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López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salobrar-García E, Álvarez-Gutierrez M, Elvira-Hurtado L, Barabash A, Ramírez-Toraño F, Fernández-Albarral JA, Matamoros JA, Nebreda A, García-Colomo A, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, Gil P, Maestú F, Ramírez JM, de Hoz R. Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Ocular Structural and Visual Functional Changes in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2024. [PMID: 37509663 PMCID: PMC10377092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the evolution of visual changes in cognitively healthy individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants with a first-degree family history of AD (FH+) and carrying the Ε4+ allele for the ApoE gene (ApoE ε4+) underwent retinal thickness analysis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual function assessments, including visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), color perception, perception digital tests, and visual field analysis. Structural analysis divided participants into FH+ ApoE ε4+ and FH- ApoE ε4- groups, while functional analysis further categorized them by age (40-60 years and over 60 years). Over the 27-month follow-up, the FH+ ApoE ε4+ group exhibited thickness changes in all inner retinal layers. Comparing this group to the FH- ApoE ε4- group at 27 months revealed progressing changes in the inner nuclear layer. In the FH+ ApoE ε4+ 40-60 years group, no progression of visual function changes was observed, but an increase in VA and CS was maintained at 3 and 12 cycles per degree, respectively, compared to the group without AD risk at 27 months. In conclusion, cognitively healthy individuals at risk for AD demonstrated progressive retinal structural changes over the 27-month follow-up, while functional changes remained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Gutierrez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Ana Barabash
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERMED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Ramírez-Toraño
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Alberto Nebreda
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Colomo
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Memory Unit, Geriatrics Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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Giunti E, Collu R, Daley S, Querfurth H, Morin P, Killick R, Melamed RD, Xia W. Reduction of Phosphorylated Tau in Alzheimer's Disease Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuro-Spheroids by Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Kinase Inhibitor Fasudil. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1695-1709. [PMID: 38007655 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most predominant form of dementia. Rho-associated coiled coil kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, fasudil, is one of the candidate drugs against the AD progression. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate possible changes of AD associated markers in three-dimensional neuro-spheroids (3D neuro-spheroids) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from AD patients or healthy control subjects (HC) and to determine the impact of pharmacological intervention with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil. METHODS We treated 3D neuro-spheroids with fasudil and tested the possible effect on AD markers by ELISA, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis revealed a reduction in the expression of AKT serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (AKT1) in AD neuro-spheroids, compared to HC. This decrease was reverted in the presence of fasudil. Proteomic analysis showed up- and down-regulation of proteins related to AKT pathway in fasudil-treated neuro-spheroids. We found an evident increase of phosphorylated tau at four different residues (pTau181, 202, 231, and 396) in AD compared to HC-derived neuro-spheroids. This was accompanied by a decrease of secreted clusterin (clu) and an increase of intracellular clu levels in AD patient-derived neuro-spheroids. Increases of phosphorylated tau in AD patient-derived neuro-spheroids were suppressed in the presence of fasudil. CONCLUSIONS Fasudil modulates clu protein levels and enhances AKT1 that results in the suppression of AD associated tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giunti
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Collu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Daley
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Morin
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Killick
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel D Melamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
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Liu C, Cong L, Zhu M, Wang Y, Tang S, Han X, Zhang Q, Tian N, Liu K, Liang X, Fa W, Wang N, Hou T, Du Y. Screening for Genetic Mutations Associated with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:724-733. [PMID: 36306459 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is highly influenced by genetic factors. Numerous mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) have been identified for EOAD, but they can only account for a small proportion of EOAD cases. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to screen genetic mutations and variants associated with EOAD among Han Chinese adults. METHODS This study included 34 patients with EOAD and 26 controls from a population-based study and neurological ward. We first sequenced mutations in APP/PSENs and then performed whole-exome sequencing in the remaining patients with negative mutations in APP/PSENs to screen for additional potential genetic variants. Among patients who were negative in genetic screening tests, we further evaluated the risk burden of genes related to the Aβ metabolism-centered network to search for other probable causes of EOAD. RESULTS We identified 7 functional variants in APP/PSENs in 8 patients, including 1 APP mutation (p. Val715Met), 3 PSEN1 mutations (p. Phe177Ser; p. Arg377Met; p. Ile416Thr), and 3 PSEN2 mutations (p. Glu24Lys; p. Gly34Ser; p. Met239Thr). Of the remaining 26 EOAD cases without mutations in APP/PSENs, the proportion of carrying rare variants of genes involved in Aβ and APP metabolism was significantly higher than that of controls (84.6% vs. 73.1%, P=0.042). Thirty-one risk genes with 47 variants were identified in 22 patients. However, in 26 normal subjects, only 20 risk genes with 29 variants were identified in 19 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the role of APP/PSENs mutations in EOAD, identifying a new PSEN2 missense mutation, and further offer valuable insights into the potential genetic mechanisms of EOAD without APP/PSENs mutations among Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Fa
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Chen D, Yu W, Aitken L, Gunn-Moore F. Willin/FRMD6: A Multi-Functional Neuronal Protein Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113024. [PMID: 34831245 PMCID: PMC8616527 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The FERM domain-containing protein 6 (FRMD6), also known as Willin, is an upstream regulator of Hippo signaling that has recently been shown to modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and mechanical phenotype of neuronal cells through ERK signaling. Physiological functions of Willin/FRMD6 in the nervous system include neuronal differentiation, myelination, nerve injury repair, and vesicle exocytosis. The newly established neuronal role of Willin/FRMD6 is of particular interest given the mounting evidence suggesting a role for Willin/FRMD6 in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including a series of genome wide association studies that position Willin/FRMD6 as a novel AD risk gene. Here we describe recent findings regarding the role of Willin/FRMD6 in the nervous system and its actions in cellular perturbations related to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Qin T, Prins S, Groeneveld GJ, Van Westen G, de Vries HE, Wong YC, Bischoff LJ, de Lange EC. Utility of Animal Models to Understand Human Alzheimer's Disease, Using the Mastermind Research Approach to Avoid Unnecessary Further Sacrifices of Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093158. [PMID: 32365768 PMCID: PMC7247586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To diagnose and treat early-stage (preclinical) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, we need body-fluid-based biomarkers that reflect the processes that occur in this stage, but current knowledge on associated processes is lacking. As human studies on (possible) onset and early-stage AD would be extremely expensive and time-consuming, we investigate the potential value of animal AD models to help to fill this knowledge gap. We provide a comprehensive overview of processes associated with AD pathogenesis and biomarkers, current knowledge on AD-related biomarkers derived from on human and animal brains and body fluids, comparisons of biomarkers obtained in human AD and frequently used animal AD models, and emerging body-fluid-based biomarkers. In human studies, amyloid beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau), total tau (T-tau), neurogranin, SNAP-25, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), YKL-40, and especially neurofilament light (NfL) are frequently measured. In animal studies, the emphasis has been mostly on Aβ. Although a direct comparison between human (familial and sporadic) AD and (mostly genetic) animal AD models cannot be made, still, in brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood, a majority of similar trends are observed for human AD stage and animal AD model life stage. This indicates the potential value of animal AD models in understanding of the onset and early stage of AD. Moreover, animal studies can be smartly designed to provide mechanistic information on the interrelationships between the different AD processes in a longitudinal fashion and may also include the combinations of different conditions that may reflect comorbidities in human AD, according to the Mastermind Research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Predictive Pharmacology, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.Q.); (L.J.M.B.)
| | - Samantha Prins
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.P.); (G.J.G.)
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.P.); (G.J.G.)
| | - Gerard Van Westen
- Computational Drug Discovery, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Neuro-immunology research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Yin Cheong Wong
- Advanced Modelling and Simulation, UCB Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, UK;
| | - Luc J.M. Bischoff
- Predictive Pharmacology, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.Q.); (L.J.M.B.)
| | - Elizabeth C.M. de Lange
- Predictive Pharmacology, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.Q.); (L.J.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-6330
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Naveed M, Mubeen S, Khan A, Ibrahim S, Meer B. Plasma Biomarkers: Potent Screeners of Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:290-301. [PMID: 31072117 PMCID: PMC10852434 DOI: 10.1177/1533317519848239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is as a complex chronic disease of brain cell death that usher to cognitive decline and loss of memory. Its prevalence differs according to risk factors associated with it and necropsy performs vital role in its definite diagnosis. The stages of AD vary from preclinical to severe that proceeds to death of patient with no availability of treatment. Biomarker may be a biochemical change that can be recognized by different emerging technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Plasma biomarkers, 5-protein classifiers, are readily being used for the diagnosis of AD and can also predict its progression with a great accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. In this review, upregulation or downregulation of few plasma proteins in patients with AD has also been discussed, when juxtaposed with control, and thus serves as potent biomarker in the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Mubeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Abeer Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Ibrahim
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Bisma Meer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
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Bureau A, Begum F, Taub MA, Hetmanski J, Parker MM, Albacha-Hejazi H, Scott AF, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Bailey-Wilson JE, Beaty TH, Ruczinski I. Inferring disease risk genes from sequencing data in multiplex pedigrees through sharing of rare variants. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:37-49. [PMID: 30246882 PMCID: PMC6330140 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated how sharing of rare variants (RVs) in distant affected relatives can be used to identify variants causing a complex and heterogeneous disease. This approach tested whether single RVs were shared by all sequenced affected family members. However, as with other study designs, joint analysis of several RVs (e.g., within genes) is sometimes required to obtain sufficient statistical power. Further, phenocopies can lead to false negatives for some causal RVs if complete sharing among affected is required. Here, we extend our methodology (Rare Variant Sharing, RVS) to address these issues. Specifically, we introduce gene-based analyses, a partial sharing test based on RV sharing probabilities for subsets of affected relatives and a haplotype-based RV definition. RVS also has the desirable feature of not requiring external estimates of variant frequency or control samples, provides functionality to assess and address violations of key assumptions, and is available as open source software for genome-wide analysis. Simulations including phenocopies, based on the families of an oral cleft study, revealed the partial and complete sharing versions of RVS achieved similar statistical power compared with alternative methods (RareIBD and the Gene-Based Segregation Test), and had superior power compared with the pedigree Variant Annotation, Analysis, and Search Tool (pVAAST) linkage statistic. In studies of multiplex cleft families, analysis of rare single nucleotide variants in the exome of 151 affected relatives from 54 families revealed no significant excess sharing in any one gene, but highlighted different patterns of sharing revealed by the complete and partial sharing tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bureau
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, Canada
| | - Ferdouse Begum
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A. Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret M. Parker
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan F. Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Stepler KE, Robinson RAS. The Potential of ‘Omics to Link Lipid Metabolism and Genetic and Comorbidity Risk Factors of Alzheimer’s Disease in African Americans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:1-28. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Ashton NJ, Schöll M, Heurling K, Gkanatsiou E, Portelius E, Höglund K, Brinkmalm G, Hye A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Update on biomarkers for amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Med 2018; 12:799-812. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the center of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is the aberrant aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) into oligomers, fibrils and plaques. Effective monitoring of Aβ deposition directly in patients is essential to assist anti-Aβ therapeutics in target engagement and participant selection. In the advent of approved anti-Aβ therapeutics, biomarkers will become of fundamental importance in initiating treatments having disease modifying effects at the earliest stage. Two well-established Aβ biomarkers are widely utilized: Aβ-binding ligands for positron emission tomography and immunoassays to measure Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid. In this review, we will discuss the current clinical, diagnostic and research state of biomarkers for Aβ pathology. Furthermore, we will explore the current application of blood-based markers to assess Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ashton
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Heurling
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eleni Gkanatsiou
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kina Höglund
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Abdul Hye
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
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10
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Portelius E, Brinkmalm G, Pannee J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Dahlén R, Brinkmalm A, Gobom J. Proteomic studies of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:1007-1020. [PMID: 28942688 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1384697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the brain. Today there are three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, amyloid-β consisting of 42 amino acids (Aβ42), total-tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), which combined have sensitivity and specificity figures around 80%. However, pathological studies have shown that comorbidity is a common feature in AD and that the three currently used CSF biomarkers do not optimally reflect the activity of the disease process. Thus, additional markers are needed. Areas covered: In the present review, we screened PubMed for articles published the last five years (2012-2017) for proteomic studies in CSF with the criteria that AD had to be included as one of the diagnostic groups. Based on inclusion criteria, 28 papers were included reporting in total 224 biomarker-data that were altered in AD compared to control. Both mass spectrometry and multi-panel immunoassays were considered as proteomic studies. Expert commentary: A large number of pilot studies have been reported but so far there is a lack of replicated findings and to date no CSF biomarker discovered in proteomic studies has reached the clinic to aid in the diagnostic work-up of patients with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden.,c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Rahil Dahlén
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
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11
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Sethi MK, Zaia J. Extracellular matrix proteomics in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:379-394. [PMID: 27601046 PMCID: PMC5203946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly organized system that consists of collagens, noncollagenous proteins, glycoproteins, hyaluronan, and proteoglycans. Recognized physiological roles of ECM include developmental regulation, tissue homeostasis, cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, neuronal plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. Aberrant ECM structure is associated with brain neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on two neurodegenerative conditions, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, and summarizes recent findings of altered ECM components, including proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, and glycoproteins, and proteins and genes related to other brain components. The scope includes immunohistochemical, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and glycomics studies, and a critical assessment of current state of proteomic studies for neurodegenerative disorders. The intent is to summarize the ECM molecular alterations associated with neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Graphical Abstract Brain extracellular matrix showing HSPGs, CSPGs, HA, collagens, and other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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12
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Caldieraro MA. The future of psychiatric research. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016; 38:185-189. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Psychiatric disorders place considerable burden on individuals and on public health. Funding for research in psychiatry is less than ideal, but even so high quality research is being conducted at many centers. However, these studies have not impacted clinical practice as much as expected. The complexity of psychiatric disorders is one of the reasons why we face difficulties in translating research results to patient care. New technologies and improved methodologies are now available and must be incorporated to deal with this complexity and to accelerate the translational process. I discuss the application of modern techniques for data acquisition and analysis and also the new possibilities for performing trials in virtual models of biological systems. Adoption of new technologies is necessary, but will not reduce the importance of some of the fundamentals of all psychiatry research, such as the developmental and translational perspectives. Psychiatrists wishing to integrate these novelties into their research will need to work with contributors with whom they are unaccustomed to working, such as computer experts, a multidisciplinary team, and stakeholders such as patients and caregivers. This process will allow us to further understand and alleviate the suffering and impairment of people with psychiatric disorders.
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13
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Khan AT, Dobson RJB, Sattlecker M, Kiddle SJ. Alzheimer's disease: are blood and brain markers related? A systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:455-62. [PMID: 27547773 PMCID: PMC4891999 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral protein biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may help identify novel treatment avenues by allowing early diagnosis, recruitment to clinical trials, and treatment initiation. The purpose of this review was to determine which proteins have been found to be differentially expressed in the AD brain and whether these proteins are also found within the blood of AD patients. METHODS A two-stage approach was conducted. The first stage involved conducting a systematic search to identify discovery-based brain proteomic studies of AD. The second stage involved comparing whether proteins found to be differentially expressed in AD brain were also differentially expressed in the blood. RESULTS Across 11 discovery based brain proteomic studies 371 proteins were at different levels in the AD brain. Nine proteins were frequently found, defined as appearing in at least three separate studies. Of these proteins heat-shock cognate 71 kDa, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase alone were found to share a consistent direction of change, being consistently upregulated in studies they appeared in. Eighteen proteins seen as being differentially expressed within the AD brain were present in blood proteomic studies of AD. Only complement C4a was seen multiple times within both the blood and brain proteomic studies. INTERPRETATION We report a number of proteins appearing in both the blood and brain of AD patients. Of these proteins, C4a may be a good candidate for further follow-up in large-scale replication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali T Khan
- GKT School of Medical Education King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Richard J B Dobson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia London United Kingdom
| | - Martina Sattlecker
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia London United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Kiddle
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia London United Kingdom
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14
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Panda PK, Patil AS, Patel P, Panchal H. Mutation-based structural modification and dynamics study of amyloid beta peptide (1-42): An in-silico-based analysis to cognize the mechanism of aggregation. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 7:189-94. [PMID: 26981406 PMCID: PMC4778649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the prevalent cause of premature senility, a progressive mental disorder due to degeneration in brain and deposition of amyloid β peptide (1-42, a misfolded protein) in the form of aggregation that prevails for a prolonged time and obstructs every aspect of life. One of the primary hallmarks of the neuropathological disease is the accretion of amyloid β peptide in the brain that leads to Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanism is still a mystery. Several investigations have shown that mutations at specific positions have a significant impact in stability of the peptide as predicted from aggregation profiles. Here in our study, we have analyzed the mutations by substituting residues at position A22G, E22G, E22K, E22Q, D23N, L34V and molecular dynamics have been performed to check the deviation in stability and conformation of the peptide. The results validated that the mutations at specific positions lead to instability and the proline substitution at E22P and L34P stalled the aggregation of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Kumar Panda
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Priyam Patel
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Hetalkumar Panchal
- Gujarat Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Athwa Farm, Ghod Dod Road, Surat, Gujarat, India
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15
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Moya-Alvarado G, Gershoni-Emek N, Perlson E, Bronfman FC. Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). What Can Proteomics Tell Us About the Alzheimer's Brain? Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:409-25. [PMID: 26657538 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r115.053330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), are becoming more prevalent as the population ages. However, the mechanisms that lead to synapse destabilization and neuron death remain elusive. The advent of proteomics has allowed for high-throughput screening methods to search for biomarkers that could lead to early diagnosis and treatment and to identify alterations in the cellular proteome that could provide insight into disease etiology and possible treatment avenues. In this review, we have concentrated mainly on the findings that are related to how and whether proteomics studies have contributed to two aspects of AD research, the development of biomarkers for clinical diagnostics, and the recognition of proteins that can help elucidate the pathways leading to AD brain pathology. As a result of these studies, several candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are now available for further validation in different AD cohorts. Studies in AD brain and AD transgenic models support the notion that oxidative damage results in the alterations of metabolic enzymes and that mitochondrial dysfunction is central to AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moya-Alvarado
- From the ‡Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Department of Physiology,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noga Gershoni-Emek
- §Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- §Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Francisca C Bronfman
- From the ‡Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Department of Physiology,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.;
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16
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Feng B, Hu P, Chen J, Liu Q, Li X, Du Y. Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Associated With Alzheimer's Disease Based on Bioinformatics Methods. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2015; 30:746-51. [PMID: 24965283 PMCID: PMC10852745 DOI: 10.1177/1533317514537548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The gene expression profile (GSE26972) of AD was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The DEGs were mapped to protein-protein interaction (PPI) data for acquiring the potential PPI relationship. The coexpressed significance of a gene pair in AD was determined. Then significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of DEGs were analyzed based on database for annotation visualization and integrated discovery tool. RESULTS The PPI network showed 7 upregulated genes and 4 downregulated genes that might play meaningful functional roles in AD. Meanwhile, 3 significantly enriched KEGG pathways as well as several significant GO terms (included α-actinin binding, interleukin 33 receptor activity, and telethonin binding) were identified. CONCLUSIONS The screened DEGs have the potential to become candidate target molecules to monitor, diagnose, and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong PR China Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou medical University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Spine, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou medical University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou medical University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou medical University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Xizhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou medical University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong PR China
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17
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Carreiro AV, Mendonça A, de Carvalho M, Madeira SC. Integrative biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 7:357-79. [PMID: 26136395 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Data mining has been widely applied in biomarker discovery resulting in significant findings of different clinical and biological biomarkers. With developments in technology, from genomics to proteomics analysis, a deluge of data has become available, as well as standardized data repositories. Nonetheless, researchers are still facing important challenges in analyzing the data, especially when considering the complexity of pathways involved in biological processes and diseases. Data from single sources appear unable to explain complex processes, such as those involved in brain-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, thus raising the need for a more comprehensive perspective. A possible solution relies on data and model integration, where several data types are combined to provide complementary views. This in turn can result in the discovery of previously unknown biomarkers by unraveling otherwise hidden relationships between data from different sources, and/or validate such composite biomarkers in more powerful predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- André V Carreiro
- INESC-ID Lisbon and Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Mendonça
- Dementia Clinics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Translational Clinical Physiology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara C Madeira
- INESC-ID Lisbon and Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Evans AR, Gu L, Guerrero R, Robinson RAS. Global cPILOT analysis of the APP/PS-1 mouse liver proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:872-84. [PMID: 25620666 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A quantitative proteomics strategy called combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) was designed to discover alterations in the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS-1) mouse liver proteome. The multiplexing strategy allows simultaneous quantitation of 12 samples in a single experiment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For cPILOT samples, six APP/PS-1 and six heterozygous mouse livers were modified using precursor dimethylation (pH 2.5) followed by isobaric tagging (pH 8.0). Samples were pooled, fractioned with strong cation exchange, and analyzed using RPLC-MS(3) for protein identification and relative quantitation. In order to increase proteome coverage, a two-tiered data collection strategy was employed. Six duplex precursor dimethylation experiments were also performed to verify cPILOT protein quantitation. RESULTS The combination of cPILOT with precursor dimethylation data resulted in 2437 total liver proteins identified and 77 differentially expressed proteins in APP/PS-1 liver. Differentially expressed proteins are involved in metabolic processes such as B-oxidation, pyruvate metabolism, and glucose regulation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE cPILOT expands protein quantitation using isobaric tags and can be applied to any clinical laboratory interested in enhanced multiplexing strategies. Differentially expressed proteins in APP/PS-1 mouse liver suggest the potential use of ketone bodies to alleviate metabolic dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease brain. Our work also suggests alterations in the alanine cycle potentially leading to hyperammonia production, may contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liqing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rodolfo Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Brinkmalm A, Portelius E, Öhrfelt A, Brinkmalm G, Andreasson U, Gobom J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Explorative and targeted neuroproteomics in Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:769-78. [PMID: 25619854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain amyloidosis that injures brain regions involved in memory consolidation and other higher brain functions. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by accumulation of a 42 amino acid peptide called amyloid β (Aβ42) in extracellular senile plaques, intraneuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal and axonal degeneration and loss. Biomarker assays capturing these pathologies have been developed for use on cerebrospinal fluid samples but there are additional molecular pathways that most likely contribute to the neurodegeneration and full clinical expression of AD. One way of learning more about AD pathogenesis is to identify novel biomarkers for these pathways and examine them in longitudinal studies of patients in different stages of the disease. Here, we discuss targeted proteomic approaches to study AD and AD-related pathologies in closer detail and explorative approaches to discover novel pathways that may contribute to the disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in neuroscience and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annika Öhrfelt
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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20
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Rupp C, Beyreuther K, Maurer K, Kins S. A presenilin 1 mutation in the first case of Alzheimer's disease: Revisited. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:869-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Rupp
- Division of Human Biology and Human GeneticsTechnical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
- Network Aging Research (NAR)HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Konrad Maurer
- Department of PsychiatryPsychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human GeneticsTechnical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
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21
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Novel mutation in the PSEN2 gene (N141Y) associated with early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease in a Chinese Han family. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2420.e1-5. [PMID: 24838186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mutations in the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene as causes of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) have never been reported in Asia. We conducted a phenotype and pedigree study by performing neuropathological examination and target region sequencing in a family of 3 generations. Six members in this family developed dementia in their fifth decade and died in their sixth decade. The proband was diagnosed clinically with AD, which was confirmed by an autopsy. Target region sequencing showed a novel missense mutation at codon 141 (N141Y) of the PSEN2 gene that predicts an Asparagine-to-Tyrosine substitution in the affected individuals. The result was validated by Sanger sequencing in 7 family members (2 affected and 5 unaffected). The mutation was absent in the 5 clinically unaffected relatives and 188 control subjects. No influence of the APOE genotype was observed. We are the first to demonstrate a novel PSEN2 N141Y mutation in a Chinese Han family with early-onset AD.
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22
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Musunuri S, Wetterhall M, Ingelsson M, Lannfelt L, Artemenko K, Bergquist J, Kultima K, Shevchenko G. Quantification of the brain proteome in Alzheimer's disease using multiplexed mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2056-68. [PMID: 24606058 DOI: 10.1021/pr401202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the brain proteome in the temporal neocortex between Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and non-AD individuals by using shotgun mass spectrometry based on a stable isotope dimethyl labeling. A total of 827 unique proteins were identified and quantitated. Of these, 227 proteins were found in at least 9 out of 10 AD/control pairs and were further subjected to statistical analysis. A total of 69 proteins showed different levels (p-value < 0.05) in AD versus control brain samples. Of these proteins, 37 were increased and 32 were decreased as compared to the non-AD subjects. Twenty-three proteins comprise novel proteins that have not previously been reported as related to AD, e.g., neuronal-specific septin-3, septin-2, septin-5, dihydropteridine reductase, and clathrin heavy chain 1. The proteins with altered levels in the AD brain represent a wide variety of pathways suggested to be involved in the disease pathogenesis, including energy metabolism, glycolysis, oxidative stress, apoptosis, signal transduction, and synaptic functioning. Apart from leading to new insights into the molecular mechanisms in AD, the findings provide us with possible novel candidates for future diagnostic and prognostic disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Musunuri
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC and ‡Department Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Evolution of the cognitive proteome: from static to dynamic network models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 736:119-34. [PMID: 22161325 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7210-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrative analysis of the neuronal synapse proteome has uncovered an evolutionarily conserved signalling complex that underpins the cognitive capabilities of the brain. Highly dynamic, cell type specific and intricately regulated, the synaptic proteome presents many challenges to systems biology approaches, yet this is likely to be the best route to unlock a new generation of neuroscience research and CNS drug development that society so urgently demands. Most systems biology approaches today have focussed on exploiting protein-protein interaction data to their fullest extent within static interaction models. These have revealed structure-function relationships within the protein network, uncovered new candidate genes for genetic studies and drug research and development and finally provided a means to study the evolution of the system. The rapid maturation of medium and high-throughput biochemical technologies means that dissecting the synapse proteome's dynamic complexity is fast becoming a reality. Here we look at these new challenges and explore rule-based modelling as a basis for a new generation of synaptic models.
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24
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Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Bertram L, Visser PJ. Relationship between genetic risk factors and markers for Alzheimer's disease pathology. Biomark Med 2013; 6:477-95. [PMID: 22917148 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuritic plaques (main constituent: β-amyloid [Aβ]) and neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau protein) in the brain. Abnormalities in Aβ and tau can be measured upon neuropathological examination, in cerebrospinal fluid or by PET. Etiologically, a growing body of evidence suggests that susceptibility to AD is genetically controlled. However, the precise nature of the underlying risk genes and their relation to AD biomarkers remains largely elusive. To this end, we performed a qualitative review of 17 studies (covering 47 polymorphisms in 26 genes) and investigated the potential relation between the most compelling AD risk genes and markers for Aβ and tau in cerebrospinal fluid, PET imaging and neuropathological examination. Of all covered genes, only APOE and PICALM showed consistent effects on Aβ but not on tau, while no obvious effects were observed for CLU, CR1, ACE, SORL and MAPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzel S Elias-Sonnenschein
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Hu ZP, Browne ER, Liu T, Angel TE, Ho PC, Chan ECY. Metabonomic Profiling of TASTPM Transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5903-13. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300666p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Edward R. Browne
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Singapore Research Centre, Biopolis at One-North, 11 Biopolis Way, The Helios #03-01/02, Singapore 138667
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Thomas E Angel
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Paul C. Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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26
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Epigenetic regulation of BACE1 in Alzheimer’s disease patients and in transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2012; 220:256-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Furuya TK, Silva PNO, Payão SLM, Bertolucci PHF, Rasmussen LT, De Labio RW, Braga ILS, Chen ES, Turecki G, Mechawar N, Mill J, Smith MAC. Analysis of SNAP25 mRNA expression and promoter DNA methylation in brain areas of Alzheimer's Disease patients. Neuroscience 2012; 220:41-6. [PMID: 22732502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. The presynaptic terminal is an important site of pathological changes in AD, leading to synaptic loss in specific brain regions, such as in the cortex and hippocampus. In this study, we investigated synaptosomal-associated protein, 25-kDa (SNAP25) mRNA levels and promoter DNA methylation in post mortem brain tissues (entorhinal and auditory cortices and hippocampus) from healthy elderly and AD subjects as well as in peripheral blood leukocytes of young, healthy elderly and AD patients. mRNA quantification was performed by quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) using the ΔΔC(T) method and promoter DNA methylation was quantified by mass spectrometry using the Sequenom EpiTYPER platform. We observed a significant decrease in SNAP25 expression in AD across all the three brain regions in relation to the healthy elderly subjects, suggesting impairment in synaptic function. The changes in the auditory cortex reflected those observed in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, the primary areas affected in AD. However, no AD-associated differences in SNAP25 promoter DNA methylation were observed suggesting that other mechanisms may be involved in mediating the observed gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Furuya
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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28
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Andreev VP, Petyuk VA, Brewer HM, Karpievitch YV, Xie F, Clarke J, Camp D, Smith RD, Lieberman AP, Albin RL, Nawaz Z, El Hokayem J, Myers AJ. Label-free quantitative LC-MS proteomics of Alzheimer's disease and normally aged human brains. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3053-67. [PMID: 22559202 DOI: 10.1021/pr3001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative proteomics analysis of cortical samples of 10 Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains versus 10 normally aged brains was performed by following the accurate mass and time tag (AMT) approach with the high resolution LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. More than 1400 proteins were identified and quantitated. A conservative approach of selecting only the consensus results of four normalization methods was suggested and used. A total of 197 proteins were shown to be significantly differentially abundant (p-values <0.05, corrected for multiplicity of testing) in AD versus control brain samples. Thirty-seven of these proteins were reported as differentially abundant or modified in AD in previous proteomics and transcriptomics publications. The rest to the best of our knowledge are new. Mapping of the discovered proteins with bioinformatic tools revealed significant enrichment with differentially abundant proteins of pathways and processes known to be important in AD, including signal transduction, regulation of protein phosphorylation, immune response, cytoskeleton organization, lipid metabolism, energy production, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Andreev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ⊥Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, ▽Division of Neuroscience, and ○Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida, United States
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29
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Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJF. Genetics of human episodic memory: dealing with complexity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:381-7. [PMID: 21835680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is a polygenic behavioral trait with substantial heritability estimates. Despite its complexity, recent empirical evidence supports the notion that behavioral genetic studies of episodic memory might successfully identify trait-associated molecules and pathways. The development of high-throughput genotyping methods, of elaborated statistical analyses and of phenotypic assessment methods at the neural systems level will facilitate the reliable identification of novel memory-related genes. Importantly, a necessary crosstalk between behavioral genetic studies and investigation of causality by molecular genetic studies will ultimately pave the way towards the identification of biologically important, and hopefully druggable, genes and molecular pathways related to human episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Földi I, Müller G, Penke B, Janáky T. Characterisation of the variation of mouse brain proteome by two-dimensional electrophoresis. J Proteomics 2011; 74:894-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Földi I, Datki ZL, Szabó Z, Bozsó Z, Penke B, Janáky T. Proteomic study of the toxic effect of oligomeric Aβ1-42 in situ prepared from 'iso-Aβ1-42'. J Neurochem 2011; 117:691-702. [PMID: 21388376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disorders even so the exact pathomechanism is still unclear. Recently, it is widely accepted that amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) toxicity is positively linked to Aβ oligomers, which may be responsible for the initiation of AD. For this reason, AD research requires well defined aggregation state and structure of Aβ. Precursor peptide 'iso-Aβ1-42' makes it possible to use Aβ1-42 with well- defined aggregation state for in vitro and in vivo experiments. The aim of this study was to identify protein expression changes from differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after treatment with oligomeric Aβ1-42 prepared in situ from 'iso-Aβ1-42'. In our experiment, a cell viability assay revealed a strong and time-dependent toxic effect of oligomeric Aβ1-42 which was supported by dramatic morphological changes. Our proteomics study also revealed numerous significant protein expression changes (22 proteins down- and 25 proteins up-regulated) after comparison of the untreated and Aβ1-42-treated cell lysates by two-dimensional electrophoresis. From the functional classification of the identified proteins, we found deregulations of proteins involved in metabolic processes, cytoskeleton organisation and protein biosynthesis and a huge number of up-regulated stress proteins displayed oligomeric Aβ1-42-induced cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Földi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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32
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Flood DG, Marek GJ, Williams M. Developing predictive CSF biomarkers-a challenge critical to success in Alzheimer's disease and neuropsychiatric translational medicine. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1422-34. [PMID: 21295552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The need to develop effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease has been confounded by repeated clinical failures where promising new chemical entities that have been extensively characterized in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease have failed to show efficacy in the human disease state. This has been attributed to: the selection of drug targets that have yet to be shown as causal to the disease as distinct from being the result of the disease process, a lack of congruence in the animal models of Alzheimer's disease, wild-type and transgenic, to the human disease, and the enrollment of patients in proof of concept clinical trials who are at too advanced a stage of the disease to respond to any therapeutic. The development of validated biomarkers that can be used for disease diagnosis and progression is anticipated to improve patient enrollment in clinical trials, to develop new animal models and to identify new disease targets for drug discovery. The present review assesses the status of current efforts in developing CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and briefly discusses the status of CSF biomarker efforts in schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy G Flood
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380, USA
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33
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Jiang X, Barmada MM, Visweswaran S. Identifying genetic interactions in genome-wide data using Bayesian networks. Genet Epidemiol 2011; 34:575-81. [PMID: 20568290 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that interactions among genes (epistasis) may play an important role in susceptibility to common diseases (Moore and Williams [2002]. Ann Med 34:88-95; Ritchie et al. [2001]. Am J Hum Genet 69:138-147). To study the underlying genetic variants of diseases, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that simultaneously assay several hundreds of thousands of SNPs are being increasingly used. Often, the data from these studies are analyzed with single-locus methods (Lambert et al. [2009]. Nat Genet 41:1094-1099; Reiman et al. [2007]. Neuron 54:713-720). However, epistatic interactions may not be easily detected with single-locus methods (Marchini et al. [2005]. Nat Genet 37:413-417). As a result, both parametric and nonparametric multi-locus methods have been developed to detect such interactions (Heidema et al. [2006]. BMC Genet 7:23). However, efficiently analyzing epistasis using high-dimensional genome-wide data remains a crucial challenge. We develop a method based on Bayesian networks and the minimum description length principle for detecting epistatic interactions. We compare its ability to detect gene-gene interactions and its efficiency to that of the combinatorial method multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) using 28,000 simulated data sets generated from 70 different genetic models We further apply the method to over 300,000 SNPs obtained from a GWAS involving late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Our method outperforms MDR and we substantiate previous results indicating that the GAB2 gene is associated with LOAD. To our knowledge, this is the first successful model-based epistatic analysis using a high-dimensional genome-wide data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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34
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Quest for new genomic and proteomic biomarkers in neurology. Transl Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-011-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe possibility of identifying novel biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases has been greatly enhanced with recent advances in genomics and proteomics. Novel technologies have the potential to hasten the development of new biomarkers useful as predictors of disease etiology and outcome, as well as responsiveness to therapy. Disease-modifying new therapies are very much needed in modern approaches to treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Current progress in the field encounters a degree of skepticism about the reliability of genomic and proteomic data and its relevance for clinical applications. Standard operating procedures covering sample collection, methodology and statistical analysis need to be fully developed and strictly adhered to in order to assure reproducible and clinically relevant results. Previous studies involving patients with neurodegenerative diseases show promise in using genomic and proteomic approaches for development of new biomarkers. Confirmation of any novel biomarker in multiple independent patient cohorts and correlation of the improvement in biomarker endpoint with clinical improvement in longitudinal patient studies remains crucial for future successful application. We propose that a combination of approaches in biomarker discovery may in the end lead to identification of promising candidates at DNA, RNA, protein and small molecule level.
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35
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Chua SM, Ng BY, Lee TS. Genetic and Genomic Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581001900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common chronic neurodegenerative disease today, afflicting 35 million people worldwide. Age is the major risk factor. The heritability of AD is estimated to be around 60%. Less than 5% of AD cases are familial with early-onset of disease caused by specific gene mutations. Genetic studies over the past 2 decades have provided invaluable insights into this complex disease. Here we review AD from the latest genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and a brief review of the transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenetics. Ultimately, a system-wide approach is essential to integrating the diverse and complicated findings into a meaningful understanding of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Ming Chua
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Beng-Yeong Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tih-Shih Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Kussmann M, Krause L, Siffert W. Nutrigenomics: where are we with genetic and epigenetic markers for disposition and susceptibility? Nutr Rev 2010; 68 Suppl 1:S38-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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37
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Liang WS, Chen K, Lee W, Sidhar K, Corneveaux JJ, Allen AN, Myers A, Villa S, Meechoovet B, Pruzin J, Bandy D, Fleisher AS, Langbaum JBS, Huentelman MJ, Jensen K, Dunckley T, Caselli RJ, Kaib S, Reiman EM. Association between GAB2 haplotype and higher glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease-affected brain regions in cognitively normal APOEε4 carriers. Neuroimage 2010; 54:1896-902. [PMID: 20888920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), we found an association between common haplotypes of the GAB2 gene and AD risk in carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, the major late-onset AD susceptibility gene. We previously proposed the use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) measurements as a quantitative pre-symptomatic endophenotype, more closely related to disease risk than the clinical syndrome itself, to help evaluate putative genetic and non-genetic modifiers of AD risk. In this study, we examined the relationship between the presence or absence of the relatively protective GAB2 haplotype and PET measurements of regional-to-whole brain FDG uptake in several AD-affected brain regions in 158 cognitively normal late-middle-aged APOEε4 homozygotes, heterozygotes, and non-carriers. GAB2 haplotypes were characterized using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array data from each of these subjects. As predicted, the possibly protective GAB2 haplotype was associated with higher regional-to-whole brain FDG uptake in AD-affected brain regions in APOEε4 carriers. While additional studies are needed, this study supports the association between the possibly protective GAB2 haplotype and the risk of late-onset AD in APOEε4 carriers. It also supports the use of brain-imaging endophenotypes to help assess possible modifiers of AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie S Liang
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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38
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Abdel Rassoul R, Alves S, Pantesco V, De Vos J, Michel B, Perret M, Mestre-Francés N, Verdier JM, Devau G. Distinct transcriptome expression of the temporal cortex of the primate Microcebus murinus during brain aging versus Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20862281 PMCID: PMC2940844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular events occurring during brain aging are extremely complex and still largely unknown. For a better understanding of these age-associated modifications, animal models as close as possible to humans are needed. We thus analyzed the transcriptome of the temporal cortex of the primate Microcebus murinus using human oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix). Gene expression profiles were assessed in the temporal cortex of 6 young adults, 10 healthy old animals and 2 old, “AD-like” animals that presented ß-amyloid plaques and cortical atrophy, which are pathognomonic signs of AD in humans. Gene expression data of the 14,911 genes that were detected in at least 3 samples were analyzed. By SAM (significance analysis of microarrays), we identified 47 genes that discriminated young from healthy old and “AD-like” animals. These findings were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). ANOVA of the expression data from the three groups identified 695 genes (including the 47 genes previously identified by SAM and PCA) with significant changes of expression in old and “AD-like” in comparison to young animals. About one third of these genes showed similar changes of expression in healthy aging and in “AD-like” animals, whereas more than two thirds showed opposite changes in these two groups in comparison to young animals. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the 695 markers indicated that each group had distinct expression profiles which characterized each group, especially the “AD-like” group. Functional categorization showed that most of the genes that were up-regulated in healthy old animals and down-regulated in “AD-like” animals belonged to metabolic pathways, particularly protein synthesis. These data suggest the existence of compensatory mechanisms during physiological brain aging that disappear in “AD-like” animals. These results open the way to new exploration of physiological and “AD-like” aging in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronza Abdel Rassoul
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Inserm U710, Montpellier, France; EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Alves
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Inserm U710, Montpellier, France; EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Pantesco
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Research in Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - John De Vos
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Research in Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Michel
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Inserm U710, Montpellier, France; EPHE, Paris, France
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nadine Mestre-Francés
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Inserm U710, Montpellier, France; EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Inserm U710, Montpellier, France; EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Gina Devau
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Inserm U710, Montpellier, France; EPHE, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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39
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Avramopoulos D, Szymanski M, Wang R, Bassett S. Gene expression reveals overlap between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease genes. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:2319.e27-34. [PMID: 20570407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of dementia with a strong genetic component and risk sharply increasing with age. We performed two parallel microarray experiments to independently identify genes involved in normal aging and genes involved in AD using RNA extracted from the temporal lobe of 22 late onset AD and 23 control brain donors. We found that AD is accompanied by significant changes in the expression of many genes with upregulation of genes involved in inflammation and in transcription regulation and downregulation of genes involved in neuronal functions. The changes with healthy aging involved multiple genes but were not as strong. Replicating and strengthening previous reports, we find a highly significant overlap between genes changing expression with age and those changing in AD, and we observe that those changes are most often in the same direction. This result supports an overlap between the biological processes of normal aging and susceptibility to AD and suggests that age related genes expression changes might increase the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Association analysis between polymorphism rs2373115 of gene GRB-associated binding protein 2 and Mongolian Alzheimer patients. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:4-6. [PMID: 20188796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GRB-associated binding protein 2 (GAB2) may function as a risk factor of Alzheimer disease (AD) by affecting hyperphosphorylation of tau, causing neurofibrillary tangles. There had been genomewide analysis discovering polymorphism rs2373115 correlated with AD and in this study we performed an association analysis on this polymorphism in 107:100 Mongolian Alzheimer patients and controls in order to discover whether this correlation can be replicated in Chinese minority group. The results showed negative results, indicating GAB2 rs2373115 polymorphism was not a remarkable factor in developing Alzheimer disease among Mongolian.
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Abstract
Recently, we have generated transgenic mice (designated as SJLB) carrying human N279K mutant tau, one of the tau mutations causing parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). SJLB mice mimic some features of behavioral alterations and neuronal pathology of patients with Alzheimer's disease. To investigate how tau dysfunctions cause these features, we examined the expression and phosphorylation levels in SJLB mouse hippocampal proteins using a phosphosensor dye in two-dimensional poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and mass spectrometry. Calreticulin and tubulin beta4 are significantly more phosphorylated, and heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, tubulin beta2, vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit A, alpha-internexin, alpha-enolase, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, and complexin-2 are significantly less phosphorylated in SJLB mice than control mice. These proteins could be new targets for elucidating underlying mechanisms and therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Azevedo PGD, Landim ME, Fávero GP, Chiappetta ALDML. Linguagem e memória na doença de Alzheimer em fase moderada. REVISTA CEFAC 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-18462010005000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: analisar as alterações cognitivas (memória e linguagem) no paciente com doença de Alzheimer na fase moderada e verificar se as variáveis sexo, idade e escolaridade interferem nessas habilidades. MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo observacional e prospectivo com 27 sujeitos com doença de Alzheimer na fase moderada, frequentadores do Centro de Reabilitação Regional de Araraquara (CRRA), com idade variando de 60 a 86 anos. O teste utilizado para a avaliação foi o Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) que contém várias provas, sendo selecionadas as seguintes: Teste de nomeação de Boston, Memória da lista de palavras, Fluência verbal, Evocação da lista de palavras e Reconhecimento da lista de palavras. RESULTADOS: as respostas obtidas nesta pesquisa permitiram observar que não houve diferença significante nas variáveis sexo e idade; já na variável escolaridade, obteve-se diferença significante no subteste de nomeação de Boston. CONCLUSÃO: a amostra dos sujeitos desta pesquisa não obteve diferença significante nas variáveis sexo e idade. Já na variável escolaridade, os sujeitos com maior grau de instrução tiveram melhor desempenho na prova de linguagem relacionada ao subteste de nomeação de Boston.
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Maurer MH. Proteomics of brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:17-28. [PMID: 19116946 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become the gold standard for the identification of proteins in proteomics. In this review, I will discuss the available literature on proteomic experiments that analyze human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain extracellular fluid (ECF), mostly obtained by cerebral microdialysis. Both materials are of high diagnostic value in clinical neurology, for example, in cerebrovascular disorders like stroke, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), traumatic brain injury and cerebral infectious and inflammatory disease, such as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, there are standard procedures for sampling. In a number of studies in recent years, biomarkers have been proposed in CSF and ECF for improved diagnosis or to control therapy, based on proteomics and mass spectrometry. I will also discuss the needs for a transition of research-based experimental screening with mass spectrometry to fast and reliable diagnostic instrumentation for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Maurer
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Minati L, Edginton T, Bruzzone MG, Giaccone G. Current concepts in Alzheimer's disease: a multidisciplinary review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2009; 24:95-121. [PMID: 19116299 PMCID: PMC10846154 DOI: 10.1177/1533317508328602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive, pedagogically-oriented review is aimed at a heterogeneous audience representative of the allied disciplines involved in research and patient care. After a foreword on epidemiology, genetics, and risk factors, the amyloid cascade model is introduced and the main neuropathological hallmarks are discussed. The progression of memory, language, visual processing, executive, attentional, and praxis deficits, and of behavioral symptoms is presented. After a summary on neuropsychological assessment, emerging biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid assays, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, and electrophysiology are discussed. Existing treatments are briefly reviewed, followed by an introduction to emerging disease-modifying therapies such as secretase modulators, inhibitors of Abeta aggregation, immunotherapy, inhibitors of tau protein phosphorylation, and delivery of nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Minati
- Science Direction Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
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Yuk DY, Lee YK, Nam SY, Yun YW, Hwang DY, Choi DY, Oh KW, Hong JT. Reduced anxiety in the mice expressing mutant (N141I) presenilin 2. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:522-31. [PMID: 18803281 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. The effect of presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 mutation on cognition has been well characterized in a variety of transgenic mice. However, noncognitive behaviors have not been considered in these mice. In the present study, we found that transgenic mice expressing mutant PS2 (N141I) displayed decreased anxiety behavior determined by the elevated plus maze test and the light dark box test. However, these mice showed biphasic ambulatory activity (hyperactivity followed by hypoactivity) in an open field test. Correlated well with the reduced anxiety, expression of GABA(A)alpha(1) receptor was higher whereas c-Fos was lower in the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala of the mice expressing PS2 mutation than those of the wild-type PS2 or nontransgenic control mice. These data indicate that PS2 mutation causes reduction of anxiety, and this effect may be related to the change of the expression of GABA(A)alpha(1) receptor and c-Fos. These findings could be useful in the understanding and the treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeon Yuk
- College of Pharmacy and CBITRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Fu YJ, Xiong S, Lovell MA, Lynn BC. Quantitative proteomic analysis of mitochondria in aging PS-1 transgenic mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:649-64. [PMID: 19241155 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests mitochondrial alterations are intimately associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In order to determine if mutations of presenilin-1 (PS-1) affect levels of mitochondrial proteins at different ages we enriched mitochondrial fractions from 3-, 6-, 12-month-old knock-in mice expressing the M146V PS-1 mutation and identified, and quantified proteins using cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag labeling and two-dimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC/MS/MS). Using this approach, 165 non-redundant proteins were identified with 80 of them present in all three age groups. Specifically, at young ages (3 and 6 months), Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and several signal transduction proteins exhibited elevated levels, but dropped dramatically at 12 months. In contrast, components of the oxidative phosporylation pathway (OXPHOS), the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), and energy metabolism proteins remained unchanged at 3 months but significantly increased with age. We propose that alterations in calcium homeostasis induced by the PS-1 mutation have a major impact in young animals by inhibiting the function of relevant proteins and inducing compensatory changes. However, in older mice combination of the PS-1 mutation and accumulated oxidative damage results in a functional suppression of OXPHOS and MPTP proteins requiring a compensatory increase in expression levels. In contrast, signal transduction proteins showed decreased levels due to a break down in the compensatory mechanisms. The dysfunction of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and signal transduction proteins may induce impaired cognition and memory before neurodegeneration occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jun Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Sowell RA, Owen JB, Butterfield DA. Proteomics in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8:1-17. [PMID: 18703168 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with age. AD and PD are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases that currently affect millions of persons within the United States population. While many clues about the mechanisms of these disorders have been uncovered, to date, the molecular mechanisms associated with the cause of these diseases are not completely understood. Furthermore, there are no available cures or preventive treatments for either disorder. Animal models of AD and PD, though not perfect, offer a means to gain knowledge of the basic biochemistry associated with these disorders and with drug efficacy. The field of proteomics which focuses on identifying the dynamic nature of the protein content expressed within a particular cell, tissue, or organism, has provided many insights into these disturbing disorders. Proteomic studies have revealed many pathways that are associated with disease pathogenesis and that may lead to the development of potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a discussion of key findings from AD and PD proteomics-based studies in various animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renã A Sowell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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Malaplate-Armand C, Desbene C, Pillot T, Olivier JL. [Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: current update and future directions]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 165:511-20. [PMID: 19041993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increased prevalence of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a significant health issue in the elderly population. The need for early diagnosis is imperative because this, along with the development of novel therapeutic treatments, would permit the rapid and perhaps more efficient treatment of these debilitating disorders early on. BACKGROUND Over the last decade, the potential use of certain biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and more recently, in the plasma has been investigated. Among the candidates studied includes the neurotoxic amyloid beta peptide and the Tau protein. However, although these two proteins have been clearly shown to be directly related to the pathophysiology of this disorder, it has proven difficult to establish a clear relationship between plasma or CSF levels of Abeta and Tau and the incidence and severity of AD in patients. This is due in part to differences in methodologies related to the detection sensitivity, as well as the variations in the biological data and consequent interpretation of the biochemical and biological data. Peripheral cells, in particular platelets and skin fibroblasts, could be an alternative solution as peripheral biological markers for the early diagnosis of AD. These cells are easily accessible from patients. Furthermore, they would provide a means not only to validate potential therapeutic strategies, but also to study the mechanisms involved in the development of AD, including APP processing. PERSPECTIVES A combined strategy using both a fundamental mechanistic and an analytical approach of patient peripheral cells will allow the identification of new biological markers for AD, and hence permit immediate therapeutic strategies to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malaplate-Armand
- Laboratoire de biochimie spécialisée, hôpital Central, CHU de Nancy, CO 34, 54035 Nancy cedex, France.
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McAlpine FE, Tansey MG. Neuroinflammation and tumor necrosis factor signaling in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. J Inflamm Res 2008; 1:29-39. [PMID: 22096345 PMCID: PMC3218716 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nearly one in two individuals over 90 years of age. Its neuropathological hallmarks are accumulation of extraneuronal plaques of amyloid-beta (Aβ), the presence of neurofibrillary tangles formed by aberrantly hyperphosphorylated tau, progressive synaptic loss, and neurodegeneration which eventually results in decline of memory and cognitive faculties. Although the etiology of sporadic AD in humans is unknown, mutations in amyloid precursor protein or components of its processing machinery (β-secretase and γ-secretase) result in overproduction of Aβ1-40 and 1-42 peptides and are sufficient to cause disease. In this review, we highlight the experimental and clinical evidence that suggests a close association between neuro-inflammation and AD pathogenesis. Overproduction of inflammatory mediators in the brain occurs when microglia, which are often found in close physical association with amyloid plaques in AD brains, become chronically activated. It has been proposed that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), may inhibit phagocytosis of Aβ in AD brains thereby hindering efficient plaque removal by resident microglia. In support of this idea, the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, a potent trigger of inflammation that elicits production of TNF and many other cytokines, can accelerate the appearance and severity of AD pathology in several animal models of AD. We review the evidence implicating TNF signaling in AD pathology and discuss how TNF-dependent processes may contribute to cognitive dysfunction and accelerated progression of AD. We conclude by reviewing the observations that provide compelling rationale to investigate the extent to which new therapeutic approaches that selectively target the TNF pathway modify progression of neuropathology in pre-clinical models of AD as well as the promising findings with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and recent clinical trials with Aβ immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Correspondence: Malú G Tansey, Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA, Tel +1 214 645 6037, Fax +1 214 645 6049, Email
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