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Marchesini Tovar G, Gallen C, Bergsbaken T. CD8+ Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells: Versatile Guardians of the Tissue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:361-368. [PMID: 38227907 PMCID: PMC10794029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of T cells maintained throughout life within nonlymphoid tissues without significant contribution from circulating memory T cells. CD8+ Trm cells contribute to both tissue surveillance and direct elimination of pathogens through a variety of mechanisms. Reactivation of these Trm cells during infection drives systematic changes within the tissue, including altering the state of the epithelium, activating local immune cells, and contributing to the permissiveness of the tissue for circulating immune cell entry. Trm cells can be further classified by their functional outputs, which can be either subset- or tissue-specific, and include proliferation, tissue egress, and modulation of tissue physiology. These functional outputs of Trm cells are linked to the heterogeneity and plasticity of this population, and uncovering the unique responses of different Trm cell subsets and their role in immunity will allow us to modulate Trm cell responses for optimal control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Marchesini Tovar
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Corey Gallen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Reilly EC, Sportiello M, Emo KL, Amitrano AM, Jha R, Kumar ABR, Laniewski NG, Yang H, Kim M, Topham DJ. CD49a Identifies Polyfunctional Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets that Persist in the Lungs After Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728669. [PMID: 34566986 PMCID: PMC8462271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cell memory offers critical antiviral protection, even in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. The paradigm is that CD8 T cell memory within the lung tissue consists of a mix of circulating TEM cells and non-circulating TRM cells. However, based on our analysis, the heterogeneity within the tissue is much higher, identifying TCM, TEM, TRM, and a multitude of populations which do not perfectly fit these classifications. Further interrogation of the populations shows that TRM cells that express CD49a, both with and without CD103, have increased and diverse effector potential compared with CD49a negative populations. These populations function as a one-man band, displaying antiviral activity, chemokine production, release of GM-CSF, and the ability to kill specific targets in vitro with delayed kinetics compared with effector CD8 T cells. Together, this study establishes that CD49a defines multiple polyfunctional CD8 memory subsets after clearance of influenza infection, which act to eliminate virus in the absence of direct killing, recruit and mature innate immune cells, and destroy infected cells if the virus persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Reilly
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mike Sportiello
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kris Lambert Emo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Andrea M. Amitrano
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rakshanda Jha
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ashwin B. R. Kumar
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nathan G. Laniewski
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - David J. Topham
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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3
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Emmanuel T, Mistegård J, Bregnhøj A, Johansen C, Iversen L. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169004. [PMID: 34445713 PMCID: PMC8396505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In health, the non-recirculating nature and long-term persistence of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in tissues protects against invading pathogens. In disease, pathogenic TRMs contribute to the recurring traits of many skin diseases. We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review on the current understanding of the role of TRMs in skin diseases and identify gaps as well as future research paths. EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO Trials Registry were searched systematically for relevant studies from their inception to October 2020. Included studies were reviewed independently by two authors. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-S guidelines. This protocol was registered with the PROSPERO database (ref: CRD42020206416). We identified 96 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. TRMs have mostly been investigated in murine skin and in relation to infectious skin diseases. Pathogenic TRMs have been characterized in various skin diseases including psoriasis, vitiligo and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Studies are needed to discover biomarkers that may delineate TRMs poised for pathogenic activity in skin diseases and establish to which extent TRMs are contingent on the local skin microenvironment. Additionally, future studies may investigate the effects of current treatments on the persistence of pathogenic TRMs in human skin.
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Goplen NP, Cheon IS, Sun J. Age-Related Dynamics of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells in the Age of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636118. [PMID: 33854506 PMCID: PMC8039372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following respiratory viral infections or local immunizations, lung resident-memory T cells (TRM) of the CD8 lineage provide protection against the same pathogen or related pathogens with cross-reactive T cell epitopes. Yet, it is now clear that, if homeostatic controls are lost following viral pneumonia, CD8 TRM cells can mediate pulmonary pathology. We recently showed that the aging process can result in loss of homeostatic controls on CD8 TRM cells in the respiratory tract. This may be germane to treatment modalities in both influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, particularly, the portion that present with symptoms linked to long-lasting lung dysfunction. Here, we review the developmental cues and functionalities of CD8 TRM cells in viral pneumonia models with a particular focus on their capacity to mediate heterogeneous responses of immunity and pathology depending on immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick P Goplen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - In Su Cheon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jie Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,The Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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5
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Parga-Vidal L, van Gisbergen KPJM. Area under Immunosurveillance: Dedicated Roles of Memory CD8 T-Cell Subsets. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037796. [PMID: 32839203 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory, defined as the ability to respond in an enhanced manner upon secondary encounter with the same pathogen, can provide substantial protection against infectious disease. The improved protection is mediated in part by different populations of memory CD8 T cells that are retained after primary infection. Memory cells persist in the absence of pathogen-derived antigens and enable secondary CD8 T-cell responses with accelerated kinetics and of larger magnitude after reencounter with the same pathogen. At least three subsets of memory T cells have been defined that are referred to as central memory CD8 T cells (Tcm), effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem), and tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Trm). Tcm and Tem are circulating memory T cells that mediate bodywide immune surveillance in search of invading pathogens. In contrast, Trm permanently reside in peripheral barrier tissues, where they form a stationary defensive line of sentinels that alert the immune system upon pathogen reencounter. The characterization of these different subsets has been instrumental in our understanding of the strategies that memory T cells employ to counter invading pathogens. It is clear that memory T cells not only have a numerical advantage over naive T cells resulting in improved protection in secondary responses, but also acquire distinct sets of competencies that assist in pathogen clearance. Nevertheless, inherent challenges are associated with the allocation of memory T cells to a limited number of subsets. The classification of memory T cells into Tcm, Tem, and Trm may not take into account the full extent of the heterogeneity that is observed in the memory population. Therefore, in this review, we will revisit the current classification of memory subsets, elaborate on functional and migratory properties attributed to Tcm, Tem, and Trm, and discuss how potential heterogeneity within these populations arises and persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Hayward SL, Scharer CD, Cartwright EK, Takamura S, Li ZRT, Boss JM, Kohlmeier JE. Environmental cues regulate epigenetic reprogramming of airway-resident memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:309-320. [PMID: 31953534 PMCID: PMC7044042 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are critical for cellular immunity to respiratory pathogens and reside in both the airways and the interstitium. In the present study, we found that the airway environment drove transcriptional and epigenetic changes that specifically regulated the cytolytic functions of airway TRM cells and promoted apoptosis due to amino acid starvation and activation of the integrated stress response. Comparison of airway TRM cells and splenic effector-memory T cells transferred into the airways indicated that the environment was necessary to activate these pathways, but did not induce TRM cell lineage reprogramming. Importantly, activation of the integrated stress response was reversed in airway TRM cells placed in a nutrient-rich environment. Our data defined the genetic programs of distinct lung TRM cell populations and show that local environmental cues altered airway TRM cells to limit cytolytic function and promote cell death, which ultimately leads to fewer TRM cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily K Cartwright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Zheng-Rong Tiger Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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7
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Kragten NA, Behr FM, Vieira Braga FA, Remmerswaal EBM, Wesselink TH, Oja AE, Hombrink P, Kallies A, van Lier RA, Stark R, van Gisbergen KP. Blimp-1 induces and Hobit maintains the cytotoxic mediator granzyme B in CD8 T cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1644-1662. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasja A.M. Kragten
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Felix M. Behr
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
- Dept of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Felipe A. Vieira Braga
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Ester B. M. Remmerswaal
- Dept of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Wesselink
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Anna E. Oja
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Australia
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Australia
| | - Rene A.W. van Lier
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
- Dept of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Klaas P.J.M. van Gisbergen
- Dept of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
- Dept of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Australia
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Australia
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8
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Muruganandah V, Sathkumara HD, Navarro S, Kupz A. A Systematic Review: The Role of Resident Memory T Cells in Infectious Diseases and Their Relevance for Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1574. [PMID: 30038624 PMCID: PMC6046459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resident memory T cells have emerged as key players in the immune response generated against a number of pathogens. Their ability to take residence in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues allows for the rapid deployment of secondary effector responses at the site of pathogen entry. This ability to provide enhanced regional immunity has gathered much attention, with the generation of resident memory T cells being the goal of many novel vaccines. Objectives This review aimed to systematically analyze published literature investigating the role of resident memory T cells in human infectious diseases. Known effector responses mounted by these cells are summarized and key strategies that are potentially influential in the rational design of resident memory T cell inducing vaccines have also been highlighted. Methods A Boolean search was applied to Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Studies that investigated the effector response generated by resident memory T cells and/or evaluated strategies for inducing these cells were included irrespective of published date. Studies must have utilized an established technique for identifying resident memory T cells such as T cell phenotyping. Results While over 600 publications were revealed by the search, 147 articles were eligible for inclusion. The reference lists of included articles were also screened for other eligible publications. This resulted in the inclusion of publications that studied resident memory T cells in the context of over 25 human pathogens. The vast majority of studies were conducted in mouse models and demonstrated that resident memory T cells mount protective immune responses. Conclusion Although the role resident memory T cells play in providing immunity varies depending on the pathogen and anatomical location they resided in, the evidence overall suggests that these cells are vital for the timely and optimal protection against a number of infectious diseases. The induction of resident memory T cells should be further investigated and seriously considered when designing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Harindra D Sathkumara
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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9
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Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:54-76. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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10
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Smith CJ, Quinn M, Snyder CM. CMV-Specific CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Localization: Implications for Adoptive Therapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27695453 PMCID: PMC5023669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes chronic infection and, thus, is one of the most common infectious complications of immune suppression. Adoptive transfer of HCMV-specific T cells has emerged as an effective method to reduce the risk for HCMV infection and/or reactivation by restoring immunity in transplant recipients. However, the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell response is comprised of a heterogenous mixture of subsets with distinct functions and localization, and it is not clear if current adoptive immunotherapy protocols can reconstitute the full spectrum of CD8+ T cell immunity. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the role of these T cell subsets in CMV immunity and to describe how current adoptive immunotherapy practices might affect their reconstitution in patients. The bulk of the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell population is made up of terminally differentiated effector T cells with immediate effector function and a short life span. Self-renewing memory T cells within the CMV-specific population retain the capacity to expand and differentiate upon challenge and are important for the long-term persistence of the CD8+ T cell response. Finally, mucosal organs, which are frequent sites of CMV reactivation, are primarily inhabited by tissue-resident memory T cells, which do not recirculate. Future work on adoptive transfer strategies may need to focus on striking a balance between the formation of these subsets to ensure the development of long lasting and protective immune responses that can access the organs affected by CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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11
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McMaster SR, Wilson JJ, Wang H, Kohlmeier JE. Airway-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells Provide Antigen-Specific Protection against Respiratory Virus Challenge through Rapid IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:203-9. [PMID: 26026054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8 airway resident memory T (TRM) cells are a distinctive TRM population with a high turnover rate and a unique phenotype influenced by their localization within the airways. Their role in mediating protective immunity to respiratory pathogens, although suggested by many studies, has not been directly proven. This study provides definitive evidence that airway CD8 TRM cells are sufficient to mediate protection against respiratory virus challenge. Despite being poorly cytolytic in vivo and failing to expand after encountering Ag, airway CD8 TRM cells rapidly express effector cytokines, with IFN-γ being produced most robustly. Notably, established airway CD8 TRM cells possess the ability to produce IFN-γ faster than systemic effector memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, naive mice receiving intratracheal transfer of airway CD8 TRM cells lacking the ability to produce IFN-γ were less effective at controlling pathogen load upon heterologous challenge. This direct evidence of airway CD8 TRM cell-mediated protection demonstrates the importance of these cells as a first line of defense for optimal immunity against respiratory pathogens and suggests they should be considered in the development of future cell-mediated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jarad J Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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12
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La Gruta NL, Turner SJ. T cell mediated immunity to influenza: mechanisms of viral control. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:396-402. [PMID: 25043801 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Recent findings indicate that T cell immunity is key to limiting severity of disease arising from IAV infection, particularly in instances where antibody immunity is ineffective. As such, there is a need to understand better the mechanisms that mediate effective IAV-specific cellular immunity, especially given that T cell immunity must form an integral part of any vaccine designed to elicit crossreactive immunity against existing and new strains of influenza virus. Here, we review the current understanding of cellular immunity to IAV, highlighting recent findings that demonstrate important roles for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity in protection from IAV-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Tissues such as the genital tract, skin, and lung act as barriers against invading pathogens. To protect the host, incoming microbes must be quickly and efficiently controlled by the immune system at the portal of entry. Memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system, which confers long-term protection and is the basis for efficacious vaccines. While the majority of existing vaccines rely on circulating antibody for protection, struggles to develop antibody-based vaccines against infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have underscored the need to generate memory T cells for robust antiviral control. The circulating memory T-cell population is generally divided into two subsets: effector memory (TEM ) and central memory (TCM ). These two subsets can be distinguished by their localization, as TCM home to secondary lymphoid organs and TEM circulate through non-lymphoid tissues. More recently, studies have identified a third subset, called tissue-resident memory (TRM ) cells, based on its migratory properties. This subset is found in peripheral tissues that require expression of specific chemoattractants and homing receptors for T-cell recruitment and retention, including barrier sites such as the skin and genital tract. In this review, we categorize different tissues in the body based on patterns of memory T-cell migration and tissue residency. This review also describes the rules for TRM generation and the properties that distinguish them from circulating TEM and TCM cells. Finally, based on the failure of recent T-cell-based vaccines to provide optimal protection, we also discuss the potential role of TRM cells in vaccine design against microbes that invade through the peripheral tissues and highlight new vaccination strategies that take advantage of this newly described memory T-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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14
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Opata MM, Stephens R. Early Decision: Effector and Effector Memory T Cell Differentiation in Chronic Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:190-206. [PMID: 24790593 PMCID: PMC4000274 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131126231209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As effector memory T cells (Tem) are the predominant population elicited by chronic parasitic infections,
increasing our knowledge of their function, survival and derivation, as phenotypically and functionally distinct from
central memory and effector T cells will be critical to vaccine development for these diseases. In some infections, memory
T cells maintain increased effector functions, however; this may require the presence of continued antigen, which can also
lead to T cell exhaustion. Alternatively, in the absence of antigen, only the increase in the number of memory cells
remains, without enhanced functionality as central memory. In order to understand the requirement for antigen and the
potential for longevity or protection, the derivation of each type of memory must be understood. A thorough review of the
data establishes the existence of both memory (Tmem) precursors and effector T cells (Teff) from the first hours of an
immune response. This suggests a new paradigm of Tmem differentiation distinct from the proposition that Tmem only
appear after the contraction of Teff. Several signals have been shown to be important in the generation of memory T cells,
such as the integrated strength of “signals 1-3” of antigen presentation (antigen receptor, co-stimulation, cytokines) as
perceived by each T cell clone. Given that these signals integrated at antigen presentation cells have been shown to
determine the outcome of Teff and Tmem phenotypes and numbers, this decision must be made at a very early stage. It
would appear that the overwhelming expansion of effector T cells and the inability to phenotypically distinguish memory
T cells at early time points has masked this important decision point. This does not rule out an effect of repeated
stimulation or chronic inflammatory milieu on populations generated in these early stages. Recent studies suggest that
Tmem are derived from early Teff, and we suggest that this includes Tem as well as Tcm. Therefore, we propose a
testable model for the pathway of differentiation from naïve to memory that suggests that Tem are not fully differentiated
effector cells, but derived from central memory T cells as originally suggested by Sallusto et al. in 1999, but much
debated since.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Opata
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, 300 University Avenue, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, 300 University Avenue, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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15
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Kim WD, Chi HS, Choe KH, Oh YM, Lee SD, Kim KR, Yoo KH, Ngan DA, Elliott WM, Granville DJ, Sin DD, Hogg JC. A possible role for CD8+and non-CD8+cell granzyme B in early small airway wall remodelling in centrilobular emphysema. Respirology 2013; 18:688-96. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Konkuk University Medical Center; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Chi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyeon Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine; Chungbuk National University College of Medicine; Cheongju; Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Rae Kim
- Department of Pathology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ha Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Konkuk University Medical Center; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Ngan
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research; St. Paul's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada
| | - W. Mark Elliott
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research; St. Paul's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research; St. Paul's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada
| | - Don D. Sin
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research; St. Paul's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada
| | - James C. Hogg
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research; St. Paul's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada
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16
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Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells continuously patrol skin epithelia to quickly recognize local antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19739-44. [PMID: 23150545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208927109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that following the clearance of infection a stable population of memory T cells remains present in peripheral organs and contributes to the control of secondary infections. However, little is known about how tissue-resident memory T cells behave in situ and how they encounter newly infected target cells. Here we demonstrate that antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells that remain in skin following herpes simplex virus infection show a steady-state crawling behavior in between keratinocytes. Spatially explicit simulations of the migration of these tissue-resident memory T cells indicate that the migratory dendritic behavior of these cells allows the detection of antigen-expressing target cells in physiologically relevant time frames of minutes to hours. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence for the identification of rare antigen-expressing epithelial cells by skin-patrolling memory T cells in vivo. These data demonstrate the existence of skin patrol by memory T cells and reveal the value of this patrol in the rapid detection of renewed infections at a previously infected site.
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17
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La Gruta N, Kelso A, Brown LE, Chen W, Jackson DC, Turner SJ. Role of CD8(+) T-cell immunity in influenza infection: potential use in future vaccine development. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 3:523-37. [PMID: 20477341 DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Continued circulation of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus has many people worried that an influenza pandemic is imminent. Compounding this is the realization that H5N1 vaccines based on current influenza vaccine technology (designed to generate protective antibody responses) may be suboptimal at providing protection. As a consequence, there is recent interest in vaccine strategies that elicit cellular immunity, particularly the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, in an effort to provide protection against a potential pandemic. A major issue is the lack of information about the precise role that these 'hitmen' of the immune system have in protecting against both pandemic and seasonal influenza. We need to know more about how the induction and maintenance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes after influenza infection can impact protection from further infection. The challenge is then to use this information in the design of vaccines that will protect against pandemic influenza and will help optimize CD8(+) killer T-cell responses in other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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18
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Jilek S, Schluep M, Harari A, Canales M, Lysandropoulos A, Zekeridou A, Pantaleo G, Du Pasquier RA. HLA-B7-restricted EBV-specific CD8+ T cells are dysregulated in multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4671-80. [PMID: 22461701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that the EBV-specific CD8(+) T cell response may be dysregulated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, possibly leading to a suboptimal control of this virus. To examine the CD8(+) T cell response in greater detail, we analyzed the HLA-A2-, HLA-B7-, and HLA-B8-restricted EBV- and CMV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in a high number of MS patients and control subjects using tetramers. Content in cytolytic granules, as well as cytotoxic activity, of EBV- and CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells was assessed. We found that MS patients had a lower or a higher prevalence of HLA-A2 and HLA-B7, respectively. Using HLA class I tetramers in HLA-B7(+) MS patients, there was a higher prevalence of MS patients with HLA-B*0702/EBV(RPP)-specific CD8(+) T cells ex vivo. However, the magnitude of the HLA-B*0702/EBV(RPP)-specific and HLA-B*0702/CMV(TPR)-specific CD8(+) T cell response (i.e., the percentage of tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in a study subject harboring CD8(+) T cells specific for the given epitope) was lower in MS patients. No differences were found using other tetramers. After stimulation with the HLA-B*0702/EBV(RPP) peptide, the production of IL-2, perforin, and granzyme B and the cytotoxicity of HLA-B*0702/EBV(RPP)-specific CD8(+) T cells were decreased. Altogether, our findings suggest that the HLA-B*0702-restricted viral (in particular the EBV one)-specific CD8(+) T cell response is dysregulated in MS patients. This observation is particularly interesting knowing that the HLA-B7 allele is more frequently expressed in MS patients and considering that EBV is associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Jilek
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Abstract
Our understanding of memory T cell function in mice and men is to date in large part restricted to the behavior of circulating memory T cells. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that in addition to such systemic memory T cell populations, a separate population of locally confined memory T cells is generated at former sites of antigen encounter. Here, we discuss the potential function of these long-term tissue-resident memory T cells (T(TRM)), how such local T cell memory can be maintained for prolonged periods of time, and how the induction of long-term tissue-resident memory T cells may potentially be exploited during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ariotti
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Benson JM, Wolf ML, Kajon A, Tibbetts BM, Bourdelais AJ, Baden DG, March TH. Brevetoxin inhalation alters the pulmonary response to influenza A in the male F344 rat. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:313-324. [PMID: 21240731 PMCID: PMC3444170 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.519316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrated that the number of emergency-room visits for respiratory indications increases during periods of Florida Red Tides. The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not repeated brevetoxin inhalation, as may occur during a Florida Red Tide, affects pulmonary responses to influenza A. Male F344 rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham aerosol/no influenza; (2) sham aerosol/influenza; (3) brevetoxin/no influenza; and (4) brevetoxin/influenza. Animals were exposed by nose-only inhalation to vehicle or 50 μg brevetoxin-3/m3, 2 h/d for 12 d. On d 6 of aerosol exposure, groups 2 and 4 were administered 10,000 plaque-forming units of influenza A, strain HKX-31 (H3N2), by intratracheal instillation. Subgroups were euthanized at 2, 4, and 7 d post influenza treatment. Lungs were evaluated for viral load, cytokine content, and histopathologic changes. Influenza virus was cleared from the lungs over the 7-d period; however, there was significantly more virus remaining in the group 4 lungs compared to group 2. Influenza virus significantly increased interleukins-1α and -6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in lung; brevetoxin exposure significantly enhanced the influenza-induced response. At 7 d, the severity of perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltrates was greatest in group 4. Bronchiolitis persisted, with low incidence and severity, only in group 4 at d 7. These results suggest that repeated inhalation exposure to brevetoxin may delay virus particle clearance and recovery from influenza A infection in the rat lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Benson
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108
| | - Molly L. Wolf
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108
| | - Adriana Kajon
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108
| | - Brad M. Tibbetts
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108
| | - Andrea J. Bourdelais
- Center for Marine Science Research, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409
| | - Daniel G. Baden
- Center for Marine Science Research, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409
| | - Thomas H. March
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108
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21
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Kohlmeier JE, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Miller SC, Woodland DL. Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge. Immunity 2010; 33:96-105. [PMID: 20637658 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways provide protection from secondary respiratory virus challenge by limiting early viral replication. Here, we demonstrate that although airway-resident memory CD8(+) T cells were poorly cytolytic, memory CD8(+) T cells recruited to the airways early during a recall response showed markedly enhanced cytolytic ability. This enhanced lytic activity did not require cognate antigen stimulation, but rather was dependent on STAT1 transcription factor signaling through the interferon-alpha receptor (Ifnar1), resulting in the antigen-independent expression of granzyme B protein in both murine and human virus-specific T cells. Signaling through Ifnar1 was required for the enhanced lytic activity and control of early viral replication by memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways. These findings demonstrate that innate inflammatory signals act directly on memory T cells, enabling them to rapidly destroy infected host cells once they enter infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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22
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Takamura S, Tsuji-Kawahara S, Yagita H, Akiba H, Sakamoto M, Chikaishi T, Kato M, Miyazawa M. Premature Terminal Exhaustion of Friend Virus-Specific Effector CD8+ T Cells by Rapid Induction of Multiple Inhibitory Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4696-707. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Moffat JM, Gebhardt T, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Mintern JD. Granzyme A expression reveals distinct cytolytic CTL subsets following influenza A virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1203-10. [PMID: 19404988 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CTL mediate anti-viral immunity via targeted exocytosis of cytolytic granules containing perforin and members of the granzyme (grz) serine protease family. Here, we provide the first analysis of grzA protein expression by murine anti-viral CTL. During the progression of influenza A virus infection, CTL expressed two divergent cytolytic phenotypes: grzA(-)B(+) and grzA(+)B(+). CTL lacked grzA expression during the initial rounds of antigen-driven division. High levels of grzA were expressed by influenza-specific CTL early post infection (day 6), particularly in tissues associated with the infected respiratory tract (bronchoalveolar lavage, lung). Following resolution of influenza infection, a small population of memory CTL expressed grzA. Interestingly, individual influenza A virus-derived epitope-specific CTL expressed different levels of grzA. The grzA expression hierarchy was determined to be K(b)PB1(703)=D(b)F2(62)=K(b)NS2(114)>D(b)NP(366)=D(b)PA(224) and inversely correlated with CTL magnitude. Therefore following influenza infection, a CTL cytolytic hierarchy was established relating to the different profiles of antigen expression and relative immunodominance. Analysis of CTL grzA expression during influenza virus immunity has enabled a more detailed insight into the cytolytic mechanisms of virus elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Turner SJ, La Gruta NL, Kedzierska K, Thomas PG, Doherty PC. Functional implications of T cell receptor diversity. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:286-90. [PMID: 19524428 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Naive T cells are recruited into any given host response by recognizing a spectrum of possible antigens with 'sufficient' avidity. Does selecting a more functionally diverse array give better immune control? Perhaps low avidity 'killers' that 'kiss and run' operate optimally to eliminate virus-infected targets, while high avidity 'helpers' that stay faithfully in place produce more cytokine. Recent findings indeed suggest that the selection of a broad T cell receptor repertoire is characteristic of the initial phase following antigen contact, while continued exposure leads to further cycles of division and the progressive numerical dominance of 'best-fit' clonotypes. Here, we review recent advances demonstrating a link between T cell repertoire diversity and immunity to infection, and consider the potential mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Mintern JD, Bedoui S, Davey GM, Moffat JM, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Transience of MHC Class I-restricted antigen presentation after influenza A virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6724-9. [PMID: 19346476 PMCID: PMC2672519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901128106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen expressed as MHC Class I glycoprotein (pMHCI) complexes on dendritic cells is the primary driver of CD8(+) T cell clonal expansion and differentiation. As we seek to define the molecular differences between acutely stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectors and long-lived memory T cells, it is essential that we understand the duration of in vivo pMHCI persistence. Although infectious influenza A virus is readily cleared by mammalian hosts, that does not necessarily mean that all influenza antigen is totally eliminated. An exhaustive series of carefully controlled adoptive transfer experiments using 3 different carboxy fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled T cell receptor-transgenic CTL populations and a spectrum of genetically engineered and wild-type influenza A viruses provided no evidence for pMHCI persistence over the 30-60-d interval after virus challenge. Molecular profiles identified in antigen-specific T cells at this time may thus be considered to reflect established immunologic memory and not recent CTL activation from a persistent pMHCI pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D. Mintern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Gayle M. Davey
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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26
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Woodland DL, Kohlmeier JE. Migration, maintenance and recall of memory T cells in peripheral tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:153-61. [PMID: 19240755 DOI: 10.1038/nri2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After the resolution of an immune response, antigen-specific memory T cells persist at many sites in the body. The antigen-specific memory T-cell pool includes memory T cells that preferentially reside in peripheral tissues, such as the skin, gut and lungs, where they provide a first line of defence against secondary pathogen infection. Determining how peripheral memory T cells are regulated is essential for our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and for vaccine development. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into the generation, control and recall of peripheral T-cell memory responses.
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27
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Harari A, Bellutti Enders F, Cellerai C, Bart PA, Pantaleo G. Distinct profiles of cytotoxic granules in memory CD8 T cells correlate with function, differentiation stage, and antigen exposure. J Virol 2009; 83:2862-71. [PMID: 19176626 PMCID: PMC2655574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02528-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells exert their antiviral and antitumor activity primarily through the secretion of cytotoxic granules. Degranulation activity and cytotoxic granules (perforin plus granzymes) generally define CD8 T cells with cytotoxic function. In this study, we have investigated the expression of granzyme K (GrmK) in comparison to that of GrmA, GrmB, and perforin. The expression of the cytotoxic granules was assessed in virus-specific CD8 T cells specific to influenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We observed a dichotomy between GrmK and perforin expression in virus-specific CD8 T cells. The profile in influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells was perforin(-) GrmB(-) GrmA(+/-) GrmK(+); in CMV-specific cells, it was perforin(+) GrmB(+) GrmA(+) GrmK(-/+); and in EBV- and HIV-1-specific cells, it was perforin(-/+) GrmB(+) GrmA(+) GrmK(+). On the basis of the delineation of memory and effector CD8 T cells with CD45RA and CD127, the GrmK(+) profile was associated with early-stage memory CD8 T-cell differentiation, the perforin(+) GrmB(+) GrmA(+) profile with advanced-stage differentiation, and the GrmB(+) GrmA(+) Grmk(+) profile with intermediate-stage differentiation. Furthermore, perforin and GrmB but not GrmA and GrmK correlated with cytotoxic activity. Finally, changes in antigen exposure in vitro and in vivo during primary HIV-1 infection and vaccination modulated cytotoxic granule profiles. These results advance our understanding of the relationship between distinct profiles of cytotoxic granules in memory CD8 T cells and function, differentiation stage, and antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Harari
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Gebhardt T, Wakim LM, Eidsmo L, Reading PC, Heath WR, Carbone FR. Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:524-30. [PMID: 19305395 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 849] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective immunity is dependent on long-surviving memory T cells. Various memory subsets make distinct contributions to immune protection, especially in peripheral infection. It has been suggested that T cells in nonlymphoid tissues are important during local infection, although their relationship with populations in the circulation remains poorly defined. Here we describe a unique memory T cell subset present after acute infection with herpes simplex virus that remained resident in the skin and in latently infected sensory ganglia. These T cells were in disequilibrium with the circulating lymphocyte pool and controlled new infection with this virus. Thus, these cells represent an example of tissue-resident memory T cells that can provide protective immunity at points of pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
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29
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Fewer latent herpes simplex virus type 1 and cytotoxic T cells occur in the ophthalmic division than in the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the human trigeminal ganglion and nerve. J Virol 2009; 83:3696-703. [PMID: 19211753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02464-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Following primary infection of the mouth, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) travels retrogradely along the maxillary (V2) or mandibular (V3) nerve to the trigeminal ganglion (TG), where it establishes lifelong latency. Symptomatic HSV-1 reactivations frequently manifest as herpes labialis, while ocular HSV-1 disease is rare. We investigated whether these clinical observations are mirrored by the distribution of latent HSV-1 as well as cytotoxic T-cell infiltration around the nerve cell bodies and in the nerve fibers. The three divisions of the TG were separated by using neurofilament staining and carbocyanine dye Di-I tracing and then screened by in situ hybridization for the presence of HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT). The T-cell distribution and the pattern of cytolytic molecule expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The Di-I-labeled neurons were largely confined to the nerve entry zone of the traced nerve branches. Very few Di-I-labeled neurons were found in adjacent divisions due to traversing fiber bundles. LAT was abundant in the V2 and V3 divisions of all TG but was scarce or totally absent in the ophthalmic (V1) division. CD8(+) T cells were found in all three divisions of the TG and in the respective nerves, clearly clustering in V2 and V3, which is indicative of a chronic inflammation. Only T cells surrounding neurons in the V2 and V3 ganglionic divisions expressed granzyme B. In conclusion, the large accumulation of LAT and cytotoxic T cells in the V2 and V3 but not in the V1 division of the TG reflects the sites supplied by the sensory fibers and the clinical reactivation patterns.
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30
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Jenkins MR, Mintern J, La Gruta NL, Kedzierska K, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Cell cycle-related acquisition of cytotoxic mediators defines the progressive differentiation to effector status for virus-specific CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3818-22. [PMID: 18768835 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although analysis of virus-specific CTL function at the peak of infection suggests that granzyme (grz) and perforin (pfp) gene expression is not coregulated, early differentiation events leading to acquisition of function are poorly understood. Using a combination of CFSE dilutions and single-cell RT-PCR, effector gene expression was determined early after CTL activation. There were low levels of pfp and grz expression at division 3, with increased expression by divisions 6-8. The increase in effector mRNA expression with division correlated with increasing ex vivo cytotoxicity. Of the mRNA transcripts detected at division 3, there was an increased frequency of grzB and grzK (compared with grzA or pfp), and this pattern was also observed at later divisions. The prevalence of OT-I CTL expressing grz/pfp mRNA was equivalent for the divided CD62L(high) and CD62L(low) sets, but the concentrations of grzB protein, levels of CTL activity, and the absolute amounts of grzB transcript were substantially greater for the CD62L(low) population. Thus, while effector gene expression can be acquired early, maturation of cytotoxic capacity requires extended differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Jenkins MR, Trapani JA, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Granzyme K expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes protects against influenza virus in granzyme AB-/- mice. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:341-6. [PMID: 18788942 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme (grz) AB(-/-) H2(b) mice generate numerically normal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to the prominent influenza A virus D(b) NP(366) and D(b) PA(224) epitopes and terminate the infectious process in the pneumonic lung with the same kinetics as the WT controls. Though grz B protein expression is fully compromised, there is only a partial effect on the level of CTL activity measured in a classical, short-term (51)Cr release assay. Single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of both highly activated effector and "resting" memory CD8(+) T cells from influenza A virus-infected grzAB(-/-) mice showed a high prevalence of grzK mRNA(+) expression in tetramer (tet)(+) CTLs as was found in WT mice. However, a marked reduction in cytotoxicity present in the primary splenic CTLs of grzAB(-/-) mice correlated with decreased grzK expression, as measured by real-time PCR. This suggests that grzK plays an important role in CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity both in the presence and absence of grzA and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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