-specific expression of RAG-1 is controlled by elements present outside of the promoter region and/or differential chromatin structure(s) of the individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kurioka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan
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42
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Kawai K, Tagoh H, Yoshizaki K, Murakami G, Muraguchi A. Purification and characterization of an allergenic monomeric hemoglobin from a chironomid distributed worldwide, Polypedium nubifer. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1996; 110:288-97. [PMID: 8688677 DOI: 10.1159/000237301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pol n component MV, a potent experimental allergen for mice, was purified to homogeneity from extracts of a chironomid distributed worldwide, Polypedium nubifer (PN). The Pol n I component MV was shown to have cross-reactivity to hemoglobins (Hb) derived from all species of chironomids tested. Determination of the amino acid sequence of the first 37 N-terminal residues revealed that it had 30-59% homology to Hb of an European chironomid, Chironomus thummi thummi, which had been known as an important allergen for humans. By Western blot analysis, we showed that sera from asthmatic patients, which had positively reacted to the extract of the adult PN midge, bound to the purified Pol n I component MV. Furthermore, using rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against synthetic polypeptides corresponding to the N-terminal residues, it was demonstrated that the N-terminal amino acid sequence between position 15 and 35 contained antigenic epitope(s) for human IgE. The results indicate that the Pol n I component MV is an allergen for human beings as well as for mice, and useful as a diagnostic tool for chironomid allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawai
- Department of Immunology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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43
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Tagoh H, Kishi H, Muraguchi A. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel stromal cell-derived cDNA encoding a protein that facilitates gene activation of recombination activating gene (RAG)-1 in human lymphoid progenitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 221:744-9. [PMID: 8630032 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The activation and expression of recombination activation genes (RAGs) in lymphoid progenitors are regulated by signals from surface molecules of stromal cells and/or cytokines. Using a mRNA differential display method, we isolated a novel stromal cell-derived cDNA clone, C2.3, whose transcripts were intensively expressed in RAG-1-inducible stromal cell line, but rarely expressed in RAG-1-non inducible mutant cell line (PA6). The cDNA sequence had no homology to the known genes. The sequence revealed an open reading frame that encodes a 221 amino acid protein with 4 potential transmembrane domains, suggesting a possible role of C2.3 product as a membrane receptor. Introduction of C2.3 cDNA into PA6 mutant line restored the ability to activate RAG-1 gene in lymphoid progenitors, indicating that a C2.3 product may be involved in the induction of RAG-1 gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tagoh
- Department of Immunology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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44
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Okumura A, Kishi H, Tagoh H, Minowada J, Muraguchi A. Expression of 18.6/CD23 antigen on human lymphoid progenitor cell lines and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced microglia-shaped cells. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:879-90. [PMID: 8657015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The nature of lymphoid progenitors and factor(s) determining commitment to either the T- or B-lymphocyte pathway are poorly understood in the human system. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody (MoAb), 18.6, that recognizes a cell surface antigen on a human lymphoid progenitor cell line (FL4.4). MoAb 18.6 reacted with lymphoid progenitor lines, B lymphoid cell lines, and myelomonocytic cell lines. It did not react with any T cell or erythroid leukemic cell lines. Two color FACS analyses of normal lymphoid tissues showed that MoAb 18.6 reacted with a majority of CD20+ mature B cells and a minority of CD64+ monocytes. Molecules of 3 different sizes with MW of 34, 45, and 68 Kd were precipitated with MoAb 18.6 from the lymphoid progenitor cell line. The 18.6 antigen was not expressed on a fetal liver-derived lymphoid progenitor-like cell line, FL1.4, which has the capacity to differentiate into microglia-shaped cells upon PMA-stimulation. Stimulation of FL1.4 cells with PMA induced expression of the 18.6 antigen within 24 hr and the microglia-shaped cells stained positively with MoAb 18.6. Finally, cloning of a cDNA that encoded the 18.6 antigen revealed that the 18.6 antigen is identical to the CD23 antigen. Taken together, these data suggest that the 18.6/CD23 antigen is expressed on lymphoid precursors at a very early stage of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okumura
- Department of Immunology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Tagoh H, Nishijo H, Uwano T, Kishi H, Ono T, Muraguchi A. Reciprocal IL-1 beta gene expression in medial and lateral hypothalamic areas in SART-stressed mice. Neurosci Lett 1995; 184:17-20. [PMID: 7739797 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)11157-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Specific alteration of rhythm of temperature (SART) stress has been found to induce thymic atrophy via activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We demonstrate here that SART stress induces increment of IL-1 beta mRNA levels in the medial hypothalamic area (MHA) and decrement of IL-1 beta mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). The altered levels of IL-1 beta expression in these loci return to those of non-stressed mice upon cessation of the stress. These data imply that the reciprocal wave of SART stress-induced IL-1 beta gene expression in MHA and LHA may contribute to activation of the HPA axis and the resulting immunological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tagoh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Morinaga H, Tazawa K, Tagoh H, Muraguchi A, Fujimaki M. An in vivo study of hepatic and splenic interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression following oral PSK or LEM administration. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994; 85:1298-303. [PMID: 7852192 PMCID: PMC5919391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of orally administered biological response modifiers (BRMs) in preventing postoperative micro liver metastasis of primary colorectal cancer were examined in experimental animals. The two BRMs tested were Krestin (PSK) and Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM). In previous experiments, we found that oral administration of PSK or LEM suppressed liver metastasis and prolonged the survival period. We also found that these agents elevated the liver natural killer (NK) and liver macrophage activities. In the present study in vivo, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we examined whether or not the liver and spleen have cytokines which would induce NK cells and macrophages, and whether or not the liver and spleen have cytokines induced by NK cells or macrophages. We placed emphasis on the examination of interleukin (IL)-1 beta expression in the liver and spleen in vivo. Two to six hours after oral administration of PSK or LEM (1 g/kg) to mice, IL-1 beta levels in the liver and spleen rose, and they returned to their baseline levels 24 h later. These findings suggest two possibilities: (1) hepatic IL-1 beta is potentiated by these agents soon after administration, resulting in activation of liver NK cells or macrophages, or (2) these agents stimulate IL-1 beta production by liver macrophages, and the produced IL-1 beta activates liver NK cells or liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). The results of this in vivo study suggest that the potentiation of hepatic and splenic IL-1 beta by PSK and LEM is involved in the early phases of suppression of micro liver metastases of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morinaga
- Second Department of Surgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Ichigi Y, Naitoh K, Tokushima M, Haraoka S, Tagoh H, Kimoto M, Muraguchi A. Generation of cells with morphological and antigenic properties of microglia from cloned EBV-transformed lymphoid progenitor cells derived from human fetal liver. Cell Immunol 1993; 149:193-207. [PMID: 7685659 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1993.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell clones from the Epstein Barr virus transformed lymphoid progenitor-like cell line established from human fetal liver at 8-week gestation, have been derived and characterized. These clones retained immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes in their germ line configuration. They expressed HLA-DR and some B lymphoid markers such as CD19, CD20, and in some, the T lymphoid marker, CD2. They did not express surface Igs, CD3, CD4, CD8 or TCRs (alpha/beta, gamma/delta). A sensitive RT-PCR assay revealed that they did not express mRNA for a recombination activating gene-1, which is expressed after commitment to lymphoid cells. These results suggest that the established cloned lines are very early lymphoid progenitors that have not yet been committed to lymphoid cell lineage. In one of the lines, FL8.2.1.4, a marked morphological change that resembled microglia was induced when the cells were cultured in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). After 72 hr of culture, 5-10% of FL8.2.1.4 cells developed a microglial morphology when stimulated with 10 to 100 ng/ml PMA. The newly generated cells with microglial morphology expressed HLA-DR and stained with Recinus communis agglutinin-1, which has been reported to bind specifically to brain microglia. In contrast, expression of lymphoid markers on cells with microglia-shaped morphology was remarkably diminished by PMA stimulation. Thus, the early lymphoid progenitor cells have the capacity to differentiate into cells with the morphological and antigenic properties of microglia cells. This system might be useful for further understanding of the characteristics and functions of microglia cells distributed in the central nerve system.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD19
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Base Sequence
- CD2 Antigens
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Clone Cells
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Humans
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/embryology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuroglia/cytology
- Neuroglia/immunology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ichigi
- Department of Immunology, Saga Medical School, Japan
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48
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Tagoh H, Muraguchi A. [Regulation of immune response by cytokine network]. Nihon Rinsho 1992; 50:1718-23. [PMID: 1433958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are a highly diverse group of intracellular messages. Many cDNAs that encode the cytokines have been cloned in 1980's and the structure of the molecules have been determined. The main function of the cytokines is to amplify the immune and inflammatory responses, keeping them under control at the same time. They orchestrate the response and maintain a proper balance among the various cell types. In this chapter, we summarized the immunoregulation by cytokine network, focussing on the control of antibody production and immunoglobulin class switch by various cytokines produced by helper T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tagoh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Ogata A, Tagoh H, Lee T, Kuritani T, Takahara Y, Shimamura T, Ikegami H, Kurimoto M, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T. A new highly sensitive immunoassay for cytokines by dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA). J Immunol Methods 1992; 148:15-22. [PMID: 1564324 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90153-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-isotopic immunoassays for human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and human interleukin-6 (IL-6) were established by employing the dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA) system based on the time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay technique with europium-labeled antibody. Compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and bioassays, the sensitivity and range of measurement were significantly increased by applying the DELFIA systems to TNF alpha and IL-6. TNF alpha was measurable from 100 fg/ml to 10 ng/ml with the TNF alpha-DELFIA and IL-6 was measurable from 100 fg/ml to 1 ng/ml with the IL-6-DELFIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ogata
- Department of Medicine III, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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50
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Ohzato H, Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N, Ogata A, Tagoh H, Monden M, Gotoh M, Kishimoto T, Mori T. Interleukin-6 as a new indicator of inflammatory status: detection of serum levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein after surgery. Surgery 1992; 111:201-9. [PMID: 1736391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative serum interleukin-6 (SIL-6) and C-reactive protein (SCRP) levels were examined in 71 patients who underwent various types of abdominal surgery. Similar time-dependent changes in SIL-6 and SCRP levels were observed in 12 patients despite differences in surgical procedures and liver function among the patients. SIL-6 started to increase within 3 hours after the beginning of the operation and reached a peak after 24 hours. SCRP started to increase after 12 hours and was maximum at 48 to 72 hours. The increase in SIL-6 at 24 hours (delta IL-6) showed a close correlation with that of SCRP at 48 hours (delta CRP) in 53 patients without liver cirrhosis. In 18 patients with liver cirrhosis, delta CRP relative to delta IL-6 was less than that in patients without cirrhosis and was poorly correlated with the latter. delta IL-6 was correlated with the length of time of the operation and blood loss in both groups, but delta CRP showed no significant correlation with these factors in either group. These findings indicate that the increase in IL-6 triggered by a surgical procedure may function as a hepatocyte-stimulating factor and that monitoring of SIL-6 may be more helpful than monitoring of SCRP for estimation of inflammatory status and early detection of an acute-phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohzato
- Second Department of Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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