1
|
Sharma H, Ilyas A, Chowdhury A, Poddar NK, Chaudhary AA, Shilbayeh SAR, Ibrahim AA, Khan S. Does COVID-19 lockdowns have impacted on global dengue burden? A special focus to India. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1402. [PMID: 35869470 PMCID: PMC9304795 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The world has been battling several vector-borne diseases since time immemorial. Socio-economic marginality, precipitation variations and human behavioral attributes play a major role in the proliferation of these diseases. Lockdown and social distancing have affected social behavioral aspects of human life and somehow impact on the spread of vector borne diseases. This article sheds light into the relationship between COVID-19 lockdown and global dengue burden with special focus on India. It also focuses on the interconnection of the COVID-19 pandemic (waves 1 and 2) and the alteration of human behavioral patterns in dengue cases. Methods We performed a systematic search using various resources from different platforms and websites, such as Medline; Pubmed; PAHO; WHO; CDC; ECDC; Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health (Sri Lanka Government); NASA; NVBDCP from 2015 until 2021. We have included many factors, such as different geographical conditions (tropical climate, semitropic and arid conditions); GDP rate (developed nations, developing nations, and underdeveloped nations). We also categorized our data in order to conform to COVID-19 duration from 2019 to 2021. Data was extracted for the complete duration of 10 years (2012 to 2021) from various countries with different geographical region (arid region, semitropic/semiarid region and tropical region). Results There was a noticeable reduction in dengue cases in underdeveloped (70–85%), developing (50–90%), and developed nations (75%) in the years 2019 and 2021. The dengue cases drastically reduced by 55–65% with the advent of COVID-19 s wave in the year 2021 across the globe. Conclusions At present, we can conclude that COVID-19 and dengue show an inverse relationship. These preliminary, data-based observations should guide clinical practice until more data are made public and basis for further medical research. • COVID-19 has increased the burden on the health care system across the globe. • COVID-19 has inverse relation with the occurrence of Dengue cases. • Dengue situation is worse in countries with low GDP. • Human behavior and social distancing have direct correlation with the number of Dengue cases. • Cross-reactivity or overlap between Dengue and COVID-19, has proportional effect on each other.
Collapse
|
2
|
Goyal R, Gautam RK, Chopra H, Dubey AK, Singla RK, Rayan RA, Kamal MA. Comparative highlights on MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and NEO-CoV. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:1245-1272. [PMID: 36483910 PMCID: PMC9727256 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV, now SARS-CoV-1), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), Neo-CoV, and 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) are the most notable coronaviruses, infecting the number of people worldwide by targeting the respiratory system. All these viruses are of zoonotic origin, predominantly from bats which are one of the natural reservoir hosts for coronaviruses. Thus, the major goal of our review article is to compare and contrast the characteristics and attributes of these coronaviruses. The SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 have many viral similarities due to their classification, they are not genetically related. COVID-19 shares approximately 79 % of its genome with SARS-CoV-1 and about 50 % with MERS-CoV. The shared receptor protein, ACE2 exhibit the most striking genetic similarities between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV primarily replicates in the epithelial cells of the respiratory system, but it may also affect macrophages, monocytes, activated T cells, and dendritic cells. MERS-CoV not only infects and replicates inside the epithelial and immune cells, but it may lyse them too, which is one of the common reasons for MERS's higher mortality rate. The details of infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and lytic replication mechanisms in host cells are currently mysterious. In this review article, we will discuss the comparative highlights of SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Neo-CoV, concerning their structural features, morphological characteristics, sources of virus origin and their evolutionary transitions, infection mechanism, computational study approaches, pathogenesis and their severity towards several diseases, possible therapeutic approaches, and preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Goyal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India,MM School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala, India
| | - Rupesh K. Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau, Indore, India-453331,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rupesh K. Gautam, Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, IIST Campus, Opposite IIM Indore, Rau-Pithampur Road, Indore – 453331 (M.P.), India; Tel.: +91 9413654324, E-mail:
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India-140401
| | | | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | - Rehab A. Rayan
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 5422031, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Gupta K, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Kashyap D, Uniyal R, Khursheed M. Development and Validation of a New COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (NCAS). JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09720634221114672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to develop and validate a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) anxiety scale. Three independent studies were done to achieve the stated aim of the research. Study 1 explored the factor structure of the scale. Study 2 aimed at confirming the factor structure and establishing test–retest reliability of NCAS. Study 3 aimed to test the incremental validity of the new scale over two most widely used scale (FCV-19S & CAS). EFA resulted in a three-dimensional factor structure with 4, 3, 5 items in ‘anxiety pertaining to threat posed by COVID-19’, ‘Anxiety pertained to public policies’ and ‘Anxiety pertaining to societal consequences’ respectively. CFA confirmed the findings of EFA and a higher order of ‘COVID-19 anxiety’ was also established. The test–retest reliability was found to be 0.91. NCAS shared 48% variance with FCV-19S (fear of COVID-19 scale) and 27% with CAS (Coronavirus anxiety scale). NCAS has significant incremental validity over FCV-19S and CAS in predicting self-reported mental health and life satisfaction. The scale would help in identifying people’s specific anxiety related to COVID-19, which would further help in their intervention/treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usama Rehman
- Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kaveri Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Neda Haseeb Khan
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Drishti Kashyap
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Uniyal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Masrat Khursheed
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mannan S, Oga-Omenka C, Soman ThekkePurakkal A, Huria L, Kalra A, Gandhi R, Kapoor T, Gunawardena N, Raj S, Kaur M, Sassi A, Pande T, Shibu V, Sarin S, Singh Chadha S, Heitkamp P, Das J, Rao R, Pai M. Adaptations to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic by private sector tuberculosis care providers in India. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 28:100327. [PMID: 35874450 PMCID: PMC9295336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India’s dominant private healthcare sector is the destination for 60–85% of initial tuberculosis care-seeking. The COVID-19 pandemic in India drastically affected TB case notifications in the first half of 2020. In this survey, we assessed the impact of the first wave of COVID-19 in India on private providers, and changes they adopted in their practice due to the pandemic. Methods The Joint Effort for Elimination of TB (JEET) is a nationwide Global Fund project implemented across 406 districts in 23 states to extend quality TB services to patients seeking care in private sector. We conducted a rapid survey of 11% (2,750) of active providers engaged under JEET’s intense Patient Provider Support Agency (PPSA) model across 15 Indian states in Q1 (February–March) of 2021. Providers were contacted in person or telephonically, and consenting participants were interviewed using a web-based survey tool. Responses from participants were elicited on their practice before COVID-19, during the 2020 lockdowns (March–April 2020) and currently (Q1 2021). Data were adjusted for survey design and non-response, and results were summarised using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results Of the 2,750 providers sampled, 2,011 consented and were surveyed (73 % response). Nearly 50 % were between 30 and 45 years of age, and 51 % were from Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Seventy percent of providers reported reduced daily out-patient numbers in Q1 2021 compared to pre-COVID times. During the lockdown, 898 (40 %) of providers said their facilities were closed, while 323 (11 %) offered limited services including teleconsultation. In Q1 2021, 88 % of provider facilities were fully open, with 10 % providing adjusted services, and 4 % using teleconsultation. Only 2 % remained completely closed. Majority of the providers (92 %) reported not experiencing any delays in TB testing in Q1 2021 compared to pre-COVID times. Only 6 % reported raising costs at their clinic, mostly to cover personal protective equipment (PPE) and other infection control measures, although 60–90 % implemented various infection control measures. Thirty-three percent of TB providers were ordering COVID-19 testing, in addition to TB testing. To adapt, 82% of survey providers implemented social distancing and increased timing between appointments and 83% started conducting temperature checks, with variation by state and provider type, while 89% adopted additional sanitation measures in their facilities. Furthermore, 62% of providers started using PPE, and 13% made physical changes (air filters, isolation of patient areas) to their clinic to prevent infection. Seventy percent of providers stated that infection control measures could decrease TB transmission. Conclusion Although COVID-19 restrictions resulted in significant declines in patient turn-out at private facilities, our analysis showed that most providers were open and costs for TB care remained mostly the same in Q1 2021. As result of the COVID-19 pandemic, several positive strategies have been adapted by the private sector TB care providers. Since the subsequent COVID-19 waves were more severe or widespread, additional work is needed to assess the impact of the pandemic on the private health sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charity Oga-Omenka
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada.,School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Lavanya Huria
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| | - Aakshi Kalra
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), India
| | | | | | - Nathali Gunawardena
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| | - Shekhar Raj
- Centre for Health Research and Innovation (CHRI), India
| | - Manjot Kaur
- TB PPM Learning Network, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Angelina Sassi
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| | - Tripti Pande
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Sanjay Sarin
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), India
| | | | - Petra Heitkamp
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada.,TB PPM Learning Network, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada
| | - Jishnu Das
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raghuram Rao
- Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
| | - Madhukar Pai
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pathak PK, Singh Y, Mahapatro SR, Tripathi N, Jee J. Assessing Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities Related to COVID-19 Risk in India: A State-Level Analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 16:590-603. [PMID: 32907661 PMCID: PMC7711356 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a paucity of scientific analysis that has examined spatial heterogeneities in the socioeconomic vulnerabilities related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk and potential mitigation strategies at the sub-national level in India. The present study examined the demographic, socioeconomic, and health system-related vulnerabilities shaping COVID-19 risk across 36 states and union territories in India. METHODS Using secondary data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India; Census of India, 2011; National Family Health Survey, 2015-16; and various rounds of the National Sample Survey, we examined socioeconomic vulnerabilities associated with COVID-19 risk at the sub-national level in India from March 16, 2020, to May 3, 2020. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and the negative binomial regression model were used to examine the predictors of COVID-19 risk in India. RESULTS There persist substantial heterogeneities in the COVID-19 risk across states and union territories in India. The underlying demographic, socioeconomic, and health infrastructure characteristics drive the vulnerabilities related to COVID-19 in India. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes that concerted socially inclusive policy action and sustained livelihood/economic support for the most vulnerable population groups is critical to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Pathak
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Yadawendra Singh
- Department of Economics, Chandradhari Mithila College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
| | | | - Niharika Tripathi
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi110029, India
| | - Jyoti Jee
- Post-Graduate Department of Geography, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara, Bihar, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sutar R, Lahiri A, Singh G, Chaudhary S. Development and Validation of Structured COVID Perception Interview Guide (COPING) for Assessing the Acute Impact of COVID-19 Diagnosis. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2022; 13:196-203. [PMID: 35694061 PMCID: PMC9187395 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
Structured COVID Perception INterview Guide (COPING) is a novel tool developed to understand the acute impact after receiving the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Indian setting. The approach carries importance for interviewing patients in a state of shock immediately after receiving the diagnosis of COVID. The tool is developed emphasizing the grief, stigma, and acute psychological perception in the immediate aftermath of receiving the positive test results of COVID-19. Since COVID-19 is characteristically different from other infectious illnesses, a structured interview guide could help to address the concerns related to acute loss of health.
Materials and Methods
This study follows a mixed method design conducted from August 2020 to January 2021. In-depth telephonic interviews with mild to moderate COVID patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in central India was followed by development of COPING questionnaire.
Statistical Analysis
Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Content Validity Index Universal Agreement (S-CVI/UA) was computed. Factor analysis, Bartlett's test, and Kaiser–Meier–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was performed. Principal component analysis, scree plots, and parallel analysis with varimax rotation was used to determine the number of factors to extract. For measuring internal consistency, Cronbach's
α
was computed.
Results
Out of 40 items, the final tool had 15 items after computing content validity, performing factor analysis and achieving desired level of internal consistency (Cronbach's
α
= 0.702). Five domains identified after factor analysis were awareness, grief/bereavement, stigma, social reciprocity, and stress adaptation/coping.
Conclusion
COPING is a valid and reliable interview guide for Indian setting that will allow the assessment of perception of patients with acute COVID-19 infection. Taking into consideration the mental health implications of COVID-19, the availability of such a validated and reliable tool is a timely step to address the public health problem and assist the ongoing research on COVID-19 and similar illnesses in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Sutar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anuja Lahiri
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swanzil Chaudhary
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dayanand D, Irudhayanathan I, Kundu D, Manesh A, Abraham V, Abhilash KP, Chacko B, Moorthy M, Samuel P, Peerawaranun P, Mukaka M, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Varghese GM. Community seroprevalence and risk factors for SARS CoV-2 infection in different subpopulations in Vellore, India and its implications for future prevention. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 116:138-146. [PMID: 34971822 PMCID: PMC8712712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to inform public health policy decisions through the assessment of IgG antibody seroprevalence in the population and the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies among different subpopulations at the end of the first and second waves of the pandemic was estimated. Various risk factors associated with seropositivity, including sociodemography, IgG antibodies against endemic human coronavirus, and vaccination status, were also assessed. Results For all 2433 consenting participants, the overall estimated seroprevalences at the end of first and second waves were 28.5% (95% CI 22.3–33.7%) and 71.5% (95% CI 62.8–80.5%), respectively. The accrual of IgG positivity was heterogeneous, with the highest seroprevalences found in urban slum populations (75.1%). Vaccine uptake varied among the subpopulations, with low rates (< 10%) among rural and urban slum residents. The majority of seropositive individuals (75%) were asymptomatic. Residence in urban slums (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.57–2.6; p < 0.001), middle socioeconomic status (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.17–2.67; p = 0.007), presence of diabetes (OR 1.721, 95% CI 1.148–2.581; p = 0.009), and hypertension (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.16–2.64; p = 0.008) were associated with seropositivity in multivariable analyses. Conclusion Although considerable population immunity has been reached, with more than two-thirds seropositive, improved vaccination strategies among unreached subpopulations and high-risk individuals are suggested for better preparedness in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dayanand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhuja Irudhayanathan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debasree Kundu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abi Manesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinod Abraham
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Binila Chacko
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Moorthy
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyMadras, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyMadras, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malwade S, Marri M, Gundamraj R, Yerravalli VSR, Bellamkonda RS, Gvrk A, Itumalla R, Syed-Abdul S. Telemedicine in Your Pocket: An Alternative Teleconsultation Tool in a Pandemic and in Resource-Poor Settings. Telemed J E Health 2021; 28:1215-1219. [PMID: 34905414 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2021.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, digitalization is booming in all sectors, including health care. This study provides evidence of using a social networking mobile app as a telemedicine tool during the pandemic in India. Methods: The data include telemedicine conversations of 318 COVID-19 patients who were consulted over WhatsApp during the period March 31 to April 16, 2021, and monitored during a quarantine period of 17 days. Results: In total, 2,089 consultations were made by these patients during the study period. Diagnostic reports and recommendations were suggested through WhatsApp 74 times, and 30 patients were advised to admit themselves to the hospital due to increasing symptom severity. Conclusions: WhatsApp efficiently helped remotely manage hundreds of patients, thereby avoiding unnecessary travel to hospitals. Future study implies the need to acquire information on patient satisfaction during the teleconsultations and further encourage applications of commonly used social networking apps as alternative tools for consultations during a pandemic situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shwetambara Malwade
- International Center for Health Information Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Acharyulu Gvrk
- School of Management Studies, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramaiah Itumalla
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabbir Syed-Abdul
- International Center for Health Information Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2021; 35:293-306. [PMID: 34511220 PMCID: PMC7670225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
International hospitals and healthcare facilities are facing catastrophic financial challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Hospital Association estimates a financial impact of $202.6 billion in lost revenue for America's hospitals and healthcare systems, or an average of $50.7 billion per month. Furthermore, it could cost low- and middle-income countries ~ US$52 billion (equivalent to US$8.60 per person) each four weeks to provide an effective healthcare response to COVID-19. In the setting of the largest daily COVID-19 new cases in the US, this burden will influence patient care, surgeries, and surgical outcomes. From a global economic standpoint, The World Bank projects that global growth is projected to shrink by almost 8% with poorer countries feeling most of the impact, and the United Nations projects that it will cost the global economy around 2 trillion dollars this year. Overall, a lack of preparedness was a major contributor to the struggles experienced by healthcare facilities around the world. Items such as personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers, hospital equipment, sanitizing supplies, toilet paper, and water were in short supply. These deficiencies were exposed by COVID-19 and have prompted healthcare organizations around the world to invent new essential plans for pandemic preparedness. In this paper, we will discuss the economic impact of COVID-19 on US and international hospitals, healthcare facilities, surgery, and surgical outcomes. In the future, the US and countries around the world will benefit from preparing a plan of action to use as a guide in the event of a disaster or pandemic.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sarangi MK, Padhi S, Dheeman S, Karn SK, Patel LD, Yi DK, Nanda SS. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of coronavirus disease: a review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:243-266. [PMID: 34151679 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1944103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and subsequently, declared a pandemic. As of 3 June 2021, 172,493,290 individuals have acquired COVID-19 and 3,708,334 patients have died worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.Areas covered: This review explores epidemiology; virology; pathogenesis; genomic variations; mode of transmission; clinical occurrence; diagnosis; and treatment with antiviral agents, antibiotics, and supportive therapies. It covers a nanotechnology-based treatment approach and emphasizes the importance of herbal and marine antiviral drugs. The review attempts to explain current advances in research, prevention, and control of COVID-19 spread through artificial intelligence and vaccine development status under cosmopolitan consideration.Expert opinion: While COVID-19 research is advancing at full capacity, the discovery of drugs or vaccines that can fight the pandemic is necessary. Human survival in such a critical situation will be possible only with the development of strong immunity by opting for exercise, yoga, and consumption of hygienic food and beverages. Therefore, education about COVID-19 lethality and its impact on livelihood is important. The pandemic has also shown positive effects on the environment, such as a significant reduction in environmental pollution and global warming and improvement in river water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sasmita Padhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Karn
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L D Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Sharda School of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dong Kee Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chindhalore CA, Dakhale GN, Umathe A. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 among paramedical staff in Central India: A cross-sectional, online survey. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:159. [PMID: 34222534 PMCID: PMC8224522 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_976_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of a disease can influence paramedic's attitudes and practices, and incorrect attitudes and practices directly increase the risk of infection. Understanding paramedic's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) and possible risk factors helps to predict the outcomes of planned behavior. To assess KAP regarding COVID-19 through Google form among paramedical staff at tertiary care teaching institutes of central India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, multicentric, questionnaire-based study was conducted from May 2020 to August 2020 among 230 paramedical staff from two tertiary care teaching institutes through Google form. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and parametric test using GraphPad prism software version 5.0. RESULTS All participants had knowledge about symptomatology of COVID-19. However, significantly more participants in nursing cadre know about definition of close contact. The mean knowledge score was 4.84 ± 0.6. The mean score for attitude was 4.48 ± 0.83. Overall, 54.78% of paramedical staff follow correct prevention strategies. Of them, significantly more nursing staff correctly practice infection control measures upon arrival of COVID-19 patients (P = 0.033). There was a significant difference among both groups regarding wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment while transporting/accompanying patients who are confirmed with COVID 19 (P = 0.009). The overall score for practice is 3.97 ± 1.03. The practice score was significantly better in nursing cadre as compared to nonnursing cadre (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION Majority of the participants had good knowledge and positive attitude. Nursing cadre follows better preventive practices as compared to nonnursing cadre while performing COVID-related duties. Considering these facts, dodges responsible for poor practices should be identified and resolved so that India will be able to conquest the battle against the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganesh Natthuji Dakhale
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amrita Umathe
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen F, Liu Y, Ya B, He J, Leng T, Sun Y, Xin Q. Latest Effective Measures to Combat COVID-19: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:640-648. [PMID: 34183914 PMCID: PMC8219617 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i4.5989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More and more people realize that implementation of preventive measures is the only option left to counteract the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before specific antiviral drugs are developed. Hence, a number of behavioral, clinical and state interventions have been conducted by dozens of countries to stop or slow down the spread of the virus in the early stages of the epidemic. At present, with the evolution of COVID-19 pandemic getting worse, synthesizing and implementing all measures available are of paramount importance. However, some measures are still being controversial. We aimed to assist policymakers in decision making for better pandemic preparedness. We reviewed the literature that reported accumulated scientific experience to date and summarized the epidemic prevention and control measures in three aspects: control the source of infection, cut off the routes of transmission and protect the susceptible population. First of all, some new approaches were introduced to control the source of infection, such as implementing contact-tracing apps, nucleic acid mixed detection, repeated testing and the establishment of some specialized laboratories. Second, we need to take various measures to cut off all possible routes of transmission, especially persistently pay close attention to checking cold chain foods. Third, due to no valid vaccine has yet been developed, some measures that can cut development time of more conventional vaccines should be implemented or considered. By synthesizing the scientific experience in fighting the COVID-19 epidemic, we suggested the latest effective measures should be carried out concurrently from three aspects, so as to avoid making grim situation even worse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Bailiu Ya
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Jiarui He
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Taiyang Leng
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Yike Sun
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Qing Xin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carvalho KM, Gaunkar RB, Nagarsekar A. Oral cancer management in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-Indian scenario. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1090-1094. [PMID: 34041135 PMCID: PMC8140224 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1948_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of oral cancer rests on India's shoulders. Distant metastasis and extensive loco-regional spread result in a dismal 5-year prognosis. Tobacco chewing is the leading etiological factor. A lack of education among the masses combined with an inundated cancer care system account for high morbidity and mortality rates. The SARS-CoV-2 shows tropism for the oral mucosa. This viral tropism is thought to get augmented in oral cancer because of the upregulation of oral mucosal receptors and enzymes which enhance viral attachment and entry. The COVID-19 disease has caused a heavy blow to the cancer care sector in India because of paucity of COVID-19 centred health care regulations. This review highlights the need for the prompt creation of a national health policy which would prioritize and allow for the resumption of oral onco-surgical in light of COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla M. Carvalho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Goa, India
| | - Ridhima B. Gaunkar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Goa, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rishi P, Thakur K, Vij S, Rishi L, Singh A, Kaur IP, Patel SKS, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Diet, Gut Microbiota and COVID-19. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:420-429. [PMID: 33012868 PMCID: PMC7521193 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, millions of individuals have been affected by the prevailing SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, a robust immune system remains indispensable, as an immunocompromised host status has proven to be fatal. In the absence of any specific antiviral drug/vaccine, COVID-19 related drug repurposing along with various other non-pharmacological measures coupled with lockdown have been employed to combat this infection. In this context, a plant based rich fiber diet, which happens to be consumed by a majority of the Indian population, appears to be advantageous, as it replenishes the host gut microbiota with beneficial microbes thereby leading to a symbiotic association conferring various health benefits to the host including enhanced immunity. Further, implementation of the lockdown which has proven to be a good non-pharmacological measure, seems to have resulted in consumption of home cooked healthy diet, thereby enriching the beneficial microflora in the gut, which might have resulted in better prognosis of COVID-19 patients in India in comparison to that observed in the western countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | - Khemraj Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Aagamjit Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay K. S. Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin C. Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mitra A, Pakhare AP, Roy A, Joshi A. Impact of COVID-19 epidemic curtailment strategies in selected Indian states: An analysis by reproduction number and doubling time with incidence modelling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239026. [PMID: 32936811 PMCID: PMC7494123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Government of India in-network with the state governments has implemented the epidemic curtailment strategies inclusive of case-isolation, quarantine and lockdown in response to ongoing novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. In this manuscript, we attempt to estimate the impact of these steps across ten selected Indian states using crowd-sourced data. The trajectory of the outbreak was parameterized by the reproduction number (R0), doubling time, and growth rate. These parameters were estimated at two time-periods after the enforcement of the lockdown on 24th March 2020, i.e. 15 days into lockdown and 30 days into lockdown. The authors used a crowd sourced database which is available in the public domain. After preparing the data for analysis, R0 was estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) method which is based on the expectation minimum algorithm where the distribution probability of secondary cases is maximized using the serial interval discretization. The doubling time and growth rate were estimated by the natural log transformation of the exponential growth equation. The overall analysis shows decreasing trends in time-varying reproduction numbers (R(t)) and growth rate (with a few exceptions) and increasing trends in doubling time. The curtailment strategies employed by the Indian government seem to be effective in reducing the transmission parameters of the COVID-19 epidemic. The estimated R(t) are still above the threshold of 1, and the resultant absolute case numbers show an increase with time. Future curtailment and mitigation strategies thus may take into account these findings while formulating further course of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Mitra
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Abhijit P. Pakhare
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Adrija Roy
- Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Ankur Joshi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tandon T, Dubey AK, Dubey S, Manocha S, Arora E, Hasan MN. Knowledge, attitude, and perception of Indian population toward coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:4265-4269. [PMID: 33110843 PMCID: PMC7586511 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_818_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread very fast worldwide as a pandemic causing unprecedented morbidity and mortality. Most countries in the world have undergone emergency lockdown in an attempt to flatten the curve and reduce the load on healthcare systems. Objective: This study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception toward the disease among the home-bound Indian population during the lockdown. Methodology: This was a questionnaire-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted online. Compilation and assessment of the online data in the form of responses were done as for descriptive studies. Results: Among the 320 participants of the study, the awareness about the epidemiological features, including the signs and symptoms of the disease, was very good (more than 99% in some aspects). The attitude toward the measures for prevention of disease at home and outside was also very good (more than 97%) in some aspects, with a scope of improvement in a few others. Only one-third had the knowledge of online (e-consultation) services floated by governments and hospitals for medical advice. Ten percent had the potential to misuse drugs as prophylaxis. Most of the participants perceived that they had no predictable idea about the shape of disease epidemiology in the near future and only hoped for things to get better. Conclusion: This study reflects that aggressive awareness drives have played an important role in the dissemination of knowledge and the development of informed positive attitude toward COVID-19. Few gaps in knowledge and practices related to disease epidemiology, safe practices, mobile app for tracking and the availability of e-resources for medical advice, still remain. These should be addressed more aggressively, to strengthen the efforts to overcome this unprecedented crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Tandon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suparna Dubey
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Manocha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ekta Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Nazer Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|