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Clahsen T, Hadrian K, Notara M, Schlereth SL, Howaldt A, Prokosch V, Volatier T, Hos D, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Heindl LM, Steven P, Bosch JJ, Steinkasserer A, Rokohl AC, Liu H, Mestanoglu M, Kashkar H, Schumacher B, Kiefer F, Schulte-Merker S, Matthaei M, Hou Y, Fassbender S, Jantsch J, Zhang W, Enders P, Bachmann B, Bock F, Cursiefen C. The novel role of lymphatic vessels in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101157. [PMID: 36759312 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the eye has been considered as an organ free of lymphatic vessels. In recent years, however, it became evident, that lymphatic vessels or lymphatic-like vessels contribute to several ocular pathologies at various peri- and intraocular locations. The aim of this review is to outline the pathogenetic role of ocular lymphatics, the respective molecular mechanisms and to discuss current and future therapeutic options based thereon. We will give an overview on the vascular anatomy of the healthy ocular surface and the molecular mechanisms contributing to corneal (lymph)angiogenic privilege. In addition, we present (i) current insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms occurring during pathological neovascularization of the cornea triggered e.g. by inflammation or trauma, (ii) the role of lymphatic vessels in different ocular surface pathologies such as dry eye disease, corneal graft rejection, ocular graft versus host disease, allergy, and pterygium, (iii) the involvement of lymphatic vessels in ocular tumors and metastasis, and (iv) the novel role of the lymphatic-like structure of Schlemm's canal in glaucoma. Identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms and of novel modulators of lymphangiogenesis will contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ocular diseases associated with pathological lymphangiogenesis in the future. The preclinical data presented here outline novel therapeutic concepts for promoting transplant survival, inhibiting metastasis of ocular tumors, reducing inflammation of the ocular surface, and treating glaucoma. Initial data from clinical trials suggest first success of novel treatment strategies to promote transplant survival based on pretransplant corneal lymphangioregression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clahsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karina Hadrian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona L Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonia Howaldt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Volatier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacobus J Bosch
- Centre for Human Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Mestanoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Matthaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanhong Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sonja Fassbender
- IUF‒Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany; Immunology and Environment, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Enders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Bachmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Shannon AH, Adelman SA, Hisey EA, Potnis SS, Rozo V, Yung MW, Li JY, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM, Leonard BC. Antimicrobial Peptide Expression at the Ocular Surface and Their Therapeutic Use in the Treatment of Microbial Keratitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857735. [PMID: 35722307 PMCID: PMC9201425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a common cause of ocular pain and visual impairment worldwide. The ocular surface has a relatively paucicellular microbial community, mostly found in the conjunctiva, while the cornea would be considered relatively sterile. However, in patients with microbial keratitis, the cornea can be infected with multiple pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusarium sp. Treatment with topical antimicrobials serves as the standard of care for microbial keratitis, however, due to high rates of pathogen resistance to current antimicrobial medications, alternative therapeutic strategies must be developed. Multiple studies have characterized the expression and activity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), endogenous peptides with key antimicrobial and wound healing properties, on the ocular surface. Recent studies and clinical trials provide promise for the use of AMPs as therapeutic agents. This article reviews the repertoire of AMPs expressed at the ocular surface, how expression of these AMPs can be modulated, and the potential for harnessing the AMPs as potential therapeutics for patients with microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison H. Shannon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara A. Adelman
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin A. Hisey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sanskruti S. Potnis
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Rozo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Madeline W. Yung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Xu S, Liu X, Liu X, Shi Y, Jin X, Zhang N, Li X, Zhang H. Wedelolactone ameliorates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced inflammation and corneal injury by suppressing caspase-4/5/11/GSDMD-mediated non-canonical pyroptosis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108750. [PMID: 34481822 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis, a worldwide leading cause of corneal perforation and blindness, which is associated with contact lens usage. Increasing evidence has indicated that pyroptosis, a novel proinflammatory programmed cell death, is linked with ocular diseases, little is known about the role of noncanonical pyroptosis in microbial keratitis. Here, we first indicated the involvement of noncanonical pyroptosis in P. aeruginosa keratitis and investigated whether wedelolactone (WDL), a major active component of Eclipta prostrate known to target caspase-11, could alleviate P. aeruginosa keratitis development. We found the expression of caspase-4/5/11 and cleaved GSDMD in corneas of P. aeruginosa keratitis patients, animal models and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced primary cultured human corneal keratocytes (piHCKs) were increased. Combining ciprofloxacin with WDL significantly ameliorated the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, as manifested by decreased inflammatory responses and reduced corneal epithelial defects. Consistent with these findings, WDL also dose-dependently alleviated LPS-induced noncanonical pyroptosis by reversing the increased expression of caspase-4/5 and GSDMD in piHCKs. In summary, our results demonstrated that by targeting the activation of caspase-4/5/11, wedelolactone inhibited the development of P. aeruginosa keratitis and suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Wedelolactone may be a promising anti-inflammatory candidate to combat P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xintian Liu
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Yan Shi
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
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Tanno H, Kanno E, Sato S, Asao Y, Shimono M, Kurosaka S, Oikawa Y, Ishi S, Shoji M, Sato K, Kasamatsu J, Miyasaka T, Yamamoto H, Ishii K, Imai Y, Tachi M, Kawakami K. Contribution of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells to the Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Skin Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3931. [PMID: 33920301 PMCID: PMC8070359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections are considered one of the most severe problems in skin wounds, and bacteria are present in over 90% of chronic wounds. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently isolated from chronic wounds and is thought to be a cause of delayed wound healing. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, unique lymphocytes with a potent regulatory ability in various inflammatory responses, accelerate the wound healing process. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of iNKT cells in the host defense against P. aeruginosa inoculation at the wound sites. We analyzed the re-epithelialization, bacterial load, accumulation of leukocytes, and production of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. In iNKT cell-deficient (Jα18KO) mice, re-epithelialization was significantly decreased, and the number of live colonies was significantly increased, when compared with those in wild-type (WT) mice on day 7. IL-17A, and IL-22 production was significantly lower in Jα18KO mice than in WT mice on day 5. Furthermore, the administration of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a specific activator of iNKT cells, led to enhanced host protection, as shown by reduced bacterial load, and to increased production of IL-22, IL-23, and S100A9 compared that of with WT mice. These results suggest that iNKT cells promote P. aeruginosa clearance during skin wound healing.
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Grants
- a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (19H03918), The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (17K19710) The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (17K17393) the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (19K19494) The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Tanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (E.K.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Emi Kanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (E.K.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Suzuna Sato
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (E.K.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Yu Asao
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (E.K.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Mizuki Shimono
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (E.K.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Shiho Kurosaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.K.); (S.I.); (M.S.); (Y.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Yukari Oikawa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Shinyo Ishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.K.); (S.I.); (M.S.); (Y.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Miki Shoji
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.K.); (S.I.); (M.S.); (Y.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Ko Sato
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (K.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (K.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan;
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, 2-746 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8518, Japan;
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoshimichi Imai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.K.); (S.I.); (M.S.); (Y.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahiro Tachi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.K.); (S.I.); (M.S.); (Y.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.I.); (K.K.)
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (K.S.); (J.K.)
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5
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Rottmann BG, Singh PK, Singh S, Revankar SG, Chandrasekar PH, Kumar A. Evaluation of Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice During Candida albicans Endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:31. [PMID: 32940660 PMCID: PMC7500134 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Candida remains the leading cause of fungal endophthalmitis. However, the pathobiology and innate immune responses in this disease are not well characterized. Here, we developed two murine models of candida endophthalmitis and evaluated their disease susceptibility and differential immune response. Methods Endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice by intravitreal injection of Candida albicans (CA). Disease progression was monitored by slit-lamp examination and clinical scoring, followed by retinal function assessment using electroretinography (ERG). Enucleated eyes were used to estimate fungal burden and retinal tissue damage by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining. The level of inflammatory mediators were determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas neutrophil infiltration was assessed by flow cytometry and immunostaining. Results Intravitreal injection of CA at 6500 colony-forming units resulted in sustained (non-resolving) ocular inflammation in both B6 and BALB/c mice as evidenced by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) and chemokine (CXCL2/MIP-2). In both mouse strains, fungal burden peaked at 24 to 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and decreased by 72 to 96 hpi. CA-infected eyes exhibited increased polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) infiltration and retinal tissue damage. Overall retinal function declined rapidly, with a significant reduction in ERG response at 12 hpi and near-total loss by 24 hpi. Differential analyses revealed increased pathology in BALB/c versus B6 mice. Conclusions C. albicans was able to cause endophthalmitis in mice. Although BALB/c mice were found to be more susceptible to CA endophthalmitis, both BALB/c and B6 models could be used to study fungal endophthalmitis and test therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Rottmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sanjay G. Revankar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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6
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Zhu S, Chen Y, Lao J, Wu C, Zhan X, Wu Y, Shang Y, Zou Z, Zhou J, Ji X, Huang X, Shi X, Wu M. Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family-7 Alleviates Corneal Inflammation by Promoting M2 Polarization. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:854-865. [PMID: 32702113 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family-7 (SLAMF7) functions as an immune checkpoint molecule on macrophages in antitumor immunity. However, its role in bacterial infection remains largely unknown. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from wild-type (WT) or SLAMF7 knockout (KO) mice were infected with bacteria or treated with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ to investigate the expression and function of SLAMF7 in macrophage polarization. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis murine model was established to explore the effect of SLAMF7 on P. aeruginosa keratitis using WT vs SLAMF7 KO mice, or recombinant SLAMF7 vs phosphate-buffered saline-treated mice, respectively. RESULTS SLAMF7 expression was enhanced on M1-polarized or bacterial-infected macrophages, and infiltrating macrophages in P. aeruginosa-infected mouse corneas. SLAMF7 promoted M2 polarization by inducing STAT6 activation. In vivo data showed that SLAMF7 KO aggravated, while treatment with recombinant SLAMF7 alleviated, corneal inflammation and disease severity. In addition, blockage of M2 polarization by Arg-1 inhibitor abrogated the effect of recombinant SLAMF7 in disease progression. CONCLUSIONS SLAMF7 expression in macrophages was induced upon M1 polarization or bacterial infection and alleviated corneal inflammation and disease progression of P. aeruginosa keratitis by promoting M2 polarization. These findings may provide a potential strategy for the treatment of P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhu
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanfeng Lao
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Shang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhengyu Zou
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Zhou
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Program of Infection and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Torrens G, Barceló IM, Pérez-Gallego M, Escobar-Salom M, Tur-Gracia S, Munar-Bestard M, González-Nicolau MDM, Cabrera-Venegas YJ, Rigo-Rumbos EN, Cabot G, López-Causapé C, Rojo-Molinero E, Oliver A, Juan C. Profiling the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from acute and chronic infections to cell-wall-targeting immune proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3575. [PMID: 30837659 PMCID: PMC6401076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario of high antibiotic resistance, the search for therapeutic options against Pseudomonas aeruginosa must be approached from different perspectives: cell-wall biology as source of bacterial weak points and our immune system as source of weapons. Our recent study suggests that once the permeability barrier has been overcome, the activity of our cell-wall-targeting immune proteins is notably enhanced, more in mutants with impaired peptidoglycan recycling. The present work aims at analyzing the activity of these proteins [lysozyme and Peptidoglycan-Recognition-Proteins (PGLYRPs)], alone or with a permeabilizer (subinhibitory colistin) in clinical strains, along with other features related to the cell-wall. We compared the most relevant and complementary scenarios: acute (bacteremia) and chronic infections [early/late isolates from lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients]. Although a low activity of lysozyme/PGLYRPs per se (except punctual highly susceptible strains) was found, the colistin addition significantly increased their activity regardless of the strains’ colistin resistance levels. Our results show increased susceptibility in late CF isolates, suggesting that CF adaptation renders P. aeruginosa more vulnerable to proteins targeting the cell-wall. Thus, our work suggests that attacking some P. aeruginosa cell-wall biology-related elements to increase the activity of our innate weapons could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torrens
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Isabel M Barceló
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Marcelo Pérez-Gallego
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Maria Escobar-Salom
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Sara Tur-Gracia
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Munar-Bestard
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - María Del Mar González-Nicolau
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Yoandy José Cabrera-Venegas
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Estefany Nayarith Rigo-Rumbos
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Cabot
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carla López-Causapé
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Estrella Rojo-Molinero
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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8
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Castro J, Jefferson KK, Cerca N. Innate immune components affect growth and virulence traits of bacterial-vaginosis-associated and non-bacterial-vaginosis-associated Gardnerella vaginalis strains similarly. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5289865. [PMID: 30649289 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract contain a variety of antimicrobial components that provide the first line of defense against bacteria involved in the development of bacterial vaginosis (BV). Microbiological analysis of BV has shown Gardnerella vaginalis to be a prominent species in BV development. However, G. vaginalis colonization does not always lead to BV. Over the last decade, phenotypic and genotypic studies have demonstrated the existence of strain variants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate if the major components of the vaginal immune response, specifically lysozyme, lactoferrin and β-defensin 2, differently affected virulence traits of G. vaginalis strains isolated from healthy women or from women with BV. Gardnerella vaginalis strains were first genotyped by the clade classification system and then phenotypically characterized. Our results revealed that key differences in initial adhesion existed among the isolates but that these differences could not be predicted using the clade-genotyping approach. Importantly, we found that growth, initial adhesion and biofilm formation were strongly affected by lysozymes, but at similar levels in both groups, suggesting that the response to host immune components is not a distinguishing characteristic of isolates from women with BV versus those from healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Kimberly K Jefferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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9
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Kim D, McAlees JW, Bischoff LJ, Kaur D, Houshel LK, Gray J, Hargis J, Davis X, Dudas PL, Deshmukh H, Lewkowich IP. Combined administration of anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-17A at individually sub-therapeutic doses limits asthma-like symptoms in a mouse model of Th2/Th17 high asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:317-330. [PMID: 30353972 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that Th2 responses have the ability to antagonize Th17 responses. In mouse models of allergic asthma, blockade of Th2-effector cytokines results in elaboration of Th17 responses and associated increases in pulmonary neutrophilia. While these can be controlled by simultaneous blockade of Th17-associated effector cytokines, clinical trials of anti-IL-17/IL-17RA blocking therapies have demonstrated increased of risk of bacterial and fungal infections. Identification of minimally effective doses of cytokine-blocking therapies with the goal of reducing the potential emergence of infection-related complications is a translationally relevant goal. OBJECTIVE In the current report, we examine whether combined blockade of IL-13 and IL-17A, at individually sub-therapeutic levels, can limit the development of allergic asthma while sparing expression of IL-17A-associated anti-microbial effectors. METHODS House dust mite was given intratracheally to A/J mice. Anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-17A antibodies were administered individually, or concomitantly at sub-therapeutic doses. Airway hyper-reactivity, lung inflammation, magnitude of Th2- and Th17-associated cytokine production and expression of IL-13- and IL-17A-induced genes in the lungs was assessed. RESULTS Initial dosing studies identified sub-therapeutic levels of IL-13 and IL-17A blocking mAbs that have a limited effect on asthma parameters and do not impair responses to microbial products or infection. Subsequent studies demonstrated that combined sub-therapeutic dosing with IL-13 and IL-17A blocking mAbs resulted in significant improvement in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and expression of IL-13-induced gene expression. Importantly, these doses neither exacerbated nor inhibited production of Th17-associated cytokines, or IL-17A-associated gene expression. CONCLUSION This study suggests that combining blockade of individual Th2 and Th17 effector cytokines, even at individually sub-therapeutic levels, may be sufficient to limit disease development while preserving important anti-microbial pathways. Such a strategy may therefore have reduced potential for adverse events associated with blockade of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Kim
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jaclyn W McAlees
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lindsay J Bischoff
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Davinder Kaur
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lauren K Houshel
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jerilyn Gray
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Julie Hargis
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xenia Davis
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul L Dudas
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ian P Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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10
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Qu W, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Chen K, Liu X, Zou Z, Huang X, Wu M. Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Promotes Corneal Resistance Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Inhibiting Caspase-1-Dependent Pyroptosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1121. [PMID: 29887864 PMCID: PMC5980993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a novel cell surface receptor and functions as an immunomodulatory receptor in infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the function and regulatory mechanism of TREM2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis. We found that P. aeruginosa keratitis was more severe in Trem2−/− versus wild type C57BL/6 mice as indicated by the increased clinical scores, bacterial load, and cornea pathology. The exacerbated disease progression caused by TREM2 deficiency was associated with boosted activation of caspase-1 and subsequent pyroptosis as well as increased expression of IL-1β. In addition, blockage of pyroptosis by caspase-1 inhibitor not only recovered the severe cornea pathology developed in Trem2−/− mice but also restored the P. aeruginosa clearance suppressed by TREM2 deficiency. Our study demonstrated that TREM2 promotes host resistance against P. aeruginosa keratitis by inhibiting caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis, which provides new insights of TREM2-mediated anti-bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Qu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengyu Zou
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Wu Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Qu W, Chen K, Francisco NM, Feng L, Huang X, Wu M. Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Promote Bacterial Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Inhibiting Macrophage Autophagy through Downregulation of Early Growth Response Gene-1 and c-FOS. Front Immunol 2018; 9:211. [PMID: 29487594 PMCID: PMC5816924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-defensins 2 and 3 (BD2 and BD3) are inducible peptides present at the sites of infection, and they are well characterized for their antimicrobial activities and immune-regulatory functions. However, no study has thoroughly investigated their immunomodulatory effects on macrophage-mediated immune responses against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Here, we use THP-1 and RAW264.7 cell lines and demonstrate that BD2 and BD3 suppressed macrophage autophagy but enhanced the engulfment of PA and Zymosan bioparticles as well as the formation of phagolysosomes, using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Plate count assay showed that macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and intracellular killing of PA were promoted by BD2 and BD3. Furthermore, microarray and real-time PCR showed that the expression of two genes, early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) and c-FOS, was attenuated by BD2 and BD3. Western blot revealed that BD2 and BD3 inhibited the expression and nuclear translocation of EGR1 and c-FOS. Knockdown of EGR1 and c-FOS by siRNA transfection suppressed macrophage autophagy before and after PA infection; while overexpression of these two transcription factors enhanced autophagy but reversed the role of BD2 and BD3 on macrophage-mediated PA eradication. Together, these results demonstrate a novel immune defense activity of BD2 and BD3, which promotes clearance of PA by inhibiting macrophage autophagy through downregulation of EGR1 and c-FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Qu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ngiambudulu M Francisco
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianqiang Feng
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Mohammed I, Said DG, Dua HS. Human antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface defense. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Lin S, Koh JJ, Aung TT, Sin WLW, Lim F, Wang L, Lakshminarayanan R, Zhou L, Tan DTH, Cao D, Beuerman RW, Ren L, Liu S. Semisynthetic Flavone-Derived Antimicrobials with Therapeutic Potential against Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuimu Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ling Wendy Sin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fanghui Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke−NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke−NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald T. H. Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derong Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke−NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856 Singapore, Singapore
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke−NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Discovery of novel antimycobacterial drug therapy in biofilm of pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacterial keratitis. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:770-783. [PMID: 28662943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potential of slow-growing mycobacteria to form biofilms in human tissues contributes to the problem of establishing an effective treatment strategy. The purpose of this study was to examine new antibiotic strategies to enhance current treatment options for these infections. METHODS Sensitivities of Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 49404 and Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 35752 were evaluated for different antimicrobials singly and in combination using broth microdilution and FICI (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index) synergy screening. Anti-biofilm effects were evaluated in an 8-well chamber slide biofilm model. The efficacy of a new treatment strategy was validated using the novel neutropenic mouse keratitis model and monitored by slit-lamp microscopy, confocal microscopy, and colony forming unit measurements. RESULTS We reported the very first evidence that these organisms develop corneal biofilms by the accumulation of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and the presence of microcolonies using a novel mycobacterial neutropenic mouse keratitis model. The combination of amikacin and gatifloxacin or besifloxacin was more effective than the current gold-standard drug, amikacin, and we developed a novel treatment strategy (amikacin + gatifloxacin + DNase), the destruction of biofilm matrix component, eDNA, which increased the efficacy of the new antibiotic combination for treating mycobacterial infection in in vitro (P = 0.002) and in vivo (P = 0.001) compared to its respective control. CONCLUSION Biofilms have a role in mycobacterial keratitis leading to poor treatment outcomes in clinical practice and the use of combination therapy (amikacin + gatifloxacin + DNase) could be a useful new treatment option.
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15
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Ekanayaka SA, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Kharotia S, Hazlett LD. Glycyrrhizin Reduces HMGB1 and Bacterial Load in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5799-5809. [PMID: 27792814 PMCID: PMC5089214 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) contributes to poor disease outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. This study tests the prophylactic effect of treatment with HMGB1 inhibitors, glycyrrhizin (GLY) and its derivative, carbenoxolone (CBX), for Pseudomonas keratitis. Methods We treated C57BL/6 (B6) mice subconjunctivally with GLY or CBX, infected with a noncytotoxic clinical isolate (KEI 1025) or a cytotoxic strain (ATCC 19660) of P. aeruginosa, and injected intraperitoneally with either agent. Clinical score, photography with a slit lamp, real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, bacterial plate count, histopathology, and absorbance assays were used to assess treatment efficacy and bacteriostatic activity. Results After KEI 1025 infection, GLY treatment reduced HMGB1 (mRNA and protein levels) and improved disease outcome with significant reduction in mRNA levels of IL-1β, TLR4, CXCL2, and IL-12; protein expression (IL-1β, CXCL2); neutrophil infiltrate; and bacterial load. Treatment with GLY enhanced antimicrobial proteins, including CRAMP and mBD2, but not mBD3. Glycyrrhizin also reduced clinical scores and improved disease outcome in corneas infected with strain 19660. However, neither HMGB1 mRNA or protein levels were reduced, but rather, CXCL2 expression (mRNA and protein), neutrophil infiltrate, and bacterial load were reduced statistically. Treatment with GLY initiated 6 hours after infection reduced plate count; GLY also was bacteriostatic for KEI 1025 and ATCC 19660. Conclusions Glycyrrhizin reduces HMGB1 and is protective against P. aeruginosa-induced keratitis with a clinical isolate that is noncytotoxic. It was similar, but less effective when used after infection with a cytotoxic strain, which did not reduce HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandamali A Ekanayaka
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sharon A McClellan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ronald P Barrett
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Shikhil Kharotia
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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16
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Shen Z, Zhou Y, Qu L, Lei H. ATP serves an anti-inflammatory role by enhancing β-defensin-2 response in acute pneumonia of rat. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:649-653. [PMID: 28584636 PMCID: PMC5449963 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of ATP on the expression of rat β-defensin-2 (rBD-2) in a time-dependent manner, as well as its therapeutic value in an acute pneumonia rat model. A total of 30 rats as a treatment group and 30 as a control group were treated with the same dose of ATP and normal saline, respectively, lung tissues were isolated from rat and expression of rBD-2 mRNA was assessed with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) at 12, 24 and 36 h following treatment. Rats were divided into five groups: The control group treated with normal saline, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infected group, group treated with ATP, group treated with cephalosporins, and the group treated with both ATP and cephalosporins. At 24 h following treatment, rat serum and lung tissues were collected for assessment of histological changes, and alterations to expression of the rBD-2 protein by immunohistochemistry, expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 proteins by ELISA. RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression of rBD-2 mRNA was upregulated in response to ATP stimulation in lung tissues of rat, reaching its highest peak at 24 h. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that ATP treatment enhanced the expression of rBD-2 protein in rat lungs. Ceftazidime and ATP protected lungs from infection of PA and reduced the pathological damage of the lung. Overexpression of rBD-2 by ATP led to decreased protein expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissues and serum. ATP upregulates the expression of rBD-2 and serves an anti-inflammatory role in the acute pneumonia of a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Shen
- Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai International Medical Center, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Le Qu
- Department of Cadre, Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Han Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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Silvestrini P, Beccaria C, Pereyra EAL, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. Intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng plays an immunoprotective role in Staphylococcus aureus infection in a murine model. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:211-220. [PMID: 28505549 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunoprotective effect of Panax ginseng (Pg) extract was investigated in a mouse mastitis model. Lactating female mice were intramammarily inoculated with Pg or placebo, and then were challenged with S. aureus, while other group was inoculated with S. aureus alone. The number of bacteria recovered from mammary glands was significantly lower in Pg-treated S. aureus-infected mice (group I) compared with placebo-treated S. aureus-infected mice (group II) and S. aureus-infected mice (group III). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, IL-1α and TNF-α was influenced by treatment; being the transcript levels for all genes higher in group I compared with group II and III. Activation of NF-κB and the number of monocytes-macrophages in mammary gland tissue was significantly increased in group I compared with group II and III. Pg extract was able to trigger an adequate immune response to confront an infection demonstrating its protective effect and potential for preventing bovine intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L F Calvinho
- Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - B E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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18
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Lin S, Koh JJ, Aung TT, Lim F, Li J, Zou H, Wang L, Lakshminarayanan R, Verma C, Wang Y, Tan DTH, Cao D, Beuerman RW, Ren L, Liu S. Symmetrically Substituted Xanthone Amphiphiles Combat Gram-Positive Bacterial Resistance with Enhanced Membrane Selectivity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1362-1378. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuimu Lin
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Fanghui Lim
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Li
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30
Biopolis Street, 07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore
| | - Hanxun Zou
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Lin Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- SRP
Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chandra Verma
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30
Biopolis Street, 07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore
- School of
Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science
Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yingjun Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Donald T. H. Tan
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore
| | - Derong Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- SRP
Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Li Ren
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower
Level 6, 169856, Singapore
- SRP
Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
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19
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Methods for In Vivo/Ex Vivo Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptides in Bacterial Keratitis: siRNA Knockdown, Colony Counts, Myeloperoxidase, Immunostaining, and RT-PCR Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 28013522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6737-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential components of the innate immune response. They have direct killing ability as well as immunomodulatory functions. Here, we describe techniques to identify specific AMPs involved in the protection against microbial keratitis, a vision threatening infection of the cornea of the eye which is the most serious complication of contact lens wear. Specifically we detail the use of siRNA technology to temporarily knockdown AMP expression at the murine ocular surface in vivo and then describe ex vivo assays to determine the level of bacteria, relative number of neutrophils, and levels of cytokines, chemokines, and AMPs in infected corneas.
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20
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Roggenbuck M, Anderson D, Barfod KK, Feelisch M, Geldenhuys S, Sørensen SJ, Weeden CE, Hart PH, Gorman S. Vitamin D and allergic airway disease shape the murine lung microbiome in a sex-specific manner. Respir Res 2016; 17:116. [PMID: 27655266 PMCID: PMC5031331 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is under scrutiny as a potential regulator of the development of respiratory diseases characterised by chronic lung inflammation, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has anti-inflammatory effects; however, knowledge around the relationship between dietary vitamin D, inflammation and the microbiome in the lungs is limited. In our previous studies, we observed more inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and increased bacterial load in the lungs of vitamin D-deficient male mice with allergic airway disease, suggesting that vitamin D might modulate the lung microbiome. In the current study, we examined in more depth the effects of vitamin D deficiency initiated early in life, and subsequent supplementation with dietary vitamin D on the composition of the lung microbiome and the extent of respiratory inflammation. Methods BALB/c dams were fed a vitamin D-supplemented or -deficient diet throughout gestation and lactation, with offspring continued on this diet post-natally. Some initially deficient offspring were fed a supplemented diet from 8 weeks of age. The lungs of naïve adult male and female offspring were compared prior to the induction of allergic airway disease. In further experiments, offspring were sensitised and boosted with the experimental allergen, ovalbumin (OVA), and T helper type 2-skewing adjuvant, aluminium hydroxide, followed by a single respiratory challenge with OVA. Results In mice fed a vitamin D-containing diet throughout life, a sex difference in the lung microbial community was observed, with increased levels of an Acinetobacter operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in female lungs compared to male lungs. This effect was not observed in vitamin D-deficient mice or initially deficient mice supplemented with vitamin D from early adulthood. In addition, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely correlated with total bacterial OTUs, and Pseudomonas OTUs in the lungs. Increased levels of the antimicrobial murine ß-defensin-2 were detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of male and female mice fed a vitamin D-containing diet. The induction of OVA-induced allergic airway disease itself had a profound affect on the OTUs identified in the lung microbiome, which was accompanied by substantially more respiratory inflammation than that induced by vitamin D deficiency alone. Conclusion These data support the notion that maintaining sufficient vitamin D is necessary for optimal lung health, and that vitamin D may modulate the lung microbiome in a sex-specific fashion. Furthermore, our data suggest that the magnitude of the pro-inflammatory and microbiome-modifying effects of vitamin D deficiency were substantially less than that of allergic airway disease, and that there is an important interplay between respiratory inflammation and the lung microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roggenbuck
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | | | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clare E Weeden
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.
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21
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Phage Therapy Is Effective in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Equine Keratitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5332-9. [PMID: 27342558 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01166-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial keratitis of the horse is mainly caused by staphylococci, streptococci, and pseudomonads. Of these bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa sometimes causes rapid corneal corruption and, in some cases, blindness. Antimicrobial resistance can make treatment very difficult. Therefore, new strategies to control bacterial infection are required. A bacteriophage (phage) is a virus that specifically infects and kills bacteria. Since phage often can lyse antibiotic-resistant bacteria because the killing mechanism is different, we examined the use of phage to treat horse bacterial keratitis. We isolated Myoviridae or Podoviridae phages, which together have a broad host range. They adsorb efficiently to host bacteria; more than 80% of the ΦR18 phage were adsorbed to host cells after 30 s. In our keratitis mouse model, the administration of phage within 3 h also could kill bacteria and suppress keratitis. A phage multiplicity of infection of 100 times the host bacterial number could kill host bacteria effectively. A cocktail of two phages suppressed bacteria in the keratitis model mouse. These data demonstrated that the phages in this study could completely prevent the keratitis caused by P. aeruginosa in a keratitis mouse model. Furthermore, these results suggest that phage may be a more effective prophylaxis for horse keratitis than the current preventive use of antibiotics. Such treatment may reduce the use of antibiotics and therefore antibiotic resistance. Further studies are required to assess phage therapy as a candidate for treatment of horse keratitis. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are emerging all over the world. Bacteriophages have great potential for resolution of this problem. A bacteriophage, or phage, is a virus that infects bacteria specifically. As a novel therapeutic strategy against racehorse keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we propose the application of phages for treatment. Phages isolated in this work had in vitro effectiveness for a broad range of P. aeruginosa strains. Indeed, a great reduction of bacterial proliferation was shown in phage therapy for mouse models of P. aeruginosa keratitis. Therefore, to reduce antibiotic usage, phage therapy should be investigated and developed further.
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22
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MyD88 Mediates Instructive Signaling in Dendritic Cells and Protective Inflammatory Response during Rickettsial Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:883-93. [PMID: 26755162 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01361-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted fever group rickettsiae cause potentially life-threatening infections throughout the world. Several members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are involved in host response to rickettsiae, and yet the mechanisms by which these TLRs mediate host immunity remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we found that host susceptibility of MyD88(-/-)mice to infection with Rickettsia conorii or Rickettsia australis was significantly greater than in wild-type (WT) mice, in association with severely impaired bacterial clearance in vivo R. australis-infected MyD88(-/-)mice showed significantly lower expression levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, accompanied by significantly fewer inflammatory infiltrates of macrophages and neutrophils in infected tissues, than WT mice. The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-6, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were significantly reduced, while monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and RANTES were significantly increased in infected MyD88(-/-)mice compared to WT mice. Strikingly, R. australis infection was incapable of promoting increased expression of MHC-II(high)and production of IL-12p40 in MyD88(-/-)bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) compared to WT BMDCs, although costimulatory molecules were upregulated in both types of BMDCs. Furthermore, the secretion levels of IL-1β by Rickettsia-infected BMDCs and in the sera of infected mice were significantly reduced in MyD88(-/-)mice compared to WT controls, suggesting that in vitro and in vivo production of IL-1β is MyD88 dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that MyD88 signaling mediates instructive signals in DCs and secretion of IL-1β and type 1 immune cytokines, which may account for the protective inflammatory response during rickettsial infection.
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23
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Koh JJ, Lin S, Aung TT, Lim F, Zou H, Bai Y, Li J, Lin H, Pang LM, Koh WL, Salleh SM, Lakshminarayanan R, Zhou L, Qiu S, Pervushin K, Verma C, Tan DTH, Cao D, Liu S, Beuerman RW. Amino acid modified xanthone derivatives: novel, highly promising membrane-active antimicrobials for multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. J Med Chem 2014; 58:739-52. [PMID: 25474410 DOI: 10.1021/jm501285x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a critical global health care crisis requiring urgent action to develop more effective antibiotics. Utilizing the hydrophobic scaffold of xanthone, we identified three components that mimicked the action of an antimicrobial cationic peptide to produce membrane-targeting antimicrobials. Compounds 5c and 6, which contain a hydrophobic xanthone core, lipophilic chains, and cationic amino acids, displayed very promising antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and VRE, rapid time-kill, avoidance of antibiotic resistance, and low toxicity. The bacterial membrane selectivity of these molecules was comparable to that of several membrane-targeting antibiotics in clinical trials. 5c and 6 were effective in a mouse model of corneal infection by S. aureus and MRSA. Evidence is presented indicating that 5c and 6 target the negatively charged bacterial membrane via a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. These results suggest that 5c and 6 have significant promise for combating life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute , 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore
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Brandt CR. Peptide therapeutics for treating ocular surface infections. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:691-9. [PMID: 25250986 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens-bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites-are significant causes of blindness, particularly in developing countries. For bacterial and some viral infections a number of antimicrobial drugs are available for therapy but there are fewer available for use in treating fungal and parasitic keratitis. There are also problems with current antimicrobials, such as limited efficacy and the presence of drug-resistant microbes. Thus, there is a need to develop additional drugs. Nature has given us an example of 1 potential source of new antimicrobials: antimicrobial peptides and proteins that are either present in bodily fluids and tissues constitutively or are induced upon infection. Given the nature of peptides, topical applications are the most likely use to be successful and this is ideal for treating keratitis. Such peptides would also be active against drug-resistant pathogens and might act synergistically if used in combination therapy. Hundreds of peptides with antimicrobial properties have been isolated or synthesized but only a handful have been tested against ocular pathogens and even fewer have been tested in animal models. This review summarizes the currently available information on the use of peptides to treat keratitis, outlines some of the problems that have been identified, and discusses future studies that will be needed. Most of the peptides that have been tested have shown activity at concentrations that do not warrant further development, but 1 or 2 have promising activity raising the possibility that peptides can be developed to treat keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R Brandt
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
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25
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Shen Z, Fang L, Zhao L, Lei H. β-defensin 2 ameliorates lung injury caused by Pseudomonas infection and regulates proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rat. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13372-87. [PMID: 25079443 PMCID: PMC4159799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An important member of the defensin family, β-defensin 2, is believed to play an important role in defense against foreign pathogens. In the present study, we constructed lentiviral vectors to express and knockdown β-defensin 2 in rat lungs. The results showed that the infection of β-defensin 2 overexpression lentivirus and β-defensin 2 shRNA effectively increased and suppressed the expression of β-defensin 2 in rat lung, respectively. The overexpression of β-defensin 2 mediated by the lentiviral vector protected lung from infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but shRNA targeting β-defensin 2 aggregated the damage of lung. In addition, we also found that β-defensin 2 overexpression increased basal expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines which include IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α. Moreover, in the process of cytokine regulation, NF-κB pathway may be involved. Taken together, these data suggest that β-defensin 2 has protective effects against infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rat and plays a role in inflammatory regulation by adjusting cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Shen
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Han Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Hua X, Yuan X, Tang X, Li Z, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Human corneal epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and β-defensins in response to heat-killed Candida albicans. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 51:179-86. [PMID: 24662332 DOI: 10.1159/000357977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the innate response of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to fungus by producing antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and β-defensins. METHODS Primary HCECs were treated with heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA) at different doses (10(3)-10(6) cells/ml) for 2-48 h. The cells were subjected to total RNA extraction, reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR for mRNA expression. Cells treated for 48 h were used for immunofluorescent staining and ELISA. RESULTS Human LL-37 and β-defensins (hBDs) 1-4 were detected in normal HCECs. The mRNA expression of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 was dose-dependently induced by HKCA with their peak levels at 4 h. HKCA (10(6) cells/ml) stimulated the mRNA of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 4.33 ± 1.81, 3.75 ± 1.31, and 4.91 ± 1.09 fold, respectively, in HCECs. The stimulated production of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 by HKCA was confirmed at protein levels by immunofluorescent staining and ELISA. The protein production of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 significantly increased to 109.1 ± 18.2 pg/ml, 4.33 ± 1.67 ng/ml, and 296.9 ± 81.8 pg/ml, respectively, in culture medium of HCECs exposed to HKCA (10(6) cells/ml) compared to untreated HCECs. CONCLUSIONS HCECs produce antimicrobial peptides, LL-37, hBD2 and hBD3, in response to stimulation of HKCA, which suggests a novel innate immune mechanism of the ocular surface in defense against fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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27
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Therapeutic potential of the antimicrobial peptide OH-CATH30 for antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3144-50. [PMID: 24637683 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00095-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been evaluated in many infectious diseases. However, the topical application of AMPs for ocular bacterial infection has not been well investigated. The AMP OH-CATH30, which was identified in the king cobra, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of OH-CATH30 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Ten isolates of P. aeruginosa from individuals with keratitis were susceptible to OH-CATH30 but not to cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and levofloxacin. The microdilution checkerboard assay showed that OH-CATH30 exhibited synergistic activity with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa. Meanwhile, P. aeruginosa did not develop resistance to OH-CATH30, even after exposure at 0.5× the MIC for up to 25 subcultures. Furthermore, treatment with OH-CATH30, alone or in combination with levofloxacin, significantly improved the clinical outcomes of rabbit keratitis induced by antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa. Taken together, our data indicate that the topical application of OH-CATH30 is efficacious against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa keratitis. In addition, our study highlights the potential application of AMPs in treating ocular bacterial infections.
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Pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba are recognized by TLR4 and initiated inflammatory responses in the cornea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92375. [PMID: 24633052 PMCID: PMC3954866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoebae of the Acanthamoeba species are the causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a sight-threatening corneal infection that causes severe pain and a characteristic ring-shaped corneal infiltrate. Innate immune responses play an important role in resistance against AK. The aim of this study is to determine if Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on corneal epithelial cells are activated by Acanthamoeba, leading to initiation of inflammatory responses in the cornea. Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells constitutively expressed TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 mRNA, and A. castellanii upregulated TLR4 transcription. Expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 was unchanged when HCE cells were exposed to A. castellanii. IL-8 mRNA expression was upregulated in HCE cells exposed to A. castellanii. A. castellanii and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced significant IL-8 production by HCE cells as measured by ELISA. The percentage of total cells positive for TLR4 was higher in A. castellanii stimulated HCE cells compared to unstimulated HCE cells. A. castellanii induced upregulation of IL-8 in TLR4 expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, but not TLR3 expressing HEK-293 cells. TLR4 neutralizing antibody inhibited A. castellanii-induced IL-8 by HCE and HEK-293 cells. Clinical strains but not soil strains of Acanthamoeba activated TLR4 expression in Chinese hamster corneas in vivo and in vitro. Clinical isolates but not soil isolates of Acanthamoeba induced significant (P< 0.05) CXCL2 production in Chinese hamster corneas 3 and 7 days after infection, which coincided with increased inflammatory cells in the corneas. Results suggest that pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba activate TLR4 and induce production of CXCL2 in the Chinese hamster model of AK. TLR4 may be a potential target in the development of novel treatment strategies in Acanthamoeba and other microbial infections that activate TLR4 in corneal cells.
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Yang K, Wu M, Li M, Li D, Peng A, Nie X, Sun M, Wang J, Wu Y, Deng Q, Zhu M, Chen K, Yuan J, Huang X. miR-155 Suppresses Bacterial Clearance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa–Induced Keratitis by Targeting Rheb. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:89-98. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Meiyu Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Anping Peng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Xinxin Nie
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Qiuchan Deng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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McDermott AM. Antimicrobial compounds in tears. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:53-61. [PMID: 23880529 PMCID: PMC3844110 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The tear film coats the cornea and conjunctiva and serves several important functions. It provides lubrication, prevents drying of the ocular surface epithelia, helps provide a smooth surface for refracting light, supplies oxygen and is an important component of the innate defense system of the eye providing protection against a range of potential pathogens. This review describes both classic antimicrobial compounds found in tears such as lysozyme and some more recently identified such as members of the cationic antimicrobial peptide family and surfactant protein-D as well as potential new candidate molecules that may contribute to antimicrobial protection. As is readily evident from the literature review herein, tears, like all mucosal fluids, contain a plethora of molecules with known antimicrobial effects. That all of these are active in vivo is debatable as many are present in low concentrations, may be influenced by other tear components such as the ionic environment, and antimicrobial action may be only one of several activities ascribed to the molecule. However, there are many studies showing synergistic/additive interactions between several of the tear antimicrobials and it is highly likely that cooperativity between molecules is the primary way tears are able to afford significant antimicrobial protection to the ocular surface in vivo. In addition to effects on pathogen growth and survival some tear components prevent epithelial cell invasion and promote the epithelial expression of innate defense molecules. Given the protective role of tears a number of scenarios can be envisaged that may affect the amount and/or activity of tear antimicrobials and hence compromise tear immunity. Two such situations, dry eye disease and contact lens wear, are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M McDermott
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Road, 505 J Davis Armistead Bldg, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
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Berger EA, McClellan SA, Vistisen KS, Hazlett LD. HIF-1α is essential for effective PMN bacterial killing, antimicrobial peptide production and apoptosis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003457. [PMID: 23874197 PMCID: PMC3715414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, is a transcription factor that controls energy metabolism and angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions, and a potent regulator of innate immunity. The studies described herein examined the role of HIF-1α in disease resolution in BALB/c (resistant, cornea heals) mice after ocular infection with Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa. Furthermore, the current studies focused on the neutrophil (PMN), the predominant cell infiltrate in keratitis. Using both siRNA and an antagonist (17-DMAG), the role of HIF-1α was assessed in P. aeruginosa-infected BALB/c mice. Clinical score and slit lamp photography indicated HIF-1α inhibition exacerbated disease and corneal destruction. Real time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Greiss and MPO assays, bacterial load, intracellular killing, phagocytosis and apoptosis assays further tested the regulatory role of HIF-1α. Despite increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increased MPO levels after knocking down HIF-1α expression, in vivo studies revealed a decrease in NO production and higher bacterial load. In vitro studies using PMN provided evidence that although inhibition of HIF-1α did not affect phagocytosis, both bacterial killing and apoptosis were significantly affected, as was production of antimicrobial peptides. Overall, data provide evidence that inhibition of HIF-1α converts a normally resistant disease response to susceptible (corneal thinning and perforation) after induction of bacterial keratitis. Although this inhibition does not appear to affect PMN transmigration or phagocytosis, both in vivo and in vitro approaches indicate that the transcriptional factor is essential for effective bacterial killing, apoptosis and antimicrobial peptide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Berger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sharon A. McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kerry S. Vistisen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Linda D. Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Sun M, Zhu M, Chen K, Nie X, Deng Q, Hazlett LD, Wu Y, Li M, Wu M, Huang X. TREM-2 promotes host resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by suppressing corneal inflammation via a PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3451-62. [PMID: 23611998 PMCID: PMC3658264 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) keratitis. METHODS BALB/c mice were routinely infected with PA and evaluated at various postinfection time points for corneal expression of TREM-2, by real-time PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometry. Next, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were respectively treated with TREM-2 siRNA or agonistic anti-TREM-2 antibody, to determine the role of TREM-2 in PA keratitis. Bacterial load and neutrophil infiltration were tested by plate count and myeloperoxidase assay, respectively. Th1-/Th2-type and proinflammatory cytokine expression were tested by real-time PCR and ELISA after in vivo and in vitro silencing of TREM-2. Moreover, phosphorylated Akt levels were tested by Western blot in murine macrophages after treatment with agonistic anti-TREM-2 antibody. mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines were examined in murine macrophages after TREM-2 activation and lipopolysaccharide stimulation, following pretreatment with inhibitors for PI3K or Akt, to determine whether PI3K/Akt is required in TREM-2-mediated immune modulation. In addition, BALB/c mice were treated with wortmannin and analyzed for bacterial load and proinflammatory cytokine expression. RESULTS TREM-2 expression was elevated in the infected BALB/c corneas at 3 or 5 days postinfection. Silencing of TREM-2 accelerated disease progression by enhancing bacterial load and corneal inflammation, whereas activation of TREM-2 promoted host resistance to PA keratitis. PI3K/Akt signaling is required in the TREM-2-mediated immune modulation, and inhibition of PI3K resulted in worsened disease after PA corneal infection. CONCLUSIONS TREM-2 promoted host resistance to PA infection by suppressing corneal inflammation via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Eye Infections, Bacterial/immunology
- Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology
- Eye Infections, Bacterial/prevention & control
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunity, Innate
- Keratitis/immunology
- Keratitis/microbiology
- Keratitis/prevention & control
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pseudomonas Infections/immunology
- Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology
- Pseudomonas Infections/prevention & control
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Sun
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Nie
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuchan Deng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linda D. Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Protective role of murine β-defensins 3 and 4 and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in Fusarium solani keratitis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2669-77. [PMID: 23670560 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00179-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as β-defensins and cathelicidins, are essential components of innate and adaptive immunity owing to their extensive multifunctional activities. However, their role in fungal infection in vivo remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of murine β-defensin 3 (mBD3), mBD4, and the cathelicidin cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) in a murine model of Fusarium solani keratitis. C57BL/6 mice showed significant corneal disease 1 and 3 days after infection, which was accompanied by enhanced expression of β-defensins and CRAMP. Disease severity was significantly improved 7 days after infection, at which time AMP expression was returning to baseline. Mice deficient in mBD3 (genetic knockout), mBD4 (short interfering RNA knockdown), or CRAMP (genetic knockout) exhibited enhanced disease severity and progression, increased neutrophil recruitment, and delayed pathogen elimination compared to controls. Taken together, these data suggest a vital role for AMPs in defense against F. solani keratitis, a potentially blinding corneal disease.
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Redfern RL, Patel N, Hanlon S, Farley W, Gondo M, Pflugfelder SC, McDermott AM. Toll-like receptor expression and activation in mice with experimental dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1554-63. [PMID: 23372055 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression and/or function of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in dry eye inflammation. METHODS Experimental dry eye (EDE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice and TLR mRNA and protein expression were determined at the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. TLR agonist cocktail was applied to the ocular surface in untreated (UT), corneal scratched, and EDE mice. The corneal expression of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP; human LL-37 orthologue), and mouse beta defensin (mBD)-3 and -4 (human BD-2 orthologue) was compared. LL-37, hBD-2, TLR4, 5, and TLR9 mRNA expression was examined in patients with dysfunctional tear syndrome (DTS) via conjunctival impression cytology. Murine central corneal thickness (CCT) and inflammatory cell recruitment into the stroma was determined by in vivo imaging. RESULTS EDE upregulated TLR2-4 and 9 mRNA expression in the palpebral conjunctiva and with the exception of TLR4, a similar expression, occurred in the corneal epithelium. TLR2 and 5 were upregulated in lacrimal gland and overall, there was a corresponding change in TLR protein. EDE decreased CRAMP mRNA and protein. hBD-2 and TLR9 expression were modulated in DTS subjects. Topical TLR agonist increased inflammatory cells recruitment and CCT in mice with a cornea scratch. In EDE, TLR agonist treatment downregulated corneal mBD-4 protein caused corneal epithelial loss, and stromal ulceration resulting in decreased CCT. CONCLUSIONS DTS modulates the expression of TLR and CRAMP and topical application of TLR agonists in EDE mice resulted in corneal epithelial loss and thinning. These results suggest that TLRs are involved in DTS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Redfern
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 505 J. Davis Armistead Building, 4901Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
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Deng Q, Sun M, Yang K, Zhu M, Chen K, Yuan J, Wu M, Huang X. MRP8/14 enhances corneal susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection by amplifying inflammatory responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1227-34. [PMID: 23299480 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the role of myeloid-related protein 8 and 14 (MRP8/14) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) keratitis. METHODS MRP8/14 mRNA levels in human corneal scrapes and mouse corneas infected by PA were tested using real-time PCR. MRP8/14 protein expression in C57BL/6 (B6) corneas was confirmed using Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry. B6 mice were injected subconjunctivally with siRNA for MRP8/14, and then infected with PA. Bacterial plate counts and myeloperoxidase assays were used to determine the bacterial load and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration in infected B6 corneas. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in vivo and in vitro were examined with PCR and ELISA. In murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, phagocytosis and bacterial killing were assessed using plate count assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were tested with flow cytometry and Griess assay, respectively. RESULTS MRP8/14 expression levels were increased significantly in human corneal scrapes and B6 corneas after PA infection. Silencing of MRP8/14 in B6 corneas significantly reduced the severity of corneal disease, bacterial clearance, PMN infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after PA infection. In vitro studies demonstrated further that silencing of MRP8/14 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production, bacterial killing, and ROS production, but not phagocytosis or NO production. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated a dual role for MRP8/14 in bacterial keratitis. Although MRP8/14 promotes bacterial clearance by enhancing ROS production, it functions more importantly as an inflammatory amplifier at the ocular surface by enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, thus contributing to the corneal susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchan Deng
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Vicentini FTMDC, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Depieri LV, de Macedo Mano D, Abelha TF, Petrilli R, Bentley MVLB. Delivery systems and local administration routes for therapeutic siRNA. Pharm Res 2013; 30:915-31. [PMID: 23344907 PMCID: PMC7088712 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing number of studies proposing new and optimal delivery strategies for the efficacious silencing of gene-related diseases by the local administration of siRNAs, the present review aims to provide a broad overview of the most important and latest developments of non-viral siRNA delivery systems for local administration. Moreover, the main disease targets for the local delivery of siRNA to specific tissues or organs, including the skin, the lung, the eye, the nervous system, the digestive system and the vagina, were explored.
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Fukuda K, Ishida W, Uchiyama J, Rashel M, Kato SI, Morita T, Muraoka A, Sumi T, Matsuzaki S, Daibata M, Fukushima A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in mice: effects of topical bacteriophage KPP12 administration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47742. [PMID: 23082205 PMCID: PMC3474789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of bacteriophage (phage) KPP12 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis were investigated in mice. Morphological analysis showed that phage KPP12 is a member of the family Myoviridae, morphotype A1, and DNA sequence analysis revealed that phage KPP12 is similar to PB1-like viruses. Analysis of the phage KPP12 genome did not identify any genes related to drug resistance, pathogenicity or lysogenicity, and so phage KPP12 may be a good candidate for therapeutic. KPP12 showed a broad host range for P. aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical ophthalmic infections. Inoculation of the scarified cornea with P. aeruginosa caused severe keratitis and eventual corneal perforation. Subsequent single-dose administration of KPP12 eye-drops significantly improved disease outcome, and preserved the structural integrity and transparency of the infected cornea. KPP12 treatment resulted in the suppression of neutrophil infiltration and greatly enhanced bacterial clearance in the infected cornea. These results indicate that bacteriophage eye-drops may be a novel adjunctive or alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of infectious keratitis secondary to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
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Jiang X, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Zhang Y, Hazlett LD. Vasoactive intestinal peptide downregulates proinflammatory TLRs while upregulating anti-inflammatory TLRs in the infected cornea. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:269-78. [PMID: 22661083 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TLRs recognize microbial pathogens and trigger an immune response, but their regulation by neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), during Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection remains unexplored. Therefore, C57BL/6 (B6) mice were injected i.p. with VIP, and mRNA, protein, and immunostaining assays were performed. After VIP treatment, PCR array and real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that proinflammatory TLRs (conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase, IRAK1, TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9, and TNFR-associated factor 6) were downregulated, whereas anti-inflammatory TLRs (single Ig IL-1-related receptor [SIGIRR] and ST2) were upregulated. ELISA showed that VIP modestly downregulated phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit α but upregulated ST2 ~2-fold. SIGIRR was also upregulated, whereas TLR4 immunostaining was reduced in cornea; all confirmed the mRNA data. To determine whether VIP effects were cAMP dependent, mice were injected with small interfering RNA for type 7 adenylate cyclase (AC7), with or without VIP treatment. After silencing AC7, changes in mRNA levels of TLR1, TNFR-associated factor 6, and ST2 were seen and unchanged with addition of VIP, indicating that their regulation was cAMP dependent. In contrast, changes were seen in mRNA levels of conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase, IRAK1, 2, TLR4, 9 and SIGIRR following AC7 silencing alone; these were modified by VIP addition, indicating their cAMP independence. In vitro studies assessed the effects of VIP on TLR regulation in macrophages and Langerhans cells. VIP downregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory TLRs while upregulating anti-inflammatory TLRs in both cell types. Collectively, the data provide evidence that VIP downregulates proinflammatory TLRs and upregulates anti-inflammatory TLRs and that this regulation is both cAMP dependent and independent and involves immune cell types found in the infected cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Alexander DB, Iigo M, Yamauchi K, Suzui M, Tsuda H. Lactoferrin: an alternative view of its role in human biological fluids. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:279-306. [PMID: 22553915 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a major component of biologically important mucosal fluids and of the specific granules of neutrophils. Understanding its biological function is essential for understanding neutrophil- and mucosal-mediated immunity. In this review, we reevaluate the in vivo functions of human lactoferrin (hLF) emphasizing in vivo studies and in vitro studies performed in biologically relevant fluids. We discuss the evidence in the literature that supports (or does not support) proposed roles for hLF in mucosal immunity and in neutrophil function. We argue that the current literature supports a microbiostatic role, but not a microbicidal role, for hLF in vivo. The literature also supports a role for hLF in inhibiting colonization and infection of epithelial surfaces by microorganisms and in protecting tissues from neutrophil-mediated damage. Using this information, we briefly discuss hLF in the context of the complex biological fluids in which it is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Alexander
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Rivas-Santiago B, Cervantes-Villagrana A, Sada E, Hernández-Pando R. Expression of Beta Defensin 2 in Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Tentative Approach for Vaccine Development. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:324-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jiang X, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Berger EA, Zhang Y, Hazlett LD. VIP and growth factors in the infected cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6154-61. [PMID: 21666233 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide that downregulates proinflammatory cytokines and promotes healing in a susceptible model of P. aeruginosa keratitis. Growth factors also play a role in corneal healing and restoration of tissue homeostasis after wounding. However, whether VIP treatment modulates growth factors to promote healing in the infected cornea remains untested and is the purpose of this study. METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) mice were injected with VIP and mRNA and protein levels, and immunostaining for EGF, FGF, HGF, and VEGF-A were done. Exogenous treatment with a mixture of the growth factors also was tested and levels of cytokines, defensins, and bacterial counts were determined. RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR, immunostaining, and ELISA data demonstrated that treatment with VIP enhanced levels of EGF, FGF, and HGF during disease, and that VEGF-A, and associated angiogenic molecules also were increased by VIP. Moreover, immunohistochemical studies confirmed that both epithelial and stromal cells participated in growth factor production. Most notably, treatment with a mixture of EGF, FGF, and HGF after disease onset, prevented corneal perforation when compared with controls. This outcome was associated with downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β, and antimicrobials β-defensins 2 and 3, as well as decreased plate counts at 1 day postinfection (p.i.) (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data provide evidence that VIP treatment modulates growth factors, angiogenic molecules, and defensins in the infected cornea and that this in turn promotes healing and restoration of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Kolar SS, McDermott AM. Role of host-defence peptides in eye diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2201-13. [PMID: 21584809 PMCID: PMC3637883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The eye and its associated tissues including the lacrimal system and lids have evolved several defence mechanisms to prevent microbial invasion. Included among this armory are several host-defence peptides. These multifunctional molecules are being studied not only for their endogenous antimicrobial properties but also for their potential therapeutic effects. Here the current knowledge of host-defence peptide expression in the eye will be summarised. The role of these peptides in eye disease will be discussed with the primary focus being on infectious keratitis, inflammatory conditions including dry eye and wound healing. Finally the potential of using host-defence peptides and their mimetics/derivatives for the treatment and prevention of eye diseases is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya S. Kolar
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, 505 J Davis Armistead Bldg, Houston, TX 77204-2020 USA
| | - Alison M. McDermott
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, 505 J Davis Armistead Bldg, Houston, TX 77204-2020 USA
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TREM-1 amplifies corneal inflammation after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by modulating Toll-like receptor signaling and Th1/Th2-type immune responses. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2709-16. [PMID: 21555403 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00144-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a novel family of cell surface receptors, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) play an important role in inflammatory responses. However, the role of TREMs in the ocular immune system remains unknown. In this study, we examined the expression and function of TREM-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, one of the most common sight-threatening ocular diseases. TREM-1 was significantly increased in human corneas after P. aeruginosa infection. Consistent with TREM-1 expression at the human ocular surface, TREM-1 levels (mRNA and protein) were also elevated in the infected corneas of C57BL/6 (B6) mice at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection. To determine whether TREM-1 dictates the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis in susceptible mice, TREM-1 signaling in B6 mice was blocked with a soluble mTREM-1/Fc fusion protein. The results indicated that blockade of TREM-1 reduced the severity of corneal disease, polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, Th1/proinflammatory cytokine expression and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation but enhanced the production of Th2 cytokines, murine β-defensin 2 (mBD2), single Ig interleukin-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR), and ST2. Furthermore, we also used agonistic anti-mTREM-1 antibody to activate TREM-1 signaling in B6 mice and found that TREM-1 activation resulted in worsened disease and earlier corneal perforation in infected B6 mouse corneas and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR signaling molecules but reduced expression of mBD2, SIGIRR, and ST2. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that TREM-1 functions as an inflammatory amplifier in P. aeruginosa keratitis by modulating TLR signaling and Th1/Th2 responses.
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Phattarataratip E, Olson B, Broffitt B, Qian F, Brogden KA, Drake DR, Levy SM, Banas JA. Streptococcus mutans strains recovered from caries-active or caries-free individuals differ in sensitivity to host antimicrobial peptides. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:187-99. [PMID: 21545696 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the repertoire of host innate immune defenses. In the oral cavity, several AMPs are present in saliva and have antimicrobial activities against oral bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, a primary etiological agent of dental caries. In this study, we hypothesized that unique S. mutans strains, as determined by DNA fingerprinting from sixty 13-year-old subjects with or without experience of caries, would have different susceptibilities to α-defensins-1-3 (HNP-1-3), β-defensins-2-3 (HBD-2-3) and LL-37. The salivary levels of these peptides in subjects were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found that S. mutans strains from children with active caries showed greater resistance to salivary HNP-1-2, HBD-2-3 and LL-37 at varying concentrations than those from caries-free subjects. In addition, combinations of these peptides increased their antimicrobial activity against S. mutans either additively or synergistically. The salivary levels of these peptides were highly variable among subjects with no correlation to host caries experience. However, the levels of a number of these peptides in saliva appeared to be positively correlated within an individual. Our findings suggest that the relative ability of S. mutans to resist host salivary AMPs may be considered a potential virulence factor for this species such that S. mutans strains that are more resistant to these peptides may have an ecological advantage to preferentially colonize within dental plaque and increase the risk of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Phattarataratip
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Animal models of bacterial keratitis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:680642. [PMID: 21274270 PMCID: PMC3022227 DOI: 10.1155/2011/680642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis is a disease of the cornea characterized by pain, redness, inflammation, and opacity. Common causes of this disease are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Animal models of keratitis have been used to elucidate both the bacterial factors and the host inflammatory response involved in the disease. Reviewed herein are animal models of bacterial keratitis and some of the key findings in the last several decades.
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Redfern RL, Reins RY, McDermott AM. Toll-like receptor activation modulates antimicrobial peptide expression by ocular surface cells. Exp Eye Res 2010; 92:209-20. [PMID: 21195713 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the ocular surface to respond to pathogens is in part attributed to toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize conserved motifs on various microbes. This study examines TLR expression on various ocular surface cells, if TLR agonists can modulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), human beta defensins (hBD) and cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) which maybe functionally active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and if TLR agonists or AMPs can modulate TLR mRNA expression. TLR1-10 mRNA expression was examined in corneal epithelial, corneal stromal cells and conjunctival epithelial cells by RT-PCR. To confirm protein expression flow cytometry or immunostaining was performed for selected TLRs on some cell cultures. Ocular surface cells were cultured with a range of TLR agonists and then hBD-1, 2, 3, or hCAP-18 mRNA and protein expression was determined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. In some experiments, cells were cultured with a cocktail of agonists for TLR3, 5 and 6/2 and the antimicrobial activity of the culture media was tested against PA. TLR mRNA expression was also examined in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) treated with either 3 μg/ml of hBD-2, 5 μg/ml of LL-37 or TLR4, 5 and 9 agonists. Overall, the ocular surface cells expressed mRNA for most of the TLRs but some differences were found. TLR2 was not detected in corneal fibroblasts, TLR4 was not detected in primary cultured or freshly isolated HCEC, TLR5 was not detected in conjunctival epithelial cells (IOBA-NHC) and corneal fibroblasts, TLR7 was not detected in freshly isolated HCEC and TLR10 was not detected in HCEC and IOBA-NHC. TLR8 mRNA was not expressed by any of the samples tested. Immunostaining of cadaver corneas revealed TLR5 and 9 expression throughout the cornea while TLR3 was significantly expressed only in the epithelium. Flow cytometry and immunostaining revealed cultured fibroblasts expressed TLR9 but had no significant TLR3 expression. hBD-2 expression was upregulated by TLR1/2, 3, 4, 5 and 6/2 agonists depending on the cell type, whereas only the TLR3 agonist upregulated the expression of hCAP-18 in primary HCEC. The combination of TLR3, 5 and 6/2 agonists in primary HCEC, upregulated hBD-2 and hCAP-18 mRNA and peptide expression and secretion into the culture media, which significantly killed PA. This antimicrobial activity was primarily attributed to LL-37. TLR agonists did not modulate TLR expression itself, however, LL-37 or hBD-2 downregulated TLR5, 7 and/or 9 mRNA depending on the cell type. TLRs are expressed on the ocular surface and TLR agonists trigger the production of LL-37 and hBD-2, with LL-37 being particularly important for protecting the ocular surface against PA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Redfern
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, 505 J. Davis Armistead Building, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA
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Wu MH, Zhang P, Huang X. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:385-93. [PMID: 21136206 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or -independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Sun Y, Karmakar M, Roy S, Ramadan RT, Williams SR, Howell S, Shive CL, Han Y, Stopford CM, Rietsch A, Pearlman E. TLR4 and TLR5 on corneal macrophages regulate Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis by signaling through MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4272-83. [PMID: 20826748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of blindness and visual impairment in the United States and worldwide. Using a murine model of keratitis in which abraded corneas are infected with P. aeruginosa parent and ΔfliC (aflagellar) strains 19660 and PAO1, we found that F4/80(+) macrophages were the predominant cell type in the cornea expressing TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. Depletion of macrophages and dendritic cells using transgenic Mafia mice, in which Fas ligand is selectively activated in these cells, resulted in diminished cytokine production and cellular infiltration to the corneal stroma and unimpaired bacterial growth. TLR4(-/-) mice showed a similar phenotype postinfection with ΔfliC strains, whereas TLR4/5(-/-) mice were susceptible to corneal infection with parent strains. Bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with ΔfliC bacteria induced Toll/IL-1R intracellular domain (TIR)-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 in addition to TIR-containing adaptor protein/MyD88-dependent phosphorylation of IκB and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NFκB. Furthermore, TRIF(-/-) mice showed a similar phenotype as TLR4(-/-) mice in regulating only ΔfliC bacteria, whereas MyD88(-/-) mice were unable to clear parent or ΔfliC bacteria. Finally, IL-1R1(-/-) and IL-1α/β(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to infection. Taken together, these findings indicate that P. aeruginosa activates TLR4/5 on resident corneal macrophages, which signal through TRIF and TIR-containing adaptor protein/MyD88 pathways, leading to NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, transcription of CXCL1 and other CXC chemokines, recruitment of neutrophils to the corneal stroma, and subsequent bacterial killing and tissue damage. IL-1α and IL-1β are also produced, which activate an IL-1R1/MyD88-positive feedback loop in macrophages and IL-1R on other resident cells in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hazlett L, Wu M. Defensins in innate immunity. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:175-88. [PMID: 20730446 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against many common microorganisms, which can initiate adaptive immune responses to provide increased protection against subsequent re-infection by the same pathogen. As a major family of antimicrobial peptides, defensins are widely expressed in a variety of epithelial cells and sometimes in leukocytes, playing an important role in the innate immune system due to their antimicrobial, chemotactic and regulatory activities. This review introduces their structure, classification, distribution, synthesis, and focuses on their biological activities and mechanisms, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of defensins in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including bacterial ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hazlett
- Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Hu Q, Zuo P, Shao B, Yang S, Xu G, Lan F, Lu X, Xiong W, Xu Y, Xiong S. Administration of nonviral gene vector encoding rat beta-defensin-2 ameliorates chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in rats. J Gene Med 2010; 12:276-86. [PMID: 20131335 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-defensin-2 (BD-2) plays an important role in host defense against pathogenic microbe challenge by its direct antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory functions. The present study aimed to determine whether genetic up-regulation of rat BD-2 (rBD-2) could ameliorate chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in rats. METHODS Plasmid-encoding rBD-2 was delivered to lungs in vivo using linear polyethylenimine at 48 h before challenging with seaweed alginate beads containing P. aeruginosa. Macroscopic and histopathological changes of the lungs, bacterial loads, inflammatory infiltration, and the levels of cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, kertinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2)] were measured at 3 and 7 days post-infection (p.i.). RESULTS The overexpression of rBD-2 resulted in a significant increase in animal survival rate (at 3 days p.i.), a significant decrease in bacterial loads in the lungs (at 3 and 7 days p.i.), and significantly milder lung pathology. In addition, the overexpression of rBD-2 led to increased infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), and elevated protein expression of cytokines/chemokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, KC and MIP-2) at the early stage of infection (at 3 days p.i.), at the same time as being dramatically decreased at the later stage of infection (at 7 days p.i.). CONCLUSIONS Genetic up-regulation of rBD-2 increased animal survival rate, and reduced bacterial loads in lungs after bacterial infection. The overexpression of rBD-2 also modulated the production of several cytokines/chemokines and increased PMN recruitment at the early stage of infection. Our findings indicate that the enhancement of BD-2 may be an efficacious intervention for chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjie Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, China
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