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Ravalli S, Roggio F, Magrì B, Lauretta G, Broggi G, Caltabiano R, Vecchio GM, Magro G, Loreto C, Castorina A, Musumeci G. Immunohistochemical evaluation of autotaxin and lubricin in mild osteoarthritic rat model performing moderate physical activity. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moura C, Trindade D, Vieira M, Francisco L, Ângelo DF, Alves N. Multi-Material Implants for Temporomandibular Joint Disc Repair: Tailored Additive Manufacturing Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:342. [PMID: 32373604 PMCID: PMC7186357 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect a substantial percentage of the population, and the resources spent on their treatment are considerable. Despite the worldwide efforts around Tissue Engineering of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, a proper implant offering a long-term solution for TMD was not yet developed. To contribute to these efforts, this work is focused on the research and development of implants for TMJ disc regeneration. Scaffolds and hydrogels mimicking the TMJ disc of black Merino sheep were produced using different materials, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and as a multi-material structure. Different parameters of the scaffold manufacturing were assessed: the influence of processing temperatures, filament diameter, and biological environment. Moreover, two multi-material approaches were also assessed, scaffold with a hydrogel shell and scaffold with a hydrogel core. It was found that increasing temperature, the scaffolds' porosity decreases, increasing their compressive modulus. Decreasing the filament size (300 to 200 μm) decreases the compressive modulus to almost half of the initial value. Scaffolds with 200 μm filaments are the ones with a closer modulus to the native disc and their properties are maintained under hydrated conditions. The introduction of a hydrogel core in these scaffolds presented better mechanical properties to TMJ disc substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Moura
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Daniela Trindade
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Milena Vieira
- ESTG – School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- SEG-CEMMPRE – Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Francisco
- ESTG – School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - David Faustino Ângelo
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Português da Face, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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Angayarkanni SA, Kampf N, Klein J. Surface Interactions between Boundary Layers of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Liposome Complexes: Lubrication, Bridging, and Selective Ligation †. Langmuir 2019; 35:15469-15480. [PMID: 31348857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, is widely exploited in biomedical applications, while phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids (in the form of bilayers or liposomes) have been identified as very efficient boundary lubricants in aqueous media. Here we examine, using a surface force balance (SFB), the interactions between surface-adsorbed layers of PEO complexed with small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs, i.e. liposomes) or with bilayers of PC lipids, both well below and a little above their main gel-to-liquid phase-transition temperatures TM. The morphology of PEO layers (adsorbed onto mica), to which liposomes were added, was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Our results reveal that the PC lipids could attach to the PEO either as vesicles or as bilayers, depending on whether they were above or below TM. Under water (no added salt), excellent lubrication, with friction coefficients down to 10-3-10-4, up to contact stresses of 6.5 MPa (comparable to those in the major joints) was observed between two surfaces bearing such PEO-PC complexes. At 0.1 M KNO3 salt concentration (comparable to physiological salt levels), the friction between such surfaces was considerably higher, attributed to bridging by the polymer chains. Remarkably, such bridging could be suppressed and the friction could be restored to its previous low value if the KNO3 was replaced with NaNO3, as a result of the different PEO-mica ligation properties of Na+ compared to those of K+. Our results provide insight into the properties of PEO-PC complexes in potential applications, and large interfacial effects that can result from the seemingly innocuous replacement of K+ by Na+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Angayarkanni
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Nir Kampf
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Jacob Klein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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Szychlinska MA, D'Amora U, Ravalli S, Ambrosio L, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Functional Biomolecule Delivery Systems and Bioengineering in Cartilage Regeneration. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:32-46. [PMID: 30727886 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190206202048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease which involves articular cartilage, and leads to total joint disability in the advanced stages. Due to its avascular and aneural nature, damaged cartilage cannot regenerate itself. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering represent a promising route in OA therapy, in which cooperation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds contribute to cartilage regeneration. However, this approach still presents some limits such as poor mechanical properties of the engineered cartilage. The natural dynamic environment of the tissue repair process involves a collaboration of several signals expressed in the biological system in response to injury. For this reason, tissue engineering involving exogenous "influencers" such as mechanostimulation and functional biomolecule delivery systems (BDS), represent a promising innovative approach to improve the regeneration process. BDS provide a controlled release of biomolecules able to interact between them and with the injured tissue. Nano-dimensional BDS is the future hope for the design of personalized scaffolds, able to overcome the delivery problems. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an attractive alternative to BDS, due to their innate targeting abilities, immunomodulatory potential and biocompatibility. Future advances in cartilage regeneration should focus on multidisciplinary strategies such as modular assembly strategies, EVs, nanotechnology, 3D biomaterials, BDS, mechanobiology aimed at constructing the functional scaffolds for actively targeted biomolecule delivery. The aim of this review is to run through the different approaches adopted for cartilage regeneration, with a special focus on biomaterials, BDS and EVs explored in terms of their delivery potential, healing capabilities and mechanical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Ugo D'Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, V.le J.F. Kennedy, 54, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, V.le J.F. Kennedy, 54, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia no. 87, Catania, Italy
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Liu C, Li T, Yang Z, Liu D, Li Y, Zhou Z, Zhang Q. Kartogenin Enhanced Chondrogenesis in Cocultures of Chondrocytes and Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:990-1000. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Deshuai Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyou Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiqing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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Abstract
Background Lubricin is chondrocyte-secreted glycoprotein that primarily conducts boundary lubrication between joint surfaces. Besides its cytoprotective function and extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment, lubricin is recommended as a novel biotherapeutic protein that restore functional articular cartilage. Likewise, malfunction of lubrication in damaged articular cartilage caused by complex and multifaceted matter is a major concern in the field of cartilage tissue engineering. Main body Although a noticeable progress has been made toward cartilage tissue regeneration through numerous approaches such as autologous chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral grafts, and microfracture technique, the functionality of engineered cartilage is a challenge for complete reconstruction of cartilage. Thus, delicate modulation of lubricin along with cell/scaffold application will expand the research on cartilage tissue engineering. Conclusion In this review, we will discuss the empirical analysis of lubricin from fundamental interpretation to the practical design of gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsup Lee
- 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea.,2Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 152-742 Republic of Korea.,3N-Bio/BioMAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 152-742 Republic of Korea
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Ma SN, Xie ZG, Guo Y, Yu JN, Lu J, Zhang W, Wang LJ, Xu J, Zhao RL, Zhou S, Guo CQ. Effect of Acupotomy on FAK-PI3K Signaling Pathways in KOA Rabbit Articular Cartilages. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 2017:4535326. [PMID: 29234400 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4535326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective By observing the needle-knife of KOA rabbit morphology, knee joint cartilage p-FAK, p-PI3K, Aggrecan gene, and protein expression, to study the effect of needle-knife to promote cartilage cell synthesis metabolism mechanism. Method 49 male New Zealand rabbits, randomly divided into normal group (Z), model group (M), model-inhibitors (MP), needle-knife group (D), needle-knife inhibitors group (DP), electroacupuncture group (E), and electroacupuncture inhibitors (EP). RT-PCR and Western Blot were used to test each animal cartilage p-FAK, p-PI3K, and Aggrecan gene and protein expression level. Results Compared with N group, p-FAK and p-PI3K protein and mRNA expression of M group, D group, and E group increased (P < 0.05), while the protein and mRNA expression of Aggrecan reduced (P < 0.05). Compared with M group, p-FAK, p-PI3K, Aggrecan protein, and mRNA of E and D group increased (P < 0.05). Compared with E group, p-FAK, p-PI3K, Aggrecan protein, and mRNA expression of D group increased (P < 0.05); after adding inhibitors, p-FAK, p-PI3K, Aggrecan protein, and mRNA expression reduced (P < 0.05). Conclusion Needle-knife therapy can promote the repairment of cartilage cells by activating FAK-PI3K signaling pathways, promoting the synthesis of cartilage cell metabolism.
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Chen Y, Huang J, Tang C, Chen X, Yin Z, Heng BC, Chen W, Shen W. Small molecule therapeutics for inflammation-associated chronic musculoskeletal degenerative diseases: Past, present and future. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:1-9. [PMID: 28739444 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-associated chronic musculoskeletal degenerative diseases (ICMDDs) like osteoarthritis and tendinopathy often results in morbidity and disability, with consequent heavy socio-economic burden. Current available therapies such as NSAIDs and glucocorticoid are palliative rather than disease-modifying. Insufficient systematic research data on disease molecular mechanism also makes it difficult to exploit valid therapeutic targets. Small molecules are designed to act on specific signaling pathways and/or mechanisms of cellular physiology and function, and have gradually shown potential for treating ICMDDs. In this review, we would examine and analyze recent developments in small molecule drugs for ICMDDs, suggest possible feasible improvements in treatment modalities, and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310009, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang Univerisity, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310009, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang Univerisity, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqi Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310009, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang Univerisity, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Weishan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310009, China; Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang Univerisity, China.
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310009, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang Univerisity, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310000, China; China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
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Szychlinska MA, Castrogiovanni P, Nsir H, Di Rosa M, Guglielmino C, Parenti R, Calabrese G, Pricoco E, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Imbesi R, Mobasheri A, Musumeci G. Engineered cartilage regeneration from adipose tissue derived-mesenchymal stem cells: A morphomolecular study on osteoblast, chondrocyte and apoptosis evaluation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:222-235. [PMID: 28529106 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The poor self-repair capacity of cartilage tissue in degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), has prompted the development of a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as cellular therapies and tissue engineering based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study is to demonstrate, for the first time, that the chondrocytes differentiated from rat adipose tissue derived-MSCs (AMSCs), are able to constitute a morphologically and biochemically healthy hyaline cartilage after 6 weeks of culture on a Collagen Cell Carrier (CCC) scaffold. In this study we evaluated the expression of some osteoblasts (Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteocalcin), chondrocytes (collagen I, II and lubricin) and apoptosis (caspase-3) biomarkers in undifferentiated AMSCs, differentiated AMSCs in chondrocytes cultured in monolayer and AMSCs-derived chondrocytes seeded on CCC scaffolds, by different techniques such as immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Western blot and gene expression analyses. Our results showed the increased expression of collagen II and lubricin in AMSCs-derived chondrocytes cultured on CCC scaffolds, whereas the expression of collagen I, RUNX2, osteocalcin and caspase-3 resulted decreased, when compared to the controls. In conclusion, this innovative basic study could be a possible key for future therapeutic strategies for articular cartilage restoration through the use of CCC scaffolds, to reduce the morbidity from acute cartilage injuries and degenerative joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Houda Nsir
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Olive Tree, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedreya, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Guglielmino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pricoco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Anatomic Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Anatomic Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Anatomic Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, The APPROACH Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Consortium, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Health, Institut des Etudes Universitaries, UniPoliSI, Veyras, Switzerland.
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Leonardi R, Perrotta RE, Almeida LE, Loreto C, Musumeci G. Lubricin in synovial fluid of mild and severe temporomandibular joint internal derangements. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21:e793-e799. [PMID: 27694778 PMCID: PMC5116123 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the molecular basis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies, we aimed to investigate the lubricin levels in the TMJ synovial fluid (SF) of patients with mild to severe internal derangements (IDs). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total, 34 joints were the study group. Only patients, with a Wilkes stage of III, IV and V were included, in this sample. Control group consisted of SF from eight joints, from patients undergoing to orthognatic surgery. Concentrations of lubricin in the SF from both samples were measured using ELISA system. RESULTS The mean lubricin concentration was 7.029 ± 0.21 µg/mL in stage III patients; 5.64 ± 0.10 µg/mL in stage IV patients, and 4.78 ± 0.11 µg/mL in stage V patients. The lubricin levels from stage IV and stage V patients differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) from those of control subjects. Lubricin levels were inversely correlated with age and to VAS score. CONCLUSIONS The results of this cross-sectional study highlight the relationship between disease severity and the levels of lubricin in TMJ SF. Our findings suggest that novel biotherapeutic approaches, including the administration of recombinant lubricin in the joint cavity, for the treatment of TMJ diseases can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leonardi
- University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95131, Catania, Italy,
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Szychlinska MA, Leonardi R, Al-Qahtani M, Mobasheri A, Musumeci G. Altered joint tribology in osteoarthritis: Reduced lubricin synthesis due to the inflammatory process. New horizons for therapeutic approaches. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 59:149-156. [PMID: 27118399 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease. This review aimed to consolidate the current evidence that implicates the inflammatory process in the attenuation of synovial lubrication and joint tissue homeostasis in OA. Moreover, with these findings, we propose some evidence for novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and/or treating this complex disorder. The studies reviewed support that inflammatory mediators participate in the onset and progression of OA after joint injury. The flow of pro-inflammatory cytokines following an acute injury seems to be directly associated with altered lubricating ability in the joint tissue. The latter is associated with reduced level of lubricin, one of the major joint lubricants. Future research should focus on the development of new therapies that attenuate the inflammatory process and restore lubricin synthesis and function. This approach could support joint tribology and synovial lubrication leading to improved joint function and pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - R Leonardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Section of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Mobasheri
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, The APPROACH Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Consortium, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - G Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Szychlinska MA, Trovato FM, Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera L, Puzzo L, Leonardi R, Castrogiovanni P, Musumeci G. Co-Expression and Co-Localization of Cartilage Glycoproteins CHI3L1 and Lubricin in Osteoarthritic Cartilage: Morphological, Immunohistochemical and Gene Expression Profiles. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:359. [PMID: 26978347 PMCID: PMC4813220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common human arthritis characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage. Several studies reported that levels of human cartilage glycoprotein chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) are known as a potential marker for the activation of chondrocytes and the progression of Osteoarthritis (OA), whereas lubricin appears to be chondroprotective. The aim of this study was to investigate the co-expression and co-localization of CHI3L1 and lubricin in normal and osteoarthritic rat articular cartilage to correlate their modified expression to a specific grade of OA. Samples of normal and osteoarthritic rat articular cartilage were analyzed by the Kellgren–Lawrence OA severity scores, the Kraus’ modified Mankin score and the Histopathology Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) system for histomorphometric evaluations, and through CHI3L1 and lubricin gene expression, immunohistochemistry and double immuno-staining analysis. The immunoexpression and the mRNA levels of lubricin increased in normal cartilage and decreased in OA cartilage (normal vs. OA, p < 0.01). By contrast, the immunoexpression and the mRNA levels of CHI3L1 increased in OA cartilage and decreased in normal cartilage (normal vs. OA, p < 0.01). Our findings are consistent with reports suggesting that these two glycoproteins are functionally associated with the development of OA and in particular with grade 2/3 of OA, suggesting that in the future they could be helpful to stage the severity and progression of the disease.
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Trovato FM, Weinberg AM, Al-Wasiyah MK, Alqahtani MH, Mobasheri A. Biomarkers of Chondrocyte Apoptosis and Autophagy in Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:20560-20575. [PMID: 26334269 PMCID: PMC4613218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death with morphological and molecular features of apoptosis has been detected in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, which suggests a key role for chondrocyte death/survival in the pathogenesis of OA. Identification of biomarkers of chondrocyte apoptosis may facilitate the development of novel therapies that may eliminate the cause or, at least, slow down the degenerative processes in OA. The aim of this review was to explore the molecular markers and signals that induce chondrocyte apoptosis in OA. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the keywords chondrocyte death, apoptosis, osteoarthritis, autophagy and biomarker. Several molecules considered to be markers of chondrocyte apoptosis will be discussed in this brief review. Molecular markers and signalling pathways associated with chondroycte apoptosis may turn out to be therapeutic targets in OA and approaches aimed at neutralizing apoptosis-inducing molecules may at least delay the progression of cartilage degeneration in OA.
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Alaaeddine N, Antoniou J, Moussa M, Hilal G, Kreichaty G, Ghanem I, Abouchedid W, Saghbini E, Di Battista JA. The chemokine CCL20 induces proinflammatory and matrix degradative responses in cartilage. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:721-31. [PMID: 26189947 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) and chemokines exert catabolic effects on articular cartilage either through paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms. We sought to compare the expression levels of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) and its chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in donor and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and to investigate the role of CCL20 in the pathogenesis of OA and chondrocyte phenotype. METHODS Cartilage/chondrocytes from donor and OA knee joints was analyzed for CCL20 and CCR6 expression by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Effects of CCL20 on cytokines and mediators of cartilage degradation were examined by RT-PCR for mRNA expression levels, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and proteoglycan (GAG) assays. RESULTS CCL20 and CCR6 proteins were abundantly expressed in OA cartilage sections compared to donor sections as judged by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR of cartilage extracts confirmed the predominance of CCL20/CCR6 mRNA expression in OA cartilage. CCL20 mRNA expression was low in donor chondrocytes but increased after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines. mRNA expression levels of IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and iNOS were elevated in donor chondrocyte cultures treated with rhCCL20. The release of MMP1/13, PGE2, proteoglycan GAG fragments, and IL-6 from cartilage explant cultures was markedly augmented in the presence of CCL-20. CCL-20 stimulated MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, and col type X mRNA but inhibited col type II mRNA expression in freshly explanted and cultured cartilage specimens. CONCLUSIONS CCL20/CCR6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA by inducing changes in phenotype and catabolic gene expression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Alaaeddine
- Faculty of Medicine, St Joseph University, Regenerative Medicine and Inflammation lab, Beirut, 11-5076, Lebanon,
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Liu C, Ma X, Li T, Zhang Q. Kartogenin, transforming growth factor-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 coordinately enhance lubricin accumulation in bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1026-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | | | - Qiqing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
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Musumeci G, Aiello FC, Szychlinska MA, Di Rosa M, Castrogiovanni P, Mobasheri A. Osteoarthritis in the XXIst century: risk factors and behaviours that influence disease onset and progression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6093-112. [PMID: 25785564 PMCID: PMC4394521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a growing public health problem across the globe, affecting more than half of the over 65 population. In the past, OA was considered a wear and tear disease, leading to the loss of articular cartilage and joint disability. Nowadays, thanks to advancements in molecular biology, OA is believed to be a very complex multifactorial disease. OA is a degenerative disease characterized by “low-grade inflammation” in cartilage and synovium, resulting in the loss of joint structure and progressive deterioration of cartilage. Although the disease can be dependent on genetic and epigenetic factors, sex, ethnicity, and age (cellular senescence, apoptosis and lubricin), it is also associated with obesity and overweight, dietary factors, sedentary lifestyle and sport injuries. The aim of this review is to highlight how certain behaviors, habits and lifestyles may be involved in the onset and progression of OA and to summarize the principal risk factors involved in the development of this complicated joint disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Flavia Concetta Aiello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Musumeci G, Mobasheri A, Trovato FM, Szychlinska MA, Graziano AC, Lo Furno D, Avola R, Mangano S, Giuffrida R, Cardile V. Biosynthesis of collagen I, II, RUNX2 and lubricin at different time points of chondrogenic differentiation in a 3D in vitro model of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1407-17. [PMID: 25307495 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of the study was to identify the most appropriate time for differentiation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to chondrocytes, through the self-assembly process. For this purpose, the expression of some chondrocyte markers, such as collagen type I, collagen type II, RUNX2 and lubricin was investigated at different times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The second aim of the study was to demonstrate that the expression of lubricin, such as the expression of collagen type II, could be a possible biomarker for the detection of chondrocytes well-being and viability in the natural self-assembling constructs, called 'cell pellets'. Histology (hematoxylin and eosin) and histochemistry (alcian blue staining) methods were used to assess the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. The results showed that after 21 days the differentiated chondrocytes, when compared with MSCs cultured without chondrogenic medium (CD44, CD90 and CD105 positive; CD45, CD14 and CD34 negative), were able to produce significant quantities of collagen type I, collagen type II, and lubricin, suggesting hyaline cartilage formation. During the differentiation phase, the cells showed a reduced expression of RUNX2, a protein expressed by osteoblasts. Our studies demonstrated that 21 days is the optimum time for the implantation of chondrocytes differentiated from adipose tissue-derived MSCs. This information could be useful for the future development of cell-based repair therapies for degenerative diseases of articular cartilage.
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Di Rosa M, Szychlinska MA, Tibullo D, Malaguarnera L, Musumeci G. Expression of CHI3L1 and CHIT1 in osteoarthritic rat cartilage model. A morphological study. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2423. [PMID: 25308850 PMCID: PMC4194398 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease, which affects millions of people around the world. It occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of bones wears over time, leading to loss of flexibility of the joint, pain and stiffness. The cause of osteoarthritis is unknown, but its development is associated with different factors, such as metabolic, genetic, mechanical and inflammatory ones. In recent years the biological role of chitinases has been studied in relation to different inflammatory diseases and more in particular the elevated levels of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (CHI3L1) and chitotriosidase (CHIT1) have been reported in a variety of diseases including chronic inflammation and degenerative disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate, by immunohistochemistry, the distribution of CHI3L1 and CHIT1 in osteoarthritic and normal rat articular cartilage, to discover their potential role in the development of this disease. The hypothesis was that the expression of chitinases could increase in OA disease. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CHI3L1 and CHIT1 staining was very strong in osteoarthritic cartilage, especially in the superficial areas of the cartilage most exposed to mechanical load, while it was weak or absent in normal cartilage. These findings suggest that these two chitinases could be functionally associated with the development of osteoarthritis and could be used as markers, so in the future they could have a role in the daily clinical practice to stage the severity of the disease. However, the longer-term in vivoand in vitro studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism of these molecules, their receptors and activities on cartilage tissue.
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Musumeci G, Trovato FM, Pichler K, Weinberg AM, Loreto C, Castrogiovanni P. Extra-virgin olive oil diet and mild physical activity prevent cartilage degeneration in an osteoarthritis model: an in vivo and in vitro study on lubricin expression. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:2064-75. [PMID: 24369033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean diet includes a relatively high fat consumption mostly from monounsaturated fatty acids mainly provided by olive oil, the principal source of culinary and dressing fat. The beneficial effects of olive oil have been widely studied and could be due to its phytochemicals, which have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Lubricin is a chondroprotective glycoprotein and it serves as a critical boundary lubricant between opposing cartilage surfaces. A joint injury causes an initial flare of cytokines, which decreases lubricin expression and predisposes to cartilage degeneration such as osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of extra-virgin olive oil diet and physical activity on inflammation and expression of lubricin in articular cartilage of rats after injury. In this study we used histomorphometric, histological, immunocytochemical, immunohistochemical, western blot and biochemical analysis for lubricin and interleukin-1 evaluations in the cartilage and in the synovial fluid. We report the beneficial effect of physical activity (treadmill training) and extra-virgin olive oil supplementation, on the articular cartilage. The effects of anterior cruciate ligament transection decrease drastically the expression of lubricin and increase the expression of interleukin-1 in rats, while after physical activity and extra-virgin olive oil supplemented diet, the values return to a normal level compared to the control group. With our results we can confirm the importance of the physical activity in conjunction with extra-virgin olive oil diet in medical therapy to prevent osteoarthritis disease in order to preserve the articular cartilage and then the entire joint.
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Xu J, Zhang C. In vitro isolation and cultivation of human chondrocytes for osteoarthritis renovation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:623-9. [PMID: 24916718 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repair effects of chondrocytes that were cultured in vitro on osteoarthritis (OA). Chondrocytes were isolated from fetal rabbits and cultured in Biosilon microcarriers. Sixty rabbits were randomly divided into three groups equally (blank group, model group, treatment group). The rabbit knee OA model was established by inducing papain. Rabbits in the treatment group were injected with the chondrocytes that were cultured in vitro. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and gross morphologic observation were conducted. Expression level of cytokines such as IL-1bβ, IL-6, and TNF-α in cartilage synovial cells was also analyzed by an ELISA assay. The cultured chondrocyte was validated by a positive stain of type II collagen and vimentin by immunofluorescence. Compared to the model group, the articular cartilage of the rabbit knee in the treatment group showed a normal color, smooth surface, and none of malacia and coloboma. HE staining indicated that the articular surface of the treatment group tended to be smooth and flat; the matrix stained tinge and the cartilage destruction and fiber hyperplasia of the synovia were lightened. The expression levels of IL-1bβ, IL-6, and TNF-α also declined in the treatment group. OA symptoms were improved by treating with chondrocytes. In summary, the animal experiment in the present study indicated that chondrocyte injection played an active effect on renovation of OA.
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Musumeci G, Trovato FM, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Szychlinska MA, Castorina S, Mobasheri A. Lubricin expression in human osteoarthritic knee meniscus and synovial fluid: a morphological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:965-72. [PMID: 24932985 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of lubricin, the product of the human PRG4 (proteoglycan 4) gene, in menisci and synovial fluid from normal donors and patients with osteoarthritis (OA), using a combination of histology, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and Western blotting analysis, to provide further insight on the role of this protein in the progression of OA and pathological processes in the meniscus. Lubricin expression was studied in samples from 40 patients and in 9 normal donors after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Histological analysis confirmed normal microanatomy and the absence of structural changes in control samples. Menisci derived from OA patients showed evidence of structural alterations, fibrillations and clefts. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed very strong lubricin immunostaining in normal menisci in contrast to weak/moderate staining seen in osteoarthritic menisci. Quantitative ELISA and Western blot analysis confirmed the above results. The findings of this study support the notion that changes in lubricin expression and boundary-lubricating ability of cartilage is followed by the development of OA. This study could provide the biological foundation for the development of novel therapeutic treatments, to be applied before the surgery, for the prevention of post-traumatic cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maria Trovato
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Internal Medicine Division, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, II Dental Unity, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; Fondazione Mediterranea "G.B. Morgagni", Via Del Bosco 105, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Steele J, McCullen S, Callanan A, Autefage H, Accardi M, Dini D, Stevens M. Combinatorial scaffold morphologies for zonal articular cartilage engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2065-75. [PMID: 24370641 PMCID: PMC3991416 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage lesions are a particular challenge for regenerative medicine strategies as cartilage function stems from a complex depth-dependent organization. Tissue engineering scaffolds that vary in morphology and function offer a template for zone-specific cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) production and mechanical properties. We fabricated multi-zone cartilage scaffolds by the electrostatic deposition of polymer microfibres onto particulate-templated scaffolds produced with 0.03 or 1.0mm(3) porogens. The scaffolds allowed ample space for chondrocyte ECM production within the bulk while also mimicking the structural organization and functional interface of cartilage's superficial zone. Addition of aligned fibre membranes enhanced the mechanical and surface properties of particulate-templated scaffolds. Zonal analysis of scaffolds demonstrated region-specific variations in chondrocyte number, sulfated GAG-rich ECM, and chondrocytic gene expression. Specifically, smaller porogens (0.03mm(3)) yielded significantly higher sGAG accumulation and aggrecan gene expression. Our results demonstrate that bilayered scaffolds mimic some key structural characteristics of native cartilage, support in vitro cartilage formation, and have superior features to homogeneous particulate-templated scaffolds. We propose that these scaffolds offer promise for regenerative medicine strategies to repair articular cartilage lesions.
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Leonardi R, Trovato FM, Szychlinska MA, Di Giunta A, Loreto C, Castorina S. New perspectives for articular cartilage repair treatment through tissue engineering: A contemporary review. World J Orthop 2014; 5:80-88. [PMID: 24829869 PMCID: PMC4017310 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper review we describe benefits and disadvantages of the established methods of cartilage regeneration that seem to have a better long-term effectiveness. We illustrated the anatomical aspect of the knee joint cartilage, the current state of cartilage tissue engineering, through mesenchymal stem cells and biomaterials, and in conclusion we provide a short overview on the rehabilitation after articular cartilage repair procedures. Adult articular cartilage has low capacity to repair itself, and thus even minor injuries may lead to progressive damage and osteoarthritic joint degeneration, resulting in significant pain and disability. Numerous efforts have been made to develop tissue-engineered grafts or patches to repair focal chondral and osteochondral defects, and to date several researchers aim to implement clinical application of cell-based therapies for cartilage repair. A literature review was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar using appropriate keywords, examining the current literature on the well-known tissue engineering methods for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Mazzone V, Szychlinska MA, Castorina S, Loreto C. Histochemistry as a unique approach for investigating normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2371. [PMID: 24998926 PMCID: PMC4083326 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we describe benefits and disadvantages of the established histochemical methods for studying articular cartilage tissue under normal, pathological and experimental conditions. We illustrate the current knowledge on cartilage tissue based on histological and immunohistochemical aspects, and in conclusion we provide a short overview on the degeneration of cartilage, such as osteoarthritis. Adult articular cartilage has low capacity to repair itself, and thus even minor injuries may lead to progressive damage and osteoarthritic joint degeneration, resulting in significant pain and disability. Numerous efforts have been made to implement the knowledge in the study of cartilage in the last years, and histochemistry proved to be an especially powerful tool to this aim.
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Pellicciari C. Histochemistry as an irreplaceable approach for investigating functional cytology and histology. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e41. [PMID: 24441194 PMCID: PMC3896043 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with the evolution of histochemistry over the last fifty years and thanks to the impressive advancements in microscopy sciences, the application of cytochemical techniques to light and electron microscopy is more and more addressed to elucidate the functional characteristics of cells and tissue under different physiological, pathological or experimental conditions. Simultaneously, the mere description of composition and morphological features has become increasingly sporadic in the histochemical literature. Since basic research on cell functional organization is essential for understanding the mechanisms responsible for major biological processes such as differentiation or growth control in normal and tumor tissues, histochemical Journals will continue to play a pivotal role in the field of cell and tissue biology in all its structural and functional aspects.
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Lehmann M, Martin F, Mannigel K, Kaltschmidt K, Sack U, Anderer U. Three-dimensional scaffold-free fusion culture: the way to enhance chondrogenesis of in vitro propagated human articular chondrocytes. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e31. [PMID: 24441184 PMCID: PMC3896033 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage regeneration based on isolated and culture-expanded chondrocytes has been studied in various in vitro models, but the quality varies with respect to the morphology and the physiology of the synthesized tissues. The aim of our study was to promote in vitro chondrogenesis of human articular chondrocytes using a novel three-dimensional (3-D) cultivation system in combination with the chondrogenic differentiation factors transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-b2) and L-ascorbic acid. Articular chondrocytes isolated from six elderly patients were expanded in monolayer culture. A single-cell suspension of the dedifferentiated chondrocytes was then added to agar-coated dishes without using any scaffold material, in the presence, or absence of TGF-b2 and/or L-ascorbic acid. Three-dimensional cartilage-like constructs, called single spheroids, and microtissues consisting of several spheroids fused together, named as fusions, were formed. Generated tissues were mainly characterized using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The morphology of the in vitro tissues shared some similarities to native hyaline cartilage in regard to differentiated S100-positive chondrocytes within a cartilaginous matrix, with strong collagen type II expression and increased synthesis of proteoglycans. Finally, our innovative scaffold-free fusion culture technique supported enhanced chondrogenesis of human articular chondrocytes in vitro. These 3-D hyaline cartilage-like microtissues will be useful for in vitro studies of cartilage differentiation and regeneration, enabling optimization of functional tissue engineering and possibly contributing to the development of new approaches to treat traumatic cartilage defects or osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lehmann
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg.
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Xu H, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhang X. Continuous cyclic mechanical tension increases ank expression in endplate chondrocytes through the TGF-β1 and p38 pathway. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e28. [PMID: 24085277 PMCID: PMC3794359 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal ANK protein has a strong influence on anti-calcification. It is known that TGF-β1 is also able to induce extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) elaboration via the TGF-β1-induced ank gene expression and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling acts as a downstream effector of TGF-β1. We hypothesized that the expression of the ank gene is regulated by mechanics through TGF-β1-p38 pathway. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of short-time mechanical tension-induced ank gene expression. We found that the continuous cyclic mechanical tension (CCMT) increased the ank gene expression in the endplate chondrocytes, and there was an increase in the TGF-β1 expression after CCMT stimulation. The ank gene expression significantly increased when treated by TGF-β1 in a dose-dependent manner and decreased when treated by SB431542 (ALK inhibitor) in a dose-dependent manner. Our study results indicate that CCMT-induced ank gene expressions may be regulated by TGF-β1 and p38 MAPK pathway.
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Lelario M, Ciuffreda P, Lupo P, Bristogiannis C, Vinci R, Stoppino LP, De Filippo M, Macarini L. Financial impact of radiological reports on medical-legal evaluation of compensation for meniscal lesions. Musculoskelet Surg 2013; 97 Suppl 2:S137-44. [PMID: 23949935 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-013-0282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate any discrepancy between radiological reports for clinical purposes and for medicolegal purposes and to quantify its economic impact on repayments made by private insurance companies for meniscal injuries of the knee. The medical records obtained pertaining to 108 knee injury patients (mean age 43.3 years) assessed over a period of 12 months were analysed. Clinical medical reports, aimed at assessing the lesion, and medicolegal reports, drawn up with a view to quantifying compensation, were compared. Unlike reports for clinical purposes in reports for medicolegal purposes, in the evaluation of meniscal lesions, in addition to morphological features of lesions, chronological, topographical, severity and exclusion criteria were applied. To estimate the economic impact resulting from the biological damage, we consulted an actuarial table based on the 9-point minor incapacity classification system. Meniscal lesions not compatible with a traumatic event and therefore not eligible for an insurance payout were found in 56 patients. Of these, 37 failed exclusion criteria, while 19 failed to meet chronological criteria. This difference resulted in a reduction in compensation made by private insurance companies with savings estimated with a saving between euro 203,715.41 and euro 622,315.39. The use of a clinical report for medicolegal purposes can be a source of valuation error, as chronological and/or dynamic information regarding the trauma mechanism may be lacking. Therefore, the use of a full radiological appraisal allows a better damage's assessment and an adequate compensation for injuries.
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Lubrano E, Astorri D, Taddeo M, Salzmann A, Cesarano E, Brunese L, Giganti M, Spadaro A. Rehabilitation and surgical management of ankylosing spondylitis. Musculoskelet Surg 2013; 97 Suppl 2:S191-S195. [PMID: 23949941 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-013-0285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease which, if untreated, may progress to severe damage of the spine with functional impairment, disability and poor quality of life. An increased mortality has been reported in AS patients compared to the general population. AS requires combined management (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) and advice by different health professionals. Even the pharmacological treatment in the last decade has dramatically changed the outcome, the severity of the disease might require a surgical approach for the hip involvement with total hip replacement, or the corrective spinal surgery. However, this surgery deserves some careful approaches since the complexity of the disease. Rehabilitation still represents a cornerstone of the global management of AS patients. The present review summarizes the state of art of surgical management of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lubrano
- Academic Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
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Ciuffreda P, Lelario M, Milillo P, Vinci R, Coppolino F, Stoppino LP, Genovese EA, Macarini L. Mechanism of traumatic knee injuries and MRI findings. Musculoskelet Surg 2013; 97 Suppl 2:S127-S135. [PMID: 23949934 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-013-0279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone bruises are focal abnormalities in subchondral bone marrow due to trabecular microfractures as a result of traumatic force. These trauma-induced lesions are better detected with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using water-sensitive sequences. Moreover, the pattern of bone bruise is distinctive and allows us to understand the dynamics of trauma and to predict associated soft injuries. This article discusses the mechanism of traumatic injury and MR findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciuffreda
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto n.1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Loreto C, Castorina S, Pichler K, Weinberg AM. Post-traumatic caspase-3 expression in the adjacent areas of growth plate injury site: a morphological study. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15767-84. [PMID: 23899790 PMCID: PMC3759885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage plate that sits between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of an injury in the growth plate chondrocytes through the study of histological morphology, immunohistochemistry, histomorphometry and Western Blot analyses of the caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1, and levels of the inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), in order to acquire more information about post-injury reactions of physeal cell turnover. In our results, morphological analysis showed that in experimental bones, neo-formed bone trabeculae-resulting from bone formation repair-invaded the growth plate and reached the metaphyseal bone tissue (bone bridge), and this could result in some growth arrest. We demonstrated, by ELISA, increased expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Immunohistochemistry, histomorphometry and Western Blot analyses of the caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 showed that the physeal apoptosis rate of the experimental bones was significantly higher than that of the control ones. In conclusion, we could assume that the inflammation process causes stress to chondrocytes that will die as a biological defense mechanism, and will also increase the survival of new chondrocytes for maintaining cell homeostasis. Nevertheless, the exact stimulus leading to the increased apoptosis rate, observed after injury, needs additional research to understand the possible contribution of chondrocyte apoptosis to growth disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy; E-Mails: (P.C.); (C.L.); (S.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-0-953-782-043; Fax: +39-0-953-782-034
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy; E-Mails: (P.C.); (C.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy; E-Mails: (P.C.); (C.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy; E-Mails: (P.C.); (C.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Karin Pichler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria; E-Mails: (K.P.); (A.W.W.)
| | - Annelie Martina Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria; E-Mails: (K.P.); (A.W.W.)
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Musumeci G, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Castorina S, Giunta S, Carnazza ML, Trovato FM, Pichler K, Weinberg AM. The effects of physical activity on apoptosis and lubricin expression in articular cartilage in rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2013; 31:274-84. [PMID: 23263781 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are considered the most powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs. However, a number of side-effects are well documented in different diseases, including articular cartilage, where increases or decreases in the synthesis of hormone-dependent extracellular matrix components are seen. The objective of this study has been to test the effects of procedures or drugs affecting bone metabolism on articular cartilage in rats with prednisolone-induced osteoporosis and to evaluate the outcomes of physical activity with treadmill and vibration platform training on articular cartilage. The animals were divided into 5 groups, and bone and cartilage evaluations were performed using whole-body scans and histomorphometric analysis. Lubricin and caspase-3 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and biochemical analysis. These results confirm the beneficial effect of physical activity on the articular cartilage. The effects of drug therapy with glucocorticoids decrease the expression of lubricin and increase the expression of caspase-3 in the rats, while after physical activity the values return to normal compared to the control group. Our findings suggest that it might be possible that mechanical stimulation in the articular cartilage could induce the expression of lubricin, which is capable of inhibiting caspase-3 activity, preventing chondrocyte death. We can assume that the physiologic balance between lubricin and caspase-3 could maintain the integrity of cartilage. Therefore, in certain diseases such as osteoporosis, mechanical stimulation could be a possible therapeutic treatment. With our results we can propose the hypothesis that physical activity could also be used as a therapeutic treatment for cartilage disease such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Tetè S, Vinci R, Zizzari VL, Zara S, La Scala V, Cataldi A, Gherlone E, Piattelli A. Maxillary sinus augmentation procedures through equine-derived biomaterial or calvaria autologous bone: immunohistochemical evaluation of OPG/RANKL in humans. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e10. [PMID: 23549459 PMCID: PMC3683607 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous bone is considered the gold standard for bone regeneration, even if different heterologous bone substitutes have been proposed to overcome the limits related to its use. The aim of this study was to analyze and to compare the molecular events switched on by autologous or heterologous bone graft insertion, focusing on TGFβ1 expression and OPG/RANKL ratio, to analyze resorption process, and estimating graft vascularization, new bone tissue deposition and its mineralization, through VEGF, BSP and SPARC expression evaluation, respectively. Patients needing pre-prosthetic rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla were treated using an equine-derived biomaterial (Group 1) or calvaria autologous bone (Group 2), according to the morphology of the bone defect. Bone graft integration was evaluated on bone samples obtained from the treated areas at the moment of dental implant insertion, by morphological and immunohistochemical analyses for TGFβ1, OPG, RANKL, VEGF, BSP, and SPARC expression. Morpho - logical analysis shows the presence of biomaterial residual granules in Group 1, in parallel to a good integration between graft and host tissue. Moderate TGFβ1 expression is seen in both Group 1 and Group 2. OPG/RANKL ratio appears higher in Group 1; VEGF expression appears very strong in Group 1 and strong in Group 2, while BSP and SPARC expression results weak in Group 1 and moderate in Group 2. Our results reveal the good integration between both types of graft and the host tissue, even though autologous graft seems to produce a faster regenerative process, as evidenced by the different expression of the investigated molecules. According to these observations, the clinical use of heterologous particulate equine-derived biomaterial may ensure long-term predictability of implantprosthetic rehabilitation, comparable to that obtained with autologous bone graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tetè
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Scalo, Italy
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Abstract
In the last three years, more than 70,000 scientific articles have been published in peer reviewed journals on the application of histochemistry in the biomedical field: most of them did not appear in strictly histochemical journals, but in others dealing with cell and molecular biology, medicine or biotechnology. This proves that histochemistry is still an active and innovative discipline with relevance in basic and applied biological research, but also demonstrates that especially the small histochemical journals should likely reconsider their scopes and strategies to preserve their authorship. A review of the last three years volumes of the European Journal of Histochemistry, taken as an example of a long-time established small journal, confirmed that the published articles were widely heterogeneous in their topics and experimental models, as in this journal's tradition. This strongly suggests that a journal of histochemistry should keep its role as a forum open to an audience as broad as possible, publishing papers on cell and tissue biology in a wide variety of models. This will improve knowledge of the basic mechanisms of development and differentiation, while helping to increase the number of potential authors since scientists who generally do not use histochemistry in their research will find hints for the applications of histochemical techniques to novel still unexplored subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”,University of Pavia, Italy.
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Musumeci G, Carnazza ML, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Loreto C. β-Defensin-4 (HBD-4) is expressed in chondrocytes derived from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage encapsulated in PEGDA scaffold. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:805-12. [PMID: 22564496 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are antibiotic peptides involved in host defense mechanisms, wound healing and tissue repair. Furthermore, they seem to play an important role in protection mechanisms in articular joints. The aim of this study was to investigate β-defensin-4 expression in chondrocytes taken from articular cartilage of knees of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) compared to normal cartilage, in vivo in explanted tissue, and in vitro in chondrocytes encapsulated in construct PEGDA hydrogels. The present investigation was conducted to try and elucidate the possible use of β-defensin-4 as a relevant marker for the eventual use of successive scaffold allografts, and to provide new insights for hydrogel PEGDA scaffold efficacy in re-differentiation or repair of OA chondrocytes in vitro. Articular cartilage specimens from OA cartilage and normal cartilage were assessed by histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The results showed strong β-defensin-4 immunoexpression in explanted tissue from OA cartilage and weak β-defensin-4 expression in control cartilage. The chondrocytes from OA cartilage after 4 weeks of culture in PEGDA hydrogels showed the formation of new hyaline cartilage and a decreased expression of β-defensin-4 immunostaining comparable to that of control cartilage. Our results suggest the possibility of applying autologous cell transplantation in conjunction with scaffold materials for repair of cartilage lesions in patients with OA using β-defensin-4 as a relevant marker.
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Musumeci G, Leonardi R, Carnazza ML, Cardile V, Pichler K, Weinberg AM, Loreto C. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) expression in experimentally induced osteoarthritic knee menisci: an in vivo and in vitro study. Tissue Cell 2012; 45:145-52. [PMID: 23164158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a major problem in our society. The development of new treatment options for OA is limited, because the pathophysiological mechanisms are not clearly understood, especially on the molecular level. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a specific protein channels for water transport; it is expressed in articular chondrocytes, human synovitis, in chondrocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or OA and in chondrocyte-like cells of human intervertebral disc. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of AQP1, through immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and Western blot, in experimentally induced OA knee menisci. AQP1 was studied in vivo in knee OA menisci from 36 rats that underwent medial or lateral meniscectomy, and in vitro on fibrochondrocytes derived from knee OA menisci rats. OA in rats was experimentally induced and tested by histomorphometric analysis. Histological results demonstrated structural alterations in OA menisci accompanied by a very strong AQP1 immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining. The Western blot analysis confirmed a strong expression of AQP1 in OA fibrochondrocytes cells. The results of the present research suggest that an activation of AQP1, induced by the OA process, may represent an endogenous mechanism, which can be used to control the tissue degeneration within OA articular joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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37
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Musumeci G, Loreto C, Carnazza ML, Cardile V, Leonardi R. Acute injury affects lubricin expression in knee menisci: an immunohistochemical study. Ann Anat 2012; 195:151-8. [PMID: 23083677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time lubricin expression in intact menisci and in menisci from patients with recent knee joint injury using histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and gene expression analysis, to provide insights into pathological processes affecting meniscal tissue. Lubricin expression was studied in vivo in 20 patients (14 males and 6 females) with recent joint injury subjected to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and in vitro in fibroblast-like cells from meniscus tissue to establish whether it is down-regulated following acute traumatic knee injury. The control group consisted of cadaver donors with normal menisci. Histology demonstrated a normal tissue without structural changes in control samples and structural alterations and clefts in injured menisci. Very strong lubricin immunohistochemical staining was observed in intact menisci; in contrast weak staining was seen in injured menisci. Western blot and mRNA expression analysis also demonstrated strong lubricin expression in control cells and a negligible amount of lubricin in injured fibroblast-like cells. Our data provide information concerning the immediate in vivo response to injury of human knee menisci by documenting early changes in the boundary-lubricating ability of synovial fluid and articular cartilage integrity. These findings may provide the biological basis for developing novel medical therapies to be applied before surgical treatment to preserve tissue function and prevent cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Italy.
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Pellicciari C, Malatesta M. Identifying pathological biomarkers: histochemistry still ranks high in the omics era. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e42. [PMID: 22297448 PMCID: PMC3284244 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, omic analyses have been proposed as possible approaches to diagnosis, in particular for tumours, as they should be able to provide quantitative tools to detect and measure abnormalities in gene and protein expression, through the evaluation of transcription and translation products in the abnormal vs normal tissues. Unfortunately, this approach proved to be much less powerful than expected, due to both intrinsic technical limits and the nature itself of the pathological tissues to be investigated, the heterogeneity deriving from polyclonality and tissue phenotype variability between patients being a major limiting factor in the search for unique omic biomarkers. Especially in the last few years, the application of refined techniques for investigating gene expression in situ has greatly increased the diagnostic/prognostic potential of histochemistry, while the progress in light microscopy technology and in the methods for imaging molecules in vivo have provided valuable tools for elucidating the molecular events and the basic mechanisms leading to a pathological condition. Histochemical techniques thus remain irreplaceable in pathologist's armamentarium, and it may be expected that even in the future histochemistry will keep a leading position among the methodological approaches for clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pellicciari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Italy.
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