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Yakubu Y, Daneji AI, Mohammed AA, Jibril A, Umaru A, Aliyu RM, Garba B, Lawal N, Jibril AH, Shuaibu AB. Understanding the awareness of antimicrobial resistance amongst commercial poultry farmers in northwestern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106226. [PMID: 38781693 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both humans and animals is a growing health threat worldwide. Significant quantities of antibiotics are used in the livestock production sector, particularly in poultry farming to enhance growth and productivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three states of northwestern Nigeria to understand the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of commercial poultry farmers on antimicrobial resistance. A total of 247 poultry farmers enrolled in the study comprising 100 (40.5 %) from Sokoto, 68 from Kebbi (27.5 %) and 79 (32.0 %) from Zamfara States. A significant number of the farmers have good knowledge of antimicrobial use (94.74 %), and the potential emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria due to irrational administration of antibiotics (83.0 %). Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in farmers' knowledge of AMR based on their educational qualification (p < 0.001) as farmers with bachelor's degree (BSc) being more knowledgeable than those with Ordinary National Diploma (OND) and those who only completed primary or secondary education. A statistically significant difference was also observed in the attitude of the participants based on State (p < 0.001) and educational qualification (p = 0.013). The study provided valuable insight into the understanding of antimicrobial resistance amongst commercial poultry farmers in the region. The findings necessitate the need for educational interventions and initiatives through enlightenment campaigns and deployment of extension workers to reach farmers with low level of education to further improve their attitudes and practice towards responsible use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yakubu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - A I Daneji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A A Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A Jibril
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A Umaru
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - R M Aliyu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - B Garba
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - N Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A H Jibril
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A B Shuaibu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Vougat Ngom R, Jajere SM, Ayissi GJ, Tanyienow A, Moffo F, Watsop HM, Mimboe LM, Mouiche MM, Schüpbach-Regula G, Carmo LP. Unveiling the landscape of resistance against high priority critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals across Africa: A scoping review. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106173. [PMID: 38503073 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The rapid population growth in Africa is associated with an increasing demand for livestock products which in turn can lead to antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial usage in animals contributes to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria which constitutes a serious public health threat. This study aims to review and summarize the available information on highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) resistance in livestock production in Africa. This work will help to inform future policies for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food production chain. A scoping review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines for reporting. Primary research studies published after 1999 and reporting resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Campylobacter spp to HPCIAs in poultry, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep in Africa were searched in four databases. A total of 312 articles were included in the review. The majority of the studies (40.7) were conducted in North African countries. More than 49.0% of included studies involved poultry and 26.2% cattle. Cephalosporins and quinolones were the most studied antimicrobial classes. Of the bacteria investigated in the current review, E. coli (41.7%) and Salmonella spp (24.9%) represented the most commonly studied. High levels of resistance against erythromycin in E. coli were found in poultry (MR 96.1%, IQR 83.3-100.0%), cattle (MR 85.7%, IQR 69.2-100.0%), and pigs (MR 94.0%, IQR 86.2-94.0%). In sheep, a high level of resistance was observed in E. coli against nalidixic acid (MR 87.5%, IQR 81.3-93.8%). In goats, the low level of sensibility was noted in S. aureus against streptomycin (MR 86.8%, IQR 19.4-99.0%). The study provides valuable information on HPCIAs resistance in livestock production in Africa and highlights the need for further research and policies to address the public health risk of AMR. This will likely require an investment in diagnostic infrastructure across the continent. Awareness on the harmful impact of AMR in African countries is a requirement to produce more effective and sustainable measures to curb AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Vougat Ngom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Saleh M Jajere
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Gaspard Ja Ayissi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Akenghe Tanyienow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Hippolyte M Watsop
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Leina M Mimboe
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Mohamed Mm Mouiche
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | | | - Luís Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås 1433, Norway
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3
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Onwumere-Idolor OS, Kperegbeyi JI, Imonikebe UG, Okoli CE, Ajibo FE, Njoga EO. Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant zoonotic E. coli from beef processing and retail points in Delta State, Nigeria: Public health implications. Prev Vet Med 2024; 224:106132. [PMID: 38335831 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Some sorbitol non-fermenting E. coli (SN-F E. coli) and all E. coli O157 are zoonotic. Contamination of beef with zoonotic E. coli at the processing or retail point is a significant public health problem. Despite the public health importance of these organisms, there is no published data on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of zoonotic E. coli from Delta State, Nigeria. Consequently, this study determined the prevalence and AMR of SN-F E. coli and E. coli O157 isolates from meat contact surfaces at the processing and retail points in the study area. The isolation, biochemical and serological characterisations and AMR status of the isolates were performed following standard microbiological methods. Overall prevalence of SN-F E. coli and E. coli O157 were 13.8% (56/406) and 1.5% (6/406), respectively. Majority of the 56 SN-F E. coli (64.3%, 36/56) and all the six E. coli O157 (10.7%, 6/56) detected in this study were found at the meat processing points. Most of the SN-F E. coli were isolated at the slaughterhouse floor (31%), meat hooks (17.2%) and meat sellers' knives (17.2%). The SN-F E. coli exhibited greater AMR to ampicillin (67.9%), gentamycin (64.3%) and tetracycline (50%) than other antimicrobial agents tested. No isolate was resistant to aztreonam. All six E. coli O157 isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin. Overall, 23 AMR patterns, comprised 14 from meat processing points and nine from meat retailing points, were observed from the 56 antimicrobial-resistant SN-F E. coli isolates. All the six E. coli O157 and 73.2% (41/56) of the SN-F E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. An overall mean multiple antimicrobial resistance index of 0.6 was recorded. Multidrug-resistant zoonotic E. coli were detected at meat processing and retail points in Delta State, Nigeria. The findings warrant the adoption of One Health control approach, "farm to fork" principle of food safety and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in animal agriculture. These may help to limit beef contamination with multidrug-resistant zoonotic E. coli at the processing and retailing points, for public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye S Onwumere-Idolor
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro PMB 005, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Jameslove I Kperegbeyi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro PMB 005, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Uzezi G Imonikebe
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro PMB 005, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe E Okoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja 900109, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Festus E Ajibo
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo PMB 008, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Animal Health Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Sentinel Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
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4
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Odey TOJ, Tanimowo WO, Afolabi KO, Jahid IK, Reuben RC. Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:1-23. [PMID: 38055165 PMCID: PMC10830768 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food animal (FA) production is a common practice all over the world, with even greater usage and dependence in the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, this practice which serves obvious economic benefits to producers has raised public health concerns over the last decades, thus driving the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and adversely impacting food safety and environmental health. This review presents the current and comprehensive antimicrobial usage practices in food animal production across SSA. We further highlighted the overall regional drivers as well as the public health, environmental, and economic impact of antimicrobial use in the production of food animals. Antimicrobial use is likely to increase with even exacerbated outcomes unless cost-effective, safe, and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics, especially probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, vaccines, etc. are urgently advocated for and used in food animal production in SSA. These, in addition to the implementation of strong legislation on antimicrobial use, and improved hygiene will help mitigate the public health concerns associated with antimicrobial use in food animals and improve the well-being and safety of food animals and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Obiebe Jason Odey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Williams Omotola Tanimowo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Olayinka Afolabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Pathogenic Yeasts Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Iqbal Kabir Jahid
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Rine Christopher Reuben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Wolde D, Eguale T, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Haile AF, Pirs M, Strašek Smrdel K, Avberšek J, Kušar D, Cerar Kišek T, Janko T, Steyer A, Starčič Erjavec M. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Stools of Primary Healthcare Patients in Ethiopia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:93. [PMID: 38247652 PMCID: PMC10812509 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli is a growing problem in both developed and developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates (n = 260) isolated from the stool specimen of patients attending public health facilities in Addis Ababa and Hossana. This study also aimed to characterize phenotypically confirmed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates (n = 22) using whole-genome sequencing. Resistance to 18 different antimicrobials was assessed using the disc diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The highest resistance rate among the E. coli isolates was found for ampicillin (52.7%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (29.6%). Of all isolates, 50 (19.2%) were multidrug-resistant and 22 (8.5%) were ESBL producers. ESBL genes were detected in 94.7% of the sequenced E. coli isolates, and multiple β-lactamase genes were detected in 57.9% of the isolates. The predominant ESBL gene identified was blaCTX-M-15 (78.9%). The blaTEM-1B gene was detected in combination with other ESBL genes in 57.9% of the isolates, while only one of the sequenced isolates contained the blaTEM-1B gene alone. The blaCTX-M-3 gene was detected in three isolates. The genes blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1B as well as blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-169 were confirmed to coexist in 52.6% and 10.5% of the sequenced E. coli isolates, respectively. In addition, blaOXA-1 was identified together with blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1B in one isolate, and in one isolate, blaTEM-169 together with blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1B was found. The results obtained show that measures need to be taken to reduce the spread of drug resistance and ensure the long-term use of available antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deneke Wolde
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana P.O. Box 667, Ethiopia;
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.); (G.M.); (A.F.H.)
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.); (G.M.); (A.F.H.)
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.); (G.M.); (A.F.H.)
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.); (G.M.); (A.F.H.)
| | - Aklilu Feleke Haile
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.); (G.M.); (A.F.H.)
| | - Mateja Pirs
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Katja Strašek Smrdel
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tjaša Cerar Kišek
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.C.K.); (T.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Tea Janko
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.C.K.); (T.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrej Steyer
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.C.K.); (T.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Marjanca Starčič Erjavec
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kayendeke M, Denyer-Willis L, Nayiga S, Nabirye C, Fortané N, Staedke SG, Chandler CI. Pharmaceuticalised livelihoods: antibiotics and the rise of 'Quick Farming' in peri-urban Uganda. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:995-1014. [PMID: 36762463 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932023000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The 'livestock revolution' has seen the lives and livelihoods of peri-urban peoples increasingly intertwine with pigs and poultry across Africa in response to a rising demand for meat protein. This 'revolution' heralds the potential to address both poverty and nutritional needs. However, the intensification of farming has sparked concern, including for antibiotic misuse and its consequences for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These changes reflect a micro-biopolitical conundrum where the agendas of microbes, farmers, publics, authorities and transnational agencies are in tension. To understand this requires close attention to the practices, principles and potentials held between these actors. Ethnographic research took place in a peri-urban district, Wakiso, in Uganda between May 2018 and March 2021. This included a medicine survey at 115 small- and medium-scale pig and poultry farms, 18 weeks of participant observation at six farms, 34 in-depth interviews with farmers and others in the local livestock sector, four group discussions with 38 farmers and 7 veterinary officers, and analysis of archival, media and policy documents. Wide-scale adoption of quick farming was found, an entrepreneurial phenomenon that sees Ugandans raising 'exotic' livestock with imported methods and measures for production, including antibiotics for immediate therapy, prevention of infections and to promote production and protection of livelihoods. This assemblage - a promissory assemblage of the peri-urban - reinforced precarity against which antibiotics formed a potential layer of protection. The paper argues that to address antibiotic use as a driver of AMR is to address precarity as a driver of antibiotic use. Reduced reliance on antibiotics required a level of biosecurity and economies of scale in purchasing insurance that appeared affordable only by larger-scale commercial producers. This study illustrates the risks - to finances, development and health - of expanding an entrepreneurial model of protein production in populations vulnerable to climate, infection and market dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Denyer-Willis
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Nayiga
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Fortané
- Institut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, IRISSO (CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL), Paris, France
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah G Staedke
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Ir Chandler
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ogundijo OA, Omotosho OO, Al-Mustapha AI, Abiola JO, Awosanya EJ, Odukoya A, Owoicho S, Oyewo M, Ibrahim A, Orum TG, Nanven MB, Bolajoko MB, Luka P, Adeyemo OK. A multi-state survey of farm-level preparedness towards African swine fever outbreak in Nigeria. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106989. [PMID: 37507080 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of African Swine Fever (ASF) have severe economic implications for Nigeria and result in significant loss of livelihoods. The non-availability of vaccines makes biosecurity the reliable key to reducing ASF outbreaks. This study evaluated preparedness for ASF outbreaks at the farm level among 247 pig farmers randomly selected from Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Edo, Kwara, and Oyo states. We categorized each pig farmer's ASF preparedness rating (ASF - PR) as "poor", "moderate", and "satisfactory" based on their score on an 11-item scale. Finally, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between the socio-demographic variables and farm-level ASF preparedness. The awareness of ASF among pig farmers was very high (87.9%, n = 217). Most farmers knew the clinical signs of the disease, the modes of transmission of ASF, and correctly identified the risk factors. They also considered the need for thorough cleaning and disinfection of piggeries (87.1%, n = 189), tightened biosecurity (85.7%, n = 186), culling all ASF-affected pigs (77.9%, n = 169) as well as the ban on the transport of pigs and their products (49.8%, n = 108) as very important in ASF control. Conversely, 27.6%, (n = 60) of the farmers thought ASF could affect humans, 12% (n = 27) of them openly discarded the carcasses of dead pigs, and there was a high antibiotic usage. Most of the pig farmers used antibiotics as prophylaxis (63.6%, n = 157), chemotherapeutics (66.4%, n = 164), growth promoters (15.4%, n = 38), and wrongly so, 13% (n = 32) of them thought that antibiotics could be used to prevent and treat ASF. At the farm level, two-thirds (68.8%, n = 170) of the farmers had strict movement restrictions, and 48.6% (n = 120) routinely quarantine new pigs before introduction into their herd. Across the five states, 36% (n = 89) of the farmers had witnessed sudden death with signs consistent with ASF amongst their pigs and only 10.1% (n = 27) had confirmatory ASF diagnosis. The mean score for the farm-level ASF-PR was 6.95 ± 2.7. Approximately one-quarter of the 247 pig farmers had satisfactory ASF - PR that might help to prevent the incursion of ASF into their farms. Most farmers had moderate ASF - PR (59.5%, n = 147) whereas 17% (n = 42) had very poor ASF-PR and were most prone to an ASF outbreak. Of the sociodemographic variables, only age was significantly associated with farm-level ASF preparedness as older pig farmers especially those aged between 50 and 59 years (OR: 4.83; 95% CI: 1.10, 21.22; p = 0.037) were more likely to have satisfactory ASF - PR than the others. Our findings showed pig farmers were not adequately prepared and the next ASF outbreak could pose more significant threat to pig populations across Nigeria. Government should urgently establish minimum biosecurity measures and improve its ASF surveillance mechanisms for commercial and backyard pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun A Ogundijo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo O Omotosho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad I Al-Mustapha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - John O Abiola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel J Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adesoji Odukoya
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Owoicho
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Muftau Oyewo
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Terese G Orum
- Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement Project, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Magdalene B Nanven
- Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Pam Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Olanike K Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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8
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Kwange D, Ndahi MD, Alabi O, Usman BA, Umanah P, Andersen JK, Kwaghe AV. A retrospective study on veterinary antimicrobial use in Nigeria, 2014 to 2017. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:104. [PMID: 37719060 PMCID: PMC10504442 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.104.32046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dooshima Kwange
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PMB 145, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mwapu Dika Ndahi
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PMB 145, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olaniran Alabi
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PMB 145, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Bukar Ali Usman
- National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control, Plot 1, Isolo Industrial Estate, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Peter Umanah
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PMB 145, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Jens Kirk Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 201, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ayi Vandi Kwaghe
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PMB 145, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Zaria, Nigeria
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9
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A snapshot survey of antimicrobial resistance in food-animals in low and middle-income countries. One Health 2023; 16:100489. [PMID: 36683959 PMCID: PMC9850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance remains a threat to global public health. Low-and middle-income countries carry a greater burden of resistance because of higher rates of infection as well as, potentially, location-specific risk factors. Food animals occupy a critical crossover point for the spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans and the environment. However, this domain remains poorly surveilled outside high-income settings. We used point surveillance from 191 studies reporting phenotypic AMR in food animals across 38 African, Middle Eastern, Asian and South and Central American countries to depict antimicrobial resistance trend in food animals. By computing Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices and finding an overall mean of 0.34 ± 0.16, which is above the 0.2 index associated with multidrug resistance and high risk, we show that multidrug resistance in bacteria from food animal sources is worryingly high. MAR indexes from food animals were overall higher than those previously computed from aquaculture but, unlike aquaculture-computed MAR indices, did not track closely with those of human-associated bacteria in the same countries. Food animals are an important reservoir for rising antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, and hence improved surveillance in this sector is highly recommended.
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10
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Ndahi MD, Hendriksen R, Helwigh B, Card RM, Fagbamila IO, Abiodun-Adewusi OO, Ekeng E, Adetunji V, Adebiyi I, Andersen JK. Determination of antimicrobial use in commercial poultry farms in Plateau and Oyo States, Nigeria. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37038206 PMCID: PMC10084607 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection in animals is a common practice in Nigeria as in other developing countries. These antimicrobials are purchased over the counter without restrictions and often administered in form of medicated feedstuffs. In Nigeria, like most developing countries, antimicrobial prescription data are not routinely collected or reported at the farm level, instead import data are used in reporting antimicrobial consumption. Farmers can be useful sources of data on the use of antimicrobial agents by class, animal species, production type and age. The objective of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of poultry farmers on antimicrobial resistance and to generate data on antimicrobial use (AMU) in poultry farms in Plateau and Oyo states in accordance with the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). METHODS A questionnaire used by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in Ghana was adopted and modified to collect data on the knowledge, attitude and practices of farmers on AMR and AMU and to collect AMU data from selected poultry farms. A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted in Plateau state with poultry farmers and representatives from the state veterinary services, using a checklist. The aim of the FGD was to have an idea on antimicrobial use among poultry farmers and to generate additional questions that might be added to the questionnaire. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 50 farms from Plateau and Oyo states, using the list of registered poultry farms in the two states as sampling frame. RESULTS Ninety eight percent (98%) of farmers gave antibiotics as prophylactic treatment to day old chicks. There were 47 different products used in the two states within the study period. We observed that five classes of antibiotics (Tetracyclines, Penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Polypeptides and Fluoroquinolone) were used in the two states. A total of 351 kg of active ingredients from seven different classes, namely: tetracyclines, penicillins, aminoglycosides, polypeptide, fluoroquinolones, amphenicol and macrolides were recorded from the two states. Some products contained cocktail of antibiotics, having up to six different classes with very high concentration of active ingredients which are not in the list of registered antimicrobials reported to WOAH. CONCLUSION The concept used for this survey proved that the approach can be applied for AMU surveillance in the animal health sector. It also provided insight on farmers' knowledge and practices with regards to the use of antimicrobials which is missing in the national import data. The need for "stronger" antibiotics was identified as one of the drivers of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwapu Dika Ndahi
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Rene Hendriksen
- Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Helwigh
- Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roderick M Card
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Eme Ekeng
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Laboratory, Gaduwa, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Ini Adebiyi
- University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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11
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Aworh MK, Kwaga JKP, Hendriksen RS, Okolocha EC, Harrell E, Thakur S. Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli at the interface between humans, poultry and their shared environment- a potential public health risk. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2023; 5:2. [PMID: 36855171 PMCID: PMC9976508 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal Escherichia coli residing in the guts of humans and animals are reservoirs of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes, including quinolone resistance genes, in humans and poultry. This study aimed to characterize quinolones resistance in E. coli recovered from poultry workers, chickens, and poultry farm/market environments in Abuja, Nigeria. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted between December 2018 and April 2019 comprising poultry workers, chickens and their poultry farm/market environments. This study characterized E. coli isolates from stool, faecal and environmental samples using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing methods. Core-genome multilocus sequences-based phylogeny was used to determine the relatedness between quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Of 110 E. coli isolates, quinolone-resistant phenotypes were observed in 68.2% (n = 75) isolates. Whole-genome sequencing detected plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in 63.6% (n = 70) isolates. The most prevalent PMQR gene detected in 56 of these 70 E. coli isolates was qnrS1, followed by qnrB19 in 14 isolates and aac(6')-lb-cr in two isolates. Fifteen ciprofloxacin and 19 nalidixic acid-resistant isolates respectively showed double mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, with single or double mutations in parC, and a single mutation in parE. The most prevalent amino-acid substitutions observed were S83L + D87N in gyrA (46.5%, n = 20), S80I in parC (51.2%, n = 22) and S458A in parE (14%, n = 6). About 2.9% (2/70) of PMQR isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers while 2.9% (2/70) had plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) genes. CONCLUSIONS PMQR genes were prevalent in E. coli isolates recovered from healthy humans, chickens and poultry farm/market environments. PMCR genes (mcr-1.1) occurred in PMQR-positive isolates recovered from manure and drinking water originating from poultry farm/market environments. It was found that the gene encoding ESBL coexisted with qnrS-positive isolates of human and avian origin. Horizontal transfer of PMQR genes among E. coli isolates in the human-poultry-environment interface has public health implications for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Relevant government agencies should enforce regulations to restrict the use of critically important antimicrobials in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Kamweli Aworh
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Jacob K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO, FAO, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, EU, Denmark
| | - Emmanuel C Okolocha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Erin Harrell
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Foyle L, Burnett M, Creaser A, Hens R, Keough J, Madin L, Price R, Smith H, Stone S, Kinobe RT. Prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance in effluent wastewater from animal slaughter facilities: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120848. [PMID: 36563990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics in food animal production and disposal of untreated wastewater from food animal slaughter facilities may create a shift in microbiomes of different ecosystems by generating reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance along the human-animal-environmental interface. This epidemiological problem has been studied, but its magnitude and impact on a global scale is poorly characterised. A systematic review was done to determine global prevalence and distribution patterns of antimicrobial resistance in effluent wastewater from animal slaughter facilities. Extracted data were stratified into rational groups for secondary analyses and presented as percentages. Culture and sensitivity testing was the predominant method; Escherichia spp., Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were the most targeted isolates. Variable incidences of resistance were detected against all major antimicrobial classes including reserved drugs such as ceftazidime, piperacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol; the median frequency and range in resistant Gram-negative isolates were: 11 (0-100), 62 (0-100), 8 (0-100), 14 (0-93) and 12 (0-62) respectively. Ciprofloxacin was the most tested drug with the highest incidences of resistance in livestock slaughterhouses in Iran (93%), Nigeria (50%) and China (20%), and poultry slaughterhouses in Germany (21-81%) and Spain (56%). Spatial global distribution patterns for antimicrobial resistance were associated with previously reported magnitude of antibiotic use in livestock or poultry farming and, the implicit existence of jurisdictional policies to regulate antibiotic use. These data indicate that anthropogenic activities in farming systems are a major contributor to the cause and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance into the environment via slaughterhouse effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Foyle
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Solander Drive, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Matthew Burnett
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Abbey Creaser
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Rachel Hens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Julia Keough
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Lauren Madin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Ruby Price
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Hayley Smith
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Samuel Stone
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Robert T Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 1 Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Solander Drive, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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13
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Draz ME, El Wasseef D, El Enany N, Wahba MEK. Green approach for tracking the photofate of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in different matrices adopting synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy: a kinetic study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221086. [PMID: 36686550 PMCID: PMC9845973 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
First derivative synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (FDSFS) was applied to detect and quantify either ciprofloxacin (CIP) or levofloxacin (LEV) simultaneously with their photodegradation products, where the photolytic pathway for each analyte was found to be pH dependent. Under the guidance of early published articles, the structure of the produced photolytic products could be concluded, and further related to their resultant fluorescence spectra. The proposed method was subjected to full validation procedure which enables its application in investigating the photodegradation kinetics for both drugs. The obtained kinetic parameters were in accordance with previous reports and could be linked to predict the antibacterial activity of the resultant photodegradation products. These facts prove the suitability of the suggested FDSFS to serve as a stability-indicating assay method and to trace the photofate of CIP and LEV in the ecosystem as potential contaminants. Furthermore, the greenness of the suggested analytical methodology was evaluated via 'Green Analytical Procedure Index' (GAPI), which classifies it as an eco-friendly assay. Eventually, no extraction, treatment or preparation steps were needed during all analysis steps, which renders the proposed assay an appealing tool in environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E. Draz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Dalia El Wasseef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nahed El Enany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, P.O. Box 7723730, New Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mary E. K. Wahba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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14
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Azabo R, Dulle F, Mshana SE, Matee M, Kimera S. Antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production on occurrence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli. A systematic review with focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1000457. [PMID: 36353252 PMCID: PMC9637661 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in livestock production has been linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide; however, optimization of their use has been considered an important strategy in dealing with it. The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to assess the literature on antimicrobial usage (practices, frequency, class, type) in cattle and poultry production with regard to resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) including multidrug resistance (MDR) (b) summarize evidence for quantitative (volumes of active antimicrobial ingredients) and quality (identify and quantify active ingredient) and (c) to identify data gaps. Peer reviewed literature search was conducted by querying two online databases: PubMed and Google scholar from November 15, 2018 to February 2019. The inclusion criteria for eligibility were articles: published in English between 2008 and 2018, including poultry (chicken) or cattle or both, E. coli bacteria of choice, antimicrobial use on farms, quantitative data and quality of antimicrobial used. Microsoft Excel was used for data extraction and Rayyan software for eligibility studies. The search retrieved 1,446 probable articles including those from the reference list of significant papers, of which twenty-four articles remained on full text review with more than a third of the studies being conducted in Nigeria. Farm surveys and antimicrobial sales were identified as the main sources of data and the mean quantities of antimicrobials based on sales data were 23,234, 41,280.87, and 1,538,443 kg of the active ingredient in Nigeria, Zambia and South Africa, respectively. One study from Cameroon determined the quantities of active ingredients based on dose metrics while another study still from Cameroon mentioned the quality of antimicrobials. Tetracyclines, beta-lactams/aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones were the most common classes of antimicrobials (antibiotics) used. Our review reveals a dearth of information in Sub- Saharan Africa on the quantity and quality of veterinary drugs and yet they play a role in the overall picture of antimicrobial resistance. This finding gives an opportunity in the area of focus for future research as far as resistance and multidrug resistance are concerned in food producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogers Azabo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS) Foundation for One Health Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Frankwell Dulle
- Department of Knowledge Management, Sokoine National Agricultural Library, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mecky Matee
- Department of Knowledge Management, Sokoine National Agricultural Library, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli Kimera
- Department of Knowledge Management, Sokoine National Agricultural Library, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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15
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Assessing the role of internet in reducing overuse of livestock antibiotics by utilizing combination of novel damage control and 2-SLS approaches: Risk, responsibility, and action. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105754. [PMID: 36099702 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reducing farmers' overuse of livestock antibiotics is very essential to ensure food, environment, and public health safety. Currently, the "internet + " has emerged as a new initiative to stimulate the development of rural industries by alleviating farmers' information constraints, lack of skills, and knowledge deficiencies. However, very few studies have focused on this issue, and studies specifically focused on the role of the Internet in reducing the overuse of livestock antibiotics are still very limited. To fill this existing research gap, this study aims to investigate the role of the Internet in reducing the overuse of livestock antibiotics using data of 426 farmers based in three provinces, including the Hebei, Henan, and Hubei provinces of China. To analyze the collected data, we first employ a damage control model to estimate the marginal productivity of farmer use of livestock antibiotics and then use a two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach to assess the role of the Internet in reducing antibiotic overuse. The findings of our study show that the marginal productivity of farmers' use of livestock antibiotics by farmers is 0.0079 (approaching 0), indicating that the overuse of antibiotics has become the realistic response of farmers. Our results further reveal that the Internet has a significant inhibitory effect on the overuse of livestock antibiotics by farmers. The Internet can reduce the use of antibiotics by 1.3147 yuan/head by improving your knowledge and skills about antibiotics. The further findings of our study reveal that the educational level and organizational participation of farmers are also important driving factors to reduce the overuse of livestock antibiotics. Furthermore, the findings of this study validate the role of gender, age, and educational level in the non-linear effect of the Internet on farmers' overuse of antibiotics. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide insight for policy makers in motivating farmers to reduce antibiotic overuse by strengthening rural internet infrastructure, implementing skill training, improving supervision, and establishing an incentive mechanism for the standard use of antibiotics.
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16
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Gambushe SM, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:4645-4673. [PMID: 36039321 PMCID: PMC9420067 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s365269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important food-borne and water-borne pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and may cause serious morbidity and large outbreaks worldwide. People with bloody diarrhea have an increased risk of developing serious complications such as acute renal failure and neurological damage. The hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious condition, and up to 50% of HUS patients can develop long-term renal dysfunction or blood pressure-related complications. Children aged two to six years have an increased risk of developing HUS. Clinical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infections show fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. The EPEC reservoir is unknown but is suggested to be an asymptomatic or symptomatic child or an asymptomatic adult carrier. Spreading is often through the fecal-oral route. The prevalence of EPEC in infants is low, and EPEC is highly contagious in children. EPEC disease in children tends to be clinically more severe than other diarrheal infections. Some children experience persistent diarrhea that lasts for more than 14 days. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a compelling cause of the problem of diarrheal disease. ETEC strains are a global concern as the bacteria are the leading cause of acute watery diarrhea in children and the leading cause of traveler’s diarrhea. It is contagious to children and can cause chronic diarrhea that can affect the development and well-being of children. Infections with diarrheagenic E. coli are more common in African countries. Antimicrobial agents should be avoided in the acute phase of the disease since studies showed that antimicrobial agents may increase the risk of HUS in children. The South African National Veterinary Surveillance and Monitoring Programme for Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs has reported increased antimicrobial resistance in E. coli. Pathogenic bacterial strains have developed resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents due to antimicrobial misuse. The induced heavy metal tolerance may also enhance antimicrobial resistance. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance depends on the type of the antimicrobial agent, bacterial strain, dose, time, and mode of administration. Developing countries are severely affected by increased resistance to antimicrobial agents due to poverty, lack of proper hygiene, and clean water, which can lead to bacterial infections with limited treatment options due to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Gambushe
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75 123, Sweden
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17
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Scoping Review of National Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in Eight African Countries and Adaptable Recommendations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091149. [PMID: 36139929 PMCID: PMC9495160 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem threatening safe, effective healthcare delivery in all countries and settings. The ability of microorganisms to become resistant to the effects of antimicrobials is an inevitable evolutionary process. The misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents have increased the importance of a global focus on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). This review provides insight into the current AMS landscape and identifies contemporary actors and initiatives related to AMS projects in eight African countries (Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia), which form a network of countries participating in the Commonwealth Partnerships for Antimicrobial Stewardship (CwPAMS) programme. We focus on common themes across the eight countries, including the current status of AMR, infection prevention and control, AMR implementation strategies, AMS, antimicrobial surveillance, antimicrobial use, antimicrobial consumption surveillance, a one health approach, digital health, pre-service and in-service AMR and AMS training, access to and supply of medicines, and the impact of COVID-19. Recommendations suitable for adaptation are presented, including the development of a national AMS strategy and incorporation of AMS in pharmacists’ and other healthcare professionals’ curricula for pre-service and in-service training.
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18
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Olorunleke SO, Kirchner M, Duggett N, AbuOun M, Okorie-Kanu OJ, Stevens K, Card RM, Chah KF, Nwanta JA, Brunton LA, Anjum MF. Molecular characterization of extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli isolated from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:937968. [PMID: 35935201 PMCID: PMC9354541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.937968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is reducing therapeutic options for livestock and human health, with a paucity of information globally. To fill this gap, a One-Health approach was taken by sampling livestock on farms (n = 52), abattoir (n = 8), and animal markets (n = 10), and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant (ESC-R) Escherichia coli was selectively cultured from 975 healthy livestock faecal swabs, and hand swabs from in-contact humans. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed on all ESC-R E. coli. For isolates showing a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype (n = 196), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed for confirmation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on a subset (n = 157) for detailed molecular characterisation. The results showed ESC-R E. coli was present in 41.2% of samples, with AST results indicating 48.8% of isolates were phenotypically MDR. qPCR confirmed presence of ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M present in all but others in a subset [blaTEM (62.8%) and blaSHV (0.5%)] of isolates; none harboured transferable carbapenemase genes. Multi-locus sequence typing identified 34 Sequence Types (ST) distributed among different sampling levels; ST196 carrying blaCTX-M-55 was predominant in chickens. Large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the core genome of isolates, even within the same clade by phylogenetic analysis, indicated high genetic diversity. AMR genotyping indicated the predominant blaCTX-M variant was blaCTX-M-15 (87.9%), although blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-64, and blaCTX-M-65 were present; it was notable that blaCTX-M-1, common in livestock, was absent. Other predominant AMR genes included: sul2, qnrS1, strB, blaTEM-1b, tetA-v2, and dfrA14, with prevalence varying according to host livestock species. A blaCTX-M-15 harbouring plasmid from livestock isolates in Ebonyi showed high sequence identity to one from river/sewage water in India, indicating this ESBL plasmid to be globally disseminated, being present beyond the river environment. In conclusion, ESC-R E. coli was widespread in livestock and in-contact humans from Southeast Nigeria. WGS data indicated the isolates were genetically highly diverse, probably representing true diversity of wild type E. coli; they were likely to be MDR with several harbouring blaCTX-M-15. Surprisingly, human isolates had highest numbers of AMR genes and pigs the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon O. Olorunleke
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Miranda Kirchner
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Duggett
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Onyinye J. Okorie-Kanu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kim Stevens
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick M. Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kennedy Foinkfu Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - John A. Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Lucy A. Brunton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F. Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Muna F. Anjum
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Balu S, Chuaicham C, Balakumar V, Rajendran S, Sasaki K, Sekar K, Maruthapillai A. Recent development on core-shell photo(electro)catalysts for elimination of organic compounds from pharmaceutical wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134311. [PMID: 35307392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical organics are a vital milestone in contemporary human research since they treat various diseases and improve the quality of human life. However, these organic compounds are considered one of the major environmental hazards after the conception, along with the massive rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in an ecosystem. There are various biological and catalytic technologies existed to eliminate these organics in aqueous system with their limitation. Advanced Oxidation processes (AOPs) are used to decompose these pharmaceutical organic compounds in the wastewater by generating reactive species with high oxidation potential. This review focused various photocatalysts, and photocatalytic oxidation processes, especially core-shell materials for photo (electro)catalytic application in pharmaceutical wastewater decomposition. Moreover, we discussed in details about the design and recent developments of core shell catalysts and comparison for photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photo electrocatalytic applications in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. In addition, the mixture of inorganic and organic core-shell materials, and metal-organic framework-based core-shell catalysts discussed in detail for antibiotic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Balu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Chitiphon Chuaicham
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Vellaichamy Balakumar
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Karthikeyan Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Arthanareeswari Maruthapillai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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A Survey on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Large-Animal Farmers towards Antimicrobial Use, Resistance, and Residues in Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040442. [PMID: 35453194 PMCID: PMC9030753 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in food animals is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residue, which have become a growing public and animal health concern in developing countries such as Bangladesh. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of large-animal farmers towards antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and antimicrobial residue (AR) with their correlation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a structured and pretested questionnaire in the Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. A total of 212 large-animal farmers (dairy, beef fattening, buffalo, sheep, and goat farmers) were surveyed. Results showed that most of the farmers are male (85.8%) and belong to the 18–30 age group (37.3%). About 20.3% had no formal education, and nearly half of the participants (48.1%) received training regarding antibiotic use and resistance. Penicillin is the most common class of antibiotic used (61.8%) in the study area, followed by other antimicrobials. Only 37.7% of the farmers used antimicrobials on the recommendation of their veterinarian. Overall, 41.5%, 42.5%, and 21.7% of farmers possess adequate knowledge and a satisfactory attitude and perform desirable practices, respectively. Farmers in the 31–40 age group have adequate knowledge, attitude, and ability to implement desired practices compared to farmers in the 18–30 age group. Farmers having a graduate or post-graduate degree scored better in relation to knowledge, attitude, and practice than other farmers. Analysis revealed that farmers who received training on AMU and AMR had 10.014 times (OR = 10.014, 95% CIs: 5.252–19.094), 9.409 times (OR = 9.409, 95% CIs: 4.972–17.806), and 25.994 times (OR = 25.994, 95% CIs: 7.73–87.414) better knowledge, attitude, and performance, respectively, compared to their counterparts. A significant proportion of farmers (97.2%) dispose of leftover antibiotics inappropriately. The findings of the present study will be used to intervene in the education and training of the farmers, which will help to limit the indiscriminate and irrational use of antimicrobials, leading to reducing the chances of developing AMR.
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21
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Awosile BB, Agbaje M, Adebowale O, Kehinde O, Omoshaba E. Beta-lactamase resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae from Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2022; 11:1371. [PMID: 35282396 PMCID: PMC8905388 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-lactamase genes are one of the most important groups of antimicrobial resistance genes in human and animal health. Therefore, continuous surveillance of this group of resistance genes is needed for a better understanding of the local epidemiology within a country and global dissemination. Aim This review was carried out to identify different beta-lactamase resistance genes reported in published literature from Nigeria. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on eligible Nigerian articles retrieved from electronic literature searches of PubMed®, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar published between January 1990 and December 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adopted to facilitate clarity and transparency in reporting review findings. Results Fifty-seven articles were included. All beta-lactamases reported were detected from Gram-negative bacteria, particularly from Enterobacteriaceae. Thirty-six different beta-lactamase genes were reported in Nigeria. These genes belong to the narrow-spectrum, AmpC, extended-spectrum and carbapenemase beta-lactamase resistance genes. The pooled proportion estimate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Nigeria was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26% – 36%, p < 0.0001), while the estimate of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Nigeria was 46% (95% CI: 36% – 57%, p < 0.0001). The proportion estimate of AmpC genes was 32% (95% CI: 11% – 52%, p < 0.001), while the estimate for carbapenemases was 8% (95% CI: 5% – 12%, p < 0.001). Conclusion This study provides information on beta-lactamase distribution in Nigeria. This is necessary for a better understanding of molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases, especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela B Awosile
- Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, United States
| | - Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Kehinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Omoshaba
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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22
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Worldwide Traceability of Antibiotic Residues from Livestock in Wastewater and Soil: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010060. [PMID: 35011166 PMCID: PMC8749557 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work focuses on reviewing research works on antibiotic residues, evaluating antibiotics used in livestock production and their excretion in animal products and in environmental matrices such as water and soil worldwide, according to each of the variables used such as antibiotic family, name, concentration (% and mg/kg or ppm), country, and continent where the residue was found. The main antibiotics used worldwide and in animal production are sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, penicillin, and cephalosporins. Abstract The use of antibiotics in animal production are widely used for disease treatment, health protection, and as growth promoters. Common antibiotics used in veterinary medicine are excreted and eliminated through the sewage system, contaminating water and soil with negative effects on agricultural activities. This systematic review focuses on the trend of research works on antibiotic residues, evaluating antibiotics used in livestock production and their excretion in animal products and in environmental matrices such as water and soil. Our database was composed of 165 articles, reporting the concentration of antibiotic residues found in the environment, livestock (cow, sheep, pig, horse, chicken, rabbit, goat), aquatic and terrestrial animal tissues, animal products (milk and eggs), wastewater, and soil. The documents were obtained from Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania. A descriptive analysis of antibiotic residues found worldwide was analyzed according to each of the variables used such as antibiotic family, name, concentration (% and mg/kg or ppm), and country and continent where the residue was found. The descriptive analysis was carried out using the “describe” function of psych package and pirate plots were drawn. According to our study, the main antibiotics used worldwide in animal production are sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, penicillin, and cephalosporins. At present, despite the trends of increased regulations on the use of antibiotics worldwide, antibiotics are still utilized in food animal production, and are present in water and soil, then, there is still the misuse of antibiotics in many countries. We need to become aware that antibiotic contamination is a global problem, and we are challenged to reduce and improve their use.
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Endacott IC, Galipo E, Ekiri AB, Alafiatayo R, Adebowale K, Dineva M, Wakawa A, Ogwuche A, Maikai BV, Armson B, Mijten E, Varga G, Cook AJC. Baseline Assessment of Poultry Production, Pharmaceutical Product Use, and Related Challenges on Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States of Nigeria. Vet Sci 2021; 8:315. [PMID: 34941842 PMCID: PMC8709114 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is a major component of the livestock sector in Nigeria and continues to expand rapidly; however, it is still constrained by low productivity. A farm survey was conducted to provide a baseline assessment of poultry production (products generated, farm costs, and revenue), pharmaceutical use, and related challenges faced by farmers on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Live spent layers, eggs, and used beddings were the most frequently sold products for revenue. Antibiotic products were widely used, the most reported were Doxygen, Tylosin, and Conflox. Overall, 40% of farms used feed additives (including toxin binders, minerals, and vitamins) and 12% used coccidiostats. Access to pharmaceutical products was a key challenge and appeared to disproportionally affect farmers in the northern part (Kano) of Nigeria. Other challenges included perceived antibiotic ineffectiveness, high cost of drugs, and long distances to pharmaceutical suppliers. Challenges related to vaccine use were unavailability, distance to the supplier, and health issues interfering with the vaccination schedule. Study findings highlight the need for improved access to veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly in the northern states. Further investigations into the causes of antibiotic ineffectiveness and strategies for distribution of high-quality, effective pharmaceuticals are also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C. Endacott
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Erika Galipo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Kehinde Adebowale
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Aliyu Wakawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria;
| | - Adah Ogwuche
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Beatty-Viv Maikai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria; (B.-V.M.); (A.J.C.C.)
| | - Bryony Armson
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (I.C.E.); (E.G.); (R.A.); (M.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriel Varga
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 1930 Zaventem, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.O.); (E.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria; (B.-V.M.); (A.J.C.C.)
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Geta K, Kibret M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal farm owners/workers on antibiotic use and resistance in Amhara region, north western Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21211. [PMID: 34707158 PMCID: PMC8551280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal and human plays a role in the emergence and spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics which threatens human health significantly. Although extensive use of these antibiotics could contribute to the development of drug resistance, information on the knowledge, attitude and practice of antimicrobial resistance and use among animal farm owners/workers in north western Ethiopia is rare. The objective of the present study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of animal farm owner/workers towards antibiotic resistance and use in Amhara regional state north western Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted in selected cities of Amhara regional state from January to February, 2020. Data was collected from 91 participants using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSSS version 23. The results showed that 96.7% of respondents gave antibiotics to treat their livestock from different sources. Most of the respondents bought their antibiotics from private pharmacies without prescription and the most frequently mentioned antibiotics used to treat animal diseases was tetracycline (76.9%), followed by ampicillin (72.5%). Although, 90.1% of the animal farm owners heard about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance from different sources, they did not know the factors contributing to the transmission of resistant bacteria to humans and the impact of antibiotic resistance on human and animals' health. Using the mean score 4.44 ± 0.15 as the cut-off, half of the animal farm owners/workers had good knowledge about antimicrobial resistance and use. 52.5% of animal farm owners/workers had positive attitudes towards wise antibiotic use and resistance with a mean score of 28.4 ± 0.5. However, 52.75% participants had poor practice with the mean score of practice 4.95 ± 0.17. Better knowledge, positive attitudes and better practices on antibiotic use and resistance were associated with farm owners/workers who engaged in higher education. Although poor awareness on antimicrobial resistance was perceived by 76.9% of respondents as very important factors that contribute to increasing antibiotic resistance, increasing the use of complementary treatments was perceived by the majority of respondents as very important strategies that contribute to reduce antibiotic use and resistance. The current study disclosed that there is low level of awareness among animal farm owners about the correct use of antibiotics and resistance. It is necessary to raise awareness, develop and implement interventions to reduce antimicrobial use and antibiotic resistance in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindu Geta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia, P.O.Box 272.
| | - Mulugeta Kibret
- Department of Biology, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use Practices in Live Bird Markets within Abeokuta Metropolis, Southwest, Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The development of an antimicrobial stewardship plan (AMSP) for live bird sellers (LBS) requires an understanding of the current biosecurity status, antimicrobial use (AMU) and the practices involved in live bird selling (e.g., drivers, sellers, etc.) which is a direct source of poultry meat for human consumption. Seven Live Bird Markets (LBMs) within Abeokuta, Ogun State were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data on LBMs characteristics, LBS demographics, biosecurity, and AMU practices, awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), as well as preferred channels of information on antimicrobial stewardship were gathered. A total of 40 consenting LBS with 82.5% female and 17.5% male participants were included in the study. The participants’ mean age was 45.3 years (SD±11.9, range: 23-70 years). Laying hens, broilers, and cockerels were the main poultry types sold by LBS. Antimicrobials (AMs) were used for growth promotion (57.5%), therapeutic (40.0%), and prophylactic (2.5%) purposes. Tetracycline, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol were the most frequently used AMs. The majority of the participants (90.0%) have treated birds based on their empirical experience, with little or no inputs from veterinarians. Biosecurity and AMU practices were generally low (54.0% and 34.0%, respectively). The contact with veterinarians was associated with satisfactory biosecurity practices (p=0.049). No significant factors were found to be linked with AMU. This study has provided recent evidence-based data on practices in poultry management among LBS in Abeokuta, Ogun state. The findings would be useful for policy decisions and the development of AMSP on prudent AMU among LBS.
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Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug use is essential to treat diseases in food-producing animals. The most widely used drugs are antiparasitics and antimicrobials. They contribute to guaranteeing good-quality food in sufficient quantity for human consumption. When using veterinary medicines, it is essential to follow the instructions on the package label. Administering the correct dose by the indicated route in the animal species for which the drug is labeled is critical. After a pharmacological treatment is administered to livestock, a period (indicated on the label) must often elapse before the tissues from the treated animals can be consumed by humans. Veterinary drug residues are controlled by taking food samples to verify that drug concentrations do not exceed the permitted limits. This allows authorities to know if the medicine use is correct or if suitable corrective measures should be taken. When label’s directions are not followed, drug residues may appear in food. The residues exceeding the permitted limits established by the authorities can produce unfavorable consequences, mainly on the consumer’s health. The food trade and even the environment can be affected by drug residues in animal tissues. Therefore, the correct use of drugs in livestock is critical, which includes respecting the rules to avoid residues in food for human consumption. Abstract Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
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27
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Osemwowa E, Omoruyi IM, Kurittu P, Heikinheimo A, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Bacterial quality and safety of raw beef: A comparison between Finland and Nigeria. Food Microbiol 2021; 100:103860. [PMID: 34416960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Beef can easily be contaminated with bacteria during the meat production chain. In this work, we studied the contamination levels of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) on raw beef surfaces from small shops in Helsinki, Finland and meat markets in Benin City, Nigeria. We also investigated the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Listeria, and cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (CREC). In total, one hundred unpacked raw beef samples from Finland and Nigeria were collected in 2019. The median MAB and TCB counts were significantly (P < 0.001) higher on beef from Nigeria than from Finland. The median MAB and TCB counts in Nigeria were 7.5 and 4.0 log10 cfu/cm2, respectively, and 6.5 and 2.8 log10 cfu/cm2 in Finland, respectively. Most (94%) Nigerian samples were unacceptable according to limits set by the EU. Beef samples from meat markets in Benin City were significantly (P < 0.05) more frequently contaminated with Salmonella, STEC, and CREC than beef samples from small shops in Helsinki. Salmonella, STEC, and CREC were isolated from 30, 36, and 96% of Nigerian samples, respectively, and from <2, 12, and 2% of Finnish samples, respectively. Our study demonstrates a significant difference between the bacterial contaminations of raw beef in Nigeria and Finland, along with a possible misuse of cephalosporins in animal husbandry in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa Osemwowa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson, IDsa University, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Paula Kurittu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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28
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Adeapena W, Afari-Asiedu S, Najjemba R, van Griensven J, Delamou A, Ohene Buabeng K, Poku Asante K. Antibiotic Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030138. [PMID: 34287386 PMCID: PMC8293393 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to public health, impacting both human and animal health as well as the economy. This study sought to describe antibiotic prescription practices and use in the Kintampo North Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana using routinely collected data. Of the 513 animals presented for care between 2013 and 2019, the most common animals were dogs (71.9%), goats (13.1%), and sheep (11.1%). Antibiotics were prescribed for 273/513 (53.2%) of the animals. Tetracycline was the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics, (99.6%). Of the 273 animals that received antibiotics, the route of administration was not documented in 68.9%, and antibiotic doses were missing in the treatment records in 37.7%. Details of the antibiotic regimen and the medical conditions diagnosed were often not recorded (52.8%). This study recommends appropriate documentation to enable continuous audit of antibiotic prescription practice and to improve quality of use. There is also the need for a national survey on antibiotic prescribtion and use in animal health to support policy implementation and decision making in One-Health in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisdom Adeapena
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-24-071388
| | - Samuel Afari-Asiedu
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
| | | | | | - Alexandre Delamou
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Prevention and Control of Transmissible Diseases (CEA-PCMT), Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Maferinyah 4099, Guinea;
| | - Kwame Ohene Buabeng
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi P.O. Box 93, Ghana;
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana; (S.A.-A.); (K.P.A.)
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Shaibu AO, Okolocha EC, Maikai BV, Olufemi OT. Isolation and antibiogram of Salmonella species from slaughtered cattle and the processing environment in Abuja abattoirs, Nigeria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli among slaughterhouse workers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13362. [PMID: 34172803 PMCID: PMC8233315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in human and animal population has become a global public health problem that requires immediate intervention. We aimed to investigate prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli among slaughterhouse workers. We conducted this cross-sectional study among 118 apparently healthy workers in the largest slaughterhouses in Abuja and Lagos from July to December 2020. E. coli was isolated from stool samples of slaughterhouse workers and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics. Majority were males: 88.1% (n = 104), aged > 41 years: 28.8% (n = 34), married: 70.3% (n = 83), and were butchers: 53.4% (n = 63). Prevalence of MDR E. coli was 50% (n = 59), highest among butchers compared to slaughterhouse cleaners. Of 75 E. coli isolates identified, 25.3% (n = 19) were ESBL producers; 78.7% (n = 59) were MDR. Keeping animals (p = 0.01); eating at the slaughterhouse (p = 0.03) and collecting waste (p = 0.02) remained independent risk factors for acquiring MDR E. coli. Prevalence of resistant E. coli was highest among butchers and associated with keeping animals at home, eating at work, and waste-collection. Hand-hygiene and responsible use of antibiotics among slaughterhouse workers should be encouraged.
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Sangeda RZ, Baha A, Erick A, Mkumbwa S, Bitegeko A, Sillo HB, Fimbo AM, Chambuso M, Mbugi EV. Consumption Trends of Antibiotic for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: A Longitudinal Retrospective Survey From 2010-2017. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.694082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWith increased livestock keeping, multiple prevailing infections, antimicrobial agents’ use and pattern in Tanzania, the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes inevitable. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have increasingly become a major challenge in human and animal medicine. Although inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans is the principal cause of resistance, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from animals contribute to the emergence and spread of these bacteria. Antibiotics help control a multitude of bacterial infections that are major causes of diseases in both animals and humans. Rational use in animals is crucial to control any development and transfer of AMR to humans. This study aimed to create quantitative evidence of animal antimicrobial usage patterns in Tanzania to serve as a baseline for surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance control.MethodologyThis descriptive longitudinal retrospective study was conducted to explore the trend of veterinary-antibiotics consumed in the eight years, from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2017 in Tanzania mainland. The data source was records of all antibiotics imported for veterinary use into Tanzania’s mainland according to the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) records. The analysis employed the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology using Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification. Regression and time series analysis was used to establish trends in antibiotics consumption.ResultsA total of 12,147,491 kg of antibiotics were consumed in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017. Tetracycline, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, quinolones, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and antibacterial combinations were the most commonly used antibacterial agents in Tanzania. Tetracycline class topped the list with about 8,090,798 kg (66.6%) out of 12,147,491 kg total quantity of antimicrobials consumed. Non-significant, linear curve estimations and time series analysis indicate a decline in the quantities of veterinary antibiotics used in the eight years from 2010 to 2017.ConclusionsThis study suggests that tetracycline is the most used antibiotic class for veterinary medicine in Tanzania. The trend of antimicrobial use is generally decreasing compared to other countries in Africa. Even though some antibiotics have the lowest consumption rate, they are also prone to AMR, prompting follow-up by the relevant regulatory authorities.
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Eger E, Heiden SE, Korolew K, Bayingana C, Ndoli JM, Sendegeya A, Gahutu JB, Kurz MSE, Mockenhaupt FP, Müller J, Simm S, Schaufler K. Circulation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli of Pandemic Sequence Types 131, 648, and 410 Among Hospitalized Patients, Caregivers, and the Community in Rwanda. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662575. [PMID: 34054764 PMCID: PMC8160302 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR), gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) limit therapeutic options and increase morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs worldwide. They pose a serious burden on healthcare systems, especially in developing countries like Rwanda. Several studies have shown the effects caused by the global spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. However, limited data is available on transmission dynamics of these pathogens and the mobile elements they carry in the context of clinical and community locations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we examined 120 ESBL-producing E. coli strains from patients hospitalized in the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (Rwanda), their attending caregivers as well as associated community members and livestock. Based on whole-genome analysis, the genetic diversification and phylogenetics were assessed. Moreover, the content of carried plasmids was characterized and investigated for putative transmission among strains, and for their potential role as drivers for the spread of antibiotic resistance. We show that among the 30 different sequence types (ST) detected were the pandemic clonal lineages ST131, ST648 and ST410, which combine high-level antimicrobial resistance with virulence. In addition to the frequently found resistance genes blaCTX–M–15, tet(34), and aph(6)-Id, we identified csg genes, which are required for curli fiber synthesis and thus biofilm formation. Numerous strains harbored multiple virulence-associated genes (VAGs) including pap (P fimbriae adhesion cluster), fim (type I fimbriae) and chu (Chu heme uptake system). Furthermore, we found phylogenetic relationships among strains from patients and their caregivers or related community members and animals, which indicates transmission of pathogens. Also, we demonstrated the presence and potential transfer of identical/similar ESBL-plasmids in different strains from the Rwandan setting and when compared to an external plasmid. This study highlights the circulation of clinically relevant, pathogenic ESBL-producing E. coli among patients, caregivers and the community in Rwanda. Combining antimicrobial resistance with virulence in addition to the putative exchange of mobile genetic elements among bacterial pathogens poses a significant risk around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Eger
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan E Heiden
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katja Korolew
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claude Bayingana
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jules M Ndoli
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.,University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Augustin Sendegeya
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.,University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Jean Bosco Gahutu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.,University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Mathis S E Kurz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Müller
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Review on the Visible Light Photocatalysis for the Decomposition of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Tetracyclines, and Sulfonamides Antibiotics in Wastewater. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are used to kill or prevent bacterial growth. They are used in different fields, such as the medical field, agriculture, and veterinary. Antibiotics end up in wastewater, which causes the threat of developing antibacterial resistance; therefore, antibiotics must be eliminated from wastewater. Different conventional elimination methods are limited due to their high cost and effort, or incomplete elimination. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalysis arises as an effective elimination method for different organic wastes including antibiotics. A variety of semiconducting materials were tested to eliminate antibiotics from wastewater; nevertheless, research is still ongoing due to some limitations. This review summarizes the recent studies regarding semiconducting material modifications for antibiotic degradation using visible light irradiation.
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Aworh MK, Kwaga JKP, Hendriksen RS, Okolocha EC, Thakur S. Genetic relatedness of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans, chickens and poultry environments. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:58. [PMID: 33757589 PMCID: PMC7988975 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents in animal production has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. Transmission of AMR foodborne pathogens from reservoirs, particularly chickens to the human population does occur. Recently, we reported that occupational exposure was a risk factor for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) among poultry-workers. Here we determined the prevalence and genetic relatedness among MDR E. coli isolated from poultry-workers, chickens, and poultry environments in Abuja, Nigeria. This study was conducted to address the gaps identified by the Nigerian AMR situation analysis. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study among poultry-workers, chickens, and poultry farm/live bird market (LBM) environments. The isolates were tested phenotypically for their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, genotypically characterized using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and in silico multilocus sequence types (MLST). We conducted a phylogenetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analysis to determine relatedness and clonality among the isolates. RESULTS A total of 115 (26.8%) out of 429 samples were positive for E. coli. Of these, 110 isolates were viable for phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The selection comprised 47 (42.7%) isolates from poultry-workers, 36 (32.7%) from chickens, and 27 (24.5%) from poultry-farm or LBM environments. Overall, 101 (91.8%) of the isolates were MDR conferring resistance to at least three drug classes. High frequency of resistance was observed for tetracycline (n = 102; 92.7%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n = 93; 84.5%), streptomycin (n = 87; 79.1%) and ampicillin (n = 88; 80%). Two plasmid-mediated colistin genes-mcr-1.1 harboured on IncX4 plasmids were detected in environmental isolates. The most prevalent sequence types (ST) were ST-155 (n = 8), ST-48 (n = 8) and ST-10 (n = 6). Two isolates of human and environmental sources with a SNPs difference of 6161 originating from the same farm shared a novel ST. The isolates had similar AMR genes and plasmid replicons. CONCLUSION MDR E.coli isolates were prevalent amongst poultry-workers, poultry, and the poultry farm/LBM environment. The emergence of MDR E. coli with novel ST in two isolates may be plasmid-mediated. Competent authorities should enforce AMR regulations to ensure prudent use of antimicrobials to limit the risk of transmission along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Kamweli Aworh
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Jacob K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- WHO, FAO, EU, Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emmanuel C Okolocha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Fashae K, Engelmann I, Monecke S, Braun SD, Ehricht R. Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and cattle, Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:33. [PMID: 33461554 PMCID: PMC7814699 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global health concern reducing options for therapy of infections and also for perioperative prophylaxis. Many Enterobacteriaceae cannot be treated anymore with third generation cephalosporins (3GC) due to the production of certain 3GC hydrolysing enzymes (extended spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs). The role of animals as carriers and vectors of multi-resistant bacteria in different geographical regions is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in wild birds and slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cattle faecal samples (n = 250) and wild bird pooled faecal samples (cattle egrets, Bubulcus ibis, n = 28; white-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata, n = 24) were collected and cultured on cefotaxime-eosin methylene blue agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar diffusion assays and all 3GC resistant isolates were genotypically characterised for AMR genes, virulence associated genes (VAGs) and serotypes using DNA microarray-based assays. Results All 3GC resistant isolates were E. coli: cattle (n = 53), egrets (n = 87) and whistling duck (n = 4); cultured from 32/250 (12.8%), 26/28 (92.9%), 2/24(8.3%), cattle, egrets and whistling duck faecal samples, respectively. blaCTX-M gene family was prevalent; blaCTX-M15 (83.3%) predominated over blaCTX-M9 (11.8%). All were susceptible to carbapenems. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one of the other tested antimicrobials; multidrug resistance was highest in the isolates recovered from egrets. The isolates harboured diverse repositories of other AMR genes (including strB and sul2), integrons (predominantly class 1) and VAGs. The isolates recovered from egrets harboured more AMR genes; eight were unique to these isolates including tetG, gepA, and floR. The prevalent VAGs included hemL and iss; while 14 (including sepA) were unique to certain animal isolates. E. coli serotypes O9:H9, O9:H30 and O9:H4 predominated. An identical phenotypic microarray profile was detected in three isolates from egrets and cattle, indicative of a clonal relationship amongst these isolates. Conclusion Wild birds and cattle harbour diverse ESBL-producing E. coli populations with potential of inter-species dissemination and virulence. Recommended guidelines to balance public health and habitat conservation should be implemented with continuous surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Fashae
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Stefan Monecke
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Jena, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fiedlerstr 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sascha D Braun
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Jena, Germany
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Obodoechi LO, Carvalho I, Chenouf NS, Martínez-Álvarez S, Sadi M, Nwanta JA, Chah KF, Torres C. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from frugivorous (Eidolon helvum) and insectivorous (Nycteris hispida) bats in Southeast Nigeria, with detection of CTX-M-15 producing isolates. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101613. [PMID: 33465673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the liver, spleen and intestines of 180 frugivorous and insectivorous bats were investigated for antimicrobial resistance phenotypes/genotypes, prevalence of Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, virulence gene detection and molecular typing. Eight (22.9 %) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Two isolates were cefotaxime-resistant, ESBL-producers and harbored the blaCTX-M-15 gene; they belonged to ST10184-D and ST2178-B1 lineages. tet(A) gene was detected in all tetracycline-resistant isolates while int1 (n = 8) and blaTEM (n = 7) genes were also found. Thirty-three of the E. coli isolates were assigned to seven phylogenetic groups, with B1 (45.7 %) being predominant. Three isolates were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathovars, containing the eae gene (with the variants gamma and iota), and lacking stx1/stx2 genes. Bats in Nigeria are possible reservoirs of potentially pathogenic MDR E. coli isolates which may be important in the ecology of antimicrobial resistance at the human-livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces. The study reinforces the importance of including wildlife in national antimicrobial resistance monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda O Obodoechi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Isabel Carvalho
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Laboratory of Exploration and Valuation of the Steppe Ecosystem, University of Djelfa, Algeria
| | | | - Madjid Sadi
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab Blida1, Blida, Algeria; Laboratory of Biotechnology Related to Animals Reproduction, Blida, Algeria
| | - John A Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy F Chah
- University of Nigeria Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Research Group, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Abass A, Adzitey F, Huda N. Escherichia coli of Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Meats Origin Showed Resistance to Antibiotics Used by Farmers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120869. [PMID: 33291648 PMCID: PMC7761968 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial foodborne infections, including meat-derived infections, are globally associated with diseases and some deaths. Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat bacterial infections. The use of antibiotics by farmers contributes to the development of resistance by foodborne pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotics used by farmers and the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat sources. Data was obtained from livestock farmers through the administration of semistructured questionnaires (n = 376) to obtain information on their demographics, knowledge and antibiotic usage. The procedure in the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual was used for E. coli detection. Antibiotic resistance test was performed using the disk diffusion method. The findings revealed that most of the farmers were male (74.5%), were aged 30−39 years (28.5%), had tertiary education (30.3%) and had 6−10 years of experience in livestock husbandry. Sheep (65.7%) were the most reared livestock, and antibiotics were mostly used to treat sick animals (36.7%). Tetracycline (27.7%) was the most common antibiotic used by farmers, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (18.6%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11.7%). Most farmers (56.1%) said they had knowledge of antibiotic usage. The prevalence of E. coli in RTE meats was lowest in pork (6.0%) and highest in chevon (20.0%). E. coli isolates from RTE meats were highly resistant to teicoplanin (96.77%), tetracycline (93.55%), amoxicillin/clavulanic (70.97%), azithromycin (70.97%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (58.06%) but was susceptible to chloramphenicol (93.55%), ciprofloxacin (61.29%) and ceftriaxone (58.06%). The multiple antibiotic index ranged from 0.22 to 0.78. Multidrug resistance (93.55%) was high among the E. coli isolates. The resistance pattern AmcAzmTecTeSxt (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid–azithromycin–telcoplanin–tetracycline–trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was the most common. The use of antibiotics by farmers must be well regulated. Sellers of RTE meats also ought to take hygiene practices seriously to keep meat safe and healthy for public consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulai Abass
- Department of Animal Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale 1350, Ghana;
| | - Frederick Adzitey
- Department of Animal Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale 1350, Ghana;
- Department of Food Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale 1350, Ghana
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (N.H.); Tel.: +233-249-995-310 (F.A.); +60-124-843-144 (N.H.)
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (N.H.); Tel.: +233-249-995-310 (F.A.); +60-124-843-144 (N.H.)
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Kimera ZI, Frumence G, Mboera LEG, Rweyemamu M, Mshana SE, Matee MIN. Assessment of Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Poultry and Domestic Pig Farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120838. [PMID: 33255152 PMCID: PMC7760815 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled use of drugs both in humans and animals coupled with environmental contamination exacerbate the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This paper assessed the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in poultry and domestic pig farming and the environment. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect information regarding demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices, attitudes, and perceptions of the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in animal farming and the environment. We found a higher proportion of usage of veterinary antimicrobials for prophylactic purposes (87.6%) in animal farming, than for therapeutic purposes (80.5%). The degree of farming experience was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the knowledge on the source of antimicrobial use, methods used in disease diagnosis, access to veterinary services, stocking of antimicrobials at home, and presence of agriculture activities that involve the use of manure. Uncontrolled disposal of wastes from households, disposal of human and veterinary drugs, and weak implementation of the legal framework was identified as the major contributors to the environment. The high usage of veterinary antimicrobials and the environmental contamination identified requires multisectoral interventions, as well as a review of government strategies, policies, and regulations on antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhura I. Kimera
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, 11103 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (G.F.); (M.I.N.M.)
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mtumba Area, P.O. Box 2182, 40487 Dodoma, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Gasto Frumence
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, 11103 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (G.F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, 33109 Mwanza, Tanzania;
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, 11103 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (G.F.); (M.I.N.M.)
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (M.R.)
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Tebug SF, Mouiche MMM, Abia WA, Teno G, Tiambo CK, Moffo F, Awah-Ndukum J. Antimicrobial use and practices by animal health professionals in 20 sub-Saharan African countries. Prev Vet Med 2020; 186:105212. [PMID: 33271469 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial (AM) in animal production is an important contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. Animal health professionals should play a key role in ensuring judicious use of AM. However, they are subjected to influence from clinical and non-clinical factors. The present study evaluates the perceptions and concerns of animal health practitioners regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and prescription practices. A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey was conducted among animal health practitioners, predominantly veterinary doctors (88 %) in 20 African countries. Results showed that the most prescribed and administered AM were tetracycline (66 %) followed by β-lactams (32 %) and macrolides (25 %). Most respondents were very confident in deciding on the right dose of AM (77 %) and treatment plans (76 %) as compared to choosing the correct AM (52 %) and making an accurate diagnosis (46 %). Self-reported confidence in the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship was significantly influenced by the respondents' work environment, gender and access to information on AM. Lack of diagnostic facilities and susceptibility tests were major hindrances to adequate prescriptions and use of AM. Perceived drivers of AMR identified were excessive prescription by animal health professionals and the use of AM without proper diagnosis. Almost two thirds (62 %) of the respondents had sufficient information on AM when needed while the main source of information was professional training and drug labels. Thus, reinforcement of regional and country-level guidelines and tailored continuing education programs for veterinarians as well as the development of field-friendly disease diagnosis and management tools are essential to considerably improve AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanly Fon Tebug
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), P.O. Box 2579 Avenue Benz-Vi, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Angie Abia
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Gabriel Teno
- New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training (NB-IRDT), University of New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christian Keambou Tiambo
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) - International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- College of Technology, University of Bamenda, PO Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, BP 222, Dschang, Cameroon
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Molecular analysis of florfenicol-resistant bacteria isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Southwestern Nigeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 23:340-344. [PMID: 33166759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of chloramphenicol or its veterinary analogue florfenicol can selectively favour antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Understanding how resistance is mobilised and disseminated among pathogens is vital in knowing how different bacterial taxa might serve as reservoirs of these genes for pathogenic bacteria. METHODS Bacterial isolates (n=30) were selected on the basis of multidrug resistance and resistance to florfenicol from among 296 bacteria originally isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Southwestern Nigeria. Bacterial identification, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for florfenicol, PCR detection of florfenicol resistance genes (floR, fexA and cfx) and sequence analysis were employed to characterise the isolates. RESULTS According to sequence data (16S rDNA, v2-v3 region), 30strains were selected, includingPseudomonas spp. (43.3%), Serratia spp. (13.3%), Proteus spp. (26.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (13.3%) and Providencia rettgeri (3.3%). MICs ranged between >16μg/mL and >1024μg/mL. floR was the only resistance gene detected (11/30; 36.7%). The majority of floR-positive isolates (8/11; 72.7%) were Proteus spp. All floR sequences shared 100% identity and 1-2 synonymous substitutions relative to other published sequences. CONCLUSIONS floR-positive strains in this study were originally selected randomly without antibiotics. Finding floR in four genera without selective enrichment is consistent with widespread distribution of this resistance trait in drinking water systems in Nigeria. Further work is needed to determine whether human and veterinary antibiotic use practices in Nigeria are contributing to proliferation of this important antibiotic resistance trait and to determine whether the presence of floR-producing strains is compromising human and animal health.
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Nayiga S, Kayendeke M, Nabirye C, Willis LD, Chandler CIR, Staedke SG. Use of antibiotics to treat humans and animals in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey of households and farmers in rural, urban and peri-urban settings. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2020; 2:dlaa082. [PMID: 34223037 PMCID: PMC8210029 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of antibiotics to treat humans and animals is increasing worldwide, but evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. We conducted cross-sectional surveys in households and farms in Uganda to assess patterns of antibiotic use among humans and animals. Methods Between May and December 2018, a convenience sample of 100 households in Nagongera (rural), 174 households in Namuwongo (urban) and 115 poultry and piggery farms in Wakiso (peri-urban) were selected and enrolled. Using the ‘drug bag’ method, participants identified antibiotics they used frequently and the sources of these medicines. Prevalence outcomes were compared between different sites using prevalence ratios (PRs) and chi-squared tests. Results Nearly all respondents in Nagongera and Namuwongo reported using antibiotics to treat household members, most within the past month (74.7% Nagongera versus 68.8% Namuwongo, P = 0.33). Use of metronidazole was significantly more common in Namuwongo than in Nagongera (73.6% versus 40.0%, PR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.42–0.70, P < 0.001), while the opposite was true for amoxicillin (33.3% versus 58.0%, PR 1.74, 95% CI: 1.33–2.28, P < 0.001).Veterinary use of antibiotics within the past month was much higher in Wakiso than in Nagongera (71.3% versus 15.0%, P < 0.001). At both sites, oxytetracycline hydrochloride was the most frequently used veterinary antibiotic, but it was used more commonly in Wakiso than in Nagongera (76.5% versus 31.0%, PR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.30–0.55, P < 0.001). Conclusions Antibiotics are used differently across Uganda. Further research is needed to understand why antibiotics are relied upon in different ways in different contexts. Efforts to optimize antibiotic use should be tailored to specific settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Nayiga
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Miriam Kayendeke
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Nabirye
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Laurie Denyer Willis
- Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, The Alison Richard Building, 7 West Road, Cambridge CB3 9DT, UK
| | - Clare I R Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Sarah G Staedke
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Al-Mustapha AI, Adetunji VO, Heikinheimo A. Risk Perceptions of Antibiotic Usage and Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Poultry Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E378. [PMID: 32635489 PMCID: PMC7400114 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming empirical evidence has highlighted the contribution of indiscriminate antibiotic usage (ABU) in food animals to the overall burden of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in humans, thus making antibiotic use the main selective pressure driving antibiotic resistance. The social and behavioral perspective on antibiotic use and resistance in poultry is limited. Our study therefore aimed at obtaining information on antibiotic usage, awareness of ABR, and the attitude and perceptions towards prudent antibiotic usage and ABR. A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in 125 poultry farms in Kwara state in December 2019. Most farmers (69.6%, n = 87/125) were aware of ABR and had satisfactory knowledge about ABR with a mean knowledge score of 3.2 ± 1.5. Age (older farmers; OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.2) and gender (male respondents, OR: 8.5, 95% CI: 3.0, 23.9; p < 0.01) were more likely to have satisfactory knowledge of ABR. Tertiary education was significantly associated with ABR awareness (OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.7; p = 0.007) and the ABR knowledge level (OR: 7.8; 95% CI: 3.3, 18.7; p < 0.01). Higher flock size was significantly associated with a satisfactory knowledge of ABR (OR: 9.5; 95% CI: 3.8, 23.6; p < 0.01). Most of the poultry farmers (68%) had positive attitudes towards prudent antibiotic use with a mean score of 2.7 ± 0.9. On the contrary, only 32.8% of poultry farmers had a desirable perception of ABR with a mean perception score of 4.9 ± 1.1. The ABR knowledge level was significantly associated with the perceptions of farmers (p < 0.05) but not their attitudes toward ABU and ABR (p = 0.083). There was evidence of unprescribed use of antibiotics in poultry and a failure to observe antibiotic withdrawal periods. These constitute a risk of exposure to unacceptable levels of drug residues from poultry products and an increased risk of ABR. Improving education and communication on antibiotic stewardship programs are crucial to prevent the looming antibiotic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad I. Al-Mustapha
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin 240213, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria;
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Victoria O. Adetunji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria;
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland;
- Finnish Food Authority, 00790 Seinäjoki, Finland
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Omitola OO, Taylor-Robinson AW. Emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonoses in Nigeria: current preventive measures and future approaches to intervention. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04095. [PMID: 32510001 PMCID: PMC7262526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of bacterial zoonoses, diseases caused by bacteria that can be transmitted to humans from animals, is a propensity to re-emerge. Several studies demonstrate their ongoing transmission in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa. However, as local epidemiological data on bacterial zoonoses are inadequate the extent and impact of these infectious diseases is under-reported. Consequently, they are not a targeted priority of national public health policies. This limited recognition is despite indications of their possible roles in the widespread prevalence of non-malarial undifferentiated fever in Nigeria. While a number of animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors have been identified in the transmission routes of these diseases, an escalation of cases of undiagnosed febrile illness highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive assessment of other potential reservoirs, vectors and transmission cycles that may increase the local risk of infection with bacterial zoonoses. Animal health interventions have been proposed as a cost-effective strategy. Here, we present a broad overview of bacterial zoonotic infections of humans in Nigeria in the context of evolving epidemiological patterns. Further, we propose that facilitating the operation of a community-based One Health program is essential to providing the comprehensive epidemiological information that is required to improve prioritization of bacterial zoonoses. This would provide a driver for much needed investment in relevant public health interventions in Africa's most populous country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan O. Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
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Omoshaba EO, Ojo OE, Oyekunle MA, Sonibare AO, Adebayo AO. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from raw milk and nasal swabs of small ruminants in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2599-2608. [PMID: 32451834 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an important widespread cause of severe infection in both humans and animals, is a significant pathogen of public health concern. This study examined the presence of MRSA in 400 samples comprising 200 raw milks (145 from goat and 55 from sheep) and 200 nasal swabs (145 from goats and 55 from sheep) collected from ten different locations in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Samples were examined using standard bacteriological methods for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and culture on oxacillin (6 μg/ml) and cefoxitin (2 μg/ml) selective media for the detection of MRSA. Suspected MRSA isolates were confirmed by latex agglutination test for the detection of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 72 (18%) of 400 samples of which 52 (13%) were confirmed as MRSA. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected in raw milk (37 of 200; 18.5%) and nasal swab (15 of 200; 7.5%). There was no significance difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of MRSA in sheep (37.7%) and goat (23.4%). The MRSA isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (100%), cloxacillin (100%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (84.6%), ceftriaxone (75%), cefuroxime (69.2%), erythromycin (65.4%), streptomycin (38.5%), ciprofloxacin (23.1%), pefloxacin (21.2%) and gentamicin (17.3%). The presence of multidrug-resistant MRSA in small ruminants reared in Abeokuta metropolis may be due to regular use of antibiotics and unhygienic practices by farmers. This in turn constitutes a potential public health risk to the owners, consumers of small ruminant products and the general populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Omoshaba
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - O E Ojo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - M A Oyekunle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - A O Sonibare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A O Adebayo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Adebowale OO, Adeyemo FA, Bankole N, Olasoju M, Adesokan HK, Fasanmi O, Adeyemo O, Awoyomi O, Kehinde O, Fasina FO. Farmers' Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3579. [PMID: 32443741 PMCID: PMC7277550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers' perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers' previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers' use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Folashade Adefunke Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Noah Bankole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Mary Olasoju
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria; (H.K.A.); (O.A.)
| | - Olubunmi Fasanmi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 5029, Ibadan 200262, Oyo State, Nigeria;
| | - Olanike Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria; (H.K.A.); (O.A.)
| | - Olajoju Awoyomi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Olugbenga Kehinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; (F.A.A.); (M.O.); (O.A.); (O.K.)
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Okorie-Kanu OJ, Anyanwu MU, Ezenduka EV, Mgbeahuruike AC, Thapaliya D, Gerbig G, Ugwuijem EE, Okorie-Kanu CO, Agbowo P, Olorunleke S, Nwanta JA, Chah KF, Smith TC. Molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken and pig carcasses, and carcass handlers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232913. [PMID: 32407414 PMCID: PMC7224487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in food animals, associated products, and their zoonotic potential in Nigeria are poorly understood. This study aimed to provide data on the prevalence, genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from chicken and pig carcasses, and persons in contact with the carcasses at slaughterhouses in Nigeria. Surface swabs were collected randomly from 600 chicken and 600 pig carcasses. Nasal swabs were collected from 45 workers in chicken slaughterhouses and 45 pig slaughterhouse workers. S. aureus isolates were analyzed by spa typing. They were also examined for presence of the Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) and mecA genes, as well as for antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Overall, 53 S. aureus isolates were recovered (28 from chicken carcasses, 17 from pig carcasses, 5 from chicken carcass handlers and 3 from pig carcass handlers). Among the isolates, 19 (35.8%) were PVL-positive and 12 (22.6%) carried the mecA gene. The 53 isolates belonged to 19 spa types. The Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP) algorithm separated the isolates into 2 spa-clonal complexes (spa-CC) and 9 singletons including 2 novel spa types (t18345 and t18346). The clonal complexes (CC) detected were CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15, CC88 and CC152. CC15-related isolates represented by spa type t084 (32.1%) and CC5 represented by spa type t311 (35.3%) predominated among isolates from chicken carcasses/ handlers, and pig carcasses/ handlers, respectively. Multidrug resistance exhibited by all the CC except CC8, was observed among isolates from chicken carcasses (64.3%), pig carcasses (41.2%), handlers of chicken meat (40.0%) and handlers of pork (33.3%). All the CC showed varying degrees of resistance to tetracycline while CC15 and CC5 exhibited the highest resistance to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and erythromycin, respectively. The predominant antimicrobial resistance pattern observed was penicillin-tetracycline-sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (PEN-TET-SXT). In conclusion, food animals processed in Enugu State in Southeast Nigeria are potential vehicles for transmission of PVL-positive multiple-drug resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus from farm to slaughterhouse and potentially to the human population. Public health intervention programs at pre- and post-slaughter stages should be considered in Nigerian slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye J. Okorie-Kanu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Madubuike U. Anyanwu
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ekene V. Ezenduka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony C. Mgbeahuruike
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Dipendra Thapaliya
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gracen Gerbig
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ejike E. Ugwuijem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Christian O. Okorie-Kanu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Philip Agbowo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Olorunleke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - John A. Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy F. Chah
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tara C. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America
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Kimera ZI, Mshana SE, Rweyemamu MM, Mboera LEG, Matee MIN. Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: an African perspective. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:37. [PMID: 32122406 PMCID: PMC7053060 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overuse of antimicrobials in food animals and the subsequent contamination of the environment have been associated with development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review presents information on antimicrobial use, resistance and status of surveillance systems in food animals and the environment in Africa. METHODS Information was searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and African Journal Online databases. Full-length original research and review articles on antimicrobial use, prevalence of AMR from Africa covering a period from 2005 to 2018 were examined. The articles were scrutinized to extract information on the antimicrobial use, resistance and surveillance systems. RESULTS A total of 200 articles were recovered. Of these, 176 studies were included in the review while 24 articles were excluded because they were not relevant to antimicrobial use and/or resistance in food animals and the environment. The percentage of farms using antimicrobials in animal production ranged from 77.6% in Nigeria to 100% in Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Ghana and Egypt. The most antibiotics used were tetracycline, aminoglycoside and penicillin groups. The percentage of multi drug resistant isolates ranged from 20% in Nigeria to 100% in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Tunisia. In the environment, percentage of multi drug resistant isolates ranged from 33.3% in South Africa to 100% in Algeria. None of the countries documented national antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance system in animals. CONCLUSION There is high level of antimicrobial use, especially tetracycline, aminoglycoside and penicillin in animal production systems in Africa. This is likely to escalate the already high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and multi drug resistance in the continent. This, coupled with weak antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems in the region is a great concern to the animals, environment and humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhura I Kimera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mark M Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I N Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
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Gemeda BA, Amenu K, Magnusson U, Dohoo I, Hallenberg GS, Alemayehu G, Desta H, Wieland B. Antimicrobial Use in Extensive Smallholder Livestock Farming Systems in Ethiopia: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Livestock Keepers. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:55. [PMID: 32175334 PMCID: PMC7055293 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health threat, and inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animal production can contribute to the global burden of AMR in humans. This study was conducted to understand knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of smallholder livestock owners regarding antimicrobial use, residue, and resistance in three agro-ecological zones and production systems in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study based on structured interviews was conducted. Twenty-one items were used to assess farmers' KAP. Item response theory (IRT) model and Cronbach's alpha were used to assess the KAP measurement scales. Inferential analyses were used to compare the differences in the practices in terms of the farm and socio-economic characteristics. There was a difference in the type of antimicrobials reported use between agro-ecological zones and production systems. Pastoralists most commonly used antibiotics (86.7%) followed by anthelminthics (70.8%). Overall, tetracyclines (36.4%), aminoglycosides (31.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfonamides (6.2%) were the most frequently used classes of antibiotics across the study sites. Human preparation antibiotics (tetracyclines) were also being used for veterinary purposes by 18.5% of pastoralist households. About 81.6% of livestock owners surveyed reported to have access to veterinary drugs although access varied between agro-ecological zones and production system. About 72.3% of pastoralists administered antibiotics by not following through the full treatment course. Moreover, 70% of respondents were not aware of the recommended withdrawal periods of milk and meat after antibiotic treatment. It was noticed that around 80 and 70% of respondents had a tendency to give doses higher or lower than recommended of antimicrobials, respectively. The study confirms the need for interventions to increase knowledge among smallholder farmers to improve the way antimicrobials in general and antibiotics in particular are used in these settings. In addition, professional involvement, supervision, and guidance can also lead to more efficient antimicrobial use by smallholder livestock owners. The study also highlights the need for research into the development of usable tools that measure antibiotic knowledge and attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Alemu Gemeda
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Dohoo
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Gezahegn Alemayehu
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Desta
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Animal and Human Health Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Fasina FO, LeRoux-Pullen L, Smith P, Debusho LK, Shittu A, Jajere SM, Adebowale O, Odetokun I, Agbaje M, Fasina MM, Fasanmi OG, van Dyk D, Abubakar MS, Onakpa MM, Ali MG, Yousuf HS, Elmgboul WE, Sirdar MM. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Associated With Antimicrobial Stewardship Among Veterinary Students: A Multi-Country Survey From Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan. Front Public Health 2020; 8:517964. [PMID: 33194938 PMCID: PMC7609782 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.517964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In African countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue remains pertinent. Despite this, little efforts have been made to assess the future veterinary prescribers on their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to antimicrobial usage. This multi-country survey attempts to explore the KAP of future veterinarians on stewardship of antimicrobial and identify knowledge gaps. Eight veterinary schools participated from Nigeria, Sudan and South Africa. Data regarding perceptions and knowledge were analyzed using Chi-square χ2 test, Spearman's (Rho) Rank order correlation and factor analysis using principal component factoring extraction method. Fifty-two percent of the study participants were final year veterinary students, respectively, and majority (77.2%) had no previous knowledge of biomedical sciences. Majority age were 22-27 years (24.7 ± 2.8) 79% and multiple career fields post-graduation were preferred. Overall, poor perceptions and knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship were observed with variations among countries and only 36.3% (n = 123) of the students were confident in their ability to choose the ideal antimicrobial agents for a specific patient/group of animals. The majority of the final year students were confident of their knowledge regarding AMR (68%), making of Gram staining (69.2%) and in choosing the most ideal route for administering a specific antimicrobial (74.7%). The final year students had significantly (p < 0.05) higher confidence level for knowledge compared with the pre-final year students. Tetracyclines, penicillins, and sulphonamides represent the three most abused veterinary antimicrobials with similar ranking across countries. South African (69.7 ± 20.5) and Sudanese (68.1 ± 15.4) had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher mean scores compared to the Nigerian students (44.3 ± 6.8) in the student's ability to correctly match some specific antimicrobials against their classes but Nigerian students performed better in ranking antimicrobials. This survey revealed poor to average knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship among veterinary students with significant knowledge gaps across the countries. It is recommended that the relevant regulatory and standardization authorities should make concerted efforts and interventions to regularly review curricula to ensure the delivery of targeted formative and normative training, and improved lectures on antimicrobial usage and stewardship in order to improve the awareness and behaviors of future prescribers. The identified knowledge gaps of veterinary medical students on antimicrobial stewardship must be bridge to safeguard the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Folorunso O. Fasina
| | - Lerica LeRoux-Pullen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Smith
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Legesse K. Debusho
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aminu Shittu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Saleh M. Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Modupe M. Fasina
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olubunmi G. Fasanmi
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Deborah van Dyk
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohammed S. Abubakar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Monday M. Onakpa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Masaad G. Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hozaifa S. Yousuf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Albutana, Albutana, Sudan
| | | | - Mohammed M. Sirdar
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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Survey on antimicrobial usage in local dairy cows in North-central Nigeria: Drivers for misuse and public health threats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224949. [PMID: 31877140 PMCID: PMC6932773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobials are used as a measure to maintain good health and productivity of lactating cows. This study assessed pastoralists’ knowledge and practices regarding AMU in lactating cows; and risk pathways for AMR dissemination from cow milk to humans. Methods Interview questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Fulani pastoral communities. Frequencies and proportions were used for descriptive statistics. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regressions were used for analytic statistics at 95% confidence level. Results All recruited 384 pastoral households participated. About 11% of participants indicated antimicrobials misuse as when given at under-dose, while 58.9% had no knowledge of what antimicrobial misuse entailed. Most participants (51.6%) were unaware about effects of improper AMU. Most respondents (61.7%) reported self-prescription of antimicrobials used on cows. Also, 67.4% of respondents reported arbitrary applications of antimicrobials used in cows, while 15% used antimicrobials to increase milk yield. Frequently used antimicrobials were: tetracycline (98.7%), penicillin (96.6%), streptomycin (95.8%) and sulfonamides (95.3%). Consumption of raw milk and milk products (p = 0.010); contacts with contaminated udder (p = 0.002); and aerosols of discarded contaminated milk P = 0.001) were perceived risk pathways for spread of antimicrobial resistance from cow milk. Improper AMU (p<0.001), non-enforcement of regulating laws (p<0.001), weak financial status (p<0.001), and low education and expertise (p<0.001) influenced antimicrobials misuse in lactating cows. Conclusions This study highlighted low levels of knowledge, risk perceptions and practices regarding AMU and AMR among survey pastoralists. This calls for education of the vulnerable populations on promotion of prudent AMU in lactating cows through ‘One Health’ approach, to assure food safety, food security, and public and environmental health.
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