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Jeong H, Grimes K, Rauwolf KK, Bruch PM, Rausch T, Hasenfeld P, Benito E, Roider T, Sabarinathan R, Porubsky D, Herbst SA, Erarslan-Uysal B, Jann JC, Marschall T, Nowak D, Bourquin JP, Kulozik AE, Dietrich S, Bornhauser B, Sanders AD, Korbel JO. Functional analysis of structural variants in single cells using Strand-seq. Nat Biotechnol 2022:10.1038/s41587-022-01551-4. [PMID: 36424487 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Somatic structural variants (SVs) are widespread in cancer, but their impact on disease evolution is understudied due to a lack of methods to directly characterize their functional consequences. We present a computational method, scNOVA, which uses Strand-seq to perform haplotype-aware integration of SV discovery and molecular phenotyping in single cells by using nucleosome occupancy to infer gene expression as a readout. Application to leukemias and cell lines identifies local effects of copy-balanced rearrangements on gene deregulation, and consequences of SVs on aberrant signaling pathways in subclones. We discovered distinct SV subclones with dysregulated Wnt signaling in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient. We further uncovered the consequences of subclonal chromothripsis in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which revealed c-Myb activation, enrichment of a primitive cell state and informed successful targeting of the subclone in cell culture, using a Notch inhibitor. By directly linking SVs to their functional effects, scNOVA enables systematic single-cell multiomic studies of structural variation in heterogeneous cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobin Jeong
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen Grimes
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, EMBL and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin K Rauwolf
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter-Martin Bruch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Hasenfeld
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Benito
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Roider
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - David Porubsky
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sophie A Herbst
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Büşra Erarslan-Uysal
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg and Hopp Children's Cancer Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann-Christoph Jann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Marschall
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Bioinformatics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Nowak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg and Hopp Children's Cancer Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ashley D Sanders
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. .,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan O Korbel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Bridging Research Division on Mechanisms of Genomic Variation and Data Science, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Oda SK, Anderson KG, Ravikumar P, Bonson P, Garcia NM, Jenkins CM, Zhuang S, Daman AW, Chiu EY, Bates BM, Greenberg PD. A Fas-4-1BB fusion protein converts a death to a pro-survival signal and enhances T cell therapy. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152059. [PMID: 32860705 PMCID: PMC7953733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) with genetically modified T cells has shown impressive results against some hematologic cancers, but efficacy in solid tumors can be limited by restrictive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). For example, Fas ligand is commonly overexpressed in TMEs and induces apoptosis in tumor-infiltrating, Fas receptor–positive lymphocytes. We engineered immunomodulatory fusion proteins (IFPs) to enhance ACT efficacy, combining an inhibitory receptor ectodomain with a costimulatory endodomain to convert negative into positive signals. We developed a Fas-4-1BB IFP that replaces the Fas intracellular tail with costimulatory 4-1BB. Fas-4-1BB IFP-engineered murine T cells exhibited increased pro-survival signaling, proliferation, antitumor function, and altered metabolism in vitro. In vivo, Fas-4-1BB ACT eradicated leukemia and significantly improved survival in the aggressive KPC pancreatic cancer model. Fas-4-1BB IFP expression also enhanced primary human T cell function in vitro. Thus, Fas-4-1BB IFP expression is a novel strategy to improve multiple T cell functions and enhance ACT against solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Oda
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristin G Anderson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Pranali Ravikumar
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrick Bonson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicolas M Garcia
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Cody M Jenkins
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Summer Zhuang
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew W Daman
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Edison Y Chiu
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Breanna M Bates
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine/Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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3
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Bhattacharyya ND, Feng CG. Regulation of T Helper Cell Fate by TCR Signal Strength. Front Immunol 2020; 11:624. [PMID: 32508803 PMCID: PMC7248325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical in orchestrating protective immune responses to cancer and an array of pathogens. The interaction between a peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells initiates T cell activation, division, and clonal expansion in secondary lymphoid organs. T cells must also integrate multiple T cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals to acquire the effector functions essential for the defense against invading microbes. In the case of T helper cell differentiation, while innate cytokines have been demonstrated to shape effector CD4+ T lymphocyte function, the contribution of TCR signaling strength to T helper cell differentiation is less understood. In this review, we summarize the signaling cascades regulated by the strength of TCR stimulation. Various mechanisms in which TCR signal strength controls T helper cell expansion and differentiation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Panneton V, Chang J, Witalis M, Li J, Suh W. Inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator: Signaling mechanisms in T follicular helper cells and beyond. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:91-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Panneton
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Mariko Witalis
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Joanna Li
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Woong‐Kyung Suh
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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5
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Wan Z, Shao X, Ji X, Dong L, Wei J, Xiong Z, Liu W, Qi H. Transmembrane domain-mediated Lck association underlies bystander and costimulatory ICOS signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 17:143-152. [PMID: 30523347 PMCID: PMC7000777 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7-family inducible costimulator (ICOS) activates phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and augments calcium mobilization triggered by the T-cell receptor (TCR). We surprisingly found that the entire cytoplasmic domain of ICOS is dispensable for its costimulation of calcium mobilization. This costimulatory function relies on the unique transmembrane domain (TMD) of ICOS, which promotes association with the tyrosine kinase Lck. TMD-enabled Lck association is also required for p85 recruitment to ICOS and subsequent PI3K activation, and Lck underlies both the bystander and costimulatory signaling activity of ICOS. TMD-replaced ICOS, even with an intact cytoplasmic domain, fails to support TFH development or GC formation in vivo. When transplanted onto a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), the ICOS TMD enhances interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting target cells. Therefore, by revealing an unexpected function of the ICOS TMD, our study offers a new perspective for the understanding and potential application of costimulation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurong Wan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Dong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Wei
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuqing Xiong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.
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6
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7
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Chen X, Ma W, Zhang T, Wu L, Qi H. Phenotypic Tfh development promoted by CXCR5-controlled re-localization and IL-6 from radiation-resistant cells. Protein Cell 2016; 6:825-32. [PMID: 26404031 PMCID: PMC4624673 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells develop is incompletely understood. We find that, upon antigen exposure in vivo, both naïve and antigen-experienced T cells sequentially upregulate CXCR5 and Bcl6 within the first 24 h, relocate to the T-B border, and give rise to phenotypic Bcl6(+)CXCR5(+) Tfh cells before the first cell division. CXCR5 upregulation is more dependent on ICOS costimulation than that of Bcl6, and early Bcl6 induction requires T-cell expression of CXCR5 and, presumably, relocation toward the follicle. This early and rapid upregulation of CXCR5 and Bcl6 depends on IL-6 produced by radiation-resistant cells. These results suggest that a Bcl6(hi)CXCR5(hi) phenotype does not automatically define a Tfh lineage but might reflect a state of antigen exposure and non-commitment to terminal effector fates and that niches in the T-B border and/or the follicle are important for optimal Bcl6 induction and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tingxin Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Longyan Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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8
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Aragoneses-Fenoll L, Montes-Casado M, Ojeda G, Acosta YY, Herranz J, Martínez S, Blanco-Aparicio C, Criado G, Pastor J, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. ETP-46321, a dual p110α/δ class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor modulates T lymphocyte activation and collagen-induced arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 106:56-69. [PMID: 26883061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential to function of normal and tumor cells, and to modulate immune responses. T lymphocytes express high levels of p110α and p110δ class IA PI3K. Whereas the functioning of PI3K p110δ in immune and autoimmune reactions is well established, the role of p110α is less well understood. Here, a novel dual p110α/δ inhibitor (ETP-46321) and highly specific p110α (A66) or p110δ (IC87114) inhibitors have been compared concerning T cell activation in vitro, as well as the effect on responses to protein antigen and collagen-induced arthritis in vivo. In vitro activation of naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 was inhibited more effectively by the p110δ inhibitor than by the p110α inhibitor as measured by cytokine secretion (IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ), T-bet expression and NFAT activation. In activated CD4(+) T cells re-stimulated through CD3 and ICOS, IC87114 inhibited Akt and Erk activation, and the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, and IFN-γ better than A66. The p110α/δ inhibitor ETP-46321, or p110α plus p110δ inhibitors also inhibited IL-21 secretion by differentiated CD4(+) T follicular (Tfh) or IL-17-producing (Th17) helper cells. In vivo, therapeutic administration of ETP-46321 significantly inhibited responses to protein antigen as well as collagen-induced arthritis, as measured by antigen-specific antibody responses, secretion of IL-10, IL-17A or IFN-γ, or clinical symptoms. Hence, p110α as well as p110δ Class IA PI3Ks are important to immune regulation; inhibition of both subunits may be an effective therapeutic approach in inflammatory autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aragoneses-Fenoll
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Montes-Casado
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Ojeda
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Y Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Herranz
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Spain
| | - C Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Spain
| | - G Criado
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), E-28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Spain
| | - U Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) and Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - P Portolés
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J M Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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van Panhuys N. TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26834747 PMCID: PMC4725058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into effector subsets underpins their ability to shape the immune response and mediate host protection. During T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4+ T cells, both the quality and quantity of specific activatory peptide/MHC ligands have been shown to control the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells in addition to co-stimulatory and cytokine-based signals. Recently, advances in two--photon microscopy and tetramer-based cell tracking methods have allowed investigators to greatly extend the study of the role of TCR signaling in effector differentiation under in vivo conditions. In this review, we consider data from recent in vivo studies analyzing the role of TCR signal strength in controlling the outcome of CD4+ T cell differentiation and discuss the role of TCR in controlling the critical nature of CD4+ T cell interactions with dendritic cells during activation. We further propose a model whereby TCR signal strength controls the temporal aspects of T-DC interactions and the implications for this in mediating the downstream signaling events, which influence the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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10
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Abstract
Antibodies are powerful defense tools against pathogens but may cause autoimmune diseases when erroneously directed toward self-antigens. Thus, antibody producing cells are carefully selected, refined, and expanded in a highly regulated microenvironment (germinal center) in the peripheral lymphoid organs. A subset of T cells termed T follicular helper cells (Tfh) play a central role in instructing B cells to form a repertoire of antibody producing cells that provide life-long supply of high affinity, pathogen-specific antibodies. Therefore, understanding how Tfh cells arise and how they facilitate B cell selection and differentiation during germinal center reaction is critical to improve vaccines and better treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, I will summarise recent findings on molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Tfh generation and function with an emphasis on T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Kyung Suh
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7,
Canada
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11
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Laky K, Evans S, Perez-Diez A, Fowlkes BJ. Notch signaling regulates antigen sensitivity of naive CD4+ T cells by tuning co-stimulation. Immunity 2015; 42:80-94. [PMID: 25607460 PMCID: PMC4314725 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses begin when naive CD4(+) T cells engage peptide+major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Notch signaling can influence effector functions in differentiated CD4(+) T helper and T regulatory cells. Whether and how ligand-induced Notch signaling influences the initial priming of CD4(+) T cells has not been addressed. We have found that Delta Like Ligand 4 (DLL4)-induced Notch signaling potentiates phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling downstream of the T cell receptor+CD28, allowing naive CD4(+) T cells to respond to lower doses of antigen. In vitro, DLL4-deficient APCs were less efficient stimulators of CD4(+) T cell activation, metabolism, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. With deletion of DLL4 from CD11c(+) APCs in vivo, these deficits translated to an impaired ability to mount an effective CD4(+)-dependent anti-tumor response. These data implicate Notch signaling as an important regulator of adaptive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Tumor Burden/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Laky
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharron Evans
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ainhoa Perez-Diez
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B J Fowlkes
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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van Panhuys N, Klauschen F, Germain RN. T-cell-receptor-dependent signal intensity dominantly controls CD4(+) T cell polarization In Vivo. Immunity 2014; 41:63-74. [PMID: 24981853 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polarization of effector CD4(+) T cells can be influenced by both antigen-specific signals and by pathogen- or adjuvant-induced cytokines, with current models attributing a dominant role to the latter. Here we have examined the relationship between these factors in shaping cell-mediated immunity by using intravital imaging of CD4(+) T cell interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) exposed to polarizing adjuvants. These studies revealed a close correspondence between strength of T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent signaling and T helper 1 (Th1) versus Th2 cell fate, with antigen concentration dominating over adjuvant in controlling T cell polarity. Consistent with this finding, at a fixed antigen concentration, adjuvants inducing Th1 cells operated by affecting DC costimulation that amplified TCR signaling. TCR signal strength controlled downstream cytokine receptor expression, linking the two components in a hierarchical fashion. These data reveal how quantitative integration of antigen display and costimulation regulates downstream checkpoints responsible for cytokine-mediated control of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Serfling E, Avots A, Klein-Hessling S, Rudolf R, Vaeth M, Berberich-Siebelt F. NFATc1/αA: The other Face of NFAT Factors in Lymphocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:16. [PMID: 22764736 PMCID: PMC3464794 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In effector T and B cells immune receptor signals induce within minutes a rise of intracellular Ca++, the activation of the phosphatase calcineurin and the translocation of NFAT transcription factors from cytosol to nucleus. In addition to this first wave of NFAT activation, in a second step the occurrence of NFATc1/αA, a short isoform of NFATc1, is strongly induced. Upon primary stimulation of lymphocytes the induction of NFATc1/αA takes place during the G1 phase of cell cycle. Due to an auto-regulatory feedback circuit high levels of NFATc1/αA are kept constant during persistent immune receptor stimulation. Contrary to NFATc2 and further NFATc proteins which dampen lymphocyte proliferation, induce anergy and enhance activation induced cell death (AICD), NFATc1/αA supports antigen-mediated proliferation and protects lymphocytes against rapid AICD. Whereas high concentrations of NFATc1/αA can also lead to apoptosis, in collaboration with NF-κB-inducing co-stimulatory signals they support the survival of mature lymphocytes in late phases after their activation. However, if dysregulated, NFATc1/αA appears to contribute to lymphoma genesis and - as we assume - to further disorders of the lymphoid system. While the molecular details of NFATc1/αA action and its contribution to lymphoid disorders have to be investigated, NFATc1/αA differs in its generation and function markedly from all the other NFAT proteins which are expressed in lymphoid cells. Therefore, it represents a prime target for causal therapies of immune disorders in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andris Avots
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Rudolf
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Berberich-Siebelt
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are the master regulators of adaptive immune responses, and many autoimmune diseases arise due to a breakdown of self-tolerance in CD4(+) T cells. Activation of CD4(+) T cells is regulated by not only the binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complexes to T-cell receptor but also costimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells. Recently, there has been progress in understanding the extracellular and intracellular mechanisms that are required for implementation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerance will lead to development of pharmacological approaches either to promote the tolerance state in terms of autoimmunity or to break tolerance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Bhattacharyya S, Deb J, Patra AK, Thuy Pham DA, Chen W, Vaeth M, Berberich-Siebelt F, Klein-Hessling S, Lamperti ED, Reifenberg K, Jellusova J, Schweizer A, Nitschke L, Leich E, Rosenwald A, Brunner C, Engelmann S, Bommhardt U, Avots A, Müller MR, Kondo E, Serfling E. NFATc1 affects mouse splenic B cell function by controlling the calcineurin--NFAT signaling network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:823-39. [PMID: 21464221 PMCID: PMC3135343 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mouse B cells lacking NFATc1 exhibit defective proliferation, survival, isotype class switching, cytokine production, and T cell help. By studying mice in which the Nfatc1 gene was inactivated in bone marrow, spleen, or germinal center B cells, we show that NFATc1 supports the proliferation and suppresses the activation-induced cell death of splenic B cells upon B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation. BCR triggering leads to expression of NFATc1/αA, a short isoform of NFATc1, in splenic B cells. NFATc1 ablation impaired Ig class switch to IgG3 induced by T cell–independent type II antigens, as well as IgG3+ plasmablast formation. Mice bearing NFATc1−/− B cells harbor twofold more interleukin 10–producing B cells. NFATc1−/− B cells suppress the synthesis of interferon-γ by T cells in vitro, and these mice exhibit a mild clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In large part, the defective functions of NFATc1−/− B cells are caused by decreased BCR-induced Ca2+ flux and calcineurin (Cn) activation. By affecting CD22, Rcan1, CnA, and NFATc1/αA expression, NFATc1 controls the Ca2+-dependent Cn–NFAT signaling network and, thereby, the fate of splenic B cells upon BCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Vitamin A-dependent transcriptional activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) is critical for the development and survival of B1 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:722-7. [PMID: 21187378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014697108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B1 cells represent a distinct subset of B cells that produce most of the natural serum IgM and much of the gut IgA and function as an important component of early immune responses to pathogens. The development of B1 cells depends on the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), a transcription factor abundantly expressed by B1 cells but not by conventional B2 cells. However, the factors that regulate the expression of NFATc1 in B1 cells remain unknown. Here we show that a vitamin A-deficient diet results in reduction of NFATc1 expression in B1 cells and almost complete loss of the B1 cell compartment. As a consequence, vitamin A-deficient mice have reduced serum IgM and are unable to mount T cell-independent antibody responses against bacterial antigens. We demonstrate that injection of all-trans retinoic acid induces the expression of NFATc1, particularly from the constitutive P2 promoter, and leads to the increase of the B1 cells. Thus, the retinoic acid-dependent pathway is critical for regulating NFATc1 expression and for maintenance of the natural memory B cell compartment.
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17
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Rolf J, Bell SE, Kovesdi D, Janas ML, Soond DR, Webb LMC, Santinelli S, Saunders T, Hebeis B, Killeen N, Okkenhaug K, Turner M. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in T cells regulates the magnitude of the germinal center reaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4042-52. [PMID: 20826752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The generation of high-affinity Abs is essential for immunity and requires collaboration between B and T cells within germinal centers (GCs). By using novel mouse models with a conditional deletion of the p110δ catalytic subunit of the PI3K pathway, we established that p110δ is required in T cells, but not in B cells, for the GC reaction. We found the formation of T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells to be critically dependent on p110δ in T cells. Furthermore, by deleting phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, which opposes p110δ in activated T cells, we found a positive correlation between increased numbers of T(FH) cells and GC B cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that T cell help is the limiting factor in the GC reaction. P110δ was not required for the expression of B cell lymphoma 6, the downregulation of CCR7, or T cell entry into primary follicles. Instead, p110δ was the critical catalytic subunit for ICOS downstream signaling and the production of key T(FH) cytokines and effector molecules. Our findings support a model in which the magnitude of the GC reaction is controlled by the activity of the PI3K pathway in T(FH) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rolf
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Rolf J, Fairfax K, Turner M. Signaling Pathways in T Follicular Helper Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6563-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Andreotti AH, Schwartzberg PL, Joseph RE, Berg LJ. T-cell signaling regulated by the Tec family kinase, Itk. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a002287. [PMID: 20519342 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinases regulate lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. In T cells, the predominant Tec kinase is Itk, which functions downstream of the T-cell receptor to regulate phospholipase C-gamma. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of Itk kinase structure and enzymatic regulation, focusing on Itk protein domain interactions and mechanisms of substrate recognition. We also discuss the role of Itk in the development of conventional versus innate T-cell lineages, including both alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell subsets. Finally, we describe the complex role of Itk signaling in effector T-cell differentiation and the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Together, these data implicate Itk as an important modulator of T-cell signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Andreotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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20
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Simpson TR, Quezada SA, Allison JP. Regulation of CD4 T cell activation and effector function by inducible costimulator (ICOS). Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Nurieva RI, Zheng S, Jin W, Chung Y, Zhang Y, Martinez GJ, Reynolds JM, Wang SL, Lin X, Sun SC, Lozano G, Dong C. The E3 ubiquitin ligase GRAIL regulates T cell tolerance and regulatory T cell function by mediating T cell receptor-CD3 degradation. Immunity 2010; 32:670-80. [PMID: 20493730 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is tightly regulated to avoid autoimmunity. Gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL, encoded by Rnf128) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase associated with T cell tolerance. Here, we generated and analyzed GRAIL-deficient mice and found they were resistant to immune tolerance induction and exhibited greater susceptibility to autoimmune diseases than wild-type mice. GRAIL-deficient naive T cells, after activation, exhibited increased proliferation and cytokine expression than controls and did not depend on costimulation for effector generation. Moreover, GRAIL-deficient regulatory T (Treg) cells displayed reduced suppressive function, associated with increased Th17 cell-related gene expression. GRAIL-deficient naive and Treg cells were less efficient in downregulating T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 expression after activation and exhibited increased NFATc1 transcription factor expression; GRAIL expression promoted CD3 ubiquitinylation. Our results indicate that GRAIL, by mediating TCR-CD3 degradation, regulates naive T cell tolerance induction and Treg cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Inducible costimulator promotes helper T-cell differentiation through phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20371-6. [PMID: 19915142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911573106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell costimulatory receptors, CD28 and the inducible costimulator (ICOS), are required for the generation of follicular B helper T cells (T(FH)) and germinal center (GC) reaction. A common signal transducer used by CD28 and ICOS is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Although it is known that CD28-mediated PI3K activation is dispensable for GC reaction, the role of ICOS-driven PI3K signaling has not been defined. We show here that knock-in mice that selectively lost the ability to activate PI3K through ICOS had severe defects in T(FH) generation, GC reaction, antibody class switch, and antibody affinity maturation. In preactivated CD4(+) T cells, ICOS delivered a potent PI3K signal that was critical for the induction of the key T(FH) cytokines, IL-21 and IL-4. Under the same settings, CD28 was unable to activate PI3K but supported a robust secondary expansion of T cells. Thus, our results demonstrate a nonredundant function of ICOS-PI3K pathway in the generation of T(FH) and suggest that CD28 and ICOS play differential roles during a multistep process of T(FH) differentiation.
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Gomez-Rodriguez et al. (2009) demonstrate that signaling via the Itk kinase, a component of the T cell receptor signaling pathway, is required for interleukin-17A but not interleukin-17F expression in T helper 17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Berg
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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24
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Yang XO, Angkasekwinai P, Zhu J, Peng J, Liu Z, Nurieva R, Liu X, Chung Y, Chang SH, Sun B, Dong C. Requirement for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Dec2 in initial TH2 lineage commitment. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:1260-6. [PMID: 19881507 PMCID: PMC2784129 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How naive CD4(+) T cells commit to the T helper type 2 (T(H)2) lineage is poorly understood. Here we show that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Dec2 was selectively expressed in T(H)2 cells. CD4(+) T cells from Dec2-deficient mice showed defective T(H)2 differentiation in vitro and in vivo in an asthma model and in response to challenge with a parasite antigen. Dec2 promoted expression of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 during early T(H)2 differentiation and directly bound to and activated transcription of genes encoding the transcription factors JunB and GATA-3. As GATA-3 induces Dec2 expression, our findings also indicate a feed-forward regulatory circuit during T(H)2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Gomez-Rodriguez J, Sahu N, Handon R, Davidson TS, Anderson SM, Kirby MR, August A, Schwartzberg PL. Differential expression of interleukin-17A and -17F is coupled to T cell receptor signaling via inducible T cell kinase. Immunity 2009; 31:587-97. [PMID: 19818650 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play major roles in autoimmunity and bacterial infections, yet how T cell receptor (TCR) signaling affects Th17 cell differentiation is relatively unknown. We demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells lacking Itk, a tyrosine kinase required for full TCR-induced phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma1) activation, exhibit decreased interleukin-17A (IL-17A) expression in vitro and in vivo, despite relatively normal expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gammaT (ROR-gammaT) and IL-17F. IL-17A expression was rescued by pharmacologically induced Ca(2+) influx or constitutively activated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Conversely, decreased TCR stimulation or calcineurin inhibition preferentially reduced IL-17A expression. We further found that the promoter of Il17a but not Il17f has a conserved NFAT binding site that bound NFATc1 in wild-type but not Itk-deficient cells, even though both exhibited open chromatin conformations. Finally, Itk(-/-) mice also showed differential regulation of IL-17A and IL-17F in vivo. Our results suggest that Itk specifically couples TCR signaling to Il17a expression and the differential regulation of Th17 cell cytokines through NFATc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Nurieva RI, Liu X, Dong C. Yin-Yang of costimulation: crucial controls of immune tolerance and function. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:88-100. [PMID: 19426216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY In addition to signals from the T-cell receptor complex, it has been recognized for many years that a 'second' signal, most notably from CD28, is also important in T-cell activation. In the recent years, many new members of CD28 family as well as the molecules that share structural homology to CD28 ligands CD80 and CD86 have been discovered. Interestingly, some of these proteins function to dampen T-cell activation and regulate the induction of T-cell tolerance. Therefore, positive and negative costimulation are the two sides of the coin to fine tune T-cell receptor signaling to determine the outcome of T-cell receptor engagement-tolerance versus function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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27
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Readinger JA, Mueller KL, Venegas AM, Horai R, Schwartzberg PL. Tec kinases regulate T-lymphocyte development and function: new insights into the roles of Itk and Rlk/Txk. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:93-114. [PMID: 19290923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Tec (tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases consists of five members: Tec, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk/Txk), and bone marrow-expressed kinase (Bmx/Etk). Although their functions are probably best understood in antigen receptor signaling, where they participate in the phosphorylation and regulation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), it is now appreciated that these kinases contribute to signaling from many receptors and that they participate in multiple downstream pathways, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In T cells, three Tec kinases are expressed, Itk, Rlk/Txk, and Tec. Itk is expressed at highest amounts and plays the major role in regulating signaling from the T-cell receptor. Recent studies provide evidence that these kinases contribute to multiple aspects of T-cell biology and have unique roles in T-cell development that have revealed new insight into the regulation of conventional and innate T-cell development. We review new findings on the Tec kinases with a focus on their roles in T-cell development and mature T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Readinger
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages. Immunity 2008; 29:138-49. [PMID: 18599325 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After activation, CD4(+) helper T (Th) cells differentiate into distinct effector subsets. Although chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5-expressing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are important in humoral immunity, their developmental regulation is unclear. Here we show that Tfh cells had a distinct gene expression profile and developed in vivo independently of the Th1 or Th2 cell lineages. Tfh cell generation was regulated by ICOS ligand (ICOSL) expressed on B cells and was dependent on interleukin-21 (IL-21), IL-6, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). However, unlike Th17 cells, differentiation of Tfh cells did not require transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) or Th17-specific orphan nuclear receptors RORalpha and RORgamma in vivo. Finally, naive T cells activated in vitro in the presence of IL-21 but not TGF-beta signaling preferentially acquired Tfh gene expression and promoted germinal-center reactions in vivo. This study thus demonstrates that Tfh is a distinct Th cell lineage.
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29
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Abstract
A typical immune response to infection by a microbe results in rapid amplification and subsequent differentiation of a few antigen-specific naïve lymphocytes into many effector lymphocytes. Upon antigen exposure, these effector T or B cells rapidly secrete large amounts of either lymphokines (cytokines produced by lymphocytes) or soluble antibodies, respectively. Although the vast majority of these effector cells die after antigen clearance, some cells survive as memory cells and give lifelong protection to the host against a second infection by the same microbe. It has been appreciated for years that memory cells respond more rapidly than do naïve lymphocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms controlling memory cells remain largely unknown. A study now shows that abundance of the transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 and c2 (NFATc1 and NFATc2) is much higher in memory (and effector) T cells than in naïve T cells. This suggests that NFATs have an important function in memory T cells but leaves open the questions of which transcription factors control interleukin-2 (IL-2) synthesis in naïve T cells and which mechanisms generate the high abundance of NFAT in memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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